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As far as I understand it's possible to issue SSL certificates, which could be used by clients for authentication. So in theory only users with valid certificates would be able to access a certain web service. So is safe to assume, that if SSL client certificate authentication is used, possibly vulnerable, high impac...
I want to setup my application for cloud computing for Software as a Service. There is going to be a lot of data transfer between my server and client, to and fro. The technique I have envisaged is: Even the smallest communication must happen through file transfer. The file must be created in binary at the source whos...
I just moved in a student flat where several students are using the same WiFi connection. A few days ago the internet was very slow and a guy (son of the owner) came in to ask if I was downloading. He could see I was using 'something that looked like a steaming or downloading site'. It really annoyed me, because I beli...
What security risks do you face when connecting to an (possibly foreign) RDP server? Opening an unsigned RDP file triggers the following warning: RDP is a one way street, right?
I have a 3072 bit RSA key that I generated for use with SSH. Can this key-pair be used with PGP/GPG, or do I need to generate a new pair of keys separately for use in email encryption? Are the two interchangeable, or is there a difference between the two?
i writing all my passwords and users names on my notebook emails,amazons,facebook. and i have really Nosy little's brothers that will probably look at my notebook when i am not around, which encryption methods i can use that will be easy to use. [example] lets say user - iceman. password - 245598504.
I never understood why I have to worry about MITM when I am at home connected to my simple WiFiless modem using an Ethernet cable. I can tell how serious the threat is when you are in an Internet cafe or you have a WiFi network but WiFi is relatively new compared to the existence of SSL. Where/How would the attacker...
Our application has recently gone through penetration testing. The test found one critical security breach, which is essentially: The problem: Attacker sets up a WiFi spot. User enters our site (which is HTTPS). Using a tool like Cain, the attacker either redirects the user to HTTP, or keeps them in HTTPS with a spoof...
When you are using services like chat, file sending, exchanging etc., you always have to trust server providing these services. The only way to use services without having to trust third party is to not have third party (server) at all and to perform all actions directly (peer-to-peer). The company providing services c...
I've built a system and have put a ton of work into making sure is super secure. But I have a (potentially irrational) fear that if someone were able to break into my server, they could just change the PHP code I've written and it'd be game over. No feature I could build could withstand someone with access to the ser...
My question is about online brute force attacks, that try to authenticate in the website. 1) For the first case if the requests are coming from the same ip, I think this are relatively easy as after some failed attempts we can block the ip for some time or show a captcha, or increase the delay between login attempts et...
I just bought a certificate from RapidSSL. Looking up the chain, I found GeoTrust who is signed by Equifax. Then I realized that the ”Equifax Secure Certificate Authority” is due to expire on 2018-08-22 at 16:42 GMT. While my certificate is due to expire on 2018-09-01 at 01:32 GMT. GeoTrust is due to expire on 2022-05...
I have an ISP supplied cable modem/router over which I have almost no control. They can upgrade the firmware remotely, so I assume they can do virtually anything with it. When I transfer data using the switch that is contained within the modem, I think they could look at the data. When I use my own switch which is conn...
I looked around everywhere and I can't find the answer to my question. I'm using the latest PHP for server-side scripting and MySQL for my database. The character set is utf8mb4 if that makes a difference. Until now, I have used prepared statements to protect myself from SQL injection. However, since most of my queries...
Sorry I am just getting into Web Development and trying to learn more about servers and PHP, so I downloaded the LAMP stack on an Ubuntu14 OS and started an apache2 server. tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN - This is the line in my netstat -anltp \| grep LISTEN I am cur...
Can we generate a public key from a private key?
how I can obtain the latest list of the latest revealed botnets domain list I am looking for the DGA-based botnet in particular I want to collect 1000,000 generated domain list to seed them to my research algorithm
Scenario: a web app with two-factor authentication using username/password and hardware OTP. Once logged into the app, one of the app modules should be used in a tablet or any mobile device without a USB port available. Should the application be able to generate a OTP and pair it with a user then allow the user to log ...
I found that the characters; < and > are filtered (shown as: < and >), when I pen test for a website. Is there any methods to bypass < and >?
I am having some question regarding captcha and AntiForgeryToken Do I need to use captcha if I am using AntiForgeryToken in an MVC application. Does AntiForgeryToken prevents automated form submission? Can I use AntiForgeryToken as an alternative to captcha?
At work (a huge organisation) I found a server on the LAN that opens SFTP connections to 2 servers across the Internet. I assume the remote hosts are in the other parties DMZ. I know you are not supposed to do this but I am not sure of the associated risks. How much more risky is it to SSH (SFTP) to a remote host from...
I do understand that it is a good security measure to implement HSTS, because it will reduce the number of incidents. Statement 1: If clients IO traffic goes through MITM from the start, can the attacker can just strip Strict-Transport-Security header, even from initial HTTPS connection? I'm aware of the pre-defined HS...
Differentially private techniques guarantee privacy while often permitting accurate answers ...this is something I have been reading up on lately as a means of preserving user privacy/anonymity. As of yet, however, I haven't found any examples of it being applied in a real-world setting. Instead, I am seeing it in ...
Which shell is more secure, mksh or bash? There has been some discussion pointing into the direction, that mksh is more secure. How to come to that conclusion? By looking which code was more audited and which not? Have there been any professional comparisons of either shell or comparisons of the two? (Asking from persp...
Hypothetically speaking, could an attacker run a targeted attack on a network that would inject information into a victim's cache of recent TLS connections? Specifically, the master-key and sessionID of your existing session you'd maintain with a specific website the victim would likely visit later. When the victim go...
I wrote a huffman encoding program that can compress and decompress files. The file contains a header which contains information that allows me to retrieve the huffman tree. I wanted to add a simple encryption/decryption feature to my program. I was wondering which way is better: 1. Encrypt the whole file. The problem ...
So an Evil Twin Wifi hotspot is a hotspot with the same SSID and/or same MAC that when the victim auto-connect to this hotspot, all traffic go through this evil twin and thus the information transferred will not be secured. An evil twin requires the knowing of the password of the original hotspot. However, what if a pe...
We heard lots of complaints about hard to use crypto tools, and recent ideas of Google how to fix this. I had another idea about this which seems quite obvious, but couldn't find anything about it on the web. The idea would be to automate the PGP Web-of-Trust by loosening crypto requirements, following the Opportunisti...
The unix read permission is actually the same as the execute permission, so if e.g. one process has write access it's also able to execute the same file. This can be done pretty easily:First this process has to load the content of the file,which shall be executed, into a buffer. Afterwards it calls a function from a sh...
I feel like there must be a simple explanation, but I've been looking around haven't found any wholesome answers. Take for example my name is Alice and my best friend Bob and we want to communicate securely. If I write a program that takes my text and obscures it through several dozen filters and can successfully reve...
After some careful looking at one .pcap of my network i would like to undestand why a request appears on the communication like IP [TLS Application Data] Application Data Protocol: http Version TLS: 1.0 Encrypted Application Data: a44a55a5aa6aablabla and then the reply from the destination IP is just a simple TC...
Suppose a website is hit by a 500 Mbps DDos, and then the DDos stops for a second or so; does the website recuperate?
I have a question. If you were using a password brute force/dictionary attack utility on a site like yahoo or another site, how long would it take to crack a password like Jah13Wootiang if Wootiang is first name and Jah is last name? This is assuming that attacker knows your name. This is assuming that there is no lock...
I wonder where can I find good collections of dictionaries which can be used for MySQL 5 dictionary attack? I just need MySQL 5 word lists / dictionaries. I found a lot of MD5, SHA1, etc. but not MySQL 5 word list / dictionary.
We are a small startup. One of our products is a B2B web service, accessible through its https://service.example.com canonical URL. For testing purposes, that service also runs on different testing/staging/integration environments, such as https://test.service.example.com , https://integration.service.example.com, etc....
Assume the following sample directory: - / - /images - /28374728127636438 - /css Directory listing is disabled on the server and the directory named 28374728127636438 never linked anywhere on the actual web page. This directory contains the backend of the web site. It is secured by a http auth and php login, but can a...
Another question about client or server side password hashing, I know. After reading many other post about this topic I'm still a little confused and not completely sure what is the best, because I read many contrasting opinions. Using a SSL certificate, that is what I'm gonna do, I came to conclusion that it's not wo...
Traditionally most Payment providers only provide Hosted Payment Sites via redirect or iframe. But now an increasing number is also supporting payment integration via a Javascript library. I imagine the case in which an attacker is able to inject code into the Web App: the attacker would still not be able to read the i...
This is really bugging me. Up until recently debit cards with an electronic chip were the most popular electronic form of payment available in Poland (I'd wager that in other European countries as well). It does seem pretty safe too - in order to make any kind of purchase (either from an ATM or in a store), the user ne...
If you have already encrypted files, are they still vulnerable to being encrypted a second time by a program like Cryptolocker, or would this protect them?
So I'm trying to solve how to block users from downloading an attachment of a timed WordPress -post before article goes live? Attachments work as uploads on a custom field in an article. My current solution is to use htaccess to block the uploads archive, so visitors cannot browse them and thus see a new file before it...
Once you have generated your master PGP key, will the "data" in the private key ever change? For instance, if you add another subkey, uid, or any other data to the master key, do these changes need to be "written" to the "secret half of the key", modifying it in any way? Or are all changes made to the "public half of t...
I am using and getting my friends to use NoScript, and the argument I usually have to use to convince them is "It prevent website to infect you without you downloading something (by yourself)". But now that I read a bit about malware, I m not so sure anymore about this, and I d like confirmation; With Firefox updated t...
What happens to the packets that the exit node sends/receives from the desired web server? Does each response packet get routed back through the Tor circuit (encrypting on the way) individually? If so, does the client need to send acknowledgement of receipt of these packets back to the original web server (routed back ...
I'm not very experienced with information security but know some basics about injection attacks and other web based attacks. Is there a tool / crawler to find all forms and input fields of a whole website? I know addons for firefox and chrome showing form details of the current viewed website. What I need is a tool li...
Why is it not possible to use a bearer token from an IdP STS to get ADFS (2.1) to issue a token? All issuedtoken endpoints require a symmetric or asymmetric key in the IdP token. Is there a specific reason for this?
A couple months earlier, I made the mistake of downloading some software over an insecure wireless network and running it without checking its integrity. I am now considering reinstalling my system, as I am worried it might be compromised. Should I consider myself compromised? EDIT: Just to clarify: no credentials were...
When Evil McJones develops Virus X and initiates its propagation, what events must transpire for AV companies (and AV testing/validation companies) to recognize Virus X? This answer to this question gives a brief list of high-level ways the virus can be found: Samples are sent in by customers Malware detected by heur...
Let's say I were to post my e-mail address and public PGP key to my website. When a client contacts me, they would have to include their PGP public key in the e-mail so that I can respond to them in encrypted PGP format, am I correct? Or is there some other way to reply to them without them having to include their PGP ...
I'm trying to talk with somebody on Facebook, but after many Facebook privacy scandals, it's a big question. Secondly on OSX, it's giving me the error that “FacebookVideoCalling_v1.6.jar” can’t be opened because it is from an unidentified developer. If I install that software, is there any possibility that somebody can...
If an attacker on the network attempts to use ARP poisoning (spoofing) in order to redirect traffic to his own machine, what mechanisms and techniques are available for tracking the spoofed ARP messages to their source? Are these techniques effective even when the attacking machine is using a spoofed MAC address (a lik...
If I had to store a text file with some confidential information on the cloud, would encrypting the file multiple times (say, 3) with different passwords using WinRAR (AES with a 256 bit key) provide more security than encrypting it just once? Assumptions: I'm assuming that someone will eventually break into this servi...
I'm writing a web app that already uses TLS encrypted connections (HTTPS), Secure; HttpOnly session cookie, HMAC-SHA1 CSRF token, requires correct Referer header to avoid Login CSRF and changes session id during login to avoid basic session fixation attacks. However, I cannot use HSTS because the same domain needs to s...
I´m building a enterprise application and I need to create a secure communication between android and a server. What is the most secure way to do End-to-End communication? Should I use HTTPS or VPN? There are better options?
I have a dead tree document. In order to reduce the risk of being compromised, I would like to digitize and encrypt the document, and then destroy the physical copy. Let's assume my computer itself is secure (since if not, this discussion becomes moot). Let's further allow that I am very paranoid and suspect the scanne...
1) To what extent is OAuth2 more secure than JSON authentication (both over SSL)? The context is a client (one server) querying another server (via API) within a local network using RESTFul. Prior to the server sending a JWT, the client sends a password for authentication (over SSL). 2) So is there a justification, se...
Our product is comprised of two servers. We would like to authenticate one server to the main server by means of client certificate. I assume that we should ask the customers (who purchase the product) to use their own CA to generate a certificate for the main server. 1) Would that be an intermediate CA certificate? T...
Hi need some help here. I am trying to exploit an unsanitized file upload with a PHP backdoor. Basically the file uploads successfully and I can see my backdoor inside the web applications /images/ directory but when I click on the file to execute it I am give an error stating 'permission denied'. (This is because only...
I am using Retina via BeyondInsight 5.2.0.410 to scan my network. Occasionally, I get the error message "You do not have the required permissions to scan the entered range" which doesn't make sense because within BeyondInsight my account has every permission. Any pointers on where to look?
Just to make sure, is there is a reason for shredding any type of data cables? Is it OK to throw them away just as they are? Thanks.
I'm curious since I discovered the nature of how browsing works in Opera Mini. A URL request is sent to Opera's servers, they download the page then compress it to lower bandwidth. They use a file format that is only used by Opera Mini. I like to visit websites like reddit's WTF and I don't think my university network ...
I have to write some login module for Java EE application. Previously i was using JBoss security - provided login and password, called HttpServletRequest with login method and JBoss security did the magic. That authentication uses Hash - SHA. Right now i'm thinking about salting passwords. I have got jbcrypt library. I...
I am lead dev on a team of five people. Only three are coders. And only the coders are really technical enough to do a roll-out of our application to a production server. Our app is pretty successful and we have attained some high profile clients. These clients typically put us through pretty brutal security audit...
I have a multipart form data where I am suspecting one of the multipart form fields (parameter named htmlbevt_id), to be vulnerable to SQLi. To test for the same I captured the request using Burp and saved it in a file, say myFile. Now on SQLMap I ran the following command: sqlmap -r /root/Desktop/myFile -p htmlbevt_i...
What is the best course of action when you discover that a non-administrator Linux account has gotten owned, and a single foreign process is running, making all sorts of networking connections? For example, how would one take a complete snapshot of the process for future analysis? Take into consideration that the execu...
I have an application that runs on some host machine and generates logs. Later in the day those logs are securely transmitted to my machine. The problem is that while the logs are being generated I dont have any access to the host machine whereas some users have full access to it and may want to forge the logs to thei...
Today at work I was asked to test our anti-virus software on our Linux servers. I attempted to create a text file containing the EICAR Virus Test signature. The file was deleted instantly, indicating the real-time virus scan was working. However, this got me thinking... since this is a relatively short string of ASC...
Everyone want security for their pc/laptops... NO DOUBT... So we protect them by some password. 'Longer password, more security' this is the tag line. But what if our computer can change our account's password? For better security, can we design an OS which is able to change our passwords with specific duration of tim...
I am uncertain about how public malware detection rulesets are? By a "ruleset" I mean the rules, usually written in Yara, that malware detection engines use to determine whether a file or memory sequence is potentially malware. I know that different detectors definitely use different rulesets, because if you use Virus ...
I was involved in this project where development got outsourced to a consulting company, but to seal the deal the consulting company had to set up a room in their office with restricted access so that only consultants working on our projects could enter, and bunch of functions were disabled from workstations to prevent...
I plan to build an Android/iPhone app. The app will contain a few forms and status screens. One of the screens will ask the user for their card details. Once they'll click submit they'll be sent over to a third-party via a secure channel (https); but not stored at all in the application. Update: We will not be taking p...
an xt-commerce-based online shop from a friend of mine got hacked recently. The attacker mailed that the shop is vulnerable, he showed the extracted data (basically he dumped the databases and cracked the md5 hashes, which were not salted) and asked for some bitcoins. My friend engaged a security company, which perform...
While searching on Google I found a website that shows one set of content to the Google Bot and an other to users (by redirecting to a new domain), and also a very suspicious Javascript file. Maybe it's a tracking cookie or a virus/malware, I don't know, so I am asking here if someone can help explain the code? If the ...
The way I have set up my email system allows me to put the name of a company (that say I am buying a book from) in front of the @ and my domain name.net after it. So, when I get an email from amazon@****.net, and it's from a different company, I would know that Amazon have sold my email address or their email address ...
I am a student of information technology and I am doing a project on avoiding MAC spoofing by using MAC encryption. My goal is to encrypt the MAC address inside the packet and send that packet to the router over the WiFi network. On the router side, I want to decrypt the MAC address from the packet and store it in such...
Today most of the home WIFI/Routers are vulnerable from a security perspective, with various backdoors, UPnP issuses and more. What should I look for when I as a home user want to get a secure solution at decent price? Do I need to look for enterprise products or should I go for any hardware supporting OpenWrt?
There have been wars fought over RSA, DSA, and I'm sure other public key encryption algorithms, and usually the arguments are "Algorithm A is faster to encode, but algorithm B is faster to decode". However, from what I understand, the slow asymmetric encryption is only used to encrypt a single hash, after which point s...
I started to show interest in information security few months ago, the more I read the more I think it's all about mathematics not information techonolgy. I mean the whole thing is based on encryption and the latter is just a set of complicated mathematical equations. To be more specific why do we see IT gurus in conve...
I was thinking about SYSTEM account on windows 7 and while researching about it, I came to know that it is predefined account used by service control manager (SCM),The account is not recognised by security subsystem what does it mean? I want to know if this account has a profile name on windows 7, 8, 8.1 etc., why can'...
Is it at all possible to detect all air type signals for a given location? For example, if I wanted to get a list of all air signals (i.e. wifi, bluetooth, radio, 3g, 4g, and all other air type signals, gps etc) going into and out of a building, is that possible?
I was just wondering if I can generate couple of PGP key pairs and save them for later use or backup. In addition can I be sure that other wont generate and use some of my key pairs in the meantime. I mean is there any guarantee that anyone anywhere in the world haven`t generated the same keys?
I work from home and use a VPN to connect to work. Can my company tell which time I'm using my laptop and which time I am using my PC? Is this something easy for them to check? The VPN is through Citrix.
Over the past few weeks I have noticed that there is a mystery contact showing up in my text message history: When I click into this message there is nothing in the history. I went to the domain associated with the text message and found the Chinese news site: hxxp://21cn.com/. I've noticed that the day associated w...
Cloud scanners are becoming more common these days. Pricing is a lot cheaper than on premise scanners. My concern with cloud scanners is that they store sensitive information on 3rd party network. (I am not sure if the sensitive information only include scan result). Is there any other information cloud scanner may sto...
Is it a good practice to recreate the CSRF Token once its been used (basically create a new taken after a post request is sent)? Or it an unnecessary measure to take? My current system is recreating the token after each post/delete/put request and currently its causing me some serious trouble with a part of my code whe...
For PCI compliance I was required to protect our server against BEAST attacks. While I have correctly configured the apache / openssl settings to pass a scan, these settings have effectively limited the client browsers that can securely transact on the sites https side. We are using Cenots 6.5 Final, OpenSSL 1.0.1e-f...
I feel like this isn't the best place to ask this (since there's no single right answer), but I can't think of a better place. If you have a better recommendation, could you please recommend it and I can move the question rather than just having it closed outright? I'm teaching a class of high-school students about gen...
I'm trying to fully understand the report of the SSL Labs server test. Can someone explain the term 'TLS version intolerance'? I cannot find any documentation of this term, even not on the forums of SSL labs or their SSL Server Rating Guide. For example, for the SSL report of mijn.ing.nl (dutch banking site) it states:...
I've been researching BREACH, and while I can understand how it might work if you have access to the the browser (to send crafted requests) and the wire (to capture compressed response length), I haven't seen a way to do this without access to the wire, aside from a fragile timing attack on response time. You can get C...
My team at work was recently working on encrypting some hard drives using Microsoft's BitLocker on Windows 7 hosts. The initial encryption for the 2TB drives took several hours to complete. This is all fine and dandy. What is concerning me however, is that upon changing the password, the process was instantaneous. This...
I'm looking for some informed perspectives on the growing 'casual' use of finger/thumb print scanners in for instance schools, for library use, cashless cafeteria payments, registration. The security around such use is much, much lower than for e.g. holding credit card data where PCI-DSS gives a defined standard, proce...
Definition of virus is (from Wikipedia): A computer virus is a malware program that, when executed, replicates by inserting copies of itself (possibly modified) into other computer programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive; when this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infect...
I'm learning about web security. I understand that passwords are hashed with salt. Why aren't the salts encrypted with same user's password? Cloudn't this make password cracking much harder? Generating generate salt encrypt it with AES using user's password as key save the encrypted salt and hash Retriving decrypt ...
I have installed 2 VM's on my Windows 7 machine: Backtrack (kali) and Metasploitable. When I run a nmap scan on metasploitable from metasploitable VM itself, it shows that 3306 port is open. But when I run the scan from Kali all ports show closed. Also when both are in NAT network configuration, their IP is the same. ...
nowadays some vendors offering web filtering based on cloud security , where your web traffic will be forwarded to vendor cloud to be filtered and controlled at the vendor proxy , the vendor will provide you with management interface to define your own we browsing policy, comparing to having your own web proxy with web...
I'm working with a Luna SA HSM through PKCS11 and i have the following scenario: I have created a master key pair for key wrapping and i want to bring a key wrapped with the master public key into the HSM. So, i search for the master private key and then use it to unwrap the wrapped key. I then use the unwrapped key fo...
just want to ask whether company IT can monitor the websites that I open using the company-issued laptop but on my personal wifi network? Offhand, I can see Symantec endpoint protection and Websense as installed 3rd party security softwares. A couple of details, I usually use private browsing windows and go to https si...
I'm worried about camfecting (webcam hacking). The camera light on my mac (running OSX) is not on, but it isn't hard wired so that doesn't say a lot. I've ran a virus scan but no signs. Now my idea was to watch outbound traffic in activity monitor. If there is live streaming (most likely when camfecting is occurring?) ...
Is it risky to open the SSH service on a web server (even with a strong password or with RSA keys) ? What are good practises to connect to a web server for maintenance ? Thank you !
I have read that BREACH was a side channel compression attack against TLS however focuses on HTTP response compression. If a site has disabled support for TLS compression does that still mean it can be compromised by an attack such as CRIME, BREACH, etc...using HTTP compression/HTTP responses? Also, does this type of ...

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