instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
|---|
This morning I received the following text message from a Gmail account:
v3s5f3rs4f3gs3.nf5j4k8j4k3o.solar?G$1?V&?KL?O=$HO?&S?K0?$1T
A couple of my friends got it too. I have an iPhone and it didn't do anything, but on android phones, it shows up as a link (both were smart enough not to tap it).
What is this message? ... |
I'm building a web service and have questions regarding authentication. I have a strict requirement that this application only run on company machines. We have a root certificate this is installed on all the machines in the company. I'm planning to use this certificate for authentication. My idea is - when the client r... |
I own the internet connection and router and going to share it with apartment mates. I want to accomplish the following things
Isolate our networks, such that they cannot see my internet activity or my devices (want to avoid router cascading or VPN)
not be held liable for their internet activity
maybe even have two di... |
I have a project where we are asked to assume the existence of a document D on a soft page which is handwritten in ink, a jpeg file of its native photograph (image A), and another discolored and angled/stretched image B in PDF format which shows the same document. We have to find if the image B was obtained by scanning... |
Starting with kernel 5.13 RiscV will get XIP where parts of the kernel run from non volatile memory like flash. In theory you could make parts of the kernel really read only either from the hardware side by storing on a write protected chip or a bit limited write protection via the hypervisor when run in a VM. Will th... |
I always hear on YouTube and other places on the internet that Tor is the best option to stay anonymous. Tor is used by many activists, journalists etc. hiding from oppressive governments and so on. Not a VPN nor a proxy would guarantee the same level of anonymity as the Tor browser because of the possibility to keep l... |
(FYI: I'm using Ubuntu 18.04 Desktop although I don't think my question is platform-dependent.)
I read the article Scalable and secure access with SSH and it says:
... if you want to use revocation lists, unique serial numbers are a requirement.
But by reading ssh-keygen manual page, I didn't seem to find a way to gu... |
How does malware usually embed into / infect exe files? (As in actually modifying the file on disk, not in memory). I've read it may look for gaps in the code section, insert its code, then redirect or change the entry point to that location. That makes sense, but what if there are no gaps large enough?
Specifically, w... |
Bitwarden uses TOTP as the multi-factor authenticator method for their password manager. Bitwarden stores and syncs your data so you need the master password + TOTP to get access to your account
Assuming we ignore Keychain, Enpass does not have an MFA method. Enpass is, however, stored locally and can be synced by the ... |
Why doesn't my conversion from id_rsa work?
I have an empty file in the final conversion idrsa.hash
and when I use command cat idrsa.hash to check the result is
ERRNO2 no such file or directory : id_rsa
impossible to convert the file with command
usr/share/john/ssh2john.py id_rsa > idrsa.hash the conversion in the fi... |
Is it possible to programmatically generate different hash functions? Of course, it is. We can simply tweak the numerical parameters of the hash function. But is there a known way to generate secure hash functions programmatically? I got an idea for a new authentication system, but it relies on using a hash function th... |
I am aware of the fact that authentication via email is discouraged, but in some specific applications and given as secondary method, we all agree that it may be useful.
Having said that, what is the preferred way to generate OTP to send via email and validate in the application in a 2FA system? Should I use TOTP algor... |
I am currently building a Python desktop application in PyQt/PySide which will be compiled to .exe. I am planning to use the Azure SQL database and a remote file storage (like S3).
An issue arises that the application needs passwords (credentials) to access these services and be able to upload files etc. "Hardcoding" t... |
Over the years I've received the occasional password reset from a service I've never used (or even heard of sometimes). As far as I can tell, the emails are genuinely being generated and sent by the service. Still, I always ignore them.
But, more recently, this has been ramping up, to the point where I recevied dozens ... |
I have email headers of people I have never met with their IP.I need to know and validate their exact location as they expect to take money from me but I do not wish to be fooled.
|
There are two options, what is the best approach?
I want to either
Create a squid proxy server that detects MITM attacks
or
Create a python UI application to detect differences between local certificate store and certificate sent from server. If there is a difference, show error on the client side that a possible MI... |
I recently had to reset my password for a popular instant messaging service. Unfortunately, I failed to write down the new password I picked. So I had to reset the password again. That is when I got the following message:
Please wait one day before requesting another password reset.
A bit irritating, but perhaps moti... |
Background
I have a "main" Gmail account, which I set to keep logged in, on my laptop. This "main" Gmail account is important, because it's the email address I used to sign up for many other services (and, so, if I forget my password on these other services, I get the password reset link sent to this Gmail account).
I ... |
Which programming language I can use to modify Windows registry? Can I use js or powershell?
|
Does the built-in apt package manager in Debian-based systems require successful cryptographic authentication and integrity validation for all packages?
My understanding was that software downloaded with apt-get packages would be cryptographically verified because the repo would sync pgp-signed manifest files on apt-ge... |
I don't like my server having access to plaintext passwords. Instead of SRP, OPAQUE or another PAKE that needs several rounds, I was thinking I could take the username, server url and password, run a hardened hash like scrypt and generate a private/public key pair.
When registering the account, the client send the publ... |
FIDO2's HMAC Secret extension generates a symmetric secret that can be used to encrypt and decrypt data. HMAC secret's output is based on
output1: HMAC-SHA-256(CredRandom, salt1)
Where salt1 is from the platform and CredRandom is generated and kept secret by the authenticator. After platform encrypts some data using ... |
I have an API Key to a paid service. This API is invoked from an unauthenticated page on my site. I am proxying the request to the paid service through my backend server. I have also added CORS on the API to make sure it is called from my site.
THe above protections work when a user is accessing it through the browser.... |
As the title suggests, I am wondering why some sites do not configure their servers to get a SSLabs A rating.
I have found a link suggesting why an A+ rating could complicate things compared to an A rating, but no other information. I also do not think that it is because of backward compatibility with older browsers su... |
Let's say HonestInc is super generous and provides the source code of its web application HonestApp on github. However, I'm extremely distrustful of them, and have doubts that their actual server is running the same source code as what is provided on github, as it is trivial to maintain changes between the published co... |
I am setting up an NGINX reverse proxy, which sits in front of an API. I would like to use:
proxy_set_header X-Secret-Key ${SECRET_VALUE};
to add a token to the request, which is then read by the API. ${SECRET_VALUE} is pulled from a secrets vault and injected into the conf file at runtime. For the purposes of this que... |
I am trying to make a simple buffer-overflow exploit on an example program to understand binary exploitation a bit better. The goal is to simple write shellcode on the stack and execute it.
However, despite all the resources online, I keep running into weird problems that I can't figure out a solution for.
I hope someo... |
Lets say I want to generate a name-based UUID using v5 of the RFC 4122 using sensitive information as the input (for example the password to my bank account). And lets say I give the generated UUID to a malicious user who wishes to reverse it and obtain my password. Given the following about how UUID v5 is generated:
... |
This may already have been answered, but I'm having difficulty understanding the technical jargon of various posts.
I have to give a Callback URL to receive some sort of validation, to use an API. Does providing my localhost url (https://...), make it possible for someone on the other end (e.g. the people that run the ... |
I have a https server with following the certificate chain : Root CA -> Intermediate CA -> server certificate
I noticed that for the client (eg. browser) trusts the server I need to install in Windows: Root CA in Trusted Root CA store, Intermediate CA in Trusted Intermediate CA store.
Why do I need to install Root CA a... |
Do iPhones (or just a smart phones in general) send packets when they are fully shutdown? I have heard that they do, but I have not been able to verify such a claim. In an effort to investigate, I ARP Poisoned my own iPhone (legally on my own network) and monitored the packets via Wireshark on my computer, but once I s... |
I'm deploying software that is licensed based on uniquely identifiable computer characteristics. I am wondering about the Manufacturer-assigned serial number of an internal fixed hard-disk.
To be clear, I am not referring to the Volume Serial Number which changes every time you format a Windows hard drive. I mean th... |
Does the snapd package manager in Debian-based systems require successful cryptographic authentication and integrity validation for all packages?
I know that software downloaded with apt-get packages must be cryptographically verified because the repo's manifest files (synced with apt-get update) are cryptographically ... |
Suppose you are going to mass manufacture custom circuit boards and would like the manufacturer to upload the device firmware onto these boards before shipping them out. What are some security systems/methodologies/features you would put in place to prevent the theft of firmware IP in order to prevent counterfeit devic... |
I've created a method to allow my project EditVideoBot to be 'decentralised', where rather than the program processing and uploading all video editing requests on my own central server, users can volunteer to run this program on their computer and take some of the load off my server.
I'd like to be able to start distri... |
I have a angular project which has several packages that have direct dependencies and developer dependencies like below
"dependencies": {
"@angular/animations": "8.2.14",
"@angular/cdk": "8.2.3",
"@angular/common": "8.2.14",
"@angular/compiler": "8.2.14",
"@angular/core": "8.2.14",
"@angular/forms": "8.2.14",
"@angular... |
I'm not really sure exactly how to ask this, but I'll try my best.
I have two SSL certs, and I'm tyring to figure out if I accidentally invalidated one of them.
Cert 1 was just renewed, and issued to www.mydomain.com in the CNAME. This cert included mysub.mydomain.com along with about 10 other subdomains in the SAN fie... |
What would this do? I'm a bit of a beginner to root certificates so stay with me here, I Don't want it to be able to see what I'm doing at home.
|
APRA's CPS 234 regulation section 56 states:
An APRA-regulated entity would typically deploy appropriate
information security technology solutions which maintain the security
of information assets. Examples include firewalls, network access
control, intrusion detection/prevention devices, anti-malware,
encryption and ... |
We are developing a web application. It has several features so the first time the user enters it shows a short video explaining how to use it. We use the iframe approach to embed a video from YouTube (or potentially other streaming services like Vimeo, MS Stream, etc.). The video only shows for authenticated users (we... |
A simple way of automatically decrypting system drive at boot time:
clevis luks bind -d /dev/yourdrive tpm2 '{"pcr_ids":"4,5"}'
systemctl enable clevis-luks-askpass.path
When I booted another OS on the same machine, tpm2_pcrread listed mostly identical PCR values, except for 4 and 5. I understand that PCR 4 is a hash ... |
Why is it considered insecure for an NFS export to allow connections originating from high ports? Compare the manual:
exportfs understands the following export options:
secure
This option requires that requests originate on an Internet port less than IPPORT_RESERVED (1024). This option is on by default. To turn it off... |
Some applications tend to hide completely the user associated email address or just showing a part of it (e.g. f***o@foo.com) in the user's personal settings. Other applications don't mind showing the full email address.
What are the security implications of knowing the email address of a possible compromised account? ... |
I'm wondering if there is a way to require 2-factor authentication on webpages and Android apps that don't have it by default. I am already using a password manager but I feel that this may not be enough and would like to also have 2-factor authentication for everything I'm using, if possible. Or is this overkill?
|
I have a simple PHP-HTML-CSS contact form which saves emails to a local email client's database (in my case, Roundcube's database, which is a standalone MySQL database, I think --- I haven't used the program yet). The data this simple form gathers is very trivial, things like name, email, phone number, etc. no sensitiv... |
What are the possible ways to protect an organization's web servers from a DDoS attack without giving away your web server's https private keys?
Many of the common solutions for DDoS protection of a web server (eg CloudFlare) require you to give a third party either your https private key or (worse) give them the abili... |
Are there any Open-Source Hardware Security Modules (meeting OSHWA requirements)?
I've worked with Utimaco HSMs, but I'm not a big fan of closed-source hardware -- especially when it comes to security but also out of principle.
Moreover, I was shocked that Utimaco didn't ship with any anti-interdiction services. I can'... |
I am developing a CSP that performs electronic signature in the cloud and I want to use it from applications like Adobe Reader and Microsoft Word.
For this, the certificates from CSP (from the cloud) must to be hosted also in Windows Store with a link to the CSP. I found something similar in this question but it is for... |
What is the difference betwen a Trusted Computing Base (TCB) and a Root of Trust (RoT)? Can both terms be used interchangeably?
A TCB is defined by the NIST as follows:
Totality of protection mechanisms within a computer system, including hardware, firmware, and software, the combination responsible for enforcing a se... |
I'm running a PHP application with a user management system called userspice. It basically allows you to include the userspice PHP file and then control access to a certain PHP page.
As I have seen some spikes in my log management about 404 requests I was getting curious and decided to look at the apache logs directly.... |
If I am not wrong, both private key and public key are the same since communication is possible only if both keys are matching. So, why we should only keep the private key secret, why not public key? When I generate a key by ssh-keygen command, and save it on a directory, is it a public key or private key?
|
I don't understand the difference between a bastion host and a firewall. I think it could be related to the different level of ISO/OSI they work on: a bastion host works on application level (with proxying capabilities too), but a firewall can work also on L3/L4 layer. Please correct me if my assertions are wrong.
|
I'm trying to follow the OWASP 'Forgot Password Cheat Sheet' recommendations for password reset functionality via email. This requires my server to generate a token. OWASP says that PHP's random_bytes() and openssl_random_pseudo_bytes() functions are adequate for such a token. My questions:
Is it safe to simply append... |
I'm currently setting up a KeePass database after switching over from another password manager, and it has the option to change the character set for generating a password.
This has a lot of options, but now I'm wondering if you could possibly use all of the given characters,
Upper-case, lower-case and digits would ob... |
Some phishing links contain random digits / codes (e.g: https://refno1234.example.com). For such links, is there an increased risk by clicking on them because the unique code could be matched to your email / mobile number and therefore verify it exists?
Is it possible, by clicking on a phishing link, to run malicious... |
There is a JKS file containing an entry named "mycert": https://filebin.net/l93faa9qa3rkt32h
Password is test123
Based on the following screenshot, mycert has a public key (RSA 2048 bits) and in X.509 format encoded it starts like this:
30 82 01 22 30
I need to export mycert from this keystore to have a single X.509 ... |
I took my office desktop computer home and plugged it into the router. I work for a private company and one of the owners went to school for computer programing/information security/etc). Can they see the browsing I do on my iPhone? Or on my Windows laptop (WiFi connected)?
Is this possible?
The desktop computer has no... |
Here's the article from the Belarusian website http://dev.by, it is an interview with a former member of dictator Lukashenko band (so-called Chief Organized Crime and Corruption Fighting Directorate). And he told how they used to detect Telegram administrators:
For example, someone dropped a picture into the chat, it ... |
Example: I own the domain example.com.
Instead of using the nameservers set up by default by the registrar, I set up my own nameservers on my own machines with bind9. Let's say that at the beginning, before becoming more experienced with bind9, a few things are misconfigured for a few months. For example allow-transfer... |
I would like to know how paired devices get synced together in Signal messaging app.
So this is what they say on their website
Signal messages, pictures, files, and other contents are stored locally on your device. These contents are readable by the open source Signal clients. Because everything in Signal is end-to-en... |
As I am currently working a lot with mobile applications a question arised:
How to properly store and transmit API keys within mobile applications?
When I analyze mobile applications most of the times it is easy with the right tool to extract secret information (e.g. dump the keychain, reverse engineer crypto functions... |
I've searched for it but couldn't find a direct answer to this relatively simple question. Most questions are about a 3rd party intersepting the HTTPS POST or GET parameters inbetween client and server.
But my question is: can a PC user somehow see the HTTPS POST or GET parameters?
My C++ application sends HTTPS POST a... |
https://trailofbits.github.io/ctf/vulnerabilities/source.html
It says
"Common examples include libraries like libxml, libpng, libpoppler,
and libfreetype that parse complicated file formats and protocols."
Do such vulnerabilities surely cause security problems? For example, if the library is linked to a binary that d... |
I work in an industry that uses manufacturing equipment that typically run on Windows or unix-like OS.
An industry body is developing security standards and plans to require the use of Security Content Automation Protocol so I was wondering about implementation of SCAP in other industries.
The proposed requirements wil... |
I found this question and tried the solution given (accepted)
Can nmap take a list of ports to scan from a file?
However, it didn't really work as expected.
$ cat ports.list
21
22
23
25
$
Instead of scanning the ports in the file, nmap assume those ports as part of the host. See output below.
$ nmap 127.0.0.1 -vvv -p... |
I would like to know peoples' thoughts as to whether a WAF is a perfectly acceptable compensating/alternative control to things like CSP, X-XSS-Protection, etc. I know WAF is suppose to protect against XSS and etc, but I been using Mozilla Observatory to rate sites and want to know if a WAF should be taken into conside... |
Maybe this is not a useful question, but I got a little hung up on this because it seems a little strange. In the example of the PKCE verification in RFC-7636 it details the following:
The client uses output of a suitable random number generator to
create a 32-octet sequence. The octets representing the value in
... |
I am trying to verify whether I am vulnerable to the OpenSSL TLS renegotiation vulnerability CVE-2021-3449 (fixed in OpenSSL 1.1.1k).
When I connect to the website using openssl s_client -tls1_2 -connect example.com:443, it says "Secure Renegotiation IS supported". When I then send the request for renegotiation, it dis... |
Recently, I connected my Android device to an open wi-fi network. Then a web page opened up asking me to choose username and password to log in with. Now when I connect the same device to that network, the web page doesn't open up anymore and the phone automatically logs into with the chosen credentials.
Is there a way... |
I'm guessing this applies to all implementations of sign-in links, but since I'm using Firebase I'd like to understand their concerns: https://firebase.google.com/docs/auth/web/email-link-auth#security_concerns
Do not pass the user’s email in the redirect URL parameters and re-use it as this may enable session injecti... |
I'm already into web pentesting. I'm willing to learn android pentesting now.
From what I understand, the server side part like API etc is similar to web pentesting and I need to learn about client side bugs.
Am I correct?
|
Our organization maintains a private certificate authority to issue SSL/TLS certificates to non-public backend services running on our cloud infrastructure. For example, Postgres and Elasticsearch servers running on a private vnet.
Currently we issue these certificates with a 2 year expiry, but the renewal process is m... |
Today I found a security issue with Chrome (or maybe other browsers I haven't tested yet).
What happens is that once you open a site and then open another site in the same tab, the previous site's global variables are accessible to the current site in that tab. I have demonstrated it in this video: https://www.youtube.... |
I want to send an email through Gmail without the other side being able to trace me. I actually want to report something. I opened up a new Gmail account with a fake name (I used Tor to log in). I did have to verify the cell phone number, but I did buy a new SIM card that I never used before. I did all this at my home.... |
I manage a multi-user workstation (Windows) server for a small student organisation. One of the students asked me to install docker, as it would simplify his workflow. As this is on a shared workstation, I'm concerned about security. On linux, if you have access to docker, you effectively have root permissions. I am aw... |
I'm a victim of Meterpreter attack. I'm now using VPN in all the devices. My question is, will it help me to restrict meterpreter attack?
If not, what is the way out to get rid of meterpreter attack?
|
Some contact forms in the web have the "send me a copy of my email message" option which I personally find very comfortable.
Let's say that on my own website contact form I add this option, can this be a security breach? I mean, can a user, impersonating as a "potential customer" use this option to cause me trouble?
|
I'd like to store a private symmetric key, aes-256, in a PEM file.
My understanding is that usually these types of keys are derived using RSA/EC DH and there's no need to save them, but in my application I do need to save them and share securely.
Is there an standard defined for saving these keys. Is there any openssl ... |
Doing the webgoat HTTP splitting exercise. I feel like I'm doing something wrong or there is something that I don't understand.
The idea is that since we can control the referer parameter, we can split the request into 2 and have the server sends us another response (This could later on be used to trick victims into ca... |
You may think I'm crazy, that's why I'm here to ask. I read this page which went over the privacy and security of many if not all browsers.
From his reporting, and my own logic, that the government likely has advanced enough tracking tech that no-browser on the market can escape the honeypot/tracking, I reason that usi... |
I understand some might buy a particular brand because, I guess, it's like buying a Rolex instead of a Swatch? But marketing considerations aside, is there any real security difference between the first ($36/yr) and second ($63/yr) certs offered on this page:
https://www.namecheap.com/security/ssl-certificates/wildcard... |
I purchased a usb gaming controller used. It has a usb dongle that plugs into the PC and a I assume its bluetooth.
Is it possible for the USB dongle to contain a keylogger that starts up when I plug it in?
Im just curious if someone could have installed a keylogger on it? Ive tried reading up and some say yes it is pos... |
I am making a password manager and generator. The user creates the login information, and then I hash their password. After that, I generate the password and encrypt the password with a key stored unprotected. My Question is how do I protect the key?
I need an easy way to do it since I am just a beginner and working on... |
I am testing a bug bounty website, and found an endpoint like www.example.com/infinite. When open it, it keep doing 302 redirect to itself until browser stops it for redirecting too many times.
For example:
www.example.com/infinite ==> 302 - location: ?
www.example.com/infinite? ==> 302 - location: ?
www.example.com/i... |
I was reading about whether you should trust a VPN any more than your ISP, and I see that some VPN providers claim they do not log users, when they do indeed log users: UFO VPN claims zero-logs policy, leaks 20M user logs.
I see concerns about the possibility of being logged, particularly from people in parts of the wo... |
Application layer security or transport layer security which one is better?
TLS is convenient but application layer security will help to provide more security as this post explains
|
My project is to find out how to detect HTTPS interception/mitm and create some sort of application using detection techniques. One of the ways I was thinking of is a active desktop application to listen in on the connections between client and server to check the authenticity of SSL certificates using the certificate ... |
Consider the following scenario:
M (who will later be the man-in-the-middle) connects via https to bank.com. He saves the X.509 certificate (or certificate chain) received from bank.com.
Alice starts a https connection to bank.com.
M intercepts Alice's TLS messages and responds with corresponding TLS messages. For t... |
I'm trying to wrap my head around authentication/authorization process within web-app that encrypt data on the client-side and I'm getting very confused about it. Hopefully, you could clarify it to me.
Where should encryption of the password happen, on the client side or server side? If indeed on the client side, then ... |
I need to find the list of services where my email address has been registered as their recovery email address.
I am using Gmail and all other emails also are Gmail, but they are too many and I don't remember many of them I need to see the list of them.
|
The other day I logged into Discord on my friend's computer using the desktop application. Does Windows log these events somewhere? Does it store the password hash or some sort of authentication token?
|
I'm trying to understand the format and functionality of WPA2 hash lines that start with WPA*02* used with -m 22000 on hashcat.
The way I understand it, this format was created as an improvement and replacement to the .hccapx file format, and should thus contain the exact same data elements. However, when comparing it,... |
I found this recommendation by the CISA to disable Javascript in Acrobat Reader. Also, this article recommends to disable Flash and Multimedia, and the opening of non-PDF attachments. Both recommendations are from 2010.
What more steps would you add to harden Acrobat/Acrobat Reader in 2021?
|
Have the same certificates installed on several machines, but this happens on only one of them.
The certificates are self-signed certificates.
The certificates are used for WCF message security.
Installing the certificates with the following PS script (or manually through Manage Computer Certificates, doesn't make a di... |
I'm trying to setup an nginx reverse proxy to a web product I can't modify (it's an appliance).
Client --> https://myapp.com --> nginx --> https://10.1.5.9
I managed to do so, but it required stripping the "Origin" and "Referer" headers from the client request because the webserver won't accept authentications if thos... |
It would be nice if sites like Medium or Substack allowed users to not only add text, images, code snippets, etc., but also custom scripts that allowed readers to run a little piece of code. For example, if someone was writing an article on how to create a unique react element, they could have the running code in the a... |
I know that OTP (One-time password) system is the most secure method for now if online.
Online OTP systems, like sending code to a phone is secure because the attacker cannot know the code if he doesn't have the phone or can intercept the content of the message.
However, offline OTP looks not secure, because it doesn't... |
Is there existing work (or algorithms) that explore (or exploit) imposing an i/o cost to disadvantage hashing hardware, while still using SHA2-family of hashes?
Is this even possible, or would any such effort be trivial to circumvent?
My goal is to put dedicated or lightweight hashing hardware (ie. ASIC/ FPGA) at a dis... |
I know that virtualization is different from emulation; I was wondering if emulation is isolated from its host and any destruction on it will not affect the host as if it were a virtual machine.
I also understand that there can be exploits that can be used to escape the emulator but I just want to know if it is isolate... |
Building the eIDAS compliant certification authority in hierarchy, meaning that the Root CA will issue Subordinate CAs. Root CA will be offline almost whole year and Subordinate CA is online providing services to relying parties.
I am trying for a few weeks to identify options for eIDAS compliant HSM for Root CA. It do... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.