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The composition of ghee varies depending on the animal whose milk has been used. Ghee is a complex lipid of glycerides (majorly triglycerides), free fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols, sterol esters, fat soluble vitamins, carbonyls, hydrocarbons and carotenoids (only in ghee derived from cow milk). [![enter image des...
In every textbook I read, it says that heat is a form/type of energy... but in lecture, my professor said, that there is no such energy as heat and that heat is just a method by which we can transport energy to another system. Do these 2 statements say the same and I'm just reinterpreting the first one badly. If I were...
Is heat a form of energy or is it just a transport of energy, not energy itself?
If Electronegativity of Cl is greater than H2 then why is the bond angle of Cl2O greater than H2O? Cl2 has more EN than H2 and size of Cl2 is more than H2 but if we go according to EN then more angle should be of H2O as electrons in H2O would more nearer to O2 than the electrons in Cl2O near to O2?
If Electronegativity of Cl is greater than H2 then why is the bond angle of Cl2O greater than H2O?
I want to make around 40-200g of metal cylinders that would ideally have a length of around 1-100μm in size (smaller preferred). The rods will be made of some ferromagnetic material such as Iron or Nickel. The reason for this is to make a magnetic field display where the tiny metal rods are submersed in a visc...
How can I make a lot microscopic rods of metal?
I want to make around 40-200 g of metal cylinders that would ideally have a length of around 1-100 μm in size (smaller preferred). The rods will be made of some ferromagnetic material such as Iron or Nickel. The reason for this is to make a magnetic field display where the tiny metal rods are submersed in a viscous...
How can I make a lot of microscopic rods of metal?
If you add NaOH to D-glucose in water, a mixture of almost all aldohexoses will result over time, including mannose and fructose. I wonder how much of each will be present. My assumption is that the most stable D-beta-glucose will be the most common but I'd love to see some data as I'm sure somebody did the experiment....
Glucose and related aldohexoses are interconvertible with a little base. Does anybody know how much of each sugar is present at equilibrium?
The specific heat capacity at constant volume and the specific heat capacity at constant pressure are intensive properties defined for pure, simple compressible substances as partial derivatives of the functions u(T, υ) and h(T, p), respectively, $$c_v=\left ( \frac{\partial u}{\partial T} \right )_v$$ $$c_p=\left ( ...
I was solving a question in which I had to calculate Enthalpy of formation of $\ce{CS_2(l)}$ using the given Enthalpy of combustion (**not in standard state**) of $\ce{C(s)}$, $\ce{S(s)}$ and $\ce{CS_2(l)}$. To calculate the $\Delta H_f$ of $\ce{CS_2(l)}$, we combine the corresponding equation of combustion of these...
Should temperature and pressure conditions for two reactions be same for them to combine for enthalpy calculations?
> The knowledge of standard heat of formation of various substances can be used to calculate the heat of reactions under standard conditions. The standard heat of any reaction is equal to the difference between the standard heat of formation of the products and the reactants Why is that so? I'd prefer physical deriv...
Why is Standard heat of reaction equal to difference between standard heats of formation of products and reactants?
I am a research assistant currently researching polymer leeching from wood billets into water and I'm at a crossroads with my colleagues: Do the the somewhat niche nature of the research, it is difficult to find a standardized method of testing leeching from wood. Is there a format approved and tested by NIST or is ...
I am preparing to copper electroplate an ABS plastic sheet in my home and I would greatly appreciate some input regarding a few questions I have. First, I noticed there are a few different copper electrolyte solutions and I would like to know which one would be optimal from an economics/cost point of view. If all go...
I am preparing to copper electroplate an ABS plastic sheet in my home and I would greatly appreciate some input regarding a few questions I have. First, I noticed there are a few different copper electrolyte solutions and I would like to know which one would be optimal from an economics/cost point of view. If all go...
In a Bomb Calorimeter we measure the change in temperature of water $\Delta T$. But when it comes to calculate the change in internal energy we use $$\Delta U = C_{cal}\Delta T$$ Where $C_{cal}$ is the specific heat capacity of the **whole calorimeter**. Why is that? What I mean is that we're measuring the change in te...
>When writing the net ionic equation, if one of the products ionizes, what is the most appropriate way to account for this in the answer? Take these two practice problems and their solutions from Ebbing (*8th ed*) that involve completing the molecular equation, then writing the net ionic equation: 4.42a: $\ce{Ca(...
What is the relationship between the stability constant of a copper (II) electrolyte complex ion and the output voltage Ecell?
Take these two practice problems and their solutions from Ebbing (*8th ed*) that involve completing the molecular equation, then writing the net ionic equation: 4.42a: $\ce{Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) -> }$ **soln:** $$\ce{Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) -> 2H2O(l) + Ca(HSO4)2(aq)}$$ $$\ce{OH-(aq) +2H+(aq) +SO4^{2-}(aq) ...
When writing the net ionic equation, if one of the products ionizes, what is the most appropriate way to account for this in the answer?
Why ZnS can be seen as the solution is made alkaline? Explain with reactions
I have a very rudimentary question on orbitals (I have basic chemistry knowledge, using for a comp chem project) Lithium, to my understanding, has three electrons allocated to the 1s and 2s orbitals. 2s is not full. How many orbitals are in lithium then? My comp chem package returns 5, which I am assuming has to do ...
I have a very rudimentary question on orbitals (I have basic chemistry knowledge, using for a comp chem project) Lithium, to my understanding, has three electrons allocated to the 1s and 2s orbitals. 2s is not full. How many orbitals are in lithium then? My comp chem package returns 5, which I am assuming has to do ...
In a Bomb Calorimeter we measure the change in temperature of water $\Delta T$. But when it comes to calculate the change in internal energy we use $$\Delta U = C_{cal}\Delta T$$ Where $C_{cal}$ is the specific heat capacity of the **whole calorimeter**. Why is that? What I mean is that we're measuring the change in te...
I'm wondering how chromium (as a metal or as a salt) behaves in a concentrated carbonate solution. Will it form any, one or several carbonate specie(s)? Will the metal solubilize? How does it affect chromium salts and their behavior? Does it matter which carbonate salt the solution is made from (Ca/Mg/Na/K/Mn/Fe/Zn...
How does chromium behave in a carbonate solution?
I'm wondering how chromium (as a metal or as a salt) behaves in a concentrated carbonate solution. Will it form any, one or several carbonate specie(s)? Will the metal solubilize? How does it affect chromium salts and their behavior? Does it matter which carbonate salt the solution is made from (Ca/Mg/Na/K/Mn/Fe/Zn...
I'm wondering how chromium (as a metal or as a salt) behaves in a concentrated carbonate solution. Will it form any, one or several carbonate specie(s)? Will the metal solubilize? How does it affect chromium salts and their behavior? Does it matter which carbonate salt the solution is made from (Ca/Mg/Na/K/Mn/Fe/Zn...
I'm wondering how chromium (as a metal or as a salt) behaves in a concentrated carbonate solution. Will it form any, one or several carbonate specie(s)? Will the metal solubilize? How does it affect chromium salts and their behavior? Does it matter which carbonate salt the solution is made from (Ca/Mg/Na/K/Mn/Fe/Zn...
In a Bomb Calorimeter we measure the change in temperature of water $\Delta T$. But when it comes to calculate the change in internal energy we use $$\Delta U = C_{cal}\Delta T$$ Where $C_{cal}$ is the specific heat capacity of the **whole calorimeter**. Why is that? What I mean is that we're measuring the change in te...
>Basically, a bomb calorimeter consists of a small cup to contain the sample, oxygen, a stainless steel bomb, water, a stirrer, a thermometer, the dewar or insulating container (to prevent heat flow from the calorimeter to the surroundings), and ignition circuit connected to the bomb. (*) The whole device known as c...
I am a research assistant currently researching polymer leeching of the byproducts of the reaction of ethanol and wood coating from wood billets into water and I'm at a crossroads with my colleagues. Do the the somewhat niche nature of the research, it is difficult to find a standardized method of testing leeching f...
In a constant volume bomb calorimeter, we measure the change in temperature of the calorimeter and find out it's change in internal energy. We then convert it to change in enthalpy. >To determine $\Delta H_c$ we write the balanced chemical equation to find $\Delta n_g$ and using the value of $\Delta U$ obtained fro...
In a Bomb Calorimeter, we measure the change in temperature of water $\Delta T$. But when it comes to calculating the change in internal energy we use $$\Delta U = C_{cal}\Delta T$$ Where $C_{cal}$ is the specific heat capacity of the **whole calorimeter**. Why is that? What I mean is that we're measuring the change in...
In a constant volume bomb-calorimeter, we can make chemical reactions take place. If we let chemical reactions freely take place in it, then the total internal energy change is zero. This is due to the fact there is no expansion work since the system is a constant volume by definition and the heat transferred is zero s...
The square of the wavefunction gives probability density of finding an electron somewhere in the orbital. The text I'm referring to says that the value of probability density is always higher than zero at any finite distance from the nucleus. so if probability density cannot be zero, then what about nodes? Ar...
For a Chemistry project I am measuring the effects of changing the concentration of Fe3+(aq) on the yield of FeSCN2+(aq) produced. I'm going to use a spectrophotometer to calculate the absorbance of the products. I was wondering what amounts of concentrations of Fe3+(aq) and SCN-(aq) would be suitable. My resear...
What would be a correct range of concentrations for the reactants in the equilibrium reaction Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) ⇌ FeSCN2+?
I am a research assistant currently researching the leaching of polymers the byproducts of the reaction of ethanol and wood coating from wood billets into water and I'm at a crossroads with my colleagues. Do the the somewhat niche nature of the research, it is difficult to find a standardized method of testing leech...
I heard that spontaneous reaction happens if $\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$ is negative. For combustion of methane, according to : https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/entropy/deltag.html one has : - $\Delta H=-891.1 kJ.K^{-1}.mol^{-1}$ - $\Delta S=-0.2422 kJ.K^{-1}.mol^{-1}$ Thus, I would deduce that at nor...
I heard that spontaneous reaction happens if $\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$ is negative. For combustion of methane, according to [Chemguide](https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/entropy/deltag.html): - $\Delta H=\pu{-891.1 kJ K^{-1} mol^{-1}}$ - $\Delta S=\pu{-0.2422 kJ K^{-1} mol^{-1}}$ Thus, I would deduce t...
>What would be a correct range of concentrations for the reactants in the equilibrium reaction, $\ce{Fe^3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) <=> FeSCN^2+}$? For a Chemistry project I am measuring the effects of changing the concentration of $\ce{Fe^3+(aq)}$ on the yield of $\ce{FeSCN^2+(aq)}$ produced. I'm going to use a spectrophotom...
While learning Periodic Properties, I stumbled upon a doubt regarding reactivity of elements of period 2 and period 3. (I am denoting reactivity, of any $X$ element as $R_{X}$.) For reactivity of $s-block$ elements, I saw $R_{Li}<R_{Na}$ . Acording to me this is so because since the metallic character increases d...
What are the advantages of using ellipsometry over AFM to determine film thickness?
> Which of the following hydrogen bonds (shown by the dotted line) has the highest average bond energy? > > A) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}F}$ > B) $\ce{F-H\bond{...}O}$ I am thinking the answer is $A$ since the covalently bonded F atom, being highly electronegative, would induce a high partially positive polarity on the...
**"Spontaneous" means different things in different contexts** Your penultimate paragraph captures a key idea. The explanation for why this is right requires a recognition of the *context* of the term "spontaneous". The context of the statement at the start of the question $\Delta G=\Delta H-T\Delta S$ is negativ...
I am confused with my teacher's explanation for the nomenclature of this organic compound. [![][1]][1] He said that we should start numbering from the sulphonic acid which is at the bottom . But one of the students asked if we should start numbering from the other sulphonic acid and with this method the double bon...
What should be the nomenclature of this organic compound?
I am confused with my teacher's explanation for the nomenclature of this organic compound. [![][1]][1] He said that we should start numbering from the sulphonic acid which is at the bottom . But one of the students asked if we should start numbering from the other sulphonic acid and with this method the double bon...
>What would be a correct range of concentrations for the reactants in the equilibrium reaction, $\ce{Fe^3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) <=> FeSCN^2+}$? For a Chemistry project I am measuring the effects of changing the concentration of $\ce{Fe^3+(aq)}$ on the yield of $\ce{FeSCN^2+(aq)}$ produced. I'm going to use a spectrophotom...
I am confused with my teacher's explanation for the nomenclature of this organic compound. [![][1]][1] He said that we should start numbering from the sulphonic acid which is at the bottom. But one of the students asked if we should start numbering from the other sulphonic acid and with this method the double bon...
How many dichlorinated products including stereoisomers can be isolated when (S)-2-chlorobutane reacts with Cl2 /hv?
I am not planning to do these types of experiments but I would like to know the order of magnitude of the time it takes to run an LC-MS/MS experiment. Let's assume that I have the sample prep (protein) finished and I just need to load the sample into the LC. How long would I need to wait before I would get MS/MS data? ...
I used a detergent powder mixed with water to clean my espresso machine. Some micro particles of powder are stuck into machine's inner tank. So when I pull the hot water out of the machine's nozzle, it contains micro powders and it tastes powdery. What solution can I use instead of water to wash out all those sticky p...
A paper I'm reading says: > The low energy conformation of 3 minimizes the overall dipole moment of the compound and thus rotates the exocyclic amide 180° from desired conformation, as can been seen in structure 4. Why does this rotation minimize the overall dipole moment? [![enter image description here][1]][...
How does this rotation minimize the dipole moment?
Planar density is given by numer of atoms in plane /plane area . Suppose I want to calculate planar density of 100, 101 and 111 planes of Nacl. Radius of Na+ and Cl- ions is 0.086 nm and 0.126 nm.Na+ are present at octahedral voids and cl- at FCC but the problem which I am facing is that I cannot add simply the n...
How to calculate planar density of a face /plane of crystal with cation and anions?
How many monochloro products including stereoisomers of the given compound are possible?
I am reading a tutorial on biochemical reactions and mass action kinetics (https://www.math.utah.edu/~keener/books/control.pdf, pp. 1-2) and would like to derive an analytic solution to confirm simulation results. This is NOT a homework question, I am simply trying to understand things. The tutorial considers a sim...
how to derive equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions for mass action reactions?
I am reading a tutorial on biochemical reactions and mass action kinetics (https://www.math.utah.edu/~keener/books/control.pdf, pp. 1-2) and would like to derive an analytic solution to confirm simulation results. This is NOT a homework question, I am simply trying to understand things. The tutorial considers a sim...
I am preparing to copper electroplate an ABS plastic sheet in my home and wanted to know what the best container/environment would be to store the copper acetate solution. First, I created the solution using copper metal, vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. Can I simply store this solution in a plastic container? Sho...
Best Way to Store Copper Acetate Solution?
I saw somewhere that all metal ions except for the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals will hydrolyze to increase acidity. If I'm interpreting things correctly, sodium ions, for example, will not hydrolyze because sodium hydroxide is strong, thus sodium ions will not react with water to form sodium hydroxide and hy...
How can you tell if a metal ion will hydrolyze to form an acidic solution?
I am doing an Internal Assessment for my IB chemistry class, and I want to do something on Hess's Law, and I'll be doing it simulation based, using [this][1] website. With the solutions and equipment on that simulation, what is a good experiment I can do? I want to avoid doing something relatively easy like 'finding t...
we have learnt in thermo that delta S is zero in reversible process Now, when a solid melts reversibly is delta s zero since reversible or positive since the particles are more energetic in liquid phase which one do I follow? Thanks in advance.
I got how the real pressure would be less than ideal pressure due to net force of attraction between gas molecules acting towards the center. But, why is the real volume greater than ideal volume? I thought the real volume would be less than ideal one since the ideal volume is the volume of container (volume of gas ...
1,4-dibromobutane reacts with magnesium to form cyclobutane as main product. The the side products are buta-1,3-diene, ethene, butane, (E) and (Z) but-2-ene. The reaction has been performed in xylene solvent to give a mixture of hydrocarbon(81%) and cyclobutane(13%). The best yield for cyclobutane from 1,4-dibromobuta...
*What is the melting point of egg yolk?* Well, generally, when we break an egg, the yolk is in liquid state. After we pour it on a pan, the egg starts to cook and it hardens. My question is, can an egg melt/boil ? What are the conditions to be imposed?
I stumbled upon a question, **A mixture of 50 mL of Hydrogen gas and 50mL of Oxygen gas is allowed to effuse through an effusimeter. After some time it is observed that the residual gas occupies 90mL. Find the composition of (1) Effused gas and (2) Residual gas.** Since there was no information given about the pressur...
[Hexabromocyclododecane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexabromocyclododecane) has 16 possible stereo-isomers. So far so good. I found that: - __134237-50-6__ is the CAS of [alpha-Hexabromocyclododecan](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/11763618) - __134237-51-7__ is the CAS of [beta-Hexabromocyclodode...
The `(−)-` in the chemical name refers to the optical activity of the compound, that is to tilt the plane of linerarly polarized light to the left (levo-rotatory), or to the right (dextro-rotatory) as determined with a [polarimeter][1]. It may be either `(−)-` (minus sign) or `(+)-` (plus sign), as seen, for example, ...
As part of my IB Chemistry curriculum, we are required to conduct our own experiment researching our own question. I'm in the preliminary research phase and wanted to conduct an experiment looking at the effectiveness of zinc oxide (the active ingredient in many physical sunscreens) in absorbing UV light at different p...
Is it possible to make a solution of zinc oxide in a high school chemistry lab?
Sulphur dioxide has only two bonds at 180º so shouldn't the dipole moment of molecule be 0 and as ammonia has 1 lone pair so it's dipole can't be 0 so how Sulphur dioxide has more dipole moment than ammonia?
How is dipole moment of ammonia less than sulphur dioxide?
I am confused with my teacher's explanation for the nomenclature of this organic compound. [![][1]][1] He said that we should start numbering from the sulphonic acid at the bottom of the structure. But one of the students asked if we should start numbering from the other sulphonic acid and with this method the do...
I am preparing to copper electroplate an ABS plastic sheet in my home and wanted to know what the best container/environment would be to store the copper acetate solution. First, I created the solution using copper metal, vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. Can I simply store this solution in a plastic container? Sho...
I am preparing to copper electroplate an ABS plastic sheet in my home and wanted to know what the best container/environment would be to store the copper acetate solution. First, I created the solution using copper metal, vinegar and hydrogen peroxide. Can I simply store this solution in a plastic container? ...
For optical isomerism chiral carbon should be present i.e. carbon with four different groups but this compound doesn't have one then why does it show optical isomerism?
Why does [Ni(gly)2] show optical isomerism despite having no chiral carbon?
[![enter image description here][1]][1] Hello At first, let me tell you the reason for the rotation. As I have mentioned in the picture, the lone pair on Nitrogen can contribute to two different [resonance structures][2]. One of the resonances leads to the aromaticity of the ring which I have mentioned with number ...
Why do the polysaccharides consisting of alpha-glucose such as starch and glycogen have helical structure, while the one such as cellulose consisting of beta glucose don't display such structures? The textbook said that is because of the angle of 1-4 linkage, but what kind of angle is it that makes helical structur...
I want to ask a question about Van Der Waal's equation for real gases. I was shown the following formula for real gases (VDW) which accounts for the liquification of water vapour which is not possible with an ideal gas model. $$P = \frac{NkT}{V-Nb} - \frac{aN^2}{V^2} = \frac{\rho RT}{1-\rho b} - a \rho^2$$ w...
The ionization energy of radium is higher than barium. The reason provided is that occurs fue to lanthanide contraction. But, Radium isnt a member of lanthanide series. How come we say that lanthanide contraction occurs in it?
Why is the ionization energy of radium higher than barium?
Mass spectrum here: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Isoamyl-propionate#section=Information-Sources I've found the bigger peaks like m/z = 57, and 70 but how do I get 101? I've tried everything I could think of, like inductive cleavage or McLafferty rearrangement. Since it's 101, using rule of 13 I get the ...
How do I get the m/z = 101 peak for 3-methylbutyl propanoate?
does NH4OH lose concentration when it is open?
I have a sample question here. "In an experiment, a student placed 20cm^3 of a solution containing 0.04 mol of HCl in a plastic cup and added 20cm^3 of solution containing 0.04 mol of Na2CO3. The highest temperature rise is 15K. If the heat capacity per unit volume of the final solution is 4.2JK^-1cm^-3, what is t...
Using the mass of CaCO3 (0.500 g), what volume of CO2 (in mL) could theoretically be obtained if the reaction progressed to completion. Assume that the pressure was 101.3 kPa and the temperature was 22.5 oC and that the gas was behaving ideally. (R = 8.314 kPa L mol-1 K-1) I know that i will work with pv=nRT and to ...
The heavier elements only show L or M lines. Is that because the critical ionisation energy is too high to get K lines in higher atomic numbers? Can you ever get just the K lines, or just the M lines or L lines?
In Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, do higher atomic elements ever generate just K lines without l or m lines?
[![enter image description here][1]][1] ([reference][2], second source [here][3]) I've found the bigger peaks like m/z = 57, and 70 but how do I get 101? I've tried everything I could think of, like inductive cleavage or McLafferty rearrangement. Since it's 101, using rule of 13 I get the most likely formula to b...