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What is the effect of impurities on ice? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/FEIU4.png
Are the mechanism and the product for this given reaction right or is there anything wrong with it?
1,2 - Epoxybutane has originally the 2R configuration and the product got an R configuration as well.
I was not sure about, ... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic reaction that occurs from apparently the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydroden chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to a limited extent:
$$\ce{ CaO (s) ... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic dissolution reaction that occurs from replicating the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydrogen chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to a limited extent:
$$... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic dissolution reaction that occurs with solid $\ce{CaCl2}$ from replicating the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydrogen chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic dissolution reaction that occurs with solid $\ce{CaCl2}$ from replicating the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydrogen chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic dissolution reaction that occurs with solid $\ce{CaCl2}$ from replicating the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydrogen chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to... |
There is actually a somewhat unique and important aspect of anhydrous Calcium chloride hydrolysis, not yet addressed.
Namely, a very exothermic dissolution reaction that occurs with solid $\ce{CaCl2}$ from replicating the reverse reaction of its formation from Hydrogen chloride acting on Calcium oxide, at least, to... |
According to BRS Physiology book : excessive NaCl intake will lead to an increase in the osmolarity of the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) compartment, and thus will lead to water shift from the Intracellular Fluid (ICF) compartment to the ECF so the ICF osmolarity increases until the osmolarities equal each other.
>But i... |
How is equilibrium achieved in osmosis? |
Fomepizole is essential drug for methanol poisoning, I observed it cost too much like in 1000's of dollar for couple of ml.
Is cost due to patents, or due to synthesis cost,structure of molecule looks very small and easy, then why so much difficulty in synthesizing molecule ? |
According to BRS Physiology book:
> excessive NaCl intake will lead to an increase in the osmolarity of the Extracellular Fluid (ECF) compartment, and thus will lead to water shift from the Intracellular Fluid (ICF) compartment to the ECF so the ICF osmolarity increases until the osmolarities equal each other.
But ... |
I've recently learned that as an orbital gets larger, its energy gets closer to 0. Before this, I learned that when an electron moves down an orbital it releases the energy difference between those orbitals. This would suggest that higher orbitals have more energy, but apparently this isn't the case.
Can anyone iden... |
Do higher orbitals have more energy or less energy? |
Interesting that the cost in the US for the USDA-approved form [is US$900 per 1.5 ml IV ampule][1]. (Specific gravity is given as ~1, i.e. 1.5 g per ampule).
That chemical, 4-methylpyrazole, "For Research Use Only. Not Intended for Diagnostic or Therapeutic Use.", is [available for US$74 per g][1] .
So if standar... |
Why arent elements like Calcium with valence shell ns2 stable, aren't all the orbitals filled? Why is it necessary to obtain octet? (Ignoring the trivial cases of Hydrogen and Helium) |
Why isn't just a valence shell ns2 stable? |
What is the minimum number of given sets of information required to complete an ICE chart for an equilibrium reaction? |
Alright I think you have the basics down, first of all I have a couple pointers for you since I have done many (*many*) RICE charts. What I would do if I were you? Since I have some experience in programming I would just use molarities of the initial and final.
You must make the user input the data, say if the user ... |
From Costanzo's Physiology:
> Osmosis of water is *not* diffusion of water: Osmosis occurs because of a pressure difference, whereas diffusion occurs because of a concentration (or activity) difference of water.
Also from Costanzo, describing two solutions 1, and 2 , seprated by a semipermeable membrane, and 1... |
It's said that atomic size/radius increases across a period due to the addition of protons and electrons. But how does this actually work? |
Why do atomic radii decrease across a period? |
It's said that atomic size/radius decreases across a period, in spite of addition of electrons. But how does this actually work? |
How do i get acetic acid from vinegar? |
This is my understanding: A free radical is a molecule with a single unpaired electron. This molecule is highly reactive because it wants to steal an electron from another molecule (oxidation). Anti-oxidants are strong reducing agents that can donate their electrons to free radicals to neutralize them.
In order for ... |
After neutralizing a free radical, why don't anti-oxidants become free radicals themselves? |
I've read this in a book
>During irreversible compression, large quantity of heat is produced due to friction, while the decrease in volume is less. Thus, increase in entropy due to rise in temperature exceeds the decrease in entropy due to decrease in volume.
I don't get this at all. Is the friction they're talkin... |
Why is entropy change in an irreversible adiabatic process positive? |
I have been trying to model various species decomposition/combustion in Chemkin Pro.
Chemkin only lets you to allow to input gas phase and surface site solid species in your input files, but I have various fuels/propellants in liquid state whose decomposition/combustion I need to model.
Is there any way to input ... |
From Costanzo's Physiology:
> Osmosis of water is *not* diffusion of water: Osmosis occurs because of a pressure difference, whereas diffusion occurs because of a concentration (or activity) difference of water.
Also from Costanzo, describing two solutions 1, and 2 , seprated by a semipermeable membrane, and 1... |
I read in my book that alkanes are saturated compunds and the valencies of carbon are satisfied by single bonds. I knew that propane and butane are highly flammable and could cause explosion.
My question
If alkanes are less reactive then why they are highly flammable and could cause unfortunate explosion? |
For some time I've been buying a brand 'A' of (non-sparkling) bottled water.
It wasn't easy to find one that I liked, because I make tea with it, and most other brands I tried made murky, smelly, dark tea, with a disgusting film on top, whereas this one was perfect.
Unfortunately, I just found that the supermarke... |
There are! First off, you're correct that Hartree-Fock and DFT produce effective one-particle states $\phi_i$ which are the molecular orbitals (MOs) in the case of HF or the Kohn-Sham (KS) orbitals in the case of DFT (I'll focus on Hartree-Fock since I am more familiar with it than DFT). The MOs are defined via expansi... |
You only need to know how to write chemical formulae and know two facts:
I) 1 mole of a substance equals it atomic or molecular weight.
II) 1 mole of a substance has $\ce{6.02×10^23}$ particles or units.
Think of moles like a dozen. Have you eaten a double-yolked eggs by chance?
If we buy 1 dozen double yol... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/y8WvI.png
A 13C NMR on aniline shows that the carbons further from the -NH2 amine group are more downfield than the ones near the top of the benzene ring. If electronegative atoms like Nitrogen have a deshielding effect on nearby Carbons, ... |
Why are carbons that are further from the amine group on aniline more downfield? |
[![Aniline structure with 13-C values][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/y8WvI.png
A $\ce{^{13}C}$-NMR of aniline shows that the carbons further from the $\ce{-NH2}$ group are more downfield than the ones near the top of the benzene ring. If electronegative atoms like nitrogen have a deshielding effect on... |
13C-NMR of aniline: Why are carbons that are further from the amine group more downfield than carbons that are closer? |
> How does the solute produce an osomtic pressure?
The solute creates a difference in the chemical potential of the solvent in two chambers separated by a selectively permeable membrane that allows passage only of the solvent. The system changes such as to reduce the imbalance in chemical potential and the only way ... |
There are these everyday things that one should know as a scientist and especially as a chemist, but which never come to light in an academic curriculum — at least not in mine.
One such thing is the purpose of imperative non-disruption of the cold chain. It is clear that there are plenty of reasons why it is c... |
For some time I've been buying a brand 'A' of (non-sparkling) bottled water.
It wasn't easy to find one that I liked, because I make tea with it, and most other brands I tried made murky, smelly, dark tea, with a disgusting film on top, whereas this one was perfect.
Unfortunately, I just found that the supermarke... |
How to correct the pH and composition of bottled water? |
Why arent elements like calcium with an electron configuration of $[\text{noble gas}]\ n\mathrm{s}^2$ stable, although all the populated orbitals are fuully filled? Why is it necessary to obtain an octet configuration instead? (Ignoring the trivial cases of hydrogen and helium) |
Why isn't just a fully occupied valence s orbital stable? |
I understand that Auger electrons are emitted when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a open inner shell and EDX uses electrons that fall from outer shells when an inner shell is kicked off. I also have read that AED has a higher spatial resolution but I don't understand WHY this spatial resolution is high... |
I'm quite new to the field, and actually am a mathematician. I was wondering if there is a way to model (find the equation of) the reaction progress (more specifically, the activation energy functions) using some equation?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Optimally I'd like to use some graphing calcula... |
Here is a possible answer from inorganic chemistry centered on the $\ce{ClOClO}$ dimer.
Apparently, the $\ce{(ClO)2}$ dimer also exists as $\ce{(OCl)2}$ per the following important reaction leading up to chlorate (problematic from an environmental perspective) formation:
$$\ce{OClOCl + ClOClO -> OClO + Cl2 + OCl... |
Distilled water unfit for human consumption should be identified on the label with giant red letters; otherwise it should be mineral-free and quite pure. Getting an accurate pH will be difficult since there will be such low ionic conductivity. Possible contaminants like low vapor pressure organic compounds? Like ethano... |
suppose a carbanion is involved in resonance and thus its electrons conjugate with unhybridised p orbital
of the nearby sp2 hybridised carbon and thus a pi bond. As carbanions are sp3 hybridised how would it form a pi bond.or will its hybridisation change? |
Hydrocarbons (i.e., molecules containing carbon and hydrogen only) are generally less dense than water. Yet chloroform, which is a halogenated hydrocarbon, is more dense.
Why is this? I know water is more dense than hydrocarbons because its polar nature would cause it to pack more tightly. But ,why chloroform... |
I need the anhydrous form of FeSO4 (7720-78-7 ). I have FeSO4.7H2O, is there anyway it can be converted to anhydrous? or at least monohydrate?
Do you know where I can purchase it? Most vendors only have the heptahydrate form, even vendors that listed the anhydrous as available, but when I asked, they only have the ... |
How to make anhydrous FeSO4 from heptahydrate form? |
I need the anhydrous form of $\ce{FeSO4}$ (7720-78-7). I have $\ce{FeSO4.7H2O}$, is there anyway it can be converted to anhydrous? Or at least to monohydrate?
Do you know where I can purchase it? Most vendors only have the heptahydrate form, even vendors that listed the anhydrous as available, but when I asked, the... |
I need the anhydrous form of $\ce{FeSO4}$ (7720-78-7). I have $\ce{FeSO4.7H2O}$, is there anyway it can be converted to anhydrous form, or at least to monohydrate?
Do you know where I can purchase it? Most vendors only have the heptahydrate form, even vendors that listed the anhydrous as available, but when I asked... |
I found out that if we want to find the entropy change in an irreversible process let's say $\text{state A} \to \text{state B}$ , we find or make an **reversible** path for the same process and find the entropy change for that irreversible process. The thing I don't get is that, even if entropy is a state function, doe... |
I have an alloy made of 50% Iron and 50% cobalt.
I see occasionally in the literature this is written FeCo alloy.
But shouldn't it be CoFe alloy since the chemical symbols are supposed to be arranged in alphabetical order?
Is there somewhere where these rules are written down? |
How would I correct this Hess Cycle? |
Since first electron affinity is almost always negative, atoms of all elements must have an affinity towards electron. But shouldn't metals want to lose electron(s) rather than having an affinity towards it? Take lithium for example. It can attain noble gas configuration is it loses an electron. But first electron affi... |
Does all neutral atom have affinity towards electron? |
I have an alloy made of 50% iron and 50% cobalt. I see occasionally in the literature this is written as FeCo alloy.
But shouldn't it be CoFe alloy since the chemical symbols are supposed to be arranged in alphabetical order?
Is there somewhere where these rules are written down? |
Should equiatomic iron–cobalt alloy be written as FeCo or CoFe? |
Why is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) ubiquitously synthesized and used as a primary standard, while sodium hydrogen phthalate isn't even available to buy? |
Why isn't sodium hydrogen phthalate used instead of KHP? |
How would I correct this Hess cycle? |
How to make anhydrous or monohydrate FeSO4 from heptahydrate form? |
Since first electron affinity is almost always negative, neutral atoms of all elements(including metals) must have an affinity towards electron. But shouldn't metals want to lose electron(s) rather than having an affinity towards it?
Take lithium for example. It can attain noble gas configuration is it loses an elec... |
Why does neutral metal atoms have affinity towards electron? |
Since first electron affinity is almost always negative, neutral atoms of most elements (including metals) must have an affinity towards electron. But shouldn't metals want to lose electron(s) rather than having an affinity towards it?
Take lithium for example. It can attain noble gas configuration as it loses an el... |
Why do neutral metal atoms have affinity towards electrons? |
I am trying to answer the question: "between concentration and temperature, which has a greater significance on the rate of reaction"
Hence, I'm trying to find a method to systematically compare the impact/significance of concentration and temperature on rate. This is where I ended up trying to differentiate the Ar... |
Does it make sense to differentiate the Arrhenius equation with respect to Temperature? |
With respect to your question on the math, I start with the equation:
$\ce{k = Ae^{-E_{a}/RT}}$
and would recommend simplifying the math by first proceeding with the introduction of a natural log transformation:
$\ce{ln(k) = ln(A)-E_{a}/RT}$
Then, take the derivative of ln(k) with respect to T:
$\ce{ d(... |
With respect to your question on the math, I start with the Arrhenius equation:
$\ce{k = Ae^{-E_{a}/RT}}$
and would recommend simplifying the math by first proceeding with the introduction of a natural log transformation:
$\ce{ln(k) = ln(A)-E_{a}/RT}$
Then, take the derivative of ln(k) with respect to T:
... |
With respect to your question on the math, I start with the Arrhenius equation:
$\ce{k = Ae^{-E_{a}/RT}}$
and would recommend simplifying the math by first proceeding with the introduction of a natural log transformation:
$\ce{ln(k) = ln(A)-E_{a}/RT}$
Then, take the derivative of ln(k) with respect to T we ... |
I am trying to answer the question: "between concentration and temperature, which has a greater significance on the rate of reaction"
Hence, I'm trying to find a method to systematically compare the impact/significance of concentration and temperature on rate. This is where I ended up trying to differentiate the Ar... |
Suppose a carbanion is involved in resonance and thus its electrons conjugate with unhybridised p orbital
of the nearby sp2 hybridised carbon and a pi bond is formed. Since carbanions are sp3 hybridised, how would it form a pi bond or will the hybridisation of the carbon change? |
What is the equation to represent the polymerization of polymerization?
It has to be in this general formula H-R-OH + H-R-OH -> H-R-R-OH + H2O.
I have this so far:
CH3-CH=CH2-OH + CH3-CH=CH2-OH -> .... + H2O
I'm confused as to how this reaction would work |
What is the equation to represent the polymerization of propene?
It has to be in this general formula H-R-OH + H-R-OH -> H-R-R-OH + H2O.
I have this so far:
CH3-CH=CH2-OH + CH3-CH=CH2-OH -> .... + H2O
I'm confused as to how this reaction would work |
I am trying to answer the question: "between concentration and temperature, which has a greater significance on the rate of reaction"
Hence, I'm trying to find a method to systematically compare the impact/significance of concentration and temperature on rate. This is where I ended up trying to differentiate the Ar... |
What is the equation to represent the polymerization of propene?
It has to be in the form of general formula:
$$\ce{H-R-OH + H-R-OH -> H-R-R-OH + H2O}$$
I have this so far:
$$\ce{CH3-CH=CH2-OH + CH3-CH=CH2-OH -> ... + H2O}$$
I'm confused as to how this reaction would work. |
With respect to your question on the math, I start with the Arrhenius equation:
$\ce{k = Ae^{-E_{a}/RT}}$
and would recommend simplifying the math by first proceeding with the introduction of a natural log transformation (this can also be used to linearly estimate $\ce{E_{a}}$, see [discussion here](https://opent... |
The covalently bonded F atom, being highly electronegative, would induce a high partially positive polarity on the H atom. But on the other side, the more electronegative atom F will form a stronger Hydrogen bond than the comparatively less electronegative O atom.
Any flaw in my reasoning? |
Which of the following Hydrogen Bond (shown by the dotted line) has the highest average bond energy?? A) F-H....F B)F-H....O |
> Which of the following hydrogen bonds (shown by the dotted line) has the highest average bond energy?
>
> A) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}F}$
> B) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}O}$
The covalently bonded F atom, being highly electronegative, would induce a high partially positive polarity on the H atom. But on the other side, the mo... |
Given that PtCl4.2HCl when reacted with excess of AgNO3 produced zero moles of AgCl, I understand that all the Cl atoms are inside the coordination sphere. But what will the formula and thus name of this complex be? And what could the coordination polyhedron look like? Would the name be
$$\ce{H2[Pt(Cl)6]}$$ or $$\ce... |
With respect to your question on the math, I start with the Arrhenius equation:
$$k = A\mathrm e^{-E_\mathrm{a}/(RT)}$$
and would recommend simplifying the math by first proceeding with the introduction of a natural log transformation (this can also be used to linearly estimate $E_\mathrm{a},$ see [discussion her... |
I came through this question: Which form is stable Gauche or Anti in F-CH2-CH2-F?
My answer: Due to lone pair repulsion Anti form should be more stable but the answer is given Gauche form. Please tell me how is gauche form more stable in this case?
|
How is pumping "Air" into a bicycle make dW (delta work )negative , when in fact there is a increase in pressure and a slight increase in volume? |
In lab, students collect 42.6mL of N2 gas over water 24 C and 751 torr. The water in the eudiometer is 16.5 cm higher than the water outside.
Calculate the dry standard volume of N2?
I'm given the volume with water vapour i assume and i need to calculate the dry volume
" The water in the eudiometer is 16.5 c... |
Eudiometer Problem? |
Assume that we've "solved" the RHF Hartree-Fock equations in some finite basis, that is, we have arrived at a self-consistent set of coefficients $c_{\mu{}i}$ such that each spatial molecular orbital is expanded as $\chi_i = \sum_{\mu=1}^K c_{\mu{}i}\varphi_i$. By construction, this set of orbitals is orthonormal, and ... |
Can we relate approximate Hartree-Fock orbitals to true solutions in the basis-set limit? |
Given that $\ce{PtCl4.2HCl}$ when reacted with excess of $\ce{AgNO3}$ produced zero moles of $\ce{AgCl}$, I understand that all the chlorine atoms are inside the coordination sphere. But what will the formula and thus name of this complex be? And what could the coordination polyhedron look like? Would the name be
$$\... |
is there a reliable database with the pKa of halogenated carboxylic acids? I am also looking for the pKa of ethanoic acid substituted with other electronegative elements (like sulfur and oxygen). |
In our village lots of ash produced lot of it is thrown so I want to extract pure potassium carbonate but able to extract potassium compound and soluble compound by recrystallizing and evaporating hence I found impurities the first test I done is electrolysis, during electrolysis there is chlorine gas which able to cha... |
how to extract pure potassium carbonate from ash? |
In our village lots of ash produced lot of it is thrown so I want to extract pure potassium carbonate but able to extract potassium compound and soluble compound by recrystallizing and evaporating hence I found impurities the first test I done is electrolysis, during electrolysis there is chlorine gas which able to cha... |
According to change in entropy for a reversible phase transition, say from liquid to gas at constant pressure $p$ and temperature $T$
: $\Delta S =\frac{\int dq_p}{T} $ which comes out to be $\Delta S =\frac{\Delta H_{vap}}{T_b}$. This means that this process is spontaneous since Entropy change is positive. But the... |
In our village lots of ash produced lot of it is thrown so I want to extract pure potassium carbonate but able to extract potassium compound and soluble compound by recrystallizing and evaporating hence I found impurities the first test I do is electrolysis, during electrolysis there is presence of chlorine gas which a... |
I am trying to answer the question: "between concentration and temperature, which has a greater significance on the rate of reaction"
Hence, I'm trying to find a method to systematically compare the impact/significance of concentration and temperature on rate. This is where I ended up trying to differentiate the Ar... |
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