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Many popular reverse proxies (tomcat, nginx, ...) seem to handle OpenID Connect and act as a Relying Party to hide the authentication complexity to all applications behind the reverse proxy, which just receive http headers containing user info.
Is this a good practice, to have just one Relying Party (the reverse proxy)... |
Disclaimer + Background
Since self signed certs are not that popular, here's some context:
I have a 3rd party client/server application that we're currently using (inside the LAN!) via unencrypted TCP/IP. (The protocol is proprietary, not HTTP.)
This application offers operation via SSL/TLS by installing a self-signed ... |
The error I get from pkcs11-tool.exe is "No slots."
My server has a hardware security module (Nitrokey HSM 2) that becomes inaccessible once I connect to my server via Windows Remote Desktop.
Note: this is NOT for logging in with smart cards. I use my HSM to decrypt data with its private key.
I use this HSM with the pk... |
I am trying to get deeper into buffer overflow and lower-level stuff in general and am confused regarding one particular topic. I have seen examples of buffer overflows in which the shellcode is supplied by the attacker in two types. The first is one where the shellcode takes place before the return address and the sec... |
I have been conducting some minor research into the various forms of exploitation, such as buffer overflows and similar.
Most tutorials seem to focus on executing shellcode, that is code which executes a shell. I was wondering if the cause of this is because of limited space available, otherwise why not execute an enti... |
Previous post was deleted for not enough context, which I apologise for. I will try to provide as much context as I can. I am aware this appears to be an example of a SYN flood attack with spoofed ip addresses, however should there not be a SYN ACK response from the server?
I was wondering if anyone was able to find a... |
I've been doing some research into GPU based malwares, and would like to know if there is a way to run them on a dual boot scenario with the code being executed only on one Operational System and be "stored" to also execute on the second one. Both OS's would be the same (two Linuxes, for example).
From what I understoo... |
I have read about X-Content-Type-Options and it says often that it protects against IE mime sniffing problems.
I am wondering if in 2021 it is still valid and a problem for modern browsers? In other words, will it be beneficial for my web server that serves html, images, etc. to have this header on?
|
Are files put into the Pages/Shared folder public to the whole WWW if the website is hosted publicly? I am asking since I want to implement a partial view load thru a controller and want to know whether it's secure.
I am using ASP.NET Core version 6 if that matters.
|
Is there an online service which allows to download a file from a URL directly zipped?
I want to analyze a potential malicious JavaScript file with some automatic anti virus engines but I don't want to download the file unzipped. Furthermore my network's proxy settings are blocking an unzipped download due to a blackli... |
lets say I have a rar file that has a bunch of images inside. Is there any risk of opening the image inside the rar without extracting the entire file?
|
If someone has all the information from my credit card name, exp date, card number, cvv and pin but no card, would they still be able to use a reader-writer or would they have to have the card to copy? And is there software that can help do this?
|
Can you make a server appear to be in another country and how would you do it?
|
If you wrap all your data in an end-to-end encrypted payload is it safe to transmit over HTTP or at worse case self signed HTTPS instead of traditional CA signed SSL?
|
Recently (just now) the npm package ua-parser-js was found to be hijacked. The hijack installs a crypto miner on preinstall but I noticed the following passage in the preinstall script:
IP=$(curl -k https://freegeoip.app/xml/ | grep 'RU\|UA\|BY\|KZ')
if [ -z "$IP" ]
then
var=$(pgrep jsextension)
if [ -z "$var"... |
This is the third part of a forensics challenge in a European CTF, and it is apparently the most difficult one because only three people flagged it among 700 participating.
I'm only here for guidance on what could be done and only want an answer for the question in the title of this post. I'll start first by giving an ... |
Hard drive firmware infections were documented in 2015:
The hacking tool, believed to be a product of the NSA, is significant because subverting the firmware gives the attackers God-like control of the system in a way that is stealthy and persistent even through software updates.
You'd think that since then other mal... |
For several days now I am receiving activation codes by SMS that look like this:
Your ToYou verification code is 8058
Some are from ToYou, that seems to be a delivery service, others are from similar services in Russia, other are written in Arabic, needless to say I never signed up for these services.
I have been an we... |
When sniffing network traffic, one can see an HTTPS packet and all its (encrypted) data.
I am wondering what would happen if this packet is copied and then re-sent.
Is there a protocol at some layer that prevents the same packet being used twice? (with something such as a timestamp maybe)
If not, how should the server ... |
a while ago I checked results associated with my name on duckduckgo. The name I am referring to is the first name and surname, which is associated with a google account. Scrolling through the results, I noticed that a youtube link was being shown, clicking on which a list of videos was shown, many of which I had actual... |
DocuSign requires that your password "must not contain the characters <, > or spaces."
Is this not an odd requirement? Despite being a leader in online document signing, my gut tells me there's something odd under-the-hood.
|
Looking for everyone's opinion here. One of my buddies was doing a vendor security review for a company that sells different types of software. The software allows you to create 3D models for home and office design (think HGTV home improvement). This software is installed locally on either a Win or Mac client.
From wha... |
When someone uses a browser to connect to https://google.com via Tor network, the client needs to exchange a key with Google in order to keep all the data hidden from the exit node, right? Otherwise, when the exit node unencrypts the message, he could read all the data in it, or also read the session cookies returned b... |
Corporations and governments use a variety of de-anonymization techniques to identify and profile users.
All aspects of our personal lives are now consolidated online (banking, medical, academic, remote work, shopping, dating, messaging, social media, news etc). This can reveal a lot of personal information like who yo... |
For simple authentication with backend services, without more sophisticated needs (e.g. roles and scopes), is there any security benefit in using JWTs instead of sending HMAC hashes to verify a payload?
HMAC:
Client generates a timestamp & payload
Client has the secret key already as part of code base
Client uses key ... |
I have nginx as reverse proxy and apache in the back, a firewall setup to enable just http and https, and ssh.
netstat -tlupna gives me tens of lines with multiple TIME_WAIT or ESTABLISHED lines coming from plenty of IPs:80 and IPs:443 into my server.
There were few ESTABLISHED connections to ports on my server that I ... |
Why is SMS OTP not as secure as Authenticator Applications such as Microsoft Authenticator, etc? Is it because of snooping of mobile communications? or?
|
I am amateur/barely novice to home networking trying to narrow down, if at all possible, angles of intrusion.
Attacker connects to home network after I willingly give password. Before they connect I:
disconnect my pc (laptop Windows 10) from home network but leave my phone (Oneplus up-to-date android) connected for du... |
I have a content as shown below
I have encrypted the content by running the below command
cd C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319
aspnet_regiis.exe -pef "secureAppSettings" "your application web config path" -prov >> "DataProtectionConfigurationProvider"
This generated as follow (Sample , not the real pa... |
I'm currently implementing a login session system for a web application. I've read lots of articles recommending very low session and idle timeouts. For example OWASP says:
Both the idle and absolute timeout values are highly dependent on how critical the web application and its data are. Common idle timeouts ranges a... |
Imagine this scenario
A StackExchange user sends you a PGP-encrypted message
You decrypt the message and discover that you are being blackmailed
You report the message to the admins but they are unable to view the content
In this situation, is there any way to tie the plaintext to the ciphertext without revealing you... |
I have a certificate issued by lets encrypt and one of the certificate in the path has this information:
[1]CRL Distribution Point
Distribution Point Name:
Full Name:
URL=http://x1.c.lencr.org/
On the client machine (that runs in the highly restrictive environment) I can open my URL in fi... |
The Signal protocol utilizes the double ratchet algorithm to achieve end-to-end encryption with forward secrecy and future secrecy (aka break-in recovery).
Forward secrecy ensures that if any of the user’s keys are
compromised (including long-term identity keys and ephemeral keys),
these keys cannot be used to go back... |
I have a common email (gmail, outlook, mail, etc) provider that I use to purchase from different merchants (amazon, target, etc).
Since some of these providers have had breaches before, do there exist security best practices around deleting purchase order emails as soon as possible? Would it matter as action "delete" i... |
I can’t figure it out / understand. Need to write a rule that catches an HTTP POST request from one ip address more than three times in 10 seconds and logs it.
alert http $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $HOME_NET any (msg:"HTTP post packet flood "; flow:to_server; ..... count 3, seconds 10;)
What commands should use instead of d... |
While analysing a DDoS attack on my site using CloudFlare console, I've noticed that many attack requests come from AS139190 GOOGLE-AS-AP Google Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. with Empty user agent.
I'm wondering how Google is exploited to attack my site?
|
I am testing my mail server setup with this tool https://email-test.had.dnsops.gov/ and I am getting suspicious that the tool may not be working right.
From what I understand it reports that my alignment check fails. I do not understand what is failing, because other online test tools state:
SPF: pass
DKIM: pass
DMARC... |
For learning and testing purposes I'd like to change the UserAgent in the HTTP header.
In the desktop Firefox it is simple: there is an add-on for this task. But on android... it is impossible.
I thought, I will setup a proxy (privoxy for example) and it will change that header.
Yes, I know, most of the servers are usi... |
Bad news, I lost my VeraCrypt password. (Yes, it was extremely stupid.) Good news I used a self-created formula to build the password. I do this because it makes the password long and complex, but easier for me to remember.
Well, it didn’t work like I had hoped. I ended up going an extended time without needing to use ... |
My computer probably had malware. Decided to install linux and do a disc wipe using a linux distro called Pop!_OS (ubuntu based)
Can a piece of malware/virus inject itself into an ISO
According to the above SecuritySE post, it's an unlikely propagation method, so I don't really need to worry about the .iso being infect... |
An independent security auditor discovered many open ports by using nmap while auditing a web service deployed on GCP. The service is a Cloud Run instance behind an HTTP(s) load balancer. The auditor wants to flag these as risks in the audit report.
However Documentation from Google specifically mentions that a securit... |
I want to store the passwords of accounts hashed into a database that can be accessed through a python-flask application. When you would login, this python application is supposed to provide you with a token that will be saved in the frontend so it knows who's logged in. The thing that confuses me here, is that the pas... |
Lets say we have this SPF record
v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com include:spf.onprem.com -all`
And this record
v=spf1 include:spf.protection.outlook.com include:spf.onprem.com ?all
What would be the difference ?
Would record1 actually be valid and record2 will be useless in regard of spoofing ? The ?all shou... |
I've heard it's good for security to have a shorter expiration time for GPG keys, but I'm still not clear on why that is exactly. Is the purpose of a GPG key mainly to inform the legitimate user that they ought to generate a key at some point? Or is it a genuine security feature rendering the key totally unusable aft... |
Using agent forwarding comes with a risk, but stored private keys can also abused if the attacker has compromised the remote machine.
In this thread I want to discuss whether agent forwarding is safe to use or should not be used because of known security issues.
I know, there are some other questions, where this topic ... |
I have multiple java based application that interact with each over over TLS and I am trying to enforce 128 bit ciphers for TLS communication.
The way I am enforcing 128 bit cipher on the java(server side) is by setting following property in the java.security file of the JDK :
jdk.tls.disabledAlgorithms=SSLv3, RC4, DES... |
I have an information security class this semester, and I need to write a paper evaluating how secure NFC and RFID technology is.
A lot of questions previously asked here are at least 3 years old, and I'm sure computing power within NFC and RFID tags have increased since then, so I'd like to hear about more recent deve... |
There are many risk assessment guidelines such NIST800-30 and ISO 27005 that provide a catalogue of known threats as reference. Using a qualitative approach, I selected one threat events catalogue and I tried to select the threats that are applicable to my use case.
To my understanding, by studying the system design sp... |
For quite a while, it has been common that the CN of a web server certificate also needs to be present in the SAN list, and new versions of browsers enforce this. So, if my CN is www.example.com, and the SAN has only example.com, browsers will refuse to connect, resp. show certificate warnings and have the user take ex... |
The safety requirement confuses me when I look at security risk assessment methodologies. Looking at safety alone, it usually is related to the physical aspect and the physical interactions between a system and the user. But it also looks like that physical security objectives can address some of the safety requirement... |
I'm looking at the CBC-MAC vulnerabilities that arise when CBC-MAC is used incorrectly, specifically when the keys for encryption and authentication are reused. The source I'm relying on is the Wikipedia Article on the matter (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC-MAC#Using_the_same_key_for_encryption_and_authentication).
... |
Why... Just Why...
Due to Shopify being unwilling to modify security headers further then removing them, the Cloudflare "Orange-to-Orange" problem (since Shopify uses Cloudflare as well), and my unwillingness to write a whole front end for the Shopify API just to avoid framing Shopify,
I need to prevent clickjacking wi... |
I notice that although we have many tools for security tests (SAST, SCA), I couldn't find an open source project on github that implements those tests. I've searched for google, Mozilla, OWASP and other big companies repositories, some of them use dependabot but no one implements security tests in the CI/CD (Pull reque... |
I want to forward VPN traffic to an Internal Proxy that uses client certificates to authenticate users. Can we add this second encryption at the VPN Configuration file for example? Or what is the best option (architecture) to do that?
Thx a lot
|
Imagine website http://x.x.x.x//thing.php returns a response code of 302 instead of 200, meaning I get redirected to http://x.x.x.x//other.php instead of going to http://x.x.x.x//thing.php.
Can I use Burp to intercept and modify the response code, changing it to 200 and going to http://x.x.x.x/thing.php itself? If so, ... |
So let's say you have setup TLS between two different services. And you want to "prove" that out (for lack of better words. Basically just trying to witness the encrypted traffic in action).
What's the best/easiest way to do that? Because those two services are communicating directly, can you really put yourself in the... |
Say I've found a perfect SSRF vulnerability in a web application that lets me send web requests to any URL, any host, any port, any scheme. I can use the file:// scheme to get the contents of local files, such as file:///C:/Windows/win.ini.
I would like to get full remote code execution though, and to do that I need to... |
I have the following from Google's public certs for verifying JWT ID
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIDHDCCAgSgAwIBAgIIW4K0b18ff70wDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEFBQAwMTEvMC0GA1UE
AxMmc2VjdXJldG9rZW4uc3lzdGVtLmdzZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC5jb20wHhcNMjEx
MDIzMDkyMDI1WhcNMjExMTA4MjEzNTI1WjAxMS8wLQYDVQQDEyZzZWN1cmV0b2tl
bi5zeXN0ZW0uZ3NlcnZpY2VhY2Nv... |
I want to add a suffix to my URLs that makes them distinctive and therefore only findable by a person who knows that suffix. I considered using a UUID or hash, but these are usually very long. However, I want the suffixes to be as short as possible and still not be guessable. So the question is, what is the minimum num... |
I was recently assessing a web application where during user registration the application would send a password reset link via email where the token portion of the URL was the following in base64:
<Email address>:<randomly generated 12 character password>
When selecting the link the application would log the user in a... |
I'm trying to make scans using Sqlmapapi. I have added a new task, and when I call /option/$taskId/list in response, I receive JSON output with options that can be set.
I could not find any information on how can I do it. How to call API to set a cookie header, for example?
|
I have recently figured out that Lets Encrypt provides "invalid" certificate chain in it's certificates that are pointing to the root certificate that has expired a month ago (they did it apparently to support old android devices that do not fully validate the root certificate validity).
Certificates obviously work for... |
I'm designing a web service meant for storing data for users, but these users don't have proper server-side accounts, just a random master key the user generated and stores on their device (a bip39 mnemonic) so they can derive some public-private keypair from it and use the public key as their "id" on the server to agg... |
I recently learned (read) the math behind RSA encryption (algorithm). Now, I wonder if there is a way to use a custom password instead of the private key.
Imagine a web application, where user signs up with a username and password. If a web application generates a public-private key pair at the server and store it them... |
I've recently read about the new game called Bloodhunt containing an Anti-Cheat, which had a bug, in which the anti-cheat service would stay installed even though the game is removed. The top Steam review called it out as Spyware and the review appears to be gone now which is kinda suspicous in my opinion.
It is well k... |
My ISP's security strikes me as... somewhat alarming to my admittedly non-expert eyes. They store wifi passwords in plaintext on their website and allow changing it there - this is apparently meant to be the only way to change password/network name, too. They provided a router which I assume they want to be administeri... |
Looking at a potential solution where the thumbprint of a client cert is used to identify individual users and provide access control.
Supposing someone was able to view the thumbprint of a cert installed on a machine, would they be able to create/fake a cert with an identical thumbprint to impersonate another user?
I ... |
I have a microservice system with an OpenId connect Identity Provider, implemented with IdentityServer4.
I have one special (very generic) service which needs to be able to communicate with all other services, even with services which will be developed in future. This is server to server communication without user inte... |
I'm using this SSL handshake reference. It talks about the client generating a pre-master key and encrypting that with the server's public key. Then it sends that pre-master key securely to the server. Makes total sense.
My question is, though, hasn't symmetric encryption already been accomplished? The client and serve... |
Several sites require me to input far too many personal details in order to register. This now includes phone numbers, which they have zero legitimate uses for - they are never used after the initial validation step - but when their database is leaked we're the ones getting smished.
The current next trend is to require... |
For background, I am being sued by unethical people who would do anything. I live in a rural area and in the network list on my phone and laptop, no neighboring networks appear. Only our own plus our Guest. Recently, a network appeared named Test. Sometimes late at night my phone will be logged on to this network thoug... |
I am looking for attacks over Tor that can be applied to a server running SSH. I have been looking at SSH.com, IEEE papers, SpringerLink papers/books, etc. but so far I have only found that the attacks performed on SSH are brute force, dictionary attacks and compromising public-private keys pairs.
Does anyone know of o... |
I have been searching the web to find a Linux distribution, preferrably a rolling release one as I'm otherwise hooked on the concepts in Arch Linux, with automated steps to setup full disk encryption (including the boot partition) using the TPM2 module to decrypt.
The packages seem to be there more or less, but the doc... |
Java supports AIA chasing via the system property com.sun.security.enableAIAcaIssuers (which is disabled per default). There is some documentation available but it is pretty slim regarding details.
I wonder what the performance impact of enabling this feature might be, especially for a long-running server application ... |
I am quite familiar with the ROC but am not a QSA.
PCI definition of strong cryptography make references to choosing your own standard and follow that, for example; if I followed NIST i.e. TLS as specified by Special Publication 800-57 Part 1 section 5.6.2 and I don't choose RSA and only use Diffie-Hellman key exchange... |
I was thinking about spyware and wondered if you could sniff for suspcious network traffic from spyware.
Mobile spyware usually uploads messages, location and images, is it possible to analyse network traffic and detect these actions?
I can't seem to find many google resources mentioning this. I know that GlassWire doe... |
I have a question about checking hashes and what is the best utility for it.
Seems like you can use some external programs like md5sum or sha1sum. But can't you just use (on Windows) certutil -hashfile? What are the advantages of one over the other?
|
Say someone wants to send a document overseas while living in a hostile country. He uses tor over public wifi. What are some ways he can be tracked if he uses a burner laptop and public wifi? Few ways I can think of:
CCTV cameras or people looking over his shoulder
Opsec failures like logging into an account linked to... |
As far as I know, View page source does not execute any JavaScript, but is that good enough?
Could there in theory be any vulnerabilities in the HTML parser or something similar?
Have there been any exploits in this area before?
How realistic is it getting infected by viewing page source of a malicious website?
Th... |
I created luks2 device with default options which used aes-xts with 512b key size.I figured out that 256b is somewhat faster than 512b from benchmarks. So, I just want to use 256b but not sure if it's possible or not using cryptsetup command.
benchmarks
# Algorithm | Key | Encryption | Decryption
... |
My goal is the jump a local function without calling it. Here is my code
#include <stdio.h>
void bufferoverflow()
{
printf("bufferoverlow!\n");
}
void doSomething()
{
int buffer[10];
// Only change here
// Only change here end
printf("doSomething!\n");
}
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
d... |
Say I live in a western country and suspect a foriegn businessperson is trying to bribe local officials. I am provided with 3 options to report: snail mail, email and SMS. For my threat model, I am worried about acts of vengeance from the foriegn government, and by providing evidence, I am revealing my identity to the ... |
I have installed VMWare Workstation Pro from the official website. Now after the trial version has ended, I have searched for free products key on the internet. If I use these product keys, will it be harmful to my PC? Will it install malware or backdoors?
|
I understand Web Application Layer Firewall (WAF) uses an SSL cert to decrypt and inspect the traffic before passing to the backend server. If an attacker could gain admin access to both the WAF application and the host server, is there any way they could view the sensitive information such as login credentials which w... |
My college uses eduroam for WiFi. When setting it up, I am advised to install the college's own CA certificate. I am dubious about this as I have heard that it would allow them to perform a MITM attack and read the contents of my HTTPS traffic, which I am naturally uncomfortable about.
I am using an Android phone and a... |
Posted this on Cryptography; reposting here in case it's more relevant.
I am trying to better understand how TLS works. I understand in the normal use case you need various random values generated and used in the key exchange, to prevent some MITM reusing a previous transmission to spoof the server or the client.
Howev... |
Avast detected Android Studio (the latest version) as ransomware.
Here is the message:
studio64.exe is trying to delete or change the file C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\b42cc0c3858a58db2db37658219e6400_9205d3aa-d330-4b9c-977e-9d84ee659886...
Ransomware
By the way it was the first time i ran the software on a fr... |
It is known that a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol in which the adversary generates two public-private key pairs for the attack. Could the same attack be accomplished with one pair? Thank you.
|
Europe issues PKSC11 cards to it's citizens. Countries have a number of solutions for eIDAS Qualified signatures, but they are not uniform.
Would it be difficult to build a standard tool that can read and use every EU smart card to sign documents uniformly? What are the underlying difficulties?
|
It seems like a 'crazy' claim that John McAfee makes at the very beginning of this video, is it true?
"Over half of all smartphones, both iOS and Android are infected with
keystroke logging software. This is a known fact.
People pay these pornography sites for the ability to put their key
logging software on your phon... |
Since everyone seems to have personal outlook, hotmail, and gmail accounts, is it possible to prevent people from using non-company email accounts when logging into Google, Bing, and other websites on company computers and devices?
Or, is it possible to prevent internet access completely without an approved domain e-ma... |
Two users are using same web application online. Suddenly, I checked my profile and it was data of another user. How this is possible? We both are using the same app at the same time, the app is on cloud and we store credentials on browser local storage using window.localStorage.setItem method. What is causing this cri... |
In testing a website on a bug bounty platform. What can reasonably be deduced from the following situation?
GET /.ht -> returns a 403 Forbidden
GET /.hx -> returns a 404 Not Found
The only deduction I can make is that a regex is used to determine the response of the request.
That regex would look like \.ht\w+
This won... |
I'm looking at my browser's console and I see the following error:
These all pertain to the same JS file.
I'm trying to figure out what's the quickest way to make these error go away. I'm guessing I can put the given hash in my script declaration, something like:
<script src="/assets/scripts/main.js" integrity="sha256... |
When hardening a system you want to remove any features that you do not need. I have been thinking about this concept from the perspective of interpreters like Python, NodeJS, PHP etc. and am wondering if it could provide any meaningful benefits to analyze what features of the interpreter an application uses and exclud... |
I'm trying to extract a specific dataset via a daily cronjob written in PHP (by extracting the data from a MariaDB DB), and transfer it onto another server D which is externally available to a client. The approach I'm using is:
A) Extract data from MariaDB DB Table via local cronjob PHP file. As this file is stored on ... |
I have specifically allowed three external machines to SSH into my server. All other traffic will be dropped. Using nmap from another machine, I am unable to see my server's SSH port and it shows filtered.
In this case, is port knocking valuable in my server setup?
|
I have an eWallet application that lets the user (owner of the Virtual Visa) see his virtual card information if he wants to make an online purchase.
We are not storing the credit card data in our servers in any way.
There is this company Novopayment that actually stores the credit card info and is PCI compliant.
When ... |
When you manage some device over serial the connection is in general bidirectional. But usually the host manages the client by sending commands over the serial connection.
Is there some easy way for some kind of reverse management? Can attackers inside the managed client exfiltrate data from the managing device?
Does a... |
When I was a student one of my professors used to say that an antivirus actually increases your attack surface by injecting itself into system processes and let's say opening more doors for controlling and manipulating the PC for malware and by that he meant to say that you're better off without one.
Is that even remo... |
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