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I found this reaction over [here][1]: ![image][2] which illustrates the carbonyl test but looks fuzzy. Assuming that the R in the product is a typo for H, I couldn't conserve the number of Nitrogen atoms. What is the correct reaction? Is this correct? Is there a possibility of a me...
![enter image description here][1]Recently a Cahn TG-171 Thermogravimetric Analyzer was donated to my school. We did not get a service or user's manual with it, and some of it still needs to be put back together. I have tried to contact Thermo Fisher who bought Cahn Instruments, but they no longer support the TG-17...
I know that nitrogen is versatile enough that it can form branched chains if it is all single bonds. For example: $\ce{H2N-N(NH3)-NH3}$ Is this compound a nitrane(nitrogen alkane)? If so how would I name this branched nitrogen compound?
I know that nitrogen is versatile enough that it can form branched chains if it is all single bonds. For example: $\ce{H2N-N(NH2)-NH2}$ Is this compound a nitrane (nitrogen alkane)? If so how would I name this branched nitrogen compound?
According to [this question][1], ballpoint pens start writing intermittently when the ink is drying up. In other words, the ink is basically clogged and does not flow any more. Are there ways to make it flow again? [1]: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/53682/what-causes-ballpoint-pens-to-write-inter...
I'm not sure if I understand the reasoning behind this particular question. The sigma and pi bonds of $\ce{C=C}$ have a combined bond dissociation energy of 632 kJ/mol. Using this information, predict whether the following reaction is exothermic or endothermic. $\ce{C_2H_4} + H_2O$ $\ce{-> CH_3CH_2OH}$ **My a...
I'm not sure if I understand the reasoning behind this particular question. The sigma and pi bonds of $\ce{C=C}$ have a combined bond dissociation energy of 632 kJ/mol. Using this information, predict whether the following reaction is exothermic or endothermic. $\ce{C2H4 + H2O -> CH3CH2OH}$ **My attempt**: ...
When white tin ($\beta$-tin) is cooled to a temperature below $13.2\ \mathrm{^\circ C}$, it creates the allotrope of gray ($\alpha$-tin), a gray, amorphous powder. My question is that once you have the powdered gray tin, doe just raising the temperature above the point of stability turn it back to white tin, but in...
I have run some tests with a PEM fuel cell and the voltage we have found was $1.44\ \mathrm{V}$. Given that the standard potential for a fuel cell is $1.229\ \mathrm{V}$ what is causing the difference in our measurement? Initially we provide power to the fuel cell so it can generate oxygen and hydrogen into separate...
I've been given a problem asking: >Estimate the standard enthalpy of formation of hydrazine, $\ce{N2H4(g)}$, from the following data. >\begin{align} \Delta{}H_\mathrm{B}(\ce{H2}) &= 436~\mathrm{kJ/mol}\\ \Delta{}H_\mathrm{B}(\ce{N2}) &= 944~\mathrm{kJ/mol}\\ \Delta{}H_\mathrm{B}(\ce{N–N}) &= 163~\mathrm{kJ/mol}\...
how to perform this reaction? I have prepared 4,4'-acylbiphenyl and want to make one acyl group into -OH and other into -COOH group.
The notion of heat capacity seemed a little odd to me. I thought that the word 'capacity' could be throwing me off. Do I understand the notion correctly? I take the word 'capacity' to express, roughly, 'the maximum amount of something that a thing can take'. My first intuition is that the maximum temperature of a sy...
Do I understand why heat capacity is called 'heat *capacity*'?
Can a nuclear reaction occur along with a chemical reaction involving bond formation? Can anyone suggest an example of this, please?
How to perform this reaction? I have prepared 4,4'-acylbiphenyl and want to make one acyl group into $\ce{-OH}$ and other into $\ce{-COOH}$ group.
How do I perform this reaction? I have prepared 4,4'-acylbiphenyl and want to make one acyl group into $\ce{-OH}$ and other into $\ce{-COOH}$ group.
The notion of heat capacity seemed a little odd to me. I thought that the word 'capacity' could be throwing me off. Do I understand the notion correctly? I take the word 'capacity' to express, roughly, 'the maximum amount of something that a thing can take'. My first intuition is that the maximum temperature of a sy...
I've just found read that entropy increases through these reasons: 1. Changing the phase of the elements to a gas. 2. Increasing the **molar mass of that specific element** increases the entropy. I understand the first one, but I can't grasp the second one. Because naturally you would think that $\ce{H2}$ w...
What will be the order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution in case of the following compounds? Benzene, Ethyl Benzene, Isopropyl Benzene, Tert-butyl benzene The answer at the end of the book says that ethyl benzene will be most reactive (the book doesn't explain the cause though it's a MCQ) but as ac...
It's the last one, where 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane breaks apart into... something. ![enter image description here][2] Here's the workup I have. I want to put out there that I'm not concerned about getting the optimal yield yet. Just making the product. Free radical addition of $\ce{Br}$ to the 2 position. ...
> List the following alkanes in order of increasing boiling point. > A. $\ce{CH3(CH2)4CH3}$ B. $\ce{(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2}$ C. $\ce{CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH3}$ >Answer: $C<B<A$, low to high. Why is it that B has not a lower boiling point than C? Is it not more branched? I believe branching decreases surface area...
> There are two types of stationary phases used in thin layer chromatography. One stationary phase is made of aluminium oxide. Which of the following molecules would be expected to have the smallest $R_f$ using aluminium oxide as the stationary phase on the glass slide? > (a) $\ce{CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH}$ (b) $\ce{...
I was holding a piece of plastic earlier, and I ripped it in half. This caused me to start to think about what was happening at the atomic level. If the plastic is being ripped, clearly bonds are being broken and new bonds are being formed, so is this not a chemical reaction? I realize that the plastic retains all o...
I can understand that the carbon atoms in benzene have delocalized p electrons that are shared amongst all 6 of the carbons in a cloud on either side of the ring. I also understand why this could be represented as resonance structures like so: ![resonance benzene][1] I can also understand representing it in this ...
Is the resonance depiction of benzene typically portrayed incorrectly?
I can understand that the carbon atoms in benzene have delocalized p electrons that are shared amongst all 6 of the carbons in a cloud on either side of the ring. I also understand why this could be represented as resonance structures like so: ![resonance benzene][1] I can also understand representing it in this ...
I'm preparing for an experiment to investigate some factor affecting buffer capacity. At the moment, I'm looking at using a $\ce{NH_3}$ ($2\,\mathrm{M}$) $+$ $\ce{NH_4Cl}$ buffer, but I'm not sure which factor to test. My research tells me that only the concentrations of each will affect buffer capacity, and that the r...
For a lab, we took the temperature of 15ml of tap water, $q_{cool}$, then added 20ml of tap water warmed to 80 degrees Celsius, $q_{warm}$. We recorded a baseline temperature of 24.8, a temperature of 56 after adding the water, and a temperature of 42.9 100 seconds later. I have the following equations: 1....
In order to solve for this equation for heat capacity, do I need to treat it as a system of equations?
> In the first equation, what does C designate. Since the final value is energy in joules, then it should be the the unit for temperature. > If it designates the heat capacity of the system, do I solve for q by solving a system of equations? No, because you don't have the correct equations. You need the amount...
Do Claisen Condensation products prefer the di-keto form, or a keto/enol form due to increased conjugation and hydrogen bonding?
Born Oppenheimer aproximation is said to be adiabatic. - What adiabatic means? - What would be the case of a non adiabatic appox. to Schrodinger eq.?
I am trying to find the structure of an unknown molecule. What is the splitting pattern of these sets of lines? ![enter image description here][1] I think my unknown molecule is butanol and the hydrogens this splitting pattern is referring to are the middle ones (i.e., $\ce{CH3-CH2-C\mathbf{H2}-CH2-OH}$). The...
I am trying to find the structure of an unknown molecule. What is the splitting pattern of these sets of lines? ![enter image description here][1] I think my unknown molecule is butanol and the hydrogens this splitting pattern is referring to are the middle ones, i.e. $\ce{H3C-CH2-C\color{\red}{\mathbf{H}}_2-CH...
I am currently doing the questions: 1. Write equations for the reaction of Chlorine with Propene and 2-butene using structural So I know that Propene is $\ce{CH3-CH=CH2}$ and Cl is Cl(2) diatomic. So: $\ce{CH3-CH=CH2 + CL2->}$ ![product][1] From this **I observe that naturally, the double bond is remo...
I am currently doing the questions: > 1. Write equations for the reaction of Chlorine with Propene and 2-butene using structural So I know that Propene is $\ce{H3C-CH=CH2}$ and $\ce{Cl}$ is $\ce{Cl2}$ diatomic. So: $\ce{CH3-CH=CH2 + Cl2->}$ ![product][1] From this I observe that naturally, the double ...
I am trying to learn simulation myself and I have installed Matlab on my machine for that purpose. In web I have gone through some of the basics of [Monte Carlo simulation][1] but I am unable to find a simple Monte Carlo simulation experiment for chemistry. I am trying to simulate growth of a nanoparticle during a wet ...
I am trying to learn simulation myself and I have installed Matlab on my machine for that purpose. In web I have gone through some of the basics of [Monte Carlo simulation][1], but I am unable to find a simple Monte Carlo simulation experiment for chemistry. I am trying to simulate growth of a nano particle during a we...
What are simple applications of Monte Carlo simulations in chemistry, that can be done in Matlab?
> In the first equation, what does C designate. Since the final value is energy in joules, then it should be the the unit for temperature. She should have used C° to be clear. > If it designates the heat capacity of the system, do I solve for q by solving a system of equations? No, because you don't have the c...
> Which of the following pairs are isomers? > a) $\ce{C5H10}$ and $\ce{C10H20}$ b) $\ce{CH3(CH2)4CH3}$ and $\ce{CH3(CH2)3CH3}$ c) $\ce{CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3}$ and $\ce{CH3(CH2)2CH(CH3)2}$ d) $\ce{(CH3)3CH}$ and $\ce{CH3CH2CH2CH3}$ My textbook says the answer is C). I beg to differ. I think it is D). C) is...
What will be the cost efficient and high yielding method of synthesis for 1-bromobutane? I can react butanol with HBr but I am worried butanol is not present at the moment in lab. But I need to hurry and make bromobutane.
What will be the cost efficient and high yielding method of synthesis for 1-bromobutane? I can react butanol with $\ce{HBr}$ but I am worried butanol is not present at the moment in lab. But I need to hurry and make bromobutane.
For a lab, we took the temperature of $15\,\mathrm{mL}$ of tap water, $q_{\mathrm{cool}}$, then added $20\,\mathrm{mL}$ of tap water warmed to $80°\mathrm{C}$, $q_{\mathrm{warm}}$. We recorded a baseline temperature of $24.8°\mathrm{C}$, a temperature of $56°\mathrm{C}$ after adding the water, and a temperature of ...
According to [this question][1], ballpoint pens start writing intermittently when the ink is drying up. In other words, the ink is becoming more viscous and does not flow any more. Are there ways to make it flow again? [1]: http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/53682/what-causes-ballpoint-pens-to-write-i...
What are some books, websites etc. where I can find analytical methods for a given species?
**Book:** I can find one book which should have analytical methods for most of the species. [Encyclopedia of Separation Science](http://store.elsevier.com/product.jsp?isbn=9780122267703) It is ten volume set. **websites:** There are too many websites on internet but I will choose following two: 1. [...
$\newcommand{\conj}[1]{\overline{#1}{}} \newcommand{\braket}[2]{\langle{#1}\,|\,{#2}\rangle} \newcommand{\bracket}[3]{\langle{#1}\,|\,{#2}\,|\,{#3}\rangle} \newcommand{\mat}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\rel}{\vec{r}_{\mathrm{e}}} \newcommand{\rnuc}{\vec{r}_{\mathrm{n}}} \newcommand{\linop}[1]{\hat{#1}} \newcomma...
$\newcommand{\conj}[1]{\overline{#1}{}} \newcommand{\braket}[2]{\langle{#1}\,|\,{#2}\rangle} \newcommand{\bracket}[3]{\langle{#1}\,|\,{#2}\,|\,{#3}\rangle} \newcommand{\mat}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \newcommand{\rel}{\vec{r}_{\mathrm{e}}} \newcommand{\rnuc}{\vec{r}_{\mathrm{n}}} \newcommand{\linop}[1]{\hat{#1}} \newcomma...
Is it correct that you are aiming to synthesize 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid [58574-03-1]? ![4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid][1] The target compound is available in one step from biphenyl using potassium peroxydisulfate $(\ce{K2S2O8})$ as an oxidant, Palladium(II)-trifluoroacetate, $\ce{Pd(OCOCF3)2}$, as a cat...
A glass vessel weighs 20.2367 g when empty and 20.3102 g when filled to the etched mark with water at 4 °C. The same vessel was then dried and filled to the same mark with a solution at 4 °C, the vessel was now found to weigh 20.3300 g. What is the density of the solution? (Assume the density of water is 1.00 g/ml) ...
Is it correct that you are aiming to synthesize 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid [58574-03-1]? ![4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)benzoic acid][1] The target compound is available in one step from biphenyl using potassium peroxydisulfate $(\ce{K2S2O8})$ as an oxidant, Palladium(II)-trifluoroacetate, $\ce{Pd(OCOCF3)2}$, as a cat...
Expanding on Nicolau Saker Neto's comments above, the heat capacity dictates the (reversible) heat flux required to increase the system's temperature by one unit. **Definitions of the heat capacity ($C_V$ and $C_p$)** Another way to look at it is that the heat capacity dictates the response in internal energy ($...
i am slightly confused as to how i should think of changes in state (especially sublimation and deposition). should i think of sublimation and deposition as skipping the liquid phase (fig 1) or should i think of it as a circular pattern (fig 2). ![fig 1][1] fig 1 ![fig 2][2] fig 2 [1]: https://i.s...
I am slightly confused as to how Ii should think of changes in state (especially sublimation and deposition). Should I think of sublimation and deposition as skipping the liquid phase (fig 1) or should I think of it as a circular pattern (fig 2). ![fig 1][1] fig 1 ![fig 2][2] fig 2 [1]: https://i....
Expanding on Nicolau Saker Neto's comments above, the heat capacity dictates the (reversible) heat flux required to increase the system's temperature by one unit. **Definitions of the heat capacity ($C_V$ and $C_p$)** Another way to look at it is that the heat capacity dictates the response in internal energy ($...
What are some books, websites, etc. where I can find the detailed protocol for standardization of sodium thiosulfate with dichromate?
Generally, diketo compounds can react to form an enol-keto form and back again. This tautomery can **not** be considered a [1,3] proton shift due to orbital chemistry and has to be thought of as a combination of deprotonation/reprotonation or protonation/deprotonation steps — ask another question if you’re interested i...
Suppose I have two units, Tonks, $T$, and Borks, $B$, as well as the equation $\frac{50T}{20B}=x$. May I manipulate the equation as though $T$ and $B$ were the kinds of symbols that we learned to manipulate in math class? For example: $\frac{50T}{20B}=x$ $50T=20Bx$ $\frac{50T}{20}=Bx$
May I treat units (e.g. joules, grams, etc.) in equations as variables?
The real question is not ‘Why don’t books include *X*?’, but **‘What would change if books included *X*?’**. To the best of my knowledge and understanding, what protons, electrons and neutrons are is fundamental to understanding a wide range of stuff that happens in chemistry. (Yes, neutrons play a role for deuteriu...
Born Oppenheimer aproximation is said to be adiabatic. - What does adiabatic mean? - What would be the case of a non adiabatic approximation to the Schrödinger equation?
So I just finished my final paper yesterday and I TRIED to attempt this **8 marks** question. I am not sure how to do it and hope to get some help on this site. 25ml of 0.5%w/v lactic acid (C3H6O3, Molecular mass 90.1, pka 3.86) was neutralised by 25.3ml of 0.1010M monobasic base. Estimate the end point pH and calcu...
Suppose I have two units, Tonks, $T$, and Borks, $B$, as well as the equation $\frac{50T}{20B}=x$. May I manipulate the equation as though $T$ and $B$ were the kinds of symbols that we learned to manipulate in math class? For example: \begin{align} \frac{50T}{20B}&=x\\ 50T&=20Bx\\ \frac{50T}{20}&=Bx\\ \end{align...
My go-to for this is typically Kolthoff & Sandell's [Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis][1]. They unfortunately do not report a detailed protocol for dichromate standardization of thiosulfate solutions therein, but instead cite *Volumetric Analysis, Vol III* by Kolthoff and Stenger ([Amazon][2] and [Google Bo...
So I just finished my final paper yesterday and I TRIED to attempt this **8 marks** question. I am not sure how to do it and hope to get some help on this site. 25ml of 0.5%w/v lactic acid ($\ce{C3H6O3}$, Molecular mass 90.1, pka 3.86) was neutralised by 25.3ml of 0.1010M monobasic base. Estimate the end point pH an...
Starting with a short and blunt answer to the title’s question: Yes. But you likely already knew that, otherwise you wouldn’t have written the rest. >One might argue that the reader understands what is being portrayed or that this is done in aims of saving time, but that doesn’t sit right with me. The entire point o...
I've seen before chemistry demonstrations where solutions are mixed with one another and subsequently where the resulting product goes through periodic color changes: for example blue to orange and back to blue again. The reaction seems to go on for awhile at a regular period. My question - can this reaction be cons...
Resonance in Chemical Reactions?
Related to my previous question: http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/31135/is-solubility-coefficient-affected-if-ion-data-is-given-in-ksp > 200 mL solution of $AgNO_{3}\:0.02\:M$ is added with 200 mL $CrO_{4}^{2-}$ and $PO_{4}^{3-}$ ions. Find out both of $Q_{sp}$. *Actually the question is asking "Will ...
Is solubility in Qsp affected by coefficient?
So I just finished my final paper yesterday and I *tried* to attempt this **8 marks** question. I am not sure how to do it and hope to get some help on this site. >$25\,\mathrm{ml}$ of $0.5\,\%~\mathrm{w/v}$ lactic acid ($\ce{C3H6O3}$, molecular mass $90.1\,\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{mol}}$, $\mathrm{pK}_{\mathrm{a}}...
My question is based from [Preparatory Problem Set][1] for the 47th IChO Problem 26 - Holy War against Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (it is in page 36). It is written that cooling of Y combustion products from 150 to 0 centigrade does not result in any condensed phase, and addition of silver chloride to the supernata...
- At the end point, you have a solution of sodium lactate (weak base). The concentration of sodium lactate is given by the equation: $$C'=\frac{C_b\, V_b{eq}}{V_a +V_b{eq}}$$ Where $C_b$ is the concentration of the base,$V_b{eq}$ is the voulume of base at the end point and $V_a$is the voulume of lactic acid. $$C'=\fr...
>Is an understanding of chemistry fundamentals likely to become out of date when the textbooks start to include quarks, leptons and the dozens of other sub-atomic particles? Well, the general chemisty books do already include [leptons][1], at least electrons and usually positrons. Other than protons, neutrons, el...
Why does gauche conformation of **ethane-1,2-diol** show Hydrogen Bonding even though there is no 6 member ring system ?I mean if we don't consider one of the H (which is what is usually done ) then there is only a 5 member ring formed.Then how does H bonding take place. Please help me sort this out! http://tigger....
Why does gauche conformation of ethane-1,2-diol show Hydrogen Bonding even though there is no 6 member ring system?
the Kd(Distribution Coefficient) of coffee water at 25 degrees is 7.8 in methylene chloride/water system. If there is 2.0 g of caffeine in 200mL of water, **calculate the grams and the % of caffeine that can be extracted with a single 100 mL portion of methylene chloride.** Attempt: This is what I have so far:...
Why does gauche conformation of **ethane-1,2-diol** show Hydrogen Bonding even though there is no 6 member ring system ?I mean if we don't consider one of the H (which is what is usually done ) then there is only a 5 member ring formed.Then how does H bonding take place. Please help me sort this out! http://tigger....
if the energy of intermolecular attractions are much less than the average kinetic energy of the molecules, what is the physical state of the substance?
Gas, solid, liquid, plasma? Or the state cannot be predicted?
Why does gauche conformation of **ethane-1,2-diol** show hydrogen bonding even though there is no 6 member ring system? If we don't consider one of the $\ce{H}$ (which is what is usually done), then there is only a 5 member ring formed. How then does hydrogen bonding take place? ![conformation][1] (Also, I feel t...
Why does gauche conformation of ethane-1,2-diol show hydrogen bonding?
What will be the order of reactivity towards electrophilic substitution in case of the following compounds: benzene, ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, tert-butyl benzene The answer at the end of the book says that ethyl benzene will be most reactive (the book doesn't explain the cause though it's a MCQ) but as ac...
So I just finished my final paper yesterday and I *tried* to attempt this **8 mark** question. I am not sure how to do it. >$25\,\mathrm{ml}$ of $0.5\,\%~\mathrm{w/v}$ lactic acid ($\ce{C3H6O3}$, molecular mass $90.1\,\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}$, $\mathrm{p}K_{\mathrm{a}} = 3.86$ was neutralised by $25.3\,\mathrm{ml}$ of ...
Why does the gauche conformation of ethane-1,2-diol show hydrogen bonding?
If the energy of intermolecular attractions are much less than the average kinetic energy of the molecules, what is the physical state of the substance?
The $K_\mathrm{D}$ (distribution coefficient) of coffee water at $25°\mathrm{C}$ is $7.8$ in a methylene chloride/water system. If there is $2.0\,\mathrm{g}$ of caffeine in $200\,\mathrm{mL}$ of water, calculate the grams and the % of caffeine that can be extracted with a single $100\,\mathrm{mL}$ potion of methylene c...
Why does the gauche conformation of **ethane-1,2-diol** show hydrogen bonding even though there is no 6-membered ring system? If we don't consider one of the $\ce{H}$ (which is what is usually done), then there is only a 5-membered ring formed. How then does hydrogen bonding take place? ![conformation][1] (Also, ...
*I am having difficulty in understanding the concept of torsional strain.Can someone explain it to me in a more elaborate manner?* I mean why should bond restrict movement in eclipsed conformation?Doesn't that make it unstable!I tried this wikipedia article but i'm still having difficulty in understanding the concep...
What is torsional strain?
My question is based on the [Preparatory Problem Set][1] for the 47th IChO Problem 26 - Holy War against Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (it is on page 36). It is written that cooling of Y combustion products from 150 to 0 centigrade does not result in any condensed phase, and addition of silver chloride to the superna...
For my intro to chemistry class, I was asked to answer whether 'stoichiometry' refers to the mole ratio of atoms in compounds and the mole ratio of compounds involved in chemical reactions? To the best of my knowledge those ratios are an essential part of stoichiometry, but stoichiometry is a discipline, and not a ...
Does 'Stoichiometry' refer to the mole ratio of atoms in compounds and the mole ratio of compounds involved in chemical reactions?
How to calculate the pH of a saturated solution from its solubility constant Ksp and acidity constant Kₐ?
The question asks me to draw the product for the reactions. However, I am stuck and do not understand how to draw the reactants with configurations correctly. (a) (S)-2-Chloropentane and NaSH I thought the reactant I drew was in S configuration. Also, I thought since it was a chirality center, inversion of config...
The question asks me to draw the product for the reactions. However, I am stuck and do not understand how to draw the reactants with configurations correctly. (a) (S)-2-Chloropentane and NaSH I thought the reactant I drew was in S configuration. Also, I thought since it was a chirality center, inversion of config...
This is kind of like two questions but since they're related I have put them together. Consider a monomer under a hopefully anatomically correct name 'Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide'[<sub span>C<span>11</span>H<span>9</span>LiO<span>4</span></sub>](For ease of understanding.) ![Skeletal Formula for molecule ...
This is kind of like two questions but since they're related I have put them together. Consider a monomer under a hopefully anatomically correct name 'Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide [$\ce{C11H9LiO4}$] (For ease of understanding.) ![Skeletal Formula for molecule PCDO][1]![An image of the 3D structure][2] W...
Periodically oscillating chemical reactions?