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I am trying to identify, why some of my e-mails are being marked as spam by recipients, and have therefore set up SPF and DKIM. In order to check that they can be verified, I set up aggregated DMARC reports.
When looking at one report, I can see the following:
<record>
<row>
<source_ip>x.x.x.x</source_ip>
... |
The OAuth 2.0 specification states that "A refresh token SHOULD NOT be included" in responses to access token requests in the client credentials flow and that, even if they were used, the client credentials would need to be sent in the refresh token grant request anyway.
That means that every time the access token expi... |
I am having a problem understanding some security techniques and was hoping someone could clarify some things. For instance, in terms of an evil maid attack, what are some solutions to preventing this? Is booting from removable media a solution to this? What does that entail? Let's say the OS I am using is a Linux l... |
I know security is pretty important for the web application, but what about windows applications running in a corporate environment, network, not accessible from outside.
Do we need to treat security issues as "high" there, or because that is running in a safe environment, it does not matter much?
Let's say a Windows F... |
We created a certificate signing request using IBM GSKit. The CA is using Microsoft CA server. I downloaded the signed cert complete with chain information. The format is PCKS#7 with an extension of p7b.
GSKit cannot import the P7B format (Binary or Base 64). The .cer file issued by the CA server do not contain the CA ... |
I am building an application where one user (User A) can store a "query" of another user (User B) that may or may not exist in the system. This query can be done by email address.
The general workflow is as follows:
User A is already authenticated with the application, whereas User B is not.
User A creates a query us... |
I'm sort of new to Frontend programming. I'm trying to build a PWA, it stores data (client data i.e: address, name, phones) to be ready in an offline state, for which I'm using localForage. I've realised that all data stored in the browser is readable/writable by anyone (event when not logged in, as the browser's debug... |
I'm wondering if it's possible to exploit a TOCTOU vulnerability without having local access to file systems?
For example, in the context of a user uploading a file to a webserver, is this timing attack feasible outside of lab settings, or is it impractical given latency, file system mitigations (if any), etc?
Scenario... |
I've recently been given a set of guidance notes on CVSS; but the guidance isn't making sense. I've sent a query off, but got no response. So asking here.
Say you have an exploit (can ignore base for now – but if you want to replicate, I’ve got: CVSS v3.1; AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L )
Problem is in temporal m... |
Can a DSL or cable wire between my modem and the ISP be manipulated in any way at the hardware level to sniff the traffic data?
For example by neighbours with physical access to the wires in a big appartment complex, a previous renter or a landlord?
So would it for any 3rd party be possible to access data from either a... |
I have a game, and I want to know its api request endpoints. But since it is encrypted, I need to get its key log file to decrypt it in wireshark. I tried to run my application with the command --ssl-key-log-file and it doesn't dump any SSL key logs. But if I run my browser chrome or firefox it works, it’s printing on ... |
If I use my laptop on my company wifi network to use the internet, what access has the company to the laptop hard drive and information on it? The company wifi is there for customers and employees (in their personal time) to access the internet so is acceptable to use it for this purpose.
Although a company domain exi... |
Let's say I want to build a dropbox clone. When users upload files they need to be encrypted. Later on, when the user needs to access their files, the application should be able to decrypt them using the password supplied by the user. The application also needs to allow users to change their passwords.
How do I go abou... |
The Problem
I have two systems.
System A - E-commerce application that handles (does not store cc) customer credit data during purchase.
System B - Invoicing system for these transactions (does store cc).
System A is pre-launch, will be low volume and we plan on doing an SAQ-D eventually.
System B is currently PCI comp... |
The result of airodump-ng lists some AP's as both OPN and WPA2. How does the authentication work in that case?
12:34:56:78:AB:CD, 2011-09-09 15:29:47, 2022-10-21 16:09:05, 1, WPA2 OPN, CCMP, MGT, -75, DeLorean Free Wifi
|
What methods do exist for enumeration devices behind a NAT from the upstream connection? I found sflow which uses TTL values. Are there other ways? I think this is partially related to OS fingerprinting. But from OS fingerprinting alone you would probably not know about multiple machines using the same OS.
What could y... |
The Android versions of Firefox and Chrome/Chromium and all derivatives (Ungoogled Chromium, Bromite, Brave) by default insert all the user's configured keyboard input languages into the Accept-Language header that is sent with each and every HTTP(S) request.
Can this be considered a privacy concern, given that one wou... |
I'm a newbie when it comes to cryptographic security, but there's something I'm not quite getting concerning the "mutual" aspect of public key authentication.
Say you have a client X, and that client X needs to establish a secure SSH FTP connection to a server Y. To do so in a safe way, you create a keypair on your loc... |
RFC 4226 on HOTP (7.1 Authentication Protocol Requirements) says
RP3 - P [the protocol] SHOULD be implemented over a secure channel in order to
protect users' privacy and avoid replay attacks.
But isn't the basic idea of HOTP (and TOTP) not to require to make the response secret (The "OT" in OTP) once being used?
The... |
I have been tasked with coming up with the authentication/authorization for an enterprise intranet web application. The requirements I were given were:
Must authenticate against Active Directory
All Active Directory password requirements must be the same as that is in AD
The authorization within the application must t... |
I recently had a look at implementing the swedish BankID identification system for an app.
A prerequisite is that a client certificate is installed on our backend, which authenticates requests from our backend server.
Briefly, the flow looks like this when signing in to our app (the "client app") on a device and using ... |
Currently, there are two common auth flows i know:
Resource Owner Password Flow
Authentication Code Flow + PKCE (didn't mention other, since this one is more robust within redirect-based)
This theme was discussed long and across, but for primitive non-security-expert guy like me it's not clear, why should i ditch ROP... |
Security-minded UX designer here.
Some user interfaces reveal the number of characters in the UI for entering a second-factor security code. Is there risk in doing it this way?
How much more secure is it to use a more basic input type?
|
I am currently studying windows forensics and I have found that it would be advisable to image the drive while it is powered on and live. If you power it off, you likely will not be able to recover the keys. What would be the importance of these keys since I can re login into the system again?
|
I'm considering using a Github Action from the Github Marketplace to back up some of my source code to an AWS S3 bucket.
My question is this: I found a Github Action, written by a third-party open source contributor, with its source code available on Github. Should I be concerned about the security of this arrangement... |
As Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) seems to be the holy grail to much of the threats we see today, are there any cases where MFA is breached or compromised? What are the threat vectors to MFA?
|
I have an API server (ASP.NET Core 5) and SPA client (ASP.NET Blazor). Nothing else: no external oauth servers, identity providers and whatnot
To secure access, the server issues and validates access tokens (JWTs) and refresh tokens.
A JWT typically has "audience" and "issuer" claims. Every tutorial and reference imple... |
I recently moved some of my projects over a to serverless platform. I immediately noticed a few issues though. The biggest being database security.
Prior to this I had been hosting my sites and database on a single server with the database only allowing connections from the local network. Now, because of the nature of ... |
Yesterday I noted in my router logs that my wife's laptop accessed crl.comodoca.com. She was not using the machine at the time. A quick google search found three sites claiming this was an indication of a trojan, but all of them recommended using spyhunter for removal. I looked up spyhunter and it looked like spyh... |
I got a mesh router downstairs. Aoes a switch protect your network if connected to the mesh router?
|
If you have full-disk (or a partition) encrypted, and your computer crashes, without the opportunity to re-encrypt the data (I'm assuming that happens with a graceful shutdown), isn't that a security risk*? How is it handled?
*The main purpose of encryption is to keep data safe in case your hard drive/ssd is physically... |
What would be the best security practice to protect a device from physical attack? For instance an Evil Maid or boot sector malware?
For this question we are going to go with a UEFI boot debian linux OS laptop. Obviously, encrypting the OS is going to be my first step. Next, I assume something like Secure Boot & TPM.... |
This is a follow-up to a sequence of earlier posts. The posts have been closed because they did not meet the moderator's expectations. I have new information, and I'm re-posting so that I can answer my own question.
Why is my unpublished app being run remotely? stated that I had modified my app to "phone home" whenev... |
I was trying to test a potential XSS vulnerability on a website. On the search bar I can see the filtering process happening i.e if I type script> (not with starting <) I can see the same in the searching column just below the search bar, but when I type <script> it shows the output as removed. I have tried many XSS pa... |
If I use Tor over VPN (User -> VPN -> Tor -> Destination), then VPN first encrypts my data and hides my original IP address, and then it goes to Tor's Entry Node. So that Tor's Entry Node can't read my data and doesn't know my original IP address. Now the data goes to Tor's Exit Node and it decrypts the data and sends ... |
I'm trying to reverse engineer a power meter I've installed to integrate with HomeAssistant. It sends its data to a remote server, where I can log into a UI to view its data. Additionally, they have a REST API which costs a lot of money to access, besides I would like to keep my data locally anyway; not too keen on web... |
If your internet traffic had an eavesdropper and you access a website using HTTPS from my understanding they would know the domain name (hostname) that you visit (as well as some other things), but if after logging into that first site (which is on HTTPS) another HTTPS page on another domain name (hostname) was loaded ... |
Wanted to ask if there is any compiler (any known programming language) that is actually encoding machine data into binary, so it is possible to detect the machine where the program has been compiled (e.g. serial, MAC etc.)?
|
I have a new Android phone that I purchased a few months ago directly from the company's website.
All is fine with that phone, except one thing. It occasionally makes a short phone call. That call doesn't show up in the Phone app's Call Log User Interface.
I get to know that it is making these phone calls because I ha... |
What does the storage data I/O and decryption process look like in a device encryption context when you play a random middle portion of a big movie file (e.g. 50 GB). Does the whole file have to be decrypted first?
BACKGROUND
I am afraid I understand very little about either encryption or (unencrypted) video file I/O ... |
With password authentication you're basically giving your password to the attacker. At least that is my understanding. What about public key authentication? I hear that a private key never leaves your side, and that it's not possible to perform a man-in-the-middle attack with public key authentication. Is that so? Is t... |
Why does an encryption key derived from your lock screen password give you "stronger protection" than a key chosen by the machine (or at any rate not derived from your lock screen password)?
The context in which the above generic question arises for me is a Samsung mobile phone running on Android 11. So a more specifi... |
One common security practice is creating a low privilege account to work from, when not installing any tools or making system changes. This question is more towards penetration testing platforms. In Kali, Parrot and other Platforms they have taken away the root user account and only gave sudo permissions. However, ma... |
I run a newsletter for my small business. It has been running for over a decade. Last week, I found out that one or several spambots have been signing up to it for the last 2 years (to the tune of over 3,000 "subscribers", or 8.5% of new subscribers since it started.)
The disturbing thing is that they sign up with REAL... |
I have a concern regarding how risky it is if someone knows or has the copy of my 2 IMEI numbers. As we all know, on Android phones, the IMEI are at the back cover of the phone like a sticker.
So, my question is, what if someone intentionally took my IMEI? What could he possibly do? I just want to know the risk factors... |
So delving into securing server and not quite understanding how I broke the ability to rdp into my server (using xfreerdp). I disabled MD5 as an available hash and enabled SHA. The exact changes in the registry I made were to:
HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityProviders\SCHANNEL\Hashes\MD5
Disabled this.
... |
In Kubernetes, I use an nginx ingress controller to do TLS termination and load balancing.
When mutual TLS is used, the ingress controller can be configured to forward the client certificate as an http field, but this information is obviously not spoof proof.
What are best practices for downstream web servers to trust ... |
After a password leak, is there a Levenshtein distance from which one a newly derivated password can be considered safe?
I assume yes, given that if e.g. the word was "password", and the new one is "drowssap", the distance is 8 and we have a "new" (in this case very lazy change that is surely not secure).
I was wonderi... |
I think in 2021 everyone knows how harmful surveillance capitalism is for society. The biggest corporations are Facebook and Google. But still, most people want to use social media and other services.
A new trend is alternative front-ends for well-known corporations that misuse data. Mostly these front-ends are accessi... |
Company wants to start improving security. Test team uses OWASP Zap tool (GUI version) to scan the new version for vulnerabilities. That usually takes between half an hour to 90 minutes.
How to include the scan in a CI/CD in a way it is fast (under 5 mins) but still provides a feedback?
|
I have two buffers declared one after the another, like this:
char A[256];
char B[32];
At first, I thought I could write whatever I wanted in B with a buffer overflow from A. However, some tests showed it is not possible, because the address of B is 32 bytes lower than A.
My question: why is B stocked before A, despit... |
Inspired by this question (and more specifically, this answer to the same):
When a passphrase is used, the encryption key is not stored directly in the device. […]
When using biometrics, each reading differs, so no unique value can be used to derive a [Key Encryption Key (KEK)]. The encryption key must be stored somew... |
I have an .efi file with some hardware diagnostic tool like Memtest and I need to provide a security assessment for it. I am wondering, if there are any automated scanners, that can scan .efi files for vulnerabilities, like Black Duck? I've discovered chipsec framework, but I've not found any options to scan standalone... |
I've been thinking a lot about private browsing recently. Here's a scenario I've been thinking about:
Let's say I have a browser installed on my Windows 10 PC called "ChromeFox" (made up, it's just an example). ChromeFox is a "private" browser, it does not store any browsing-related data on my PC.
In such a scenario, d... |
In my app, the user must use a private key to sign a transaction (on a blockchain). (It is quite common)
I am facing questions regarding how to store my user's private key on the device. I am to use a keychain module to store the private key in the phone memory, so that the User does not have to copy / paste it every t... |
Currently we don't have a server in a small organization with a very limited budget. We do backup by syncing files between workstations with Windows 10 OS. I'd like to encrypt these files because they contain sensitive data and I don't want the members of the organization to access each other's data or to send the data... |
I wrote the following:
#include <stdio.h>
int win(){
printf("Won!\n");
return 0;
}
int vulnerable(){
char buffer[20];
memset(buffer, 0, 10);
printf("Input: ");
read(0, buffer, 100);
if(strcmp(buffer, "abc\n") == 0){
win();
} else {
printf("nope\n");
}
return 0;
}... |
One big threat out there is typosquat domains. For example instead of:
steamcommunity.com some malicious actor will register the domain stearncornmunity.com and set up his fake steam login.
Why do companies not buy these "fake domains" to prevent them from being used in phishing and just redirect them to their main pag... |
I am getting the error below in trying to renew my certificate from the command line (and thus too from cron). From searching similar error reports, I understand that it means that I initially created a certificate manually and so cannot renew automatically. I am not sure what "manually" means in this context.
(I am n... |
Are Android apps run in isolated sandbox/virtual machine on Windows 11 (like apps running in Bluestacks)? I'm interested in terms of security to make sure even malware android apps will not get sensitive data from host?
|
Recently we had a discussion about the security of a mobile app we are working on. The security team requested that if a user is blocked (due to many failed login attempts), then the back-end should return the date/time the block will be lifted, so that the mobile app will internally block all outgoing API calls until ... |
We have a few in house endpoint that we'd like to keep in house and be used by developers who have access to different servers. We were going to generate a secret key, save the key on the respective servers, and then add it to the cURL request in the Authorization:Bearer header such as:
curl -H "Authorization:Bearer ... |
As far as I know, Windows computers are not encrypted by default in case you are not signed into a Microsoft Account. Considering the aforementioned fact I cannot understand the purpose of the login password, if a person can just get the SSD out of my laptop and read plain data out of it.
This vulnerability sounds too ... |
We got hacked, someone got access on our VPS machine. There are no ssh logs, there are no auth logs. There is no actual trace of remote access (that I could find and I'm not a security expert but I'm not a complete beginner either).
After a lot of digging we found that the root user have some new lines in /root/.bash_h... |
I'm reviewing a ISO27001 Gap Analysis workbook and under Control A.11.2.7 someone has left the note:
If full disk encryption (FDE) is used on a device is there a policy
in place to ensure the encryption is strong enough to cover the entire
disk (including slack space, swap files and memory)
I can't find anything on g... |
For example, assume stackoverflow.com used a certificate issued by Google who is trusted. In the stackoverflow.com certificate, its own public key would be stored. However, is it also possible for Google's public key to be stored in the same certificate belonging to stackoverflow.com?
|
Let's suppose a Mac OS computer with two users: user1 and user2. These users are not administrators. FileVault is enabled.
The computer is connected to an empty external hard drive for Time Machine.
What happens when user1 is launching Time Machine backup: Do you think user2's files will be included in the Time Machine... |
I found an information leakage vulnerability on a company website and I found that the information includes all the usernames of the users.
I also observed that the application uses a lockout mechanism that locks out users after 5 attempts for 30 mins.
So will this lockout be considered a vulnerability?
Yes, account lo... |
I am trying to understand OIDC and i dont see the purpose of the ID token if with just the access token, i can make a request to the userinfo endpoint and get the user info. What then is the purpose of the ID token?
In addition, what links an access token to a specific ID token? Are they linked at all?
|
I have an application that stores the id_token in the localStorage of the browser.
Since there is no CSP and Web Storage does not have the same protections such as cookies (HttpOnly, SameSite) this "feels wrong" to me.
Unfortunately I am not familiar enough with OpenID Connect to properly assess the risk. I can see tha... |
I've been looking into trying to see if there are any authorization controls that can be implemented for a local, and offline, .NET application that are tied to the Windows local authentication. The Windows AuthZ API (C++) for example provides a means to request for a user to authenticate and ultimately spin off a proc... |
I want to use pwntools to generate a relative jump 0x20 bytes forward. It isn't described in the documentation how to do that.
What's the command for doing a JMP SHORT 0x20 in pwntools?
|
I'm looking for a process to replace the status quo of notepad and Excel. We've tested a market-leading password manager. An issue that comes up with this is that the secure sharing password facility has some significant vulnerabilities. We want to allow a Manager to share access to her account with her PA (e.g.) witho... |
When using x509 certificates for authentication, I understand that there is a shared source of trust (the signing certificate authority). So that explains why a server is able to authenticate the client with a certificate.
But once the server says "yes I trust you because of your certificate", how can it distinguish wh... |
Based in this post in Google Chrome help they claim that they encrypt my username and password with a secret key known only to my device.
What is the algorithm used to generate this secret which is known only to my device? Where is it stored? Does anyone have any idea?
How can it be unique and at the same time exchang... |
In case you lose access to your two-factor authentication (2FA) codes, you are only required to enter one of the backup codes. So why do services like Google generate multiple codes if it doesn't increase and maybe even decrease security or user experience?
|
I am planning to purchase a security tool like fortify, or sonarqube or snyk.
How do you evaluate if the scanner really picks up static vulnerabilities and malware, as well runtime attacks?
Any good docker image sample which contains good malware and vulnerabilities that I can use for benchmarking?
|
I have a Windows 10 OS, drives are encrypted with the latest version.
UEFI is not encrypted, and I have recently installed a BIOS update.
I wonder about the possibility of a hacker (if secure boot is disabled) to change the files of the UEFI partition and to alter the BIOS recovery files and therefore use the reset abi... |
I am building a web application that involves a login system. Once a user has logged in and is authenticated they should have the ability to access data from a database. This is however where I get a bit confused. How would I go about limiting the users' data to a specific area? For example, if user A requests data fro... |
I live in a location which is semi-rural. I also share this Internet access with some people nearby. Although bandwidth is a bit limited (VDSL), other then those imposed by the connection speed there are no data limits, and I'm not overly concerned about abuse or the AP being hacked in to.
I need to overhaul my WIF... |
Say we have a remote transmitter that is not connected to a wifi router (neither wirelessly nor by cable), but which transmits information using electromagnetic waves. Examples include walkie-talkies, mobile phones, and other devices like Bluetooth.
In this case, can the wifi access point (after being “hacked” or somet... |
The following scenario:
We have a HTTP (not HTTPS, so unencrypted) server which contains an open (RSA) public key. The general sharing of the public key should not be a problem since it is the public key. My concerns are more about a MITM (man in the middle) attack. So let's assume that in our scenario the servers in t... |
Let us say you have an app where the users will be required to deposit cryptocurrency. Is it safe to let users sign in with third-party authentication? For example "sign in with Google" or "sign in with Facebook"?
If it is not safe, what is the reason for that?
|
If reports are to be believed, Google and others are starting to force 2FA on user accounts starting late ~2021:
https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/5/22710421/google-security-2fa-inactive-account-management
I don't currently use 2FA on my accounts, and I'm reluctant to use SMS or USB Yubikey-like devices for 2FA but I'm ... |
I'm not an expert, only have basic knowledge about all this but I'd like to understand what's going on so please bear with me.
I'm currently using a VPN (IKEv2 protocol) on a macOS system and I can see my VPN configuration in the network settings (System Preferences => Network).
With that VPN, I'm also using an app mad... |
If an attacker who can watch network traffic knows a victim's username and can figure out which request is a login, then the size of the login request will reveal something about the password length.
Is this a problem? Should login requests be padded?
(My guess is that it's not a problem. If the revealed maximum length... |
I'm struggling to understand how one can secure an API endpoint using JavaScript.
I want to create a copy and paste-able snippet of Javascript that a user can paste in their site. And on page load/s data will be fed back to the application via and API call.
I understand you could have a token behind server side code et... |
Lately, the security community has been asking interesting questions around surprising side effects of raw Unicode formatting characters in source code. That got me thinking about input validation and display in web apps. Normally, I rely on a template library like React to worry about most HTML sanitization, and I usu... |
I'm trying to enable TLS on a Nexus Container, while the browser shows HTTPS, if you use curl against the url, you'll get errors. I feel that I'm missing something in this process, so I'll go step-by-step. I'm not TLS expert, so please bear with me.
I'm using ketyool on a Nexus3:3.30.0 container to generate .jks and ... |
This question may be a little off-topic, but is Math.random the same as crypto.getRandomValues? (JavaScript)
Here's an example:
Math.random(); // 0.11918419514323941
self.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint32Array(10))[0]; // 2798055700
(Using "self" for cross-site prevention)
They don't output the same number or nearly t... |
What's the alternative to storing plain-text passwords in a Database?
For example, I'm using Node.js to get a POST request for signing up / logging in a user from a webpage.
When signing up a user, I get the parameters for the email and password from the request, and query it through the (Node.js) server. It then store... |
While reviewing an SPA web application the backend API server was reflecting the Origin header from a credentialed request in the Access-Control-Allow-Origin header of the response with Access-Control-Allow-Credentials set to true.
I don't believe there is a CORS issue here as for most of the endpoints there were prefl... |
I have seen a lot of tutorials showing how to MITM a network using various tools. But it usually says that we require a network adapter with monitor mode options.
I own my wifi router and can connect to it using a wired medium too. Can I do a MITM attack over that wifi i.e. MITM the wifi devices without using any netwo... |
When I visit any website in Tor browser and if I see the diagram of the circuit that Tor Browser is using for the current tab in the site information menu in the URL bar, it shows 3 relays: Guard, Middle node, and Exit node.
Now if I visit any onion site (eg: http://2gzyxa5ihm7nsggfxnu52rck2vv4rvmdlkiu3zzui5du4xyclen5... |
I started playing with encrypting some personal files, and I exported the private key as an .asc file, but also on hard copy (plain paper) and can't understand a thing about how it says to import it from there... It looks more like a recovery option using some of the bites printed... How does that even work? I'm on kle... |
CIS has published hardening standards for all operating systems of EC2 in AWS.
CIS also provides hardened images as well but they're quite expensive at $130/year/instance.
Is there a place where we can get open source hardening scripts to harden EC2 to meet CIS standards?
I am looking for scripts for all operating syst... |
Around 4 months ago, someone learned my IP, and is threatening to DDoS attack me if I am not his slave. He was breaking the Discord TOS with all kinds of stuff in my DMs. I blocked him, but one of his friends told me to friend him back, or he will DDoS me.
What should I do?
|
On the PHP website it is stated that "Developers must not use long life session IDs for auto-login because it increases the risk of stolen sessions.". Instead it is recommended to use a secure one time hash key as an auto-login key using setcookie() - which then becomes a persistent cookie.
But I cannot understand how ... |
I'm working on a small rest api project with user authentication.
But I'm wondering whether I should store the users authentication token in a header or a cookie.
The general idea is as follows:
User makes a POST request to /tokens/authentication with his/her login credentials (email and password).
On a successful log... |
If one uses a FAT32-formatted USB stick on Windows, Linux, or Android, would there be a way to determine on which computer the USB stick was used by examining the USB stick?
I know OS can log which USB sticks were connected. As far as I know, the log is saved locally to OS, not to the USB sticks.
Also, I know about fil... |
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