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I am trying to understand the mechanics of webpack's chunk loading. From what I understand, chunks are appended to DOM via javascript document.createElement("script") with script's src attribute set to URL of the chunk script. So my question is - how safe is it to append a script tag at runtime and let it execute. What...
I got a mail from my professor this morning with a request.zip file attached and a password in the mail to open it. Since the mail was from my professor and he already did send me zip attachments I didn't think about it and opened it, but it ended being a strange word document. Later he wrote the whole team a mail that...
I'm implementing dh-ietf1024-sha256-aes128-cbc-pkcs7 in golang and according to documentation I've managed to create the 128-bit key appropriate for AES (from my 1024-bit shared-key computed from my private key and clients public key). API function input is just algorithm name and client public key. And for using AES I...
We have desktop software that we install and run on remote, unattended machines. The software needs to hit API endpoints on our server. What is the best way to secure those endpoints to ensure that only our software can call them? We may or may not have admin rights to that machine. Others (staff or 3rd party individu...
Part of a box I'm doing, I can successfully pass basic SQL query 'or'1'='1 with no errors, {"search":"'or'1'='1"} Output: HTTP/1.0 200 OK Trying to error the query {"search":"'"} Output: (successful) HTTP/1.0 500 INTERNAL SERVER ERROR Using SQLMap with --risk=3 --level=5 won't do as the server immediately blocks a...
I am trying to delete a certificate and it's private key using certutil -csp "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -delkey "the key container". This gave me a command completed successfully message. I then check what is in the store again with certutil -store, this still lists the certificate. When i then t...
I found a Instagram Basic Display API access token leaked in a website. This token belongs to a Instagram marketing account of this website. Using my leet investigating skill, below are the information i have. This token has 3 months valid period This token is in use (i see it's refreshed last week when its valid peri...
I've just started new project and decide to try something new, so I'am not using anymore EnityFramework and Identity framework. I Decide to try MongoDB, so i wanted to design from scratch storing Users in database. In database I'am going to store password and salt. My salt generator looks like this: internal class Salt...
I'm trying to understand how Kerberos works, in particular how the initial client sends a request to the Access Server. Some YouTube videos I've seen say the initial request is partially encrypted using the client's password. First, what is meant by "partially" encrypted? Second, considering a password is just an arbit...
A website exposes this function: https://test.com/getSessionCookie When an authenticated user clicks on it he gets an html page with his cookie. Could be this exploited in some ways?
I had two copies of a Veracrypt encrypted drive, and from them, I made two additional copies of the drive, which was a few days ago. the two copies had the exact same SHA hashes of the original two copies when they were created, the data should be the same and with no data loss. Both copies worked and mounted perfectly...
I know that forward proxy can enhance security by replacing client IP's address with proxy server IP address. So, the web server or anyone else cannot identify the client identity who's requesting a website. However, can the reverse proxy do the same thing? Can it somehow hide the IP address of the web server? I read s...
I have a need to to create and attach a script tag to DOM at runtime. The script is a remote webpack bundle (via a Module Federation plugin). I would like to be able to change the URL to that hosted remote bundle at runtime (for A/B testing and debugging purposes). This is my own code, and I trust it as far as not hav...
In summary: the idea behind password cracking is just to replicate the password validation procedure of a web server locally with lots and lots of attempts and check whether the output of that verification matches any known leaked hash. However this kind of attack is only possible if the procedure by which the webserve...
In theory, visiting a website with HTTPS and seeing the neat, little lock icon next to the address (e.g.: ) should give us a warm, cozy feeling of safety. However, how safe is it really? As it stands, HTTPS (if implemented correctly), can prevent man-in-the-middle attacks, so that no one knows what is exchanged between...
I'm a newbie in emv world. I'm trying to follow this flow: I'm in the third step. I have to manage the Offline Data Authentication. How can I negotiate the correct way (SDA, DDA or CDA) with the ICC to perform offline auth?
I want to check if I can steal my own ProtonMail cookies. I connect to my account, I delete the cookie named AUTH-x12334xxxaazzzrf6567788ddd (cookie name is randomized name). I refresh the page and as expected, I am disconnected. It means that cookie AUTH-xxxx... is a session cookie. I connect again; I have a new cooki...
I have been experimenting NTLM and its different relay mitigations, including MIC and channel bindings. In my understanding: NTLM auth starts with a negotiation packet sent by the client. In this negotiation packet, the client describes which versions it supports. According to that, the server chooses which version to...
I understand that SYN flood is effective due to how protocol works, waiting around 75 seconds before closing the connection. What about ACK flood, what does it happen on the destination side that makes this attack effective (hypothetically) ?
I have a SQLite Query, which is something like: SELECT id FROM demo WHERE name="insertname". In this case, double-quotes are disabled, which means that insertname cannot contain double-quotes. Is there a way to somehow bypass the double-quote filter?
For the usual reasons we want to cache certain resources browser side, e.g. list of products bought in the past. Context is a web application, accessed via the internet. This list is confidential in my case, and I want to mitigate the case where an attacker get physical access to the (os password locked) machine or to ...
I am completely satisfied with Veracrypt except for one thing. If you open a Veracrypt volume, write something there or deleting. And then you use unsafe shutdown (for example, using the RESET button on PC. Or at the moment when the electricity was turned off in the apartment. Or pulled out the flash drive with volume ...
Is it secure enough to use the SSL certificate used for public website, for encrypting the AspNet Core Data Protections Keys persisted to Redis? Or must I use a separate certificate just for this purpose? Code: X509Certificate2 certificate = GetCertificate(); // Returns website's SSL pfx cert ConnectionMultiplexer red...
I'm under the understanding that in 2019, Chrome and Firefox both planned to move to SameSite=lax default for all unspecified cookies. In addition, recently, Chrome decided to set defaults based on other information such as the 'secure' flag, and whether or not communications were sent over HTTPS. My understanding is t...
A few months ago I reset my Windows password but my keyboard must have had a sticky key or two, effectively changing my password to an unknown password. Out of desperation and a little research I used PCUnlocker to forcefully reset my password. Little did I know that this would cause my EFS encrypted files to be unread...
Some website asked for the verification of my identity to make a purchase of online goods. I didn't think twice and send them a picture of both sides of my country's ID (not USA) and a selfie holding it to the website asked to submit. When I went to the FAQ I noticed something was wrong with the website https://validmy...
I have two systems, one running a C environment on a RTOS and another a python program running on a Pi. I need to generate an encryption key using ECDH between these two systems for symmetric encryption. On the C Side, I am using https://github.com/kokke/tiny-ECDH-c and on the Pi side I am using the Crypto library from...
NIST and OWASP ASVS recommends checking passwords against those obtained from previous data breaches. The list of such passwords can be downloaded from "Have I Been Pwned" (https://haveibeenpwned.com/Passwords), but there are more than 300 million pwned passwords. Do you recommend comparing users' passwords (during reg...
The W3C working group is working on the standardization of Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs). I watched a video presentation about DIDs and the presenter mentioned several times the possibility of generating unique pseudonymous identities for each relationship for better privacy. This is something that is also mentioned...
We have a need to check the arrival time of two relative packets, like packet1 and packet2, if packet2 arrives too late after packet1, we want an alert for it. Is it possible to write a rule for this? I go through the suricata's doc and feel like it's possible to do so, but I could not figure out how to get the arrival...
So this approach seems to be rather popular, particularly among payment processors that provide javascript integrations. The added layer of security that "fields in iframe" brings also supposedly reduces the level of PCI compliance required. Verygoodsecurity, a tokenization service that also offers forms for sensitive ...
I've got a third party service that I want to integrate with various other websites/applications, the third party service says they support this however rather than using an API key or OAuth to provide this they require you enter your username and password for the website you wish to integrate them with, they say they ...
I´m trying to brute force attack a WPA2 Network with Hashcat and a wpa2.hccpax file, but when I do it says that it can take 45years to brute force it. So I had the idea that probably the network I´m trying to brute force has 2 probable words that the password may include, but I don't know where or the order of them. I´...
Am I correct in assuming that setting the 'access-control-allow-credentials True' header, even if you are not including the 'access-control-allow-origin' header is potentially dangerous for a website? My thought here being it still allows attackers to submit requests cross-origin with the creds included, but simply doe...
I just installed Firefox browser, while I have previously used Google Chrome as my main browser. I am using Windows 10. During the installation and setup process for Firefox, I was given the option to migrate over my data from Chrome, including usernames and passwords. This process completed quickly, and I was then abl...
I am practicing some XSS on a vulnerable apache2 web application and having some issues getting the user's cookie information. I am following the instructions in this Lab for the XSS Attack. We are given a malicious webpage: <html> <head> <h2>This page has malicious links</h2> </head> <body> First look at this one. Thi...
I have these two LFI filters and i want to bypass them $bad = str_replace('../','',$_GET['bad']); while( substr_count($bad, '../', 0)) { $bad = str_replace('../', '', $bad); }; include("./".$bad); I tried various ways and i was not able to bypass them, also the php wrappers ...
If SPF is verifying against a set of IP records if the incoming email from a domain was sent from an authorized host piggybacking on the DNS and DKIM does touch the signature of the email and calculate another one based on DNS public key record and if signatures matches, the mail is flagged as authentic from the expect...
If I use MD5 but not for cryptography purposes, and not for any authentication or authorization mechanism, Am I in violation of FedRamp Moderate?
When I use my ISP's DNS servers and I am connected via OpenVPN the DNS trafic will not bounce through the VPN tunnel. When I use others' DNS servers will my DNS traffic bounce through the VPN encrypted tunel?
From this answer I understand that seccomp-bpf filters the list of syscalls a process can call. Similarly, the capabilites mechanism will cause a syscall to fail if the caller does not have the capability necessary for that syscall. What I want to understand if there are scenarios in which one mechanism is more powerfu...
After having captured multiple packets with repeated IVs you can perform cipher1 XOR cipher2 which is the same as having cleartext1 XOR cleartext2, and performing cipher1 XOR cleartext1 gives you the keystream... but how can you separate those XORed clear text messages (cleartext1 XOR cleartext2)?
I've just received a scam SMS with that invite me to click on a link to check a delivery. Since I was curious about where it could lead, I opened a VM and set up a VPN, then clicked on the link. After different redirects I ended up on Google. So I'm wondering about the aim of this scam SMS. Here there the HTTP response...
Say we have multiple instances of application X deployed on site1.com, site2.com, site3.com, etc. And we have a centralized server at example.com serving all of these. All the instances of X are static sites, that is, they do not have a server, and thus, they can't proxy requests to endpoints. Traditionally, in a same-...
Mailed-by: gaia.bounces.google.com Sign.google.com Security: Standard encryption (TLC). So this is a legitimate email from Google. Will this email immediately be sent if someone (who isn’t supposed to) signs into the gmail account? Can Google send this email to warn you that someone else uses the same password? If so...
When I am at home taking an online exam through my school website (they use Blackbaud which allows teachers to set up assessments through a website), on my personal laptop, can that school website see other documents or other apps? I received an embarrassing text message during an exam and I'm wondering how much my tea...
While a hard drive is decrypted on boot up, can the original phrase be intercepted at some comparison calculation step by a specially built CPU or is there some higher math involved? This would be blatant, so I guess not. But would like to make sure and I'm curious how it works indeed.
I have an https website and I want to let other websites embed one of the pages on my website that lets users of my service log in and submit a form, similar to Paypal's payment iframe or Plaid's Link. Many such services exist, and from what I have found they all seem to be using iframes. Of course, I have heard of vul...
I have noticed that Gmail is not encrypting the mails send from an id to the same id (When From address and To/Cc address are same). Is encryption really required in the above scenario? Necessity of other security protocols check? Background : I could not find the encryption details in the tag security: Standard encr...
Been trying to wrap my head around SSL stripping. An explanation here writes: Keep in mind, however, that when you install SSL, you’re essentially creating a duplicate of your website with HTTPS URLs. Those original HTTP URLs still exist, though. Usually, you use 301 or 302 redirects to ensure users can’t reach the HT...
Policies are the high-level statement from Senior Management. It's a philosophy for the management to be guided by, and management has the direction to plan, build, run and monitor the activities to achieve the enterprise objectives from the policies. Is it possible to judge/assign accountability on the policy level? M...
How do we protect digital data (whether in critical online/offline data centre or personal disk) from man-made EMPs, such as nuclear EMPs, non-nuclear EMPs weapons, etc. Is E1 EMP indefensible?
We are building a packet based anomaly detection system and I'm trying to find labeled packets. Such dataset doesn't exist based on my search, but I can find labeled flows. Can we say that every packet is hostile which is part of a flow that is labeled as hostile? I guess the answer is no, but I'm not sure. For example...
When I run Snort on a pcap file (that contains malicious traffic), it does not detect anything. I uncommented the rules path in Step #7 at snort.conf. Nothing is changed. How to let Snort detect attacks from test.pcap and generate a log file? I used the following command : $ snort -r /home/mina/Download/test.pcap -c /e...
I recently saw a CTF challenge application (elf x86_64) on Linux environment, vulnerable to several attacks including format string, because the complexity of the full exploit, I don't want to say too much about, I saw someone who use something like the following as input for the format string attack: %130x%7$n What ha...
As some in here might know, there is/was a ransomware attack going on worldwide that used 7z to encrypt all files <20MB for a ton of users world wide. Each user has a unique 32 char password (Upper & lowercase & Numbers - 62 possibilities, no special char where used) the command line that was being used was a -mx = 0 -...
I study computer security and I read articles about the potential usage of sequential pattern mining in IDPS products: Database intrusion detection using role and user behavior based risk assessment Building intrusion pattern miner for Snort network intrusion detection system I am curious if any of you have seen thes...
Recently wordpress site on centos 7 server is hacked and WSO shell was uploaded. Ive checked other sites and nothing was changed, Im using centos web panel and the root password also was not changed. I had also modsecurity on my nginx- firewall on - maldet and rkhunter on my server wordfence on the wordpress site, stil...
Let's say you use a reliable VPN like ProtonVPN to browse the Internet. In theory, can a compromized browser betray you? Does it has access to your ISP's IP? As a bigger picture, if you want to upload some sentive material, can a compromized browser track your activity and report to "someone", maybe with your real IP a...
I have old cell phones with problems that make them useless (non-responsive touch screen, black-on-black display, will not power up). I also have a bunch of solid-state USB memory devices that don't work (e.g. don't connect). I would like to dispose of this non-functioning junk, but I'm concerned that the devices have ...
I've been fumbling through the world of Information Security by going through the HTB challenges, and I've come across an issue I just can't seem to find an answer for. During one of the challenges I'm trying to crack a zip password using JTR using the rockyou.txt wordlist as when I use the standard one it goes to incr...
On a training website where instructors can create Q&A exams for their students, an instructor put a question about XSS. Part of the question was http://abcd.com/options#<img src=1 onerror=alert("XSS")>. When I took the exam, that part of the question showed up on my screen as: I believe that the website renders any i...
I developed my product, which is exposed via API+web+mobile app. How can I prevent a 3rd party from developing its own front end and plug it on my backend? I'm not talking about a simple phishing attack but a "chaotic-good" guy, that thinks my frontend sucks and wishes to provide my service on his terms and get away wi...
I clicked on a link in my android phone and I don’t know if it was an xss or not. I want to know that in the case of an xss attack, can the hacker access my whole cookies or just the cookies that belong to the website in the link address?
I'm wondering what type of access a school administrator might have to my browsing history/watch while I am working and teaching. I work from home on my private wi-fi network, and I use my personal device, not a school device while I teach. The only thing I do is sign in to my school's Gmail account for my district acc...
I have a an endpoint, it redirects to an image which is stored on a storage service, I am considering if it is safe to embed the JWT in the url endpoint as such https://host/image?token=. This is the same JWT token which the system uses to decode and authenticate the user session. It works and allows me to ensure only ...
I'm trying to verify GameCenter authentication on an iOS app with GameKit. The fetchItems API returns a URL for the public key needed to do this. Steps 3 and 4 of that API say: Use the publicKeyURL on the third-party server to download the public key. Verify with the appropriate signing authority that Apple signed th...
I'm conducting some research on botnet detection. I'm specifically looking at Zeek/Bro connection logs (so network flows). I was wondering what affects the tempo of the succession of network flows seen when an infected device conducts a DoS attack and or port/IP scanning. Is it a function of the device's computational ...
Client B connects to server A using TLS. B knows A by it's FQDN (e.g. www.alice.tld), and by a root certificate for a CA that issued a certificate to A for this FQDN. Say B uses HTTPS and a standard web browser, and the certificate A holds comes with a chain of certificates to a CA which is in B's browser's whitelist. ...
There is something I do not understand about arp spoofing, and no article I read so far seems to explain it: Assume the following setting: We have three hosts A,B,C with ip addresses 192.168.178.{10,11,12}, all hosts are connected to each other by a single switch. Now host A wants to communicate with hosts B and hence ...
What is the best practice for changing passwords while the user is already logged in? In my application to change the password, the user who is already logged in has to pass the current password and a new password. There is no email confirmation neccesary. Tester suggested that password change should be done only by se...
I am about to return my ThinkPad laptop to my (former) employer. I found a very nice solution to erase / protect my private data -- ThinkWipe application in ThinkPad's BIOS. I made use of it right away. However, to my kind of big surprise, it told me that: 2 seconds long encryption key reset is a safe method, 15 minut...
I was on a group with almost 200k people on it in Telegram. One of these members (probably new, his account is now deleted) sent me (and to other people too) a file named "Customer deposit H.rar", I proceeded immediately to delete it and analyze my Android 9.0 phone with Kasperky Free. What are the possibilities that I...
I have this configuration: HOST-A <---> GAT-A <---> MiTM <---> GAT-B <---> HOST-B I'm doing a security project on MTU-IPsec vulnerabilities and following this guide of Hal-Inria, I'm able to inject a packet to the gateway A, and change the MTU towards gateway B. Then, because I set an MTU lower than 552 i expect to be...
We use multiple kinds of token in our system for : Invitation to joint a group Account creation (validate if the user possesses the email address) Validate email address The tokens are sent in a link in an email. I have been asked to include the expiration date of the tokens. However, it feels as if it could help hac...
I honestly have no idea what this is. Reddit has a growing number of users posting far-right misinformation constantly. Googling their usernames shows a whole list of results, many of which don't belong to reddit, but seem like mirrors. Hull City Tigers are a football club based in Hull. This is their actual website. h...
How many dictionary words in each attempt (e.g. "word1 word2") will Cain and Abel attempt to use before giving up? I've done some testing and my results seem spotty. For example I've seen it give up on a two word MD5 hash and also crack a 6 word MD5 hash. Regarding dictionary attack options, I'm just using "As Is".
Assume sensitive audio emissions from a mechanical keyboard. These audio emissions are often sufficient to reconstruct the actual key presses that generated the sound. If the audio is compressed using a narrowband audio codec such as G.711, how much of the information is destroyed? Put another way, can acoustic side-ch...
I want to run a piece of untrusted code on my machine. I've disabled all syscalls (besides exit, sigreturn, read and write) with seccomp for a process. Now, I'd like to spawn a child process that will execute the untrusted code. What attacks are still possible? How to prevent them?
I'm playing around with openssl command line to verify my understanding on block cipher mode. I read that ECB block cipher mode always encrypt the same text to the same output. AES operates on 16 bytes block, independently on the key length while DES operates on 8 byte blocks. So I tried the following examples expectin...
Please forgive my ignorance, but are there any security issues with connecting to a known (safe) WiFi network with that requires no password? Am I right in thinking that any other network that uses the same SSID and no password, that came in range of my device would result in my device auto-connecting to it? Potentiall...
I was in a discord recently and someone sent a grabify link. I clicked on it and it led me to a soundcloud page. I think my firewall on my router is alright, is that enough to prevent them from doing anything with my ip? Furthermore, could they have somehow installed a virus with only the grabify link even though it le...
This question is about validating certificates. Imagine some machine gets a leaf certificate (i.e. a certificate signed by the certificate of some CA) with specific Key Usage attributes. Example #1: Should the machine reject the certificate if the parent certificate does not include the keyCertSign bit in Key Usage? Ex...
I am developing a web application which will require users to provide 3rd party API keys through the client, which will then be used to make requests to the 3rd party API from the backend of my app. After researching, I believe the best way, and standard practice, is to store these API keys as plain text in my database...
Can a meltdown attack also violate data integrity of other processes by obtaining different passwords or is it just violating data secrecy by reading data it is unauthorized to do?
By nature, .NET assemblies are extremely easy to reverse engineer. Say I want to hide some code by embedding an encrypted .dll into another .dll that is to be decrypted and loaded at runtime: compile a .dll with all the code I want to protect. encrypt the .dll (with the help of SHA-256 hash algorithm and Microsoft RSA...
I am trying to do a buffer overflow on 64-bit Kali VM. When I execute the program and inject the NOP sled + shellcode + return address, the shell does not execute. I think it might have something to do with the return address, but i'm not completely sure... This is the program #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> in...
I have some questions about certificate pinning. Supposing that a mobile application has pinned only the root CA, it should be possible to an attacker to redirect in some way the victim to a malicious website with the same Root CA. Am I wrong? What happens, instead, if an app pins the Root CA but verifies the hostname ...
I have a Windows 10 PC. I don't want anyone to grab my private data stored on my PC even if they manage to get my login password. Earlier, I used software that can easily get rid of any administrator password of the OS and log in. Is there any kind of software or method to wipe our personal data on any sort of unauthor...
I'm designing an IoT product, I'm searching solutions to secure the system. The system's protocol is MQTT, while it's very helpful, it contains vulnerabilities. I've read enough to come with this proposed system: Using TLS: It's important, but it depends on support. Apply a client-id prefix rule: The server wont accep...
This question is inspired by this answer and question I also use that method to handle the case where users can sign in and out of multiple devices, by storing a per-device refresh token for a device id. I am making the assumption that various additional checks should be available to refresh token exchange: check IP fo...
I wondered in which settings is it possible to launch a HTTP Response Splitting Attack but not completely replace the HTTP message? The examples I saw all allowed full replacement of the HTTP response, which made me think the attacker could have just replaced the full HTTP response in the first place. I considered that...
If someone tells me their service uses TLS 1.2 or higher, how much 'guaranteed' security does this provide? Is it possible to correctly claim to be using TLS 1.2 or 1.3 and still be insecure? For example, using a correctly implemented TLS handshake but with a weak cipher? If it is possible to 'correctly' implement TLS ...
Spam is everywhere and everyone gets it (especially professors), but I noticed that my personal email does not get much spam. How can I get more? What are the most common ways of getting spam? Not just by forgetting to unsubscribe from a mailing list, but also how do hackers get access to email addresses?
I am using buffer overflow to overwrite the return address and calls another function. The name of function I call by overwriting the return address is not_called. Here is how I create the payload (gdb) r $(python -c 'import sys; sys.stdout.write("A"*0x6c + "BBBB"+"\x3b\x42\x08\x08")') The program works in the above c...
New Sqlmap user, so please be patient :) I've started looking at the tool and I'm curious about its use. For instance, the login page of OWASP's Juice shop is vulnerable to sql injection (' OR 1=1-- and you'll be automatically logged in as admin), but running the tool from the cmd line over the login url doesn't detect...
I'm looking forward to discovering more about the way in which USB devices encrypted with BitLocker are protected. If I insert a USB key encrypted with BitLocker on a different device, I can access the storage only if I have the recovery key, right? If the USB key has been encrypted with BitLocker in a device for which...
I am writing a ReST service which enables user to get a tar archive of a set of requested documents. When the request succeeds, the service should upload the file to a pre-signed URL that points to an s3 bucket or azure blob storage or a private minio server, or any other object store which the user specifies. This req...
I have ThinkPHP wordpress garbage coming at my server https://medium.com/@knownsec404team/analysis-of-thinkphp5-remote-code-execution-vulnerability-5de8a0afb2d4 , for example: /public/index.php?s=index/%5Cthink%5Capp/invokefunction&function=call_user_func_array&vars%5B0%5D=phpinfo&vars%5B1%5D%5B%5D=1 I logged this req...
Today, when my boss talking with me, he suddenly said: No you don't need to worry about it, everyday you have 3 or 4 messages with agent in Linkedin right? I am very very surprised, because : I work at home. I don't use VPN. I use Linux (Ubuntu) system which installed by me. I login with my Chrome / Gmail account. I u...