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Why is water transferred from a beaker of pure water to a beaker of sugar solution when placed in the a closed container? |
Let there be two containers A ad B containing two volatile solutions (ideal) of pure liquids P and Q respectively. The containers are connected by a tube such that only vapours can travel through it but it is initially closed by a valve. Now the valve is opened at t=0 .
My question is what will be the final equ... |
>Let there be two containers A and B containing two volatile solutions (ideal) of pure liquids P and Q respectively. The containers are connected by a tube such that only vapours can travel through it but it is initially closed by a valve. Now the valve is opened at $t=0$.
>
>What will be the final equilibrium pres... |
>Let there be two containers A and B containing two volatile solutions (ideal) of pure liquids P and Q respectively. The containers are connected by a tube such that only vapours can travel through it but it is initially closed by a valve. Now the valve is opened at $t=0$.
>
>What will be the final equilibrium pres... |
Note that the classical idea of an atomic nucleus as a set of nucleon balls is very wrong, similarly as another classical idea of an atom as a planetary system of orbiting and spinning electron balls.
----
I suppose you have had bad luck until now as this task is in opinion of my non-math brain resistant to both... |
I'm wondering approximately how fast and to which extent NaHCO3 will decompose (to CO2 and H2O) at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, and 130C.
There's a paper* that would answer my question but unfortunately I cannot access the content.
*Thermodynamics of NaHCO3 decomposition during Na2CO3-based CO2 capture
... |
Sorry if this is an obvious question.
I am told water dissociates, one product of which is negatively charged hydroxyl ions. This makes sense, but then why doesn't pure water conduct electricity? Surely the hydroxyl ions could act as charge carriers to allow current to pass through the solution?
Thanks |
Why doesn't pure water conduct when it dissociates? |
The answer may be somewhat counterintuitive. Yes, an inert gas does very much exert pressure on a solid or liquid. The problem is that the chemical potential of the substance in the gas phase is not affected by the inert gas (if the gas is assumed ideal).
Assume you have a substance (liquid or solid) in a rigid isot... |
I'm wondering approximately how fast and to which extent $\ce{NaHCO3}$ will decompose (to $\ce{CO2}$ and $\ce{H2O}$) at $50$, $60$, $70$, $80$, $90$, $100$, $110$, $120$, and $\pu{130 ^\circ C}$.
It seems as if [*J. Environ. Sci.* **2019,** *78,* 74–80](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.005) would answer my ques... |
I hope my question is not too dumb but hey I am learning from the beginning
so when we have a compound such as 6-ethyl-3methylnonane, obvioysly we arrange the alkyl groups alphabetically. Then if we just follow the numbers, we can get somethign like 3-methyl-6-ethylnonane and that saves the extra step of arranging a... |
So, I know that the salt dissolves in the thin film of water on the surface of the ice, thus resulting in freezing point depression... but how exactly do i quantify this? Is there any effect on temperature? Will perhaps water be formed? Im tryna think of a way to measure the freezing point depression by adding salt to ... |
What happens when you put salt in ice? |
>There can be many resonating forms for a compound. It is to be noted that they are not in any equilibrium to each other. **Each and every structure will contribute to the ultimate hybrid, according to their stability.** The most important point is that **resonating hybrid is not a mixture of the resonating structures,... |
Does zinc react with nitrogen ?
Is this reaction possible:
3Zn + N<sub>2</sub> → Zn<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>
Or maybe there are another reaction? |
Does zinc react with nitrogen? |
What is the chemical formula(s) for liquid potassium-based soap? |
We're going to conduct a study to make corn husk fiber into a paper. Soda Ash is always used to extract the fibers from the husks, First question is there any chemical we can use aside from soda ash to extract fibers? Second, we want the fibers to paper white is there a chemical that could turn the yellow-greenish fibe... |
All hydrocarbons are less dense than water due to being non polar (mainly),but why chloroform has more density??
It is polar ,but not more polar than water and nor, molecular weight can be reason since all higher alkanes have less density than water. |
Why is density of chloroform greater than water? |
Pure hydrocarbons (i.e., molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only) are generally less dense than water. Yet chloroform, which is a halogenated hydrocarbon, is more dense.
Why is this? I thought water was more dense than hydrocarbons because its polar nature would cause it pack more tightly. Yet chloroform,... |
Pure hydrocarbons (i.e., molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only) are generally less dense than water. Yet chloroform, which is a halogenated hydrocarbon, is more dense.
Why is this? I thought water was more dense than hydrocarbons because its polar nature would cause it to pack more tightly. Yet chlorofo... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular weight is too simple—lar... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular weight is too simple—lar... |
Hydrocarbons (i.e., molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only) are generally less dense than water. Yet chloroform, which is a halogenated hydrocarbon, is more dense.
Why is this? I thought water was more dense than hydrocarbons because its polar nature would cause it to pack more tightly. Yet chloroform, w... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular weight is too simple—lar... |
Resistant starch, as found in potato starch, is supposed to have [health benefits](https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/resistant-starch-101). There are differing opinions on whether or not heating potato starch destroys the resistant starch in it and thereby also the supposed health benefits. I would like to know what... |
Explaning base peak for 3-buten-1-ol mass spectrum? |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular weight is too simple—lar... |
My attempt:
$P$ is the central atom with the hybridization $sp^3d$. 2 $F$ atoms will form axial bonds with it, while three $CH_3^{-}$ groups form equatorial bonds. Each of these $CH_3^{-}$ groups has tetrahedral geometry, which means that one $H$ atom lies in the same plane as the $C$ central atom.
Thus, 2 $F$ atom... |
In $PF_2(CH_3)_3$, what is the maximum number of atoms lying in one plane plane? |
My attempt:
$\ce{P}$ is the central atom with the hybridization $sp^3d$. 2 $\ce{F}$ atoms will form axial bonds with it, while three $\ce{CH3}$-groups form equatorial bonds. Each of these $\ce{CH3}$-groups has tetrahedral geometry, which means that one $\ce{H}$ atom lies in the same plane as the $\ce{C}$ central ato... |
In PF2(CH3)3, what is the maximum number of atoms lying in one plane plane? |
In thermodynamics, we know that if $\Delta G$ of a reaction is negative, the reaction is spontaneous.
Suppose we are given with two spontaneous reactions ($\Delta G\lt0$) with corresponding magnitudes of $\Delta G$. Can we extract any other information from these magnitudes? |
> In $\ce{PF2(CH3)3},$ what is the maximum number of atoms lying in one plane?
$\ce{P}$ is the central atom with the hybridization $\mathrm{sp^3d}.$ Two $\ce{F}$ atoms will form axial bonds with it, while three $\ce{CH3}$-groups form equatorial bonds. Each of these $\ce{CH3}$-groups has tetrahedral geometry, which m... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/2uUgE.png
In this reaction the HWE reaction does not give a "normal" alkene product, but instead gives (R/S)-2. Provide a reasonable mechanism for its formation? |
Explaning base peak for but-3-en-1-ol mass spectrum? |
The electronegativity of potassium and rubidium is reckoned at 0.82 for both. Why is it same for both of them? Shouldn't it be less for rubidium as compared to potassium owing to the addition of one extra shell in rubidium? |
Why is the electronegativity of potassium and rubidium same? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/0LFGi.png
I figured that the first reaction just adds a bromine to the meta position but I don't know what step ii) does. The only thing I can think of is the base gets rid of the alpha hydrogen next to the carbonyl. Then perhaps the negat... |
My task was to do an intramolecular Claisen condensation with this molecule.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I already draw the product to the reaction, but I'm not sure, if I did it right. Could anyone help me out or confirm the solution? There should be only one product since there is symmetry.
[... |
Explaining base peak for but-3-en-1-ol mass spectrum? |
If both of the following hydrogen sulfide and oxygen chemical equations can occur, under what circumstances is the harmless pure sulfur and the toxic sulfur dioxide produced?
$\ce{2H2S + O2 -> 2H2O + 2S}$
$\ce{2H2S + 3O2 -> 2H2O + 2SO2}$
Specifically I have a fresh water aquarium with sand, plants, and small ... |
Do hydrogen sulfide and oxygen produce pure sulfur or sulfur dioxide? If both, under which circumstances does each scenario occur? |
Hi Everyone new to chemistry and learning lots but I had a question that I am having trouble working out.
I work for a vegetable grower and we make our own fertilizer.
My question is around the fish fertilizer. The brief description of the process is we use fish meal and mix it with phosphoric acid and enough w... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular weight is too simple—lar... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular mass is too simple—large... |
The density of a substance depends on its molecular density and packing fraction (where you need to be consistent in definiting the molar volume in calculating both attributes).
However you are looking for a simpler explanation that gets the general trends right. Just looking at molecular mass is too simple—large... |
What is the mechanism for this Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction? |
I know this should be a simple chemistry question, but I am currently very confused on how polar/nonpolar molecules work. For example, since the ether group is insoluble in water, does this mean that all molecules containing ether would be insoluable/nonpolar? Likewise, are all molecules containing alcohol group polar ... |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
What made "activated red phosphorus" so long to be discovered? |
[![this picture is what][1]][1] is what I drew, I considered Nitrogen atom hybridizing it's orbitals and then ending up having 3 "sp^2" orbitals and the Oxygen with 2 "sp" orbitals. The thing which bothers me is when people draw a radical (single electron) over the Nitrogen atom after there is bond formation between Ni... |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
In organic chemistry, we have to check for all three types of symmetry in a compound to check its chirality, ie, plane, alternate axis and centre of symmetry. But in coordination compounds, do we need to check all the symmetries to check its chirality? The ligands are supposed to be achiral. The difference between the ... |
Is plane of symmetry a necessary and sufficient condition for optical inactivity in coordination compounds? |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
What is "activated red phosphorus"? What made it so long to be discovered? |
I learned about the resonance stability of ADP and the fact, that ATP is less stable due to intramolecular instability. I was surprised to see that the energy net of conversion of ADP to AMP is the same as ATP to ADP. Shouldn't the energy net of a reaction ADP to AMP+P be lower, because it's not so readily hydrolysed? |
Why does hydrolysis of ADP to AMP yields the same amount of energy as ATP to ADP, if ADP is more stable? |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
[WP = white phosphorus ; RP = red phosphorus ; ARP = activated red phosphorus]
----------
[Tom from *Extraction & Ire*][1] did a video two years ago(2018) on converting WP to RP by keeping the former in sunlight for several days. He chose chloroform solvent to dissolve WP in a glass vial. The solution started to go... |
The number $\pi$ for bowhead whales<sup>†</sup> is still 3.1415... Same thing here.
Chirality of coordination compounds is the same thing as chirality of organic compounds. If all your symmetry elements are just rotations, you have it; if some are improper rotations, then you don't. It is as simple as that, a... |
I thought it'd dissolve... but am i wrong? I added calcium chloride to water, and it was smoking, i was so confused man. Can someone explain wtf happened? I am doing an experiment where i dissolve salts in water, but im very confused now |
What happens when u mix group 2 chlorides in water? |
I thought it'd dissolve... but am i wrong? I added calcium chloride to water, and it was smoking, i was so confused man. Can someone explain wtf happened? I am doing an experiment where i dissolve salts in water, but im very confused now
PS - my other salts are barium chloride, strontium chloride and magnesium chlo... |
I thought it'd dissolve... but am i wrong? I added calcium chloride to water, and it was smoking, i was so confused. Can someone explain happened? I am doing an experiment where i dissolve salts in water, but im very confused now.
PS - my other salts are barium chloride, strontium chloride and magnesium chloride. A... |
What happens when you mix group 2 chlorides in water? |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate or hexahydrate ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down ( if ice is used, down to -50 Deg C). Anhydrous chloride causes heating up.
Rather then smoking, it was condensed water vapor. Aside of dissolution enthalpy, these ... |
I prepared some PDMS mixing a Sylgard 186 (elastomer) and a curing agent with 10:1 ratio. I sucked all the bubbles and I sandwiched the PDMS between two glass slides to get flat surfaces. Finally I heated up at 60C for 6 hours. Now I would like to get my PDMS by removing one of the two glass slides, but it is practical... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down ( if ice is used in half mass of the chloride, down to -50 Deg C).
Anhydrous calcium chloride causes heating up while bei... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, in half of mass of the chlo... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, as the mixture hexahydrat... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, as the mixture hexahydrat... |
I am being asked by a colleague if the Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) we buy in our lab is "USP 26" or "USP 42". I've never heard those terms before. I searched up online but found nothing.
I'm sure its something concerning the US Pharmacopeia, but I've found their site to be extremely walled up and unhelpful.
Can an... |
What do "USP 26" and "USP 42" mean? |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, as the mixture hexahydrat... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, as the mixture hexahydrat... |
Have you used anhydrous $\ce{CaCl2}$, dihydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 2 H2O}$ or hexahydrate $\ce{CaCl2 . 6 H2O}$ ( 3 most common forms) ? It is a big difference in the resulting thermal effect.
Hexahydrate causes cooling down of the solution while being dissolved. If ice is used instead of water, as the mixture hexahydrat... |
Is there any relationship between q at constant volume and q at constant pressure that I could derive with just the reaction equation, and the enthalpy of formation and Cp of the products and reactants?
I am aware that q at constant pressure is enthalpy of formation of products - enthalpy of formation of reactants. |
[![formation of tetrazoles from ketones][1]][1]
Normally in schmidt reaction of ketones, amides are formed however for some reason here further reaction takes place and a tetrazole is formed. Here is my try for this reaction mechanism,
(if my mechanism attempt is wrong please point out the mistakes and the proper... |
[![this picture is what][1]][1]
I considered Nitrogen atom hybridizing its orbitals and then ending up having 3 "sp^2" orbitals and the Oxygen with 2 "sp" orbitals. The thing which bothers me is when people draw a radical (single electron) over the Nitrogen atom after there is the bond formation between Nitrogen an... |
[![this picture is what][1]][1]
I considered Nitrogen atom hybridizing its orbitals and then ending up having 3 "sp^2" orbitals and the Oxygen with 2 "sp" orbitals. The thing which bothers me is when people draw a radical (single electron) over the Nitrogen atom after there is the bond formation between Nitrogen an... |
My task was to do an intramolecular Claisen condensation with this molecule.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I already draw the product to the reaction, but I'm not sure, if I did it right. Could anyone help me out or confirm the solution? There should be only one product since there is symmetry.
Here ... |
I was wondering about $ \mathrm{CaCl_2} $ hydrolysis.
The most primitive answer would have been:
$ \mathrm{Ca(OH)_2} $ does not dilute that great, therefore it is not strong enough to have the $ \mathrm{Ca^{2\oplus}} $s not hydrolise. Thus:
$$
\mathrm{Ca^{2\oplus} + H_2O \rightleftharpoons CaOH^\oplus + H^\op... |
[![this picture is what][1]][1]
I considered the nitrogen atom hybridizing its orbitals and then ending up having 3 $\mathrm{sp^2}$ orbitals and the oxygen with 2 $\mathrm{sp}$ orbitals. The thing which bothers me is when people draw a radical (single electron) over the Nitrogen atom after there is the bond formati... |
I was wondering about $ \mathrm{CaCl_2} $ hydrolysis.
The most primitive answer would have been:
$ \mathrm{Ca(OH)_2} $ does not dilute that great, therefore it is not strong enough to have the $ \mathrm{Ca^{2\oplus}} $s not hydrolise. Thus:
$$
\ce{Ca^2+ + H2O -> CaOH^+ + H+}
$$
Yet, as we can see in [this... |
I was recently looking into an aspirin hydrolysis preparation lab and noticed the following:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
(This preparation was taken from http://www.kii3.ntf.uni-lj.si/analchemvoc2/file.php/1/HTML/SPEKTRA/kinetics2.htm)
What is it meant by *blisters*, and by extension, the droplets? Does ... |
What is it meant by “preparing solutions on a blister”? |
There is not enough information to decide, and the question is not clearly worded.
As to the wording, "two volatile solutions (ideal) of **pure** liquids P and Q respectively," implies there is *no* vapor present, yet "vapours can travel through". What is the volume of each volatile *liquid*, and the **total** volum... |
Let's say we have standard chemical reaction given by
$$A-B + C \leftrightharpoons [A\cdot\cdot B\cdot\cdot C]^{\dagger} \rightarrow A +B-C$$
I want to estimate the pre-exponential factor of this reaction using Transition State Theory.
From *Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Engineering* by Davis and Davis, I ... |
I was wondering about $ \ce{CaCl2} $ hydrolysis.
The most primitive answer would have been:
$ \ce{Ca(OH)2} $ does not dilute that great, therefore it is not strong enough to have the $ \ce{Ca^2+} $s not hydrolise. Thus:
$$
\ce{Ca^2+ + H2O -> CaOH^+ + H+}
$$
Yet, as we can see in [this answer][1] - $ \math... |
The order of electron donating tendency with polar protic solvent goes as
$$\ce{RCH2 > RCH=CH > RC=C-}$$
However, I think that with the increase in the number of bonds the electronegativity between $\ce{R}$ and $\ce{C}$ increased and the leaving group should rather be able to leave easily. Where am I going wrong... |
I was wondering about $ \ce{CaCl2} $ hydrolysis.
The most primitive answer would have been:
$ \ce{Ca(OH)2} $ does not dilute that great, therefore it is not strong enough to have the $ \ce{Ca^2+} $s not hydrolise. Thus:
$$
\ce{Ca^2+ + H2O <<=> CaOH^+ + H+}
$$
Yet, as we can see in [this answer][1] - $ \ma... |
There are these everyday things that one should know as a scientist and especially as a chemist, but which never come to light in an academic curriculum — at least not in mine.
One such thing is the purpose of imperative non-disruption of the cold chain. It is clear that there are plenty of reasons why it is c... |
Okay so the first thing to note is that the "electron donating" tendency follows the given order because the electronegativity of "carbon" increases. You could explain this with something as simple as the hybridisation theory. Notice the hybridisation difference between the carbon atoms in the first and second compound... |
The answer may be somewhat counterintuitive. Yes, an inert gas does very much exert pressure on a solid or liquid. The problem is that the chemical potential of the substance in the gas phase is not affected by the inert gas (if the gas is assumed ideal).
Assume you have a substance (liquid or solid) in a rigid isot... |
Will group 2 chlorides dissolve in water in water or react to produce distinct products? How does this differ by the type of salt? |
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