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How heat is transferred in liquid phase into the reactions? |
How can I turn natural gas from liquid to gas? |
Luminescence in general, is the term of emmition of light from specific substances/objects. Chemiluminescence is the emittion of light *due to chemical reactions*. Bioluminescence on the other hand is the emmition light from *living/biological organisms* such as insects ( this is ofcourse the way i understood them ), b... |
The following is a question on a problem sheet that I have been given; I don't know what to do:
> "One mole of ideal gas initially at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and T = 298 K, is
expanded into a volume 50% larger adiabatically.
In this adiabatic process, no work is done on the surroundings and $dq=0$. And entropy ... |
I've been asked to compare the relative acidity of CF4 and SiF4.
As both have noble gas structures neither can act as a lewis acid and so I assume the question is inferring that they are in solution.
Under aqueous conditions they could react via some sort of hydrolysis to give H+ and F- along side an alcohol or Si(O... |
Luminescence in general, is the term of emission of light from specific substances/objects. Chemiluminescence is the emission of light *due to chemical reactions*. Bioluminescence on the other hand is the emission light from *living/biological organisms* such as insects ( this is of course the way I understood them ), ... |
> Doesn't that also have to do with chemical reactions but inside living organisms?
Exactly! That's why there is **one** scientific society for **both** phenomena: [ISBC - International Society for Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence](http://www.isbc-society.org) ;-)
The thermal reactions, that lead to an excit... |
Can we add C.H2SO4 and C HNO3 to anisole?
I heard that we can't add acids into phenol and analene which make them blast...(my English language is not much better.please try to understand) |
Can we add conc. $\ce{H2SO4}$ and conc. $\ce{HNO3}$ to anisole?
I heard that we can't add acids into phenol and aniline which make them blast. |
I am having trouble with the following question:
> Consider the following reversible reaction in which the reaction is first order in both
directions: $$\ce{[A] <=> [B]}$$ $k_a$ is the rate constant for the forward reaction and $k_b$ is the rate constant for the reverse reaction.
>If only reagent A is present at... |
I've been asked to compare the relative acidity of CF<sub>4</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub>.
As both have noble gas structures neither can act as a lewis acid and so I assume the question is inferring that they are in solution.
Under aqueous conditions they could react via some sort of hydrolysis to give H<sup>+</sup> and... |
I am having trouble with the following question:
> Consider the following reversible reaction in which the reaction is first order in both
directions: $$\ce{[A] <=> [B]}$$ $k_a$ is the rate constant for the forward reaction and $k_b$ is the rate constant for the reverse reaction.
>If only reagent A is present at... |
I've been asked to compare the relative acidity of CF<sub>4</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub>.
As both have noble gas structures neither can act as a lewis acid and so I assume the question is inferring that they are in solution.
My guess is that under aqueous conditions they could react via some sort of hydrolysis to giv... |
So, I was checking dipole moment orders, and came across a very peculiar result.
Methyl Fluoride has lesser dipole moment than Methyl Chloride, but Hydrofluoric acid has more dipole moment than Hydrochloric acid.
At first I thought it was about distance, but on seeing the second one, it led me to think about pola... |
We talked about it in our chemistry class but we couldn't get to a conclusion, any help? |
Can you melt wood? |
I am having trouble with the following question:
> Consider the following reversible reaction in which the reaction is first order in both
directions: $$\ce{[A] <=> [B]}$$ $k_a$ is the rate constant for the forward reaction and $k_b$ is the rate constant for the reverse reaction.
>If only reagent A is present at... |
The Wikipedia article on metals describes them as elements whose polyatomic configurations* exhibit any one of a number of patterns. I could not discern any property that characterized all the patterns.
To the best of my knowledge, there are two main categories of elements: metals, non-metals. There's a third categ... |
Is there a characteristic that characterizes all, and only, metals? |
So, I was checking dipole moment orders, and came across a very peculiar result:
methyl fluoride has lesser dipole moment than methyl chloride, but hydrofluoric acid has more dipole moment than hydrochloric acid.
At first I thought it was about distance, but upon seeing the second one, it led me to think about po... |
What is the ratio of hydrogen to air so that it is potentially explosive and where might I find documented prove of this? |
I'm having trouble making sense of this answer. I believe I am doing all the steps right, but my main concern is that I am not arriving at a whole number. If my answer is correct, should I just round up or down?
Question
---
> By using the known values of $\chi$ for $\ce{HgCo(NCS)4}$ calculate the number of unpair... |
Let's start with "what is the species?"
While you write it $\ce{HgCo(NCS)4}$ it's probably better written as $\ce{Hg^{+2} [Co(NCS)4]^{2-}}$.
You can take the two metal ions separately as far as electronic structure.
$\ce{Hg^{+2}: d^{10}}$ So we don't expect any unpaired electrons.
$\ce{[Co(NCS)4]^{2-}}$ Wel... |
What's ratio of hydrogen to air in explosive mixtures? |
What fraction of hydrogen in air results in an explosive mixture? |
> Is any one of these reaction more "true" (occurring more often naturally) than the others or is it the case that a little bit of everything is happening?
I think the best answer is "a little bit of everything". Silver sulfide forms faster but requires exposure of the silver to sulfur-containing materials (like h... |
This question is difficult to answer without knowing more about the data.
First is the issue of "normalization". Do you mean that in the at% study, all measurements added together were only 96% or 90% or 80% or something, and so to get all measurements to add to 100%, the simply divided each measurement by 0.96 (or... |
Sigma-Aldrich is a global supplier of purified chemicals for research users.
They have a whole page of the [haloalkane compounds](http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/chemistry/chemistry-products.html?TablePage=16272014) they sell (in small quantities such as you desire). You might be interested in compounds such as trichl... |
I have created a solution of $\ce{KNO3}$ <del>and table sugar</del> in order to create fuse from hemp rope. I wet the rope in the solution and let it dry - I repeat this process several times.
It works and produces very slowly burning rope which is easy to set off. The problem is that after 24 hours, my solution sta... |
Any idea where to buy chlorinated paraffin for lab application? We need very viscous analog of $\ce{CHCl_3}$.
Should we think about synthesizing it?
I found a lot of places where I could buy 5 tons:) But we need only few liters for the rest of our life.
|
In a carbonyl or $\ce{-OH}$ group, it's clear the oxygen acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor.
Do metals act as hydrogen bond acceptors or donors and if so, how can I tell as what it's acting? |
Does potassium nitrate solution degrade? |
I completely don't understand how this method works. My book says that this method works by the principle of **self-absorption** which occurs by the emitted radiation of hollow cathode lamp **when it works on high intensity of electricity**, due to which we have more atoms who lead to an extension of emission lines. Th... |
In organic chemistry lecture we discussed the beginning of the Woodward Hoffmann Rules with a key step of the vitamin B12 synthesis.
![Woodward and Hoffmann][1]
Because there are 6 electrons I now the ring opening should be disrotatory.
The initial paper to their work can be found here:
http://pubs.acs.org/do... |
In organic chemistry lecture we discussed the beginning of the Woodward Hoffmann Rules with a key step of the vitamin B12 synthesis.
(The initial paper from their work can be found here:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01080a054)
Let's first see the forward reaction (the electrocyclic ring closure) as Wood... |
I have tried a lot to find informations about this case but I couldn't find specific ones.
The key point of instrumental methods of analysis, is for the student to be able to know which one of the possible methods to use for a specific determination and as for me, that is not an easy thing to do because *every * meth... |
In organic chemistry lecture we discussed the beginning of the Woodward Hoffmann Rules with a key step of the vitamin B12 synthesis.
(The initial paper from their work can be found here:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01080a054)
Let's first see the forward reaction (the electrocyclic ring closure) as Wood... |
Here are a number of resources that may be of use for your research.
The UCLA website presents tables and data in their webpage [Theory of Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy][1], including reference tables of common functional groups, aromatics and compounds often used in the laboratory. (Many compounds you ... |
So you want to compare the acidity of different Brønsted–Lowry acids. This means ultimately you want to compare the equilibrium constants for reactions of the type $\ce{HX <=> H+ + X^{-}}$. To do so, you'll have to analyse what stabilisation/destabilisation effects are present in each acid $\ce{HX}$ and each conjugate ... |
I have tried to find information about this case but I couldn't find anything specific.
The key point of instrumental methods of analysis, is for the student to be able to know which one of the possible methods to use for a specific determination and as for me, that is not an easy thing to do because *every * metho... |
How to calculate molecular dipole moment from a known wavefunction? |
I've done my research on this so I've seen the questions asking about the same premise without using plants.
Basically, this is a thought experiment I came up with. Whether or not I perform it depends on the feasibility. This is the reaction I'm thinking of:
$$
CO_2 \rightarrow C + O_2
$$
From [NIST](http://... |
I've done my research on this so I've seen the questions asking about the same premise without using plants.
Basically, this is a thought experiment I came up with. Whether or not I perform it depends on the feasibility. This is the reaction I'm thinking of:
$$
\ce{CO_2 \rightarrow C + O_2}
$$
From [NIST](ht... |
I've done my research on this so I've seen the questions asking about the same premise without using plants.
Basically, this is a thought experiment I came up with. Whether or not I perform it depends on the feasibility. This is the reaction I'm thinking of:
$$
\ce{CO_2 \rightarrow C + O_2}
$$
From [NIST](ht... |
Is a negative ph value possible? |
Is a negative pH value possible? |
Where can we buy chlorinated paraffin for lab application? |
![problem][1]
I'm very confused. According to the answer key, the circled hydrogens are diastereotopic. I thought they were enantiotopic.
My thought process is the following. They aren't homotopic because replacing one of them with another atom would create a chiral center. Due to them creating a chiral center, I... |
Are the circled hydrogens homotopic, enantiotopic, diastereotopic or unrelated? |
I have seen complex ionic compounds that have mixed anions and/or mixed cations. For Example I have seen this:
NaKCl2
Also known as Sodium Potassium Chloride. The only information I can find on this is an ion cotransporter for sodium potassium and chloride ions.
Anyway the structure of a single monomer of this... |
I have seen complex ionic compounds that have mixed anions and/or mixed cations. For Example I have seen this:
$$\ce{NaKCl2}$$
Also known as Sodium Potassium Chloride. The only information I can find on this is an ion cotransporter for sodium potassium and chloride ions.
Anyway the structure of a single monome... |
According to the Wikipedia article [IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry][1],
> he prefix bi- is a deprecated way of indicating the presence of a single hydrogen ion
A very common example is the commonplace 'Bi-Carb of Soda', or sodium bicarbonate (or using its correct chemical name sodium hydrogen carbonate... |
Why was the prefix 'bi' used in compounds? |
I've been searching for the conditions necessary for reaction of Na metal metal cycloalkenes,cyclo-di-alkenes,cyclo-tri-alkenes all over the net but I cant find a proper answer.Can someone explain me the necessary conditions?
For example why does **Na metal** react with **pentane-1,3 diene** but not with **heptane... |
When,How and Why does Na metal react with cycloalkenes,cyclo-dialkenes,cyclo-trialkenes? |
According to the Wikipedia article [IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry][1],
> he prefix bi- is a deprecated way of indicating the presence of a single hydrogen ion
A very common example is the commonplace 'bicarb of soda', or sodium bicarbonate (or using its correct chemical name sodium hydrogen carbonate)... |
Why was the prefix 'bi' used in compounds, such as for bicarb of soda? |
According to the Wikipedia article [IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry][1],
> he prefix bi- is a deprecated way of indicating the presence of a single hydrogen ion
A very common example is the commonplace 'bicarb of soda', or sodium bicarbonate (or using its correct chemical name sodium hydrogen carbonate)... |
I should probably add that I was originally given an unknown solid mixture of 2 salts.I separated the insoluble by centrifuge and decanting. I found that the insoluble salt is MgCO3 (by adding HCl (bubbles) and NaOh into that(pcp jelly like white)). The decanted liquid was then what I observed as having 1 soluble salt.... |
I have tried to find information about this case but I couldn't find anything specific.
The key point of instrumental methods of analysis, is for the student to be able to know which one of the possible methods to use for a specific determination and as for me, that is not an easy thing to do because *every * metho... |
I've done some research on google but most guides I've seen recommend adding salt to the mixture for better conductance which results in release of chlorine. Is there a way to perform electrolysis on water that releases hydrogen and at the same time does not release any gases that are harmful to humans?
I'm looking ... |
Here's something that makes me confuse. What will happen to the total no of moles in a system if the temp is raised. Will it increase? If so how is that possible.?
Say we have an equlibrium,
2P <=> Q + R
The temp is 300K and total no of moles is 6 moles.
If we increase the temp upto 500K will the total no of mole... |
Here's something that makes me confuse. What will happen to the total no of moles in a system if the temp is raised. Will it increase? If so how is that possible.?
Say we have an equlibrium,
$$\ce{2P <=> Q + R}$$
The temp is $300\:\mathrm{K}$ and total no of moles is 6 moles.
If we increase the temp upto $500\:\m... |
What is the effect of the temperature on the no of moles in an equilibrium system? |
I've done some research on google but most guides I've seen recommend adding salt to the mixture for better conductance which results in release of chlorine.
Is there a way to perform electrolysis on water that releases hydrogen and at the same time does not release any gases that are harmful to humans?
By that I m... |
Why does the enolate of the nitrile attack the alkyl chloride from the bond shown in the picture and not from the far end pi bond?
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/iQrmD.png |
i have seen this effect first hand by rubbing together two pieces of quarts in a dark room but am unable to explain this effect. would it be something to do co with the way quarts is bonded as a covalent network? |
what causes triboluminescence and what process occurs to produce light? |
The way I would perform the dimensional analysis you give in your question would be slightly different. That is mainly due to the fact that I don't consider chemical names or formulae as units, but as designators.
As an aside, I think you were starting from a question like the following:
> How much $\ce{C7H4O}$ w... |
I've been searching for the conditions necessary for reaction of Na metal metal cycloalkenes, cyclo-di-alkenes, cyclo-tri-alkenes all over the net but I cant find a proper answer. Can someone explain me the necessary conditions?
For example why does **Na metal** react with **cyclopentanediene** but not with **cyclo... |
When, how and why does Na metal react with cycloalkenes, cycloalkadienes,cycloalkatrienes? |
I've been searching for the conditions necessary for the reaction of sodium (Na) metal with cycloalkenes, cyclo-di-alkenes, cyclo-tri-alkenes all over the internet but I cannot find a proper answer. Can someone explain to me the necessary conditions?
For example why does sodium metal react with cyclopentanediene but... |
When, how and why does sodium metal react with cycloalkenes, cycloalkadienes, cycloalkatrienes? |
I've been searching for the conditions necessary for the reaction of sodium (Na) metal with cycloalkenes, cyclo-di-alkenes, cyclo-tri-alkenes all over the internet but I cannot find a proper answer. Can someone explain to me the necessary conditions?
For example why does sodium metal react with cyclopentadiene but n... |
What is its structure?
I found an image of B6O11 unit but it looks incorrect:
![unit][1] The top left corner one.
1) The oxygen can make max 2 bonds but O8 has three!
2) There are six oxygen with only one bond, that is the unit has -6 net charge but 2Ca2+ == +4 positive charge. ... |
How do I predict the spontaneity of a metathesis reaction? Take the metathesis reaction between two dissolved electrolytes; sodium chloride and silver nitrate?
Is it a matter of summing up the differences between their ions' standard reduction potentials?
Based my current knowledge of Chemistry, I would expect s... |
How do I predict the spontaneity of a metathesis reaction? |
What is its structure?
I found an image of B<sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub> unit but it looks incorrect:
![unit][1] The top left corner one.
1. The oxygen can make max 2 bonds but O<sub>8</sub> has three!
2. There are six oxygen with only one bond, that is the unit has -6 net charg... |
What is its structure?
I found an image of B<sub>6</sub>O<sub>11</sub> unit but it looks incorrect:
![unit][1] The top left corner one.
1. The oxygen can make max 2 bonds but O<sub>8</sub> has three!
2. There are six oxygen with only one bond, that is the unit has -6 net charg... |
How do I predict the spontaneity of a metathesis reaction?
Is it a matter of summing up the differences between their ions' standard reduction potentials?
Take the metathesis reaction between two dissolved electrolytes; sodium chloride and silver nitrate.
Based my current knowledge of Chemistry, I would expec... |
Is there some kind of database that has information about phase diagrams of different substances? I'm mostly looking for phase diagrams of elements (silicon, iron, hydrogen, etc.) because I'm trying to write a planetary generator, but I cannot find any information about the mathematics of a phase diagram.
Better yet... |
Open Database of Phase Diagrams? |
How do I predict the spontaneity of a [metathesis reaction][1]?
Is it a matter of summing up the differences between their ions' standard reduction potentials?
Take the [salt metathesis reaction][2] between two dissolved electrolytes; sodium chloride and silver nitrate (highlighted [here][3]). While the [HSAB th... |
![Question 3b iii) ][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/wsBvV.jpg
There are 2 double bonds presents each carbon atom in the C=C are bonded to one hydrogen and another carbon group,thus when reacted with hot excess kmno4, must be oxidised into a carboxyllic acid, the problem here is that the marking scheme for ... |
Let's start with "what is the species?"
While you write it $\ce{HgCo(NCS)4}$ it's probably better written as $\ce{Hg^{+2} [Co(NCS)4]^{2-}}$.
You can take the two metal ions separately as far as electronic structure.
$\ce{Hg^{+2}: d^{10}}$ So we don't expect any unpaired electrons.
$\ce{[Co(NCS)4]^{2-}}$ Wel... |
Galvanic corrosion occurs of an active metal (i.e. iron or zinc) in contact with a passive metal (i.e. copper) in a conductive solution. A famous example is the corrosion of iron girders in contact with copper in the statue of liberty.
Although the difference in potential can account for the protection of copper, it... |
galvanic corrosion in the wild: where is the reduction? |
![Question 3b iii) ][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/wsBvV.jpg
There are 2 double bonds presents each carbon atom in the $\ce{C=C}$ are bonded to one hydrogen and another carbon group,thus when reacted with hot excess $\ce{KMnO4}$, must be oxidised into a carboxyllic acid, the problem here is that the marki... |
How do I predict the spontaneity of a [metathesis reaction][1]?
Is it a matter of summing up the differences between their ions' standard reduction potentials?
Take the [salt metathesis reaction][2] between two dissolved electrolytes; sodium chloride and silver nitrate (highlighted [here][3]). While the [HSAB th... |
I was studying about the periodic the periodic table recently and was reading a topic associated with Oxides of Halogens, and came across the following line
> The Bromine Oxides, $Br_2O$, $BrO_2$, $BrO_3$ are the least stable halogen oxides (**Middle row anomaly**) and exist only at low temperatures. They are very p... |
![Question 3b iii) ][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/wsBvV.jpg
There are 2 double bonds presents each carbon atom in the $\ce{C=C}$ are bonded to one hydrogen and another carbon group,thus when reacted with hot excess $\ce{KMnO4}$, must be oxidised into a carboxyllic acid, the problem here is that the marki... |
![Question 3b iii) ][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/wsBvV.jpg
There are 2 double bonds presents each carbon atom in the $\ce{C=C}$ are bonded to one hydrogen and another carbon group,thus when reacted with hot excess $\ce{KMnO4}$, must be oxidised into a carboxyllic acid, the problem here is that the marki... |
What is the ground state conformation of dimethyl disulfide ?
The two which seem reasonable to me are trans to avoid methyl-methyl gauche interactions or gauche due to sulfur donation into the S-Me sigma antibonding orbital.
I found a discussion in [this paper](http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100547a013) b... |
I was studying about the periodic the periodic table recently and was reading a topic associated with Oxides of Halogens, and came across the following line
> The Bromine Oxides, $\ce{Br_2O}$, $\ce{BrO_2}$, $\ce{BrO_3}$ are the least stable halogen oxides (**Middle row anomaly**) and exist only at low temperatures. ... |
I have a base $M(OH)_{3}$ having 3 $pK_{b}$ values as,
$$
pK_{b_{1}} = 0.5\\
pK_{b_{2}} = 3.7\\
pK_{b_{3}} = 7.7\\
$$
If a strong acid is given as the titrant and phenolphthalein and methyl orange are given as possible indicators, how can I choose an indicator using above $pK_{b}$ values ? |
How can I choose an indicator for determining the concentration of a base using its pKb values? |
I have a base $\ce{M(OH)_{3}}$ having 3 $pK_{b}$ values as,
$$
pK_{b_{1}} = 0.5\\
pK_{b_{2}} = 3.7\\
pK_{b_{3}} = 7.7\\
$$
If a strong acid is given as the titrant and phenolphthalein and methyl orange are given as possible indicators, how can I choose an indicator using above $pK_{b}$ values ? |
When naming branched alkenes/alkynes, the numbers of the carbons where the branches and multiple bonds are located are supposed to be the lowest possible. Do the branches take precedence over the multiple bonds, as for example, 2-methyl-3-pentyne? If the counting of the carbons for this molecule is flipped so that th... |
Why does a dianion (such as malonate) bind cations more strongly than its equivalent anion (acetate)?
Is it simply because of the proximal availability of another $\ce{O-}$ group that can bind to cations? Does the second $\ce{COO-}$ group on malonate distribute charge in a better way that can allow for stronger bind... |
This is known as the chelate effect.
The main reason why you observe this is that cations in solution have an ordered solvent shell around them, especially in polar solvents where there will be defined solvent geometry around the shell; often octahedral for metal ions in water. The formation of a complex with a bid... |
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