instruction
stringlengths
24
29.9k
I was learning networking and knew that browsers don't have algorithms to convert domain names to IPs. It queries a DNS server. After that, the computer remembers the IP, so next time the domain is referenced, the browser will use the cached IP. But if there is malware on the device, can it change the cached DNS data s...
I have sensor devices with a configuration web interface. Each device has a unique serial number. The devices are deployed in various environments with private IP addresses such as 192.168.x.y or 10.x.y.z. Between different environments, these IP addresses will often overlap: environment A with a sensor with IP 192.168...
How can you do a CRSF attack on express if it only accepts JSON? Sample Node app: const express = require('express'); const app = express(); app.use(express.json()); app.post('/item', (req, res, next) => { console.log('posting item'); res.send(`posted item name: ${req.body.itemName}`); }); app.listen(400...
After reformatting my hard disk and rebuilding/re-installing the latest macOS operating system, I found the following IP addresses after running Kerberos.internal.com: kerberos.internal.com has address 96.126.123.244 kerberos.internal.com has address 45.33.2.79 kerberos.internal.com has address 45.79.19.196 kerberos.in...
lately I have wondered if through video streaming you could get infected by some type of malware, can it be possible? I have two cases I would like to consider, lets say I stream a video that was uploaded to a cloud storage service like google drive and it contains malware, I know the video file was transcoded to show ...
In a containerized environment, what would be the most appropriate way of configuring Kerberos caches?
There are a lot of excellent resources to sharpen your pentesting skills (like Hackthebox, Vulnhub, Juiceshop, Burp Suite Academy and so on), but I couldn't find something similar for forensics, especially log file analysis. I thought about setting up my own system (e.g., WordPress with a intentionally vulnerable plugi...
I am simulating an ARP Spoofing attack on a local network. I have an Attacker machine on Linux, a web server, and a Victim machine which is trying to access the web server. I am successfully able to spoof the IP of the web server, and I am redirecting the Victim to the virtual web server on the Attacker machine. I made...
In the case of a password hashing function like Argon2, I know that when a weakness is found, you use another password hashing function, wrap it around the existing hashes and calculate the hash of the password directly when the user logs in again. What happens when a password-authenticated key exchange (PAKE) protocol...
I have a mostly public API with some parts of it "credentialed" behind cookies, similarly to e.g. how WordPress' REST API works. (In our case, it's a GraphQL API but that shouldn't matter.) I want to enable CORS for it and am considering two options: Option 1: Access-Control-Allow-Origin: <dynamically return the incomi...
I work for a software company and I'm currently doing research for an enhancement request. Essentially we have a application client which talks to a rest end point which is authenticated using basic authentication over SSL. A client is requesting that our application first perform mTLS with a reverse proxy prior to ba...
I have a website that I am testing but I am pretty new to all of this security stuff and would appreciate some help!. I have a url similar to the following: http://testurl?nexturl=whatever The nexturl parameter determines what url should be displayed after something has happened. I'm trying to test for XSS vulnerabili...
Since the 20H2 build of Windows 10 came out, if I want to run a script without copying and pasting it into a PowerShell window, I have to write the following command: Set-ExecutionPolicy -ExecutionPolicy ByPass -Scope Process -Force I don't want to turn off the default behavior, since it prevents scripts from being ru...
I have an old Windows domain SMB sniffer file circa 1998 and just out of interest I want to see if I can crack it now with John The Ripper. I believe the file was generated using the L0phtCrack SMB Packet Capture feature. The format of the file is a list of entries such as: CADE\idk:3:4c34936620f47214:f08a4ae250ce716af...
Recently I logged in my gmail account on chrome browser and checked the devices linked to my gmail account.surprisingly in the linked devices and in the recent logins it shown my laptop hostname. I just confused seeing that and then I tried logging gmail on Firefox and it doesn’t showed the hostname in the recent login...
Usually, for all types of authentications, we trust the registration process and assume there is no attack is happening Like in the case of FIDO2 registration. However, as the registration process is built within the browser and can be compromised by a chrome extension it is an unrealistic assumption. Google's research...
I am trying to establish SSH connection to a server through a program. As a pre-requisite to be able to do so, I am getting the publicly available server host key using ssh-keyscan <hostname> and adding it to my known_hosts file. I don't have the server host key with me before hand. Can an attacker feed the wrong key t...
I wanted to learn more about keyloggers and how to protect myself from them. I clicked on a result from google, but the site seems to be infected. Link to Sucuri results Do I need to reinstall my computer?
I need to secure the communications between my frontend and backend. My frontend resides in a PHP server owned by DonDominio (web hosting) and my backend in an instance in AWS. My public web domain is .app so I'm forced to use a certificate to secure the communications. That step is done by an SSL certificate provided ...
Often it is impossible at first sight to understand if a package in a repository is up-to-date with security fixes, because the maintainers use a different naming when applying the patches to old branches. So for example, while Foo version 1.2.3 might be old and insecure, version Foo 1.2.3-ubuntu123 might contain secur...
I run a website with a user database. I have an account with my email and I put it on a website like Have I Been Pwned, which does not reveal a breach. I also check the website's list of breaches to see if my website is included, which is not. I imagine that browsers like Chrome and Microsoft Edge use multiple database...
I'm new with Lynis, the security tool. I installed it with a package manager and check that it is the latest version: $ sudo apt-get install lynis ... lynis is already the newest version (2.1.1-1). And yet, when I run lynis audit system, I get: - Program update status... [ WARNING ] ...
I've read some of the other questions here but I still can't fully wrap my head around this. I know there are different 2FA implementations but, assuming the hacker can't access the email account, how (in some instances) are they still able to (assuming they port out the number or intercept codes) reset passwords and u...
Are there any risks to be aware of if you remote into another person's computer via their Teamviewer Partner ID and password? Any recommended settings to choose when remoting into an unknown computer? All of the searches I have tried focus on the risks of allowing someone to access your computer, but I'm curious if the...
I have a SSD and wanted to use VeraCrypt for plausible deniability and protection against any & all level attacks e.g. state sponsored, non sponsored. My goal was to use a VM and place it in the hidden VC container. After further research it seems using VC on a SSD won't "ensure" the level of security I desire for seve...
In the Cryptsetup Frequently Asked Questions page it says: You are asked a passphrase of an existing key-slot first, before you can enter the passphrase for the new key-slot. Otherwise you could break the encryption by just adding a new key-slot. Is it not possible to edit the cryptsetup source code to delete this ve...
I have recently had an active website that was protected by an SSL certificate. The site is no longer active and the certificate has expired. I have tried to put up a simple HTML holding page but Google will not show it because there is an expired certificate associated with the domain. Is there a solution to allow me ...
In classic hosting we have a virtual machine with limited resources allocated by hosting provider for running our web application. But with serverless code such as AWS Lambda or Azure Functions, our code is executed by hosting provider (Amazon or Microsoft) itself in response to events. Theoretically speaking, there is...
I am used to seeing a regular private key, with the standard key block, but I just came across this type which carries extra information as you can see. What format is this and how are these generated (openssl CLI syntax)? if not obvious, <snip> is my way of just reducing the size for easier reading. Public Key Info...
My goal is to be protected against key disclosure laws and possible extortion. I know dm-crypt can be used to perform full disk encryption for GNU/Linux distros. However, it is not enough. I want to be able to hide an operating system in an encrypted hidden partition and create a decoy system for plausible deniability ...
How I can inject a shell command in the below code? <?php if (isset($_POST['search'])) { $res = trim(shell_exec("findstr /l /m /s \"" . $_POST['search'] . "\" archive\\*")); if ($res) { echo "<center>
I'm doing an educational hash research. I generated MD5 hash using online tools and cracked it within a second using Hashcat and certain wordlist (yes, one second). Then I produced a WPA handshake using this same password that I used for MD5. I tried to crack it with aircrack-ng using the very same wordlist. What I fou...
Yeah, it depends. A good answer would provide some reflections on this. I have two concrete scenarios in mind, in two concrete (and I believe common) contexts. Context 1. At home, you’re the only one with access to the computer. Context 2, at work, you and anyone in the IT department have access to the computer. When i...
In my keyring I have the public key of a former colleague. I have signed it, because I trusted that it was his key. I still do so, but the fact that he has left the company of course changes the nature of trust. So basically what I want is: no new encryption operations should be possible with that key (especially impo...
The following search queries are blocked by ModSecurity and returns a 403 forbidden error: www.example.com/s=zip+someword & www.example.com/s=gzip+someword but not www.example.com/s=zip & www.example.com/s=gzip The Apache error_log: [Sun Jun 20 14:15:51.628805 2021] [:error] [pid 3764:tid 47658554889984] [client xxx.xx...
I have come across many questions concerning what security benefit 2FA provide a password manager. (e.g. this question) On the other hand, if I already use 2FA, why would I need a password manager? Won't I be notified if my (perhaps insecure) password becomes compromised? I.e. Someone cracking my password without being...
There are clients (mobile application), they can share links to their profile info, which should be confidential. The link expires in 5 minutes (configured). They set Auth-Code so that the one who gets the link can access the client's data if he gets the correct Auth code. Restrictions: The link data should be encrypt...
Is there any reason why an information security standard such as ISO 27001 is not getting updated as Information Security field is constantly changing and also the requirements but its latest version is for 2013?
How do forensics identify a banking/financial fraud in a Windows system? Malware usually uses real-time TCP sockets to complete their deeds, infecting and compromising the PC it runs on (not the financial system itself), which if not configured otherwise, these connections are not logged anywhere. (As far as I know, yo...
I use nginx configured with HTTPS and an unsigned cert to send files to people sometimes. Despite being just an IP address listed no where, I get traffic from various crawlers and other bots. The other day I saw the following in the access logs: <ip address> - - [20/Jun/2021:10:42:19 -0400] "Gh0st\xAD\x00\x00\x00\xE0\x...
Recently we have run some Security scan report on one of our web-application and it has one issue reported as a path-based vulnerability. The scenario is as follows. The request URL which our application intended to accept is www.host.com/what/ever/ourPage but in security report shows that www.host.com/what/ever/ourPag...
I have not found anywhere how to configure and use sfportscan in snort 3; all documentation I can find is for snort 2. I am aware of this answer, which applies to snort 2.9, and I don't think it helps me here. As far as I understood, I need to put it into the stream = {} object in my snort.lua file, but what is the syn...
My machine has Name Model Disk No. Capacity SDD LITEON L8H 0 240 GB HDD HGST 1 1 TB ( 932 Gb ) SDD contains: Windows 10 (for work) HDD contains: Partition 1 / ├─ Files ( text , imgs , video , other ) ├─ System Backups Partition 2/ ├─ Boot Loader ( Grub ) ├─ Windows 10 I'd like to use my HDD as a sandbo...
When a mail is opened that includes special images, fonts or media, it is loaded from the server of the sender. This is bad because spammers can detect active mail accounts that will get more spam. But when I disable "Always display external images" in Gmail, is that enough to remove that risk? I do not know if there a...
I got a server infected with the Kinsing malware, which mines crypto on your server, maxing out your CPUs. The malware initially creates the files /tmp/kdevtmpfs and /tmp/kinsing If you delete these files and kill the process they get recreated elsewhere in the disk, and also inside your containers to continue with the...
I am using a vpn and trying different firewall rules to keep as secure as possible. But the VPN company itself tells me not to use a firewall. Does that seem reasonable? They write: "As we've mentioned previously, it is not recommended to have UFW/GUFW enabled when connected to our VPN, as it may cause interference a...
I was reading a documentation that suggests blocking the computer from transferring files to an external device, such as a HD, Camera or Pen Drive, allowing only reading. Is this type of protection still valid? Because today anyone can for example copy something inappropriate (files or data) and paste it on file sharin...
We are trying to develop a GENERIC WAF Rule for SQLI Prevention for WordPress-based websites that can provide some level of effectiveness with a very low probability of having false positives. From my understanding I think we can provide some level of protection by default using these things: Matching for table_names,...
I've started creating a framework that aims to make anything into an IoT device. In order to stay online, a peer 2 peer layer needs to be implemented. On top of it, common point services will give the network structure and logistical support by offloading computation. Logistical support can come from other peers or com...
With COVID and everything happening, I have been thinking of death and estate planning a lot lately. I have added my family to my password manager, but not sure what is the easy way to share 2FA authentication across a range of websites both text and app-based. The only thing I can think of is moving everything to app...
To connect to the online platform of the company I work for, I have to use a proxy. Is it possible for the person responsible for this platform to check if I am currently using other programs in addition to the browser with the open platform? Can they check or detect it anyway? I am using my own laptop.
What should i do to get through https? I don't know whether sslstrip working or not. sslstrip -l 8080 /usr/share/offsec-awae-wheels/pyOpenSSL-19.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl/OpenSSL/crypto.py:12: CryptographyDeprecationWarning: Python 2 is no longer supported by the Python core team. Support for it is now deprecated in c...
When using 2-factor-authentication using plain TOTP, the secret is stored on both the client and the server. This in turn means, that anyone with access to the database (and a key for it) knows the 2fa-secret of all the users. Why is this acceptable? Storing plaintext passwords has been deemed unacceptable a long time ...
Suppose I turn on "developer" mode on my Android mobile phone and install a professional GPS spoofing app and a professional VPN app. Developer mode will allow the GPS spoofing app to overwrite my GPS location on the phone, whilst the VPN will redirect all data via a secure server. Will this "GPS spoofing + VPN" combo...
Imagine a webapp that uses a traditional email-password-login, with the users-table saving the password salted and hashed using bcrypt. Now a secondary login method should be implemented, like an API or external auth provider, with some users only being allowed to login via that secondary method, not the standard email...
If someone buys a domain and one may type the URL in but just sees a template page from the registrar but doesn’t purchase a cPanel or VPS or root access or any way to edit the website, does the domain or website managed by a domain seller such as registrar.com require malware protection, spam detection or defacement p...
I am trying to verify if a TLS Server is configured according to the guidelines specified in NIST SP 800-52. One rule stated is the following: TLS servers that support TLS 1.3 and the Pre-Shared Key extension shall support the Pre-Shared Key Exchange Modes extension. How should I go about verifying if a server behave...
I (mostly) understand how a scammer can send an email from a spoofed account, all you need is an unsecured SMTP server. But how is it possible, for a scammer to RESPOND and maintain an email conversation with the victim from the spoofed address? In this case, there was no "reply-to" and the domain is completely legitim...
How do I xss inside <a href="https://gooogle.com">here</a> ? I have tried normally using alert() but it didn't work
When typing in the URL bar in safari with google as my default search engine without pressing enter (i.e not actually searching), does the text I've typed or my IP get logged to google?
RFC 4035, section 5.3.1 lays out the rules for validating DNSSEC RRSIG records: The RRSIG RR and the RRset MUST have the same owner name and the same class. The RRSIG RR's Signer's Name field MUST be the name of the zone that contains the RRset. The RRSIG RR's Type Covered field MUST equal the RRset's type. The numbe...
When I sign up for a mobile subscription or internet connection with my ISP (also a mobile network operator), the company's privacy policy says that certain information is processed such as personal data (name, phone number, address etc) and metadata which is generated through my use of the services (conversation lengt...
I suspect that my router (I'm using an iPhone as router) has been owned and the attacker is making some kind of mitm attack. I suspect also that some html and js code has not been sent to my laptop and filtered by the attacker, meaning that some sites do not have some functionalities. If this is true, then there should...
I'm somewhat knowledgeable in the concept of Public Key Pinning (HPKP) and I see a potential attack where a server admin could pin a particular cert and thus demanding user's browsers to only honour that particular certificate. However, if the admin wanted sabotage a company / website and several months before they lef...
I noticed that the module cookie-parser in NodeJs sends back cookies that have the "secure" attribute set, even in an unsecured http response. They have specified this behavior in their readme, or at least in the readme of a dependency, but is this really the way it should work? I have read the following sentence on Wi...
I work as a .NET developer on a small development team. Our organization has several websites, that all have certificates for serving them via HTTPS. The websites are deployed to On-premise Windows 2019 Servers, and the certificates are imported through the Certificates snap-in in the Microsoft Management Console. When...
I want to easily recover user passwords if required. I hash them using bcrypt but I tried to backup non-hashed passwords into a plain text file (*txt) not accessible over the internet. Is that correct and secure? I'm using a secure password for VPS remote desktop. I don't think there's any way it could be grabbed, but ...
I'm making a configuration page for an embedded Linux device. When the user presses a button, the device starts a WiFi access point. The user connects to the AP and visits the web page. This page is not protected by a password. Anyone who can connect to the AP can visit the page and make any changes. Is CSRF needed her...
So, from a summary of what I have found on the internet, a SOC collects information and the CSIRT makes conclusions based on that info. However, from what I see in labs/challenges websites like BlueTeam Labs Online, those lines aren't that defined since different challenges from both fields (Operations Center example: ...
I have a vulnerable test site up that runs PHP. How can an attacker identify that PHP is used? if I type .../add.php the site gives back an error message, although the file is add.php. If I type .../add the site runs. Maybe I can inject code to identify PHP? Or is it impossible to check for PHP (including version) if a...
Mimikatz's sekurlsa::pth documentation states: mimikatz can perform the well-known operation 'Pass-The-Hash' to run a process under another credentials with NTLM hash of the user's password, instead of its real password. For this, it starts a process with a fake identity, then replaces fake information (NTLM hash of t...
Compared to a DVD live Tails Linux, how unsafe is using the USB version? I'm trying to help a friend who for years has been mired in the laborious iterative process of remastering their own DVDs of Knoppix in the name of security. The use case: Tails Linux Only used in own laptop with no other users No HD, but does ha...
From a modular development standpoint, should a "firewall" do anything else than filtering ports? This leads me to further ask, have there been attempts to reform the terminology from "firewall" to "port filterer"?
Doing some hash rooms on THM and whenever I run the hash files they give me ill just start like this. john --wordlist=rockyou.txt hashfile It will run and then output with a bunch of warnings telling me what possible hash types it could be but the hash doesn't get solved. I can still solve it by running a hash identif...
Our organization uses a Voip "push to talk" type app on Android and IOS devices. The application connects to a server on premises through the internet. To use the app, the user is assigned a UID, which can only be used from on a single device. When a user logs in for the first time, the server logs the device ID ( wh...
During the pandemic I work from home on my own devices via the employer’s VPN. I am aware of the usual privacy risks this represents for me. My employer used to provide a Server Address, Account Name, Password and Shared Secret to use its VPN. This could easily be configured using the operating system’s own networking ...
Does anyone know about the search mechanism used in OpenSSL w.r.t verifying a serial number against a CRL file? I understand that in the case of Base-CRL approach, the file size will grow over time and also it depends upon the number of revocations and length/size of the serial number. Any idea as to whether OpenSSL ma...
My purpose is to leverage DH algorithm to enhance self-signed certificate (A toy in local computer). I refered the answer of Matt Caswell. It works fine to generate the dhcert.pem but fail to configure nginx OpenSSL generates DS-RSA key I match the dhcert.pem with ssl_certificate entry and the dhkey.pem with ssl_certif...
Is it possible to disable memory scrambling for RAM? Can you change what kind of algorithm is used? Can you check from inside the OS which is using the memory if/what scrambling is in use? Do devices with soldered RAM or smartphones use memory scrambling?
Are memory forensic tools useful for attack detection? Usually they are applied after an attack has happened. You could always constantly scan a machine but this requires lots of resources and depending on how often you scan leaves a window for an attacker to go unnoticed and when scanning as fast as possible would pro...
What is the relation of semicolon with reverse proxy and how is it able to escape context/servlet mapping in reverse proxies such as IIS, NGINX, Apache? Like I've seen multiple times where people have reported the use of semicolon to escape context/servlet mapping in reverse proxies. For example- in a website 1. ...
Can a ransomware attack on a user's local machine affect the server of the company he works for, even if that server is in the cloud (VPS) and can only be accessed via SSH (with a key file, no password)? Team environment for remote administration: The only software that allows access to the server with files from the w...
Many tools in Linux allow for checking things as a non-root user. For example, at any time, I can check whether a service is running: $ systemctl status ntp However, the iptables needs to be used as root whatever the option. I'm wondering what issue there could be to allow -L to a non-root user: $ iptables -L -nvx st...
I have already read those 3 topics about WPAD attacks but I'm still confused, so I'm here looking for a deeper explanation. CONTEXT I think a WPAD attack is happening in my home and I was not aware about what WPAD is until now. A svchost.exe process was connecting to some dubious IP (185, 38, 111, 1) through port 80 ev...
I would like to store encrypted AES-256 keys in a public location and give 100 different people access to the AES key by using each of those 100 people's public RSA encryption key to encrypt the AES key. How much does this degrade the encryption? The AES key would be random, not passphrase based.
Background Currently doing some vulnservers on Offensive Security's Proving Grounds Practice Labs. A vulnserver is a machine configured with vulnerabilities for testing/audit and research purposes. I came across a machine that had a cronjob running /usr/sbin/ldconfig every 2 minutes and the machine also had an interest...
We have had a discussion in our organization about whether possession of a server-issued device certificate can be considered a factor in MFA. The certificate asserts that only enrolled devices can access the service. If e.g. the service requires logging in using a username/password from a device with a valid certific...
I am wondering what methods are used by big companies to protect customer email addresses in their databases. They usually have salespeople all over the world and multiple third-parties (Salesforce, transactional emails, etc.) also need to access the data and need to be able to send emails to customers, making regular ...
In this blog post CyberCube claim: CyberCube observed a malware infection on Colonial Pipeline’s network named “trojan.win32.razy.gen” I'm really curious to know how this could be done from outside Colonial's network. I'm asking in general using this case as an example - please don't post any proprietary information ...
I have a set of three certificates to form a trusted chain from Zscaler but I cannot install them in the Ubuntu trusted store. The three corresponding certificates are there for reference: Zscaler Intermediate Root CA (zscloud.net) (t) Zscaler Intermediate Root CA (zscloud.net) Zscaler Root CA When trying to add the...
I use Firefox as my browser. My privacy settings are strict. I block All third-party cookies, and always delete all cookies when Firefox is closed. Tracking content (in all windows); Cryptominers; and Fingerprinters. I never log in to sites such as Google, Facebook and such (I don't even have an account) and never cl...
I run a web site and email server for purely personal purposes on a VPS. I created a self-signed cert for the server and installed the relevant CA cert as a profile on my iPhone as well as on desktop Firefox. This has worked fine for a long time. Just now, connected to no event I can identify, the iPhone claims the s...
While reading about authentication protocols, I saw on Wikipedia on Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic: In some cases a protocol was reasoned as secure by the BAN analysis but were in fact insecure.[3] This has led to the abandonment of BAN-family logics in favor of proof methods based on standard invariance reasoning.[citat...
Sorry if this is more of a conceptual question. I was using GPG to send encrypted emails back and forth with a friend and I understand why I am able to decrypt the messages my friend sends me: because that data was encrypted using my gpg public key and I have the corresponding private key. But for fun, once I encrypted...
I read this tutorial to create an OpenVPN server, it worked perfectly and was configured correctly, using a dedicated server to create the certificates it requires. Now I want to create a new OpenVPN server, with a different IP to access other services and to be used by other users. Is it safe to just create a copy ima...
I'm a developer working on an application that supports minimum iOS 10. It concerns me that we are supporting such an old version of iOS but the client wishes to support customers with older iPhones that may not support the latest iOS. I want to understand what's the risk to the app in supporting older iOS versions.
While using a router that I do not own, and suspect high odds of malicious users' concurrently connecting to it, how can I prevent them from causing any damage to me (injecting malware, stealing information, passwords or otherwise) while using said router? Whether in university, public cafe etc'
So I'm learning to run MITM attacks on my own WiFi network but I seem to be running into an issue. I'm following this tutorial. The process is simple and I'm running the attack from my Ubuntu laptop. I first enable IP forwarding using echo > 1 /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_config. The command runs without an issue. Next up is ...
Say there are 2 servers a.example and b.example. b.example uses 3rd party authentication from a.example via OAuth or other protocols. Now a user user1 with account xyz@a.example logs in and sets up a account on b.example using auth from a.example. After some time he deletes his account xyz@a.example on a.example . But ...
I have an old USB drive encrypted with Truecrypt and can't read my password writing. I can't tell if it's a capital or lower case letter and not sure if it's a 0 or an o, a t or a + on about 7 spaces. I have basic computer knowledge and would really appreciate your help. Sounds like I need a password generator to put t...