instruction stringlengths 24 29.9k |
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I am practicing cracking MYSQL5 hash using hash cat, however, for a reason or another, it finishes the cracking process too fast -within 30 seconds- without giving any results/errors back.
I doubted that I am using an incorrect hash type, however, I double checked using hash-identifier and other tools as well.
Here is ... |
What's the procedure a certificate authority (CA) must follow to get internationally recognized, like Verisign or GlobalSign?
|
I was going through the OWASP XSS Filter Evasion Cheat Sheet and and I came across this section where there is an anchor tag used to do an XSS in the following forms:
<A HREF="//google">XSS</A>
<A HREF="http://ha.ckers.org@google">XSS</A>
<A HREF="http://google:ha.ckers.org">XSS</A>
I can imagine its use in a stored X... |
I am curious to know if we require separate update server in our cloud based PCI environment. In our current setup webserver, appserver, dbserver, logserver, and jump server are independent instance. I am not sure if we can directly update (packages) of these Centos Linux servers from yum or we need local update server... |
I am using escapeXML StringEscapeUtils.escapeXml to prevent XSS in my Java application. But I am wondering if it resolves XSS to the fullest.
I have tried some XSS attack vectors, and escapeXml seems to work fine.
Basically most of the examples I tried included < , > etc.
Are there any attack vectors which would make e... |
Doing a report. Having trouble understanding the concept. I need to talk about the following topic in relation to:
How can the errors be detected?
Can they be detected and corrected? If so, by what means?
If someone could help explain this, that would be great.
|
I'm learning SAML, which is said to be centralized. To understand the difference with decentralized, I'm reading about OpenID.
I find it difficult to understand the difference between the two, regarding centralization. OpenID is said to be decentralized because it supports multiple entities which authenticate users. B... |
I'm a student and I'm working on an OTP authentication systeme based on
OATH using smart phones as tokens for the clients.
My problem is the protection the OTP seed at both client and
validation server; encrypting the seed using a passphrase or a PIN
is a solution. My question is if there is another methods to ensure t... |
I would like to create a new GPG key. Going through a couple of thread it seems like the most popular scheme for maximum security is to have an offsite master (sign-only) key which provides a shell for a couple of daily-use subkeys.
As the master key could probably serve one a lifetime I was thinking about putting only... |
I would like to install a second hard drive on my laptop and use it as something like a sandbox, just for games and home, and the other for work and sensitive data only. Both hard drives have windows installed on them.
What I need is a way to completely isolate them from each other so there is no way for a malware to ... |
Recently I have faced a site that seems to implement something that we can call "one-time cookie". This cookie is used for single-sign on among different sites.
In each request the server sends a Set-Cookie that sets a new session cookie that is used by the browser in the next request... This mechanism is supposed to r... |
When a session is closed, for example, when a timeout triggers or when the user clicks the logout button, the session should be terminated at server side so the session cookie is invalid.
I think that it could be useful to also set to a blank or invalid value the session cookie in the browser, even if it is a temporary... |
I got this email from service@intl.paypal.com, with the title:
Your account has been limited until we hear from you.
I think this is a scam / spoof email because I don't see any notification in my Paypal account and this is Hotmail account is not used as my Paypal login. (It used to be not any more for more than a yea... |
I want to store passport copies safely in a database, the database itself is a normal MySQL database and on a somewhat trusted web server. The user who owns the passport copy should only be able to upload his or her passport not view it. The approach I want to take consists of the following steps.
Configuration:
Syste... |
is it legal to do a security review/pentest of a web application that we bought and operate on our servers? Meaning, the whole infrastructure is ours + we bought a licence for the software. Can we do an in depth review of it? Or would this be breaking some laws against reverse engineering etc.?
I'm interested in USA an... |
If you watch traffic in real time, you can see that an attacker doing a MiTM attack does ARP spoofing because MAC addresses will be duplicated, etc. And, well, you can see all MAC addresses and see who is a router and check if MAC addresses of the router match.
But what if we know that an attack was done yesterday, for... |
On this ISC article on DVR compromise the author talks about the compromise of an embedded system. In particular, the attacker executes a series of echo commands on the remote host, and:
This DVR has no "upload" feature. There is no wget nor is there an ftp or telnet client.
...
The first echo writes 51 bytes to "/var... |
I have a question about password hashing. This is not a question about the the BEST POSSIBLE method of hashing passwords, but rather a more utilitarian question about what is sufficient to hash a password without standard rainbow tables being an issue.
Let me outline a hypothetical scenario. You have an application tha... |
Sorry for novice question. I am completely new here.....
I am already familiar with Asp.net, JavaScript, Java, C++, etc.
I know the theories behind attacks and protocols, but I want to see them in simulation systems.
Do you know any simulators where I can try these (network attacks such as DOS, man in middle) on them?
|
In a classic PKI scenario, the certificate authority receives signing requests generated by an end-user which owns the keychain, and thus has his private key secret.
Consider a scenario in which the CA not only signs certificates, but also generates the requests for the end-user, thus essentially having a copy of all t... |
Suppose I have this JavaScript malicious function f1() :
<SCRIPT type="text/javascript">
function f1(){
a=1;
b=2;
c=a+b;
}
</SCRIPT>
This function is embedded within a larger JavaScript program called myScript.
I use a Python script called myScanner that reads myScript and warns me if f1() is present or not.
myScan... |
Does the Linux kernel use DEP internally for its kernel memory? In other words, does the Linux kernel take care to ensure that, when the kernel is executing (in kernel mode), every executable location in memory is non-writeable, and every writeable location in memory is non-executable?
I've tried searching, but it's h... |
If remember right, then before I send a CSR (Certificate signing request) to the CA, I have to create private and public keys.
Then I use the public key to encrypt my personal details before I send them to the CA as a CSR file.
Why do I need the private key for?
And how does the CA read my CSR if only I have my private... |
Say there is a website example.com. It hosts static content from a CDN, example.net.
This site allows uploading an image, which will then be served from the CDN.
This images can be SVGs and they are not filtered in any way, so they may contain arbitrary HTML content (including script tags).
Would you consider this a se... |
I'm trying to find the best (most secure) configuration for the firewall in OpenWRT.
I'm using LuCi to configure all the stuff. I have successfully created a VPN (OpenVPN). It is supposed the best way is create 3 zones (wan, lan and vpn) in the firewall and then configure it.
My problem is if I create 3 zones, I cannot... |
So I was doing some tests with the php session ID cookie. I know that data is stored on the server however, a cookie with a unique ID is stored so that the server can recognize the client while browsing. So, what happened is I got the ID of the cookie and opened firefox on a different computer, I edited that phpsession... |
I have be reading more and more about email spoofing and was curious how some things are done.
I know in PHP you can simply do mail() and then include "From: spoofsender@provider.com" for example, but how would you spoof the whole header?
Info such as sending IP address for example etc.
Thanks
|
How can we trust our encryption methods if our random number generators are to be [assumed] compromised? Does encryption also depend on the random number generators of our hardware?
I forgot to also say, if any of this is true, then how are we able to trust the companies that hold our data "securely". If the NSA has al... |
We moved to RC4-MD5 as a mitigation to BEAST attack. But our other teams are saying to use DES-CBC3-SHA
I want to know if DES-CBC3-SHA is also equivalent secure and mitigates BEAST as well ?
Also are the browser compliance different for these ciphers ?
|
I am planning to secure my REST Web service (REST WS) using API KEY and NONCE VALUE. The REST WS is over SSL.
The Userid / Password is encrypted and sent to Web Application hosting the REST WS where the Application decodes it and Authenticates it.
Would there be any mechanism by which it can get hold of the UID / PSWD ... |
I have two password protected zip(COmpression method: normal) file with the same content(aaa.txt(blank notepad)) and I opened the zips and this came up. First one's password is: abcd
PK
Rd¦D aaa.txtóH¼”„.‚ûÄFPK PK
Rd¦D $ aaa.txt
XÐ|ähÏXÐ|ähÏXÐ|ähÏP... |
i am actually doing some tutorials about ROP on Linux. So i tried to follow the
tutorial and compiled some of the example codes to try ROP in a small scope. But
actually when i am trying to exploit the executables either get some message like:
./a.out "$(python -c 'print "A"*0x70 + "BBBB" + "\x00\x40\x06\x2d"')" ... |
I have read the question on HOTP implementation in KeePass HERE. This question is however on the other newer plugin KeeChallenge.
According to the documentation, the a secret is encrypted and can only be decrypted using the TOTP. However if it is done so, isn't the weak link now the encrypted xml file (plus there is a ... |
I have a 15 yr old daughter who's become not only a certified Microsoft Expert, but by pure accident, it came to my attention she'd long ago created a SPLIT network connection on our internet, HIDDEN from my view. I've had numerous problems such as errors when trying to open certain web pages...email/internet provider/... |
Do signature-based antiviruses search for the exact matches of the signatures they have in their database with those of viruses to analyse ?
I ask this question because I wonder if it is the reason why I often read that signature-based only antiviruses are outdated.
|
I read this article, about an exploit which highjacks a DVR to become a "bitcoin mining bot".
The heart of the attack is to send a binary using just echo comands to the device, which acts as a trivial wget (the device does not have any wget on its own):
echo -ne '\x00\x00\x00\x2f\x00\x00\x00\x1a\x00\x00 \x00\x00\x00\x0... |
I'm updating an iOS app and I want to prove that it is vulnerable to MiTM attack.
I have set up Charles Proxy on my mac and configured the Simulator so that it trusts Charles CA Certificate, per these instructions: http://www.charlesproxy.com/documentation/faqs/ssl-connections-from-within-iphone-applications/
I am able... |
Maltego Footprint L3 says: This perform a level 3 (intense) footprint on a domain. It takes a while and it eats resources. Use with care.
Whose resources do they refer to? My resources or the domain's resources? I'm allowed to gather all the information I can from a domain, but I don't want to cause a DoS on them.
|
Today I read about a researcher who bought a digital TV recorder and connected it to the internet - probably using port forwarding to enable attackers to connect to the recorder. After a while someone was able to connect with Telnet, and upload software to mine bitcoins.
If this is possible, other malware could be ins... |
What websites give the latest information on zero day malware or other exploits newly introduced.
|
I find PGP to be quite a complex subject. I have gotten to a point where I need to give a client a public key for encryption. I have successfully done my homework, generating a public key from my Ubuntu desktop pushed it to keyserver.ubuntu.com, gotten a validation link, hustled to get Thunderbird open, read it, and v... |
I am doing research on computer worms. I have been through several sites and a few caught my attention. I have learned that worms propagate through email, there are types such as XSS worm and most of them are written in scripting languages and some through c and c++ which aren't scripting languages.
How is a worm made ... |
I have an API and a web application that exist in different domains. I can activate CORS on the API to allow for the web application to interface with the API cross-domain.
However it has been brought to my attention that some business, for corporate IT reasons, will opt to block cross-domain requests from their instal... |
A Public key is certified by a Trusted Certifying authority, to ensure the integrity of the key and authenticity of the entity who claims to have the corresponding private key.
In this Public Key Certificates, What are Implicit and Explicit Certificates?
|
In my class, we are discussing virtual machine based root kits.
I've research root kits, but could not find any information specifically talking about how root kits work inside of virtual machines
Can someone explain me in a few words how an attacker would carry a rootkit attack against the virtual machine and how he ... |
I have an ASUS RT-AC68U router and would like to set up port forwarding, but I would like to restrict which MAC addresses can connect through that port.
My use case is that I'll have a live camera, and I want to connect to it remotely, but I only want myself and one other person to have access to it. Strong Username/Pa... |
I found lot of articles describing about the heard bleed bug but can someone please explain the remedy for the heart bleed bug ?
|
In many countries, EMV is used to prevent credit and debit cards being cloned. But given that it's possible to perform online transactions using the details printed on the card, how does it add security?
|
As of today, I believe every major browser will by default reveal to a third-party site which site I came from, and more specifically, the exact URL I came from.
What are the privacy implications of the "Referer" being shared, and is this a violation of cross-domain policy?
I'm asking this in the context of a recent ne... |
I am using ncat for creating reverse connections and through that i open a cmd.
my problem is that for commands that there is a lot of out put such as dir in a folder with a large number of files, ncat hangs before finishing the command.
the same situation exists when i am executing a command against a domain such as
... |
When running the command: openssl ciphers -v I get a long list of cipher combinations. I'm having issues interpreting some of them. An example is:
DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 TLSv1.2 Kx=DH Au=RSA Enc=AESGCM(256) Mac=AEAD
I thought the last part of the combination, in this case SHA384 would be the HMAC function. It... |
I was reading an article which included an anecdote of someone who had nearly fallen for a phishing attack which:
established a mock Halifax.co.uk website which replaced forward slashes in the legitimate URL with full stops.
By chance I wondered if there was anything at the url http://h.alifax.co.uk was taken and if ... |
I have been researching on computer worms that brought me to this topic of backdoors. According to my research, backdoors are malicious pieces of code that are inserted into either computers to get remote access to the target. I also learnt that usernames and passwords can be hard-coded into the program but I do not ge... |
I want to try practicing MITMing raw TCP binary protocols as well as MITMing HTTP protocol. What is the best way to do this? Are there any specific tools which help me do this? Like wireshark or ZAP or Burp suite?
|
Earlier today I received a number of comments saying that my shared links were disabled. I looked around and saw a number of articles explaining what happened, and Dropbox posted an official statement
For background, whenever you click on a link in any browser, the site you’re going to learns where you came from by so... |
So when i do a tls handshake with the server, it responds with a cert chain which the browser verifies and which ends at a trusted root CA. In this the browser checks if the cert presented by the server is valid or it has expired/revoked.
So my question is , is this done for each cert in the chain ? or just the leaf ?... |
Currently, I'm developing a bank related android app. I would share my knowledge and also maybe you guys are more expert than me so you can add your ideas to the list.
Bank is a very special client. They really concern about security stuff. However, in the same time, they want to have very flexibility and great feature... |
In SSL literature, I've noticed the use of the term "ad-hoc MAC". I understand the meaning of MAC (Message Authentication Code) and how it works, but what does the term Ad-hoc MAC mean?
Note: With MAC, I mean Message Authentication Code (as used in SSLv3), not Media Access Control !
|
I am looking at this cluster of student work stations. They are diskless clients which boot from NFS. They also have sshd enabled.
All of these machines share the same ssh host key (rsa,dsa,etc), because they boot from NFS. As NFS is not encrypted, the private keys are transferred in clear text anyways. This is not a h... |
How does one implement a trial period in a product properly, e.g. a trial period that lasts 30 days, or limits the number of product uses to 10?
Storing the entries, even in an encrypted form, isn't secure: Users can backup the registry values, and restore it it when the trial ends.
What's the proper way to implement T... |
Imagine you are building a public service where you need to store the customer's cloud credentials(like their aws secret and access keys) in your database to regularly use by your backend services in the background to do things.
What are some of the key risks involved and potential controls which can be implemented to... |
Is it common for small companies to get security certificates/compliance from audit agencies for their SaaS to present to customers for their assurance?
If so what are the suggested certifications?
|
Imagine you have a master key to encrypt/decrypt the data saved in your database of your app service. What is the risk of having this key embedded in your app service code to store this key in the app server binary files? Can hackers get this key from the binary of your app server?
If not, what is the best way to prot... |
I get the basic OAuth and PKI flow and the different actors involved but I'm still unsure how public/private keys play a role.
When a client identifies itself upon registration with a certified public key, is that key then bound to the access token?
|
When prompted to update their passwords after they've become stale (whether that's after 30, 60, 90 days — whatever is implemented by policy), many users simply increment the number that they may have been forced to add by the password policy.
I'm interested to know just how prevalent this practice is — not necessarily... |
Consider the case where a computer has 2 drives: one for a Windows OS and one for a Linux OS. The user then uses full drive encryption, BitLocker, on the Windows drive.
It can be assumed that Linux cannot read data from the encrypted drive in normal operation (barring bootkits or other exploits). But my question is abo... |
How can the host environment (not just the OS) be identified from a running guest VM. To determine what the underlying host and virtualization stacks being used actually are. I.e. whether there's a VMWare, Cisco, OpenStack or other IaaS solution powering it.
I already know of imvirt and virt-what but they don't provide... |
Is there at present a way to open a SSH connection using pre-existing symmetric session keys?
In other words, if I create a list of symmetric keys can I send that list to the recipient on a CD or USB key (or otherwise) and we can then connect without the use of a key exchange algorithm that generates and transmits the ... |
I am creating a demo of the infamous windows tokens manipulation.
the scenario I am using is as follows:
A single PC connected to the domain controller. 2 users are signed in the DC through that computer. A regular user and a domain admin.
I am using nishang to enumerate tokens but no tokens are found.
How can I create... |
Say I have a website running a popular CMS like Wordpress only over SSL through HTTP Strict Transport Security. Prior, the backend administrator login page could be accessed by anybody simply by adding /wp-admin to the URL, but using a mix of mod_rewrite and a plugin, it is now obfuscated and stops brute force attacks.... |
My background is in compilers/code optimization, and I'm wondering whether there might be any interesting applications of extremely aggressive runtime code specialization towards improving security applications. So: suppose we have a JIT compiler that can perform aggressive code optimizations based on runtime constant... |
I am writing a web app that connects to external web services. The external web services serve an intermediate certificate signed by Thawte SGC CA - G2.
When I setup IIS to run the web app using service account on a separate corporate domain (let's say, DEV\service_account), the application fails to validate the certif... |
I have found these benchmarks in Crypto++'s site.
http://www.cryptopp.com/benchmarks.html
But I am, quite honestly, not entirely sure how to interpret them.
I am really looking for a set of benchmarks, or a study, that shows how asymmetric encryption is slower (and more computationally expensive) than symmetric encr... |
Edit: removed a part of the original question; I'll break it down in a different post.
I am following @Polynomial's answer to store information in a database. Here are my requirements:
Only the user can see their information. The server only sees scrambled data.
Allows for easy password changes
OK with "lost you... |
Recently, I stumbled with this topic in my mind for few days.
I understand that obfuscation is not the best protection against reverse engineering. I wonder if there is another method that make it harder for reverse engineering, especially in mobile apps.
In android environment, it is easier to reverse engineer an APK ... |
If any characters are allowed in the alt attribute of an img tag (except for double quotes), is XSS possible? Valid image or not.
|
With the frantic certificate upheaval resulting from the Heartbleed fiasco [drink!], there has been lots of talk regarding certificate revocation, and in particular the policy of certificate verification through CRLs and OCSP.
One thing that's come up is the general consensus among the browser vendors that forcing ver... |
I was just referring to this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_knocking
The term Port Knocking, as explained here, was slightly confusing and I was feeling difficulty in getting the hang of it. I would be really thankful if anyone could offer a simpler explanation.
|
I was reading weaknesses in AES encryption. Unfortunately, I have a website that uses AES: Its database is almost entirely AES encrypted.
Is there a real threat? Would it be worth to refactor the web site's implementation?
|
Let's say that I've a relatively strong password, but I don't want to use many different passwords for each different service, and let's say that those services provide two-factor authentication using a password and a TOTP, for example like Gmail, Facebook, ...etc
Is it still secure to use the same password on those se... |
I issued my server a Startcom class 1 cert. With no changes on the client, I can access this server via FF without issue. However, when try to validate the certificate via openssl s_client it chokes complaining about missing certificates.
I can resolve the above openssl issue by copying Startcom's "intermediate" certif... |
This question is about Claims-Based Authorization and Windows Identity Foundation (unfortunately I lack the priviledge to create a tag for this).
Consider the following simple use case:
I have a class User and a class Project,
(for the sake of simplicity) each project has exactly one assigned User,
The access control ... |
If I have a salt of 16bytes and 16bytes of data, how fast can one find another 16bytes of data so that MD5(salt + data) == MD5(salt + other data)?
I don't expect an answer accurate to the nanosecond, just an estimation like "a few seconds", "a few hours", "a few civilizations".
|
Assuming that the users have dynamic IPs (so I can't whitelist) and that setting up a VPN is not an option, is it a valid approach to restrict access to an administration area by only allowing IPs that are currently connected via SSH on the server? Are there any security issues with this?
What if the server in which th... |
When we refer to symmetry in cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric or assymetric does the symmetry refers only to the equality or not of the keys, or does it also refer to the symmetry of encryption and decryption operations?
Also does symmetry when refering to keys means they are equal? Is there any symmetry bet... |
I have successfully being able to perform WEP key cracking attack using aircrack tool. I want to allow my students to test this in a lab environment. They will be working fro their own laptops against the lab Access Point.
I have tried to perform the attack simultaneously to make sure this is not an issue that will ma... |
I am currently building a web service at http://write-math.com similar to http://detexify.kirelabs.org/ that should help users to get LaTeX code from drawn formulae. It is part of my bachelors thesis and a main goal of this project is to make it easier to do research in the field of on-line handwriting recognition. Tha... |
I am using Process.Start in a Windows Service I created to execute an exe that I have on my server that is used for audio conversion. I am passing some user input as a parameter to this exe. The code looks something like this:
string filePath = "\ffmpeg.exe";
string parameters = String.Format(@"-i ""{0}"" -f mp3 ""{... |
I was wondering about md5 encryption. It is good, and I agree that it is unbreakable.
But this is why we have rainbow tables.
What if bunch of people gather together and start brute forcing and creating a hash for every single possible combination of characters. Especially if you are someone like NSA then you probably ... |
I've been reading about Ubuntu LVM Encryption, and I understand that it supports the use of Linux Unified Key Setup (LUKS) during installation, which is a block level encryption that encrypts the entire logical volume.
Is it possible to read files on the encrypted volume when I boot the system with rescue media or a li... |
When I send out emails using Gmail, is my IP address being recorded? Can the recipient of my Gmail message know my IP address and thus infer where I am located?
|
Comparing ways of distributing and securely storing and querying structured and schemaless data.
Currently I am using MongoDB, but am looking into (Postgres|MySQL)&CryptDB, Cassandra and others.
What do I need to keep in mind, for securely storing and expressively querying [potentially] massive data?
|
Are SMS and MMS sent via a mobile phone stored on telecommunication service providers' servers before passing them to the recipient?
Does it depend on the country or does every network service provider have the resources to do something like this?
|
Following this topic, I have a question about how the OS and apps access data while the phone is locked. Particularly in the case of iPhone 5S running iOS 7.
When the device is locked, what allows apps to access data from the flash memory? For example when receiving an incoming call, the phone app accesses your contac... |
How is the accuracy of a biometric security system (its ability to minimize false acceptance rate and false rejection rate) determined?
|
I want to propose an architecture of intrusion detection on the schema shown below. Should I place one IDS in front of each server, or would one be sufficient for all the servers?
|
Or: "Do I need to be concerned about emailing people scans of my passport if they want to verify my identity?"
Is there anything anyone can do with the information on the main page of the passport that could be used to hurt the owner in the short or long term?
|
I have a Microsoft Access database which contains encrypted data:
When I copy-paste it, it looks like $ 8F). How can I determine the used encryption algorithm?
How can I convert this to readable text???
|
I got a spam attachment from two of my facebook friends
I know it is spam because of the nature of the content
I also know that these aren't the type of people to send such a message to me deliberately, so I am sure they ran some kind of script while being logged in to facebook
The message has a zip file attachment, an... |
I received a strange issue reported by one of my web application users. Apparently they are getting "ads" within the browser window when using my application.
I didn't add advertisements at all. It's a straightforward ASP.NET web application.
What I believe is happening is that the end user's PC is infected with malwar... |
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