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What is the mechanism of formation of Grignard's Reagent? |
Consider a container that contains a mixture of many liquids. Can two of these liquids phase separate without having any significant effect on other liquids inside the container? Is there a feasible scenario where the above can actually happen? I am interested in a scenario where the two liquids only separates themselv... |
Does the carbocation rearrangement in a SN1 reaction specify a change in degree? |
What would be an appropriate way to clean up equipment contaminated with ethidium bromide? |
Is there an online database of acid and basic dissociation constants? |
What features of rhodamine result in it being so highly fluorescent? |
Is there an alternative wet chemical method or electrochemical method to obtain precipitation of iron, nickel and silicon powder? |
I know that states with spin S=0 in a diatomic molecule have no spin orbit coupling, independent on the value of the projection of the total electronic angular momentum.
I expect the same is true if the absolute value of $\Lambda$ is equal to zero independent on the spin of the diatomic molecule.
Is it correct th... |
Has a triplett sigma state of a diatomic molecule a spin orbit coupling? |
I've been asked to
>Descibe the ionization mechanism used in electrospray ionization
I know that this is
a desorption ionization source, which uses a high electrical field as the ionizing agent. The best I've been able to put together is that there is a generation of $\ce{[M + _zH]^2+}$ ions. Surfing the web has... |
What is the mechanism for electrospray ionization? |
I work at an animal shelter that uses sulfur lime dip to treat ringworm. We had an accident where someone mixed bleach instead of water with the lime sulfur dip which caused us to go through decontamination with Hazmat. Are there any other chemicals or acids that could cause this to happen? |
What chemicals would make sulfur lime dip to produce a green colored smoke? |
What is after the f orbital as my physical chemistry textbook does not say anything in it and how do they fill etc? |
This question is related to specific heat, and I thought I understood it but I've managed to confuse myself. My initial reasoning was that since in both cases, the pipe is the same, the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature will depend on the specific heat only, and since air has a lower specific heat, it wi... |
Is hot air or hot water more effective at melting a frozen pipe? |
What is after the $f$ orbital? as my physical chemistry textbook does not say anything in it and how do they fill etc? |
What comes after the f orbital? and calculations |
i have seen some heating apparatus for a crucible use a retort stand with a large metal ring attached to the boss head to support the clay triangle as shown below.
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/781kB.jpg
instinctively i would have placed the clay triangle on a tripod, ho... |
I work at an animal shelter that uses lime sulfur dip to treat ringworm. We had an accident where someone mixed bleach instead of water with the lime sulfur dip which caused us to go through decontamination with Hazmat. Are there any other chemicals or acids that could cause this to happen? |
What chemicals would make lime sulfur dip to produce a green colored smoke? |
I have seen some heating apparatus for a crucible use a retort stand with a large metal ring attached to the boss head to support the clay triangle as shown below.
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/781kB.jpg
instinctively, I would have placed the clay triangle on a tripod, h... |
I have seen some heating apparatus for a crucible use a retort stand with a large metal ring attached to the boss head to support the clay triangle as shown below.
![enter image description here][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/781kB.jpg
Instinctively, I would have placed the clay triangle on a tripod, h... |
Do organic solvents such as pure ethanol and pure methanol conduct electricity? why is this so?
I have done some research and have not been able to find anything conclusive. I would think it would not conduct because i cannot see any medium for the passage of charge. |
Is this a combination of Boyle's and Charle's law or simply one of them? I'm confused as to which applies. I don't feel I fully understand the implications of both laws individually and I'm wondering why it's easy to take a gas like butane and liquify it under pressure at "normal" temperatures and why other gasses need... |
Why do some gasses liquify easily under pressure and normal room tempurature? |
**Do organic solvents such as pure ethanol and pure methanol conduct electricity? why is this so?**
I have done some research and have not been able to find anything conclusive. I would think it would not conduct because I cannot see any medium for the passage of charge. |
Is this a combination of Boyle's and Charles' Laws or simply one of them?
I'm confused as to which applies. I don't feel I fully understand the implications of both laws individually and I'm wondering why it's easy to take a gas like butane and liquefy it under pressure at "normal" temperatures and why other gases ... |
Why do some gases liquefy easily under pressure and normal room temperature? |
What is the mechanism of formation of Grignard's Reagent? I could not find anything in my book nor is there much on the Internet. [this page][1]
[1]: http://research.cm.utexas.edu/nbauld/grignard.htm
tells something which I am unable to understand. Why are the 2 electrons in the Mg separated? Shouldn't they be... |
Recently it came in the [news](https://encrypted.google.com/search?q=jahn+teller+matter&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ei=y8pWVeziGIPs8AXgz4GAAw&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAg&biw=1366&bih=643#tbm=nws&q=jahn+teller+metal) that scientists have discovered a new state of matter called **Jahn-Teller metal**. I tried reading up on it but couldn... |
I have a molecule and I need to assign the carbon NMR to each of the carbons.
My molecule is
![enter image description here][1]
The peaks I have for the carbon NMR are shown below. I have also used the DEPT to work out if it's a $\ce{CH3}$, $\ce{CH2}$, $\ce{CH}$ or quaternary C.
17.7ppm $\ce{CH3}$ or $\ce{C... |
So recently my teacher asked us that which of the following has largest number of molecule? and he gave us two options:
1- 36g of H2O
2- 54g of N2O5
I'm stuck, because both of them are having two moles of each of the respective molecules. And techincally, no. of molecules = mole * Avagadro's number.
So sho... |
The largest number of molecule is in? (in following) |
So recently my teacher asked us that which of the following has largest number of molecule? and he gave us two options:
1- 36g of $\ce{H2O}$
2- 54g of $\ce{N2O5}$
I'm stuck, because both of them are having two moles of each of the respective molecules. And technically, no. of molecules = mole * Avagadro's numb... |
> I'm stuck, because both of them are having two moles of each of the respective molecules.
Sure?
M$(\ce{H2O}) = 18\,\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}$
M$(\ce{N2O5}) = 108\,\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}$ |
So recently my teacher asked us which of the following has the largest number of molecules? He gave us two options:
1. 36g of $\ce{H2O}$
2. 54g of $\ce{N2O5}$
I'm stuck, because both of them are having two moles of each of the respective molecules. And technically, no. of molecules = mole * Avagadro's numb... |
from my understanding,the general rule for solubility is that polar molecules are soluble in polar liquids (E.G. water), and non polar substances are soluble in non polar liquids (organic solvents).
i can understand that when polar molecules are dissolved in polar liquids, the opposite dipoles are attracted to each ... |
From my understanding, the general rule for solubility is that polar molecules are soluble in polar liquids (e.g. water), and non polar substances are soluble in non polar liquids (organic solvents).
I can understand that when polar molecules are dissolved in polar liquids, the opposite dipoles are attracted to each... |
Most packaged goods have the tiny ***Silica Gel Packets*** packed along with a clear warning on every single packet.<p>
![Silica Gel Packet][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/pDpa8.jpg
My question is, <br>
*What exactly would happen if someone actually consumed the contents?* |
What would happen if someone consumed a Silica Gel Packet? |
In our chemistry lab we performed the following experiment below.
> Given that $K_\mathrm{sp}(\ce{AgCl}) = 8.2 \times 10^{-11}$ and $K_{\mathrm{sp}}(\ce{PbCl_{2}}) = 1.7 \times 10^{-5}$
>Procedure:
$0.2\,\mathrm{mL}$ each of $\mathrm{0.05\: M \: \ce{Ag+}}$ ions and $\mathrm{ 0.05\: M \: \ce{Pb^{2+}}}$ ions were... |
According to the theory of London dispersion forces, intermolecular forces are created in non polar substances by induction of instantaneous dipole to neighbouring molecules. If that is the case then when we mix water and oil, water being polar should induce polarity in oil and they should mix. But they don't. Why? Do ... |
> What is the cause of this adhesion?
I propose a slightly different hypothesis from ringo. As opposed to the very cold ice freezing water in the material, I would presume the material to initially be dry, but at room temperature. This room temperature material may melt the outer layers of ice molecules, both coolin... |
Fresh ice cubes almost instantly sticky and easily cling on to fabric and other similarly rough surfaces.
A few minutes later, however, the effect almost completely disappears.
- What is the cause of this adhesion?
- Why does the effect vanish after some time? |
Fresh ice cubes are almost instantly sticky and easily cling on to fabric and other similarly rough surfaces.
A few minutes later, however, the effect almost completely disappears.
- What is the cause of this adhesion?
- Why does the effect vanish after some time? |
For a lab, we took the temperature of 15ml of tap water, $q_{cool}$, then added 20ml of tap water warmed to 80 degrees Celsius, $q_{warm}$.
We recorded a baseline temperature of 24.8, a temperature of 56 after adding the water, and a temperature of 42.9 100 seconds later.
I have the following equations:
1.... |
$\ce{V(CO)6}$ is well known to be an unusual 17 valence electron, paramagnetic octahedral complex.
Do the corresponding tantalum and niobium species form simple dimers or more complicated structures ? |
According to the theory of London dispersion forces, intermolecular forces are created in non polar substances by induction of instantaneous dipole to neighbouring molecules. If that is the case then when we mix water and oil, water being polar should induce polarity in oil and they should mix. But they don't. Doesn't ... |
Can phenol undergo friedel–crafts reaction or it reacts with the lewis acid like Aniline reacts? |
In this molecule the metal cation is 6 fold co-ordinated by water ligands. Typically this octahedral form is associated with sp3d2 hybridisation as far as I know, in the case of sodium there are no available d orbitals so how can i describe its hybridisation? I would guess that it is s2p4? |
In the complex ion $\ce{[Na(H2O)6]+}$, the sodium cation forms 6 coordinate bonds with water ligands. Typically this octahedral form is associated with $sp^3d^2$ hybridization as far as I know, but in the case of sodium there are no available $d$ orbitals, so how can this be described as $sp^3d^2$ hybridization?
I w... |
I just bought a bottle of sulfuric acid in order to simulate acid rain for an experiment. I was wondering what $0.12\:\mathrm{N}$ on the bottle means. I need a simplified version of the explanation as I'm currently a freshman in high school taking biology, I have never taken a chemistry course before. I've read that th... |
What does 0.12 N mean on a bottle of sulfuric acid? |
I've been seeing a lot of **GAMESS** and **Gaussian** questions around here, and most of them seem very hard to answer. I extrapolated that they might be some sort of Chemistry programs, but what do they do exactly?
Instead of looking it up, I feel like most of you would be more knowledgeable in this. |
What is GAMESS and Gaussian? |
Your equation $dU = TdS - pdV$ is valid for all pure substances, not just ideal gases. It is telling you that if you knew an equation that explicitly defined $U$ as a function of $S$ and $T$, then you could calculate all other thermodynamic properties of that substance, i.e. if you knew that $U=f(S, V)$, then you coul... |
What is the mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents? I could'nt find much in my book or on the Internet. [this page][1] says something which I am unable to understand. Why are the 2 electrons in the Mg separated? Shouldn't they be together?
[1]: http://research.cm.utexas.edu/nbauld/grignard.htm |
What is the mechanism of formation of Grignard reagents? I couldn't find much in my book or on the Internet. [This page][1] says something which I am unable to understand. Why are the $2$ electrons in the $\ce{Mg}$ separated? Shouldn't they be together?
[1]: http://research.cm.utexas.edu/nbauld/grignard.htm |
A $\ce{[M(H2O)6]^2+}$ complex typically absorbs at around $600\ \mathrm{nm}$. It is allowed to form a new complex $\ce{[M(NH3)6]^2+}$ that should have absorbtion at?
The absorbtion is because of transition of $\mathrm{e_2g}$ electron to $\mathrm{t_{2g}}$ and vice versa which depend on crystal field stabilization ene... |
Apart from the what everyone knows about, solids, liquids, gasses, plasma, BEC. What are the other states of matter and what are they used for? |
How many states of matter? |
> I'm stuck, because both of them are having two moles of each of the respective molecules.
Sure?
$M(\ce{H2O}) = 18\,\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}$
$M(\ce{N2O5}) = 108\,\mathrm{g\,mol^{-1}}$ |
Treating units as if they were algebra is called “[dimensional analysis](http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/mathrev/mr-da.html)”.
One example given in that article is the question of how many seconds are there in two years.
$$2\ \mathrm{yr} \times 365\ \mathrm{day}\ \mathrm{yr}^{-1} \times 24\ \mathrm{hr}\ \mathr... |
This is kind of like two questions but since they're related I have put them together.
Consider a monomer under a hopefully anatomically correct name 'Phenyl Carbolithia Divinylene Oxide [$\ce{C11H9LiO4}$] (For ease of understanding.)
![Skeletal Formula for molecule PCDO][1]![An image of the 3D structure][2]
W... |
I am planning to try copper plating a piece of metal by performing electrolysis on an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. I plan run an electrical current with the metal I want to plate as the cathode and a platinum anode. I understand that the copper ions will become reduced when they plate the metal, but I am curio... |
Apart from the what everyone knows about, solids, liquids, gasses, plasma, BEC. What are the other states of matter and what are they used for?
I would like an explanation as well as an example of usage. |
In the complex ion $\ce{[Na(H2O)6]+}$, the sodium cation forms 6 coordinate bonds with water ligands. Typically this octahedral form is associated with $sp^3d^2$ hybridization as far as I know, but in the case of sodium the $d$ orbitals aren't readily available, so how can this be described as $sp^3d^2$ hybridization?
... |
Apart from the what everyone knows about, solids, liquids, gasses, plasma, BEC. What are the other states of matter and what are they used for?
I would like an explanation as well as an example of usage.
I mean, which one is most used in day to day applications? |
Out of the various states of matter, which one is the most used? |
I am planning to try copper plating a piece of metal by performing electrolysis on an aqueous solution of copper sulfate. I plan run an electrical current with the metal I want to plate as the cathode and a platinum anode. I understand that the copper ions will become reduced when they plate the metal, but I am curio... |
What does "reaction coordinate" mean? What does it mean when a reaction has TWO reaction coordinates? |
I'm measuring buffer capacity by titrating $\ce{NaOH}$ into a buffer of $\ce {H_3PO_4 + NaH_2PO_4}$. I'm measuring buffer capacity by recording the amount of $\ce{NaOH}$ required to increase the pH of the buffer by 2 units, and then taking the ratio.
My problem is that I have no idea how much $\ce{NaOH}$ I'll need ... |
I don't really study chemistry so while my question may be very obvious, its not obvious to me:
If we take an electrochemical reaction like
2Fe(2+) + Au(3+) --> 2Fe(3+) + Au(+)
We can find its standard potential and standard Gibbs energy by summing half reactions whose are known, and can be consulted in tables... |
Why exactly are standard potentials additive? |
I don't really study chemistry so while my question may be very obvious, its not obvious to me:
If we take an electrochemical reaction like
$$\ce{2Fe^2+ + Au^3+ -> 2Fe^3+ + Au+}$$
We can find its standard potential and standard Gibb's energy by summing half reactions whose are known, and can be consulted in ta... |
Some time ago, I was making a $\ce{NaOH}$ solution. The solution I had made was much too concentrated, and the heat released in the dissolution of the ions caused the water to begin steaming. Inadvertently, I inhaled some of this steam, and instantly my nose began to sting, but only for an instant. I can only assume I ... |
Vaporized sodium hydroxide? |
Both aldehydes and ketones have a carbonyl group, but since the carbonyl group of ketone is between alkyl groups, wouldn't it be more difficult for it to form hydrogen bonds than aldehydes? Whey then, do aldehydes have a higher boiling points than ketones? |
Why are the boiling points of aldehydes less than those of ketones? |
Many metals have relatively high melting and boiling points, but mercury has relatively low melting and boiling points. What are the possible reasons for this? |
Why does mercury have low melting and boiling points? |
Most heat capacities go through a maximum as the temperature increases. $C_V = \left( \frac{dU}{dT} \right)_V$ so a maximum in $C_V$ corresponds to a minimum in $\left( \frac{dT}{dU} \right)_V$, i.e. the point where the temperature changes very little as energy is being supplied to the system. At this point (most of) ... |
Reaction with silver oxalate? |
The $K_\mathrm{D}$ (distribution coefficient) of coffee water at $25\,°\mathrm{C}$ is $7.8$ in a methylene chloride/water system. If there is $2.0\,\mathrm{g}$ of caffeine in $200\,\mathrm{mL}$ of water, calculate the grams and the % of caffeine that can be extracted with a single $100\,\mathrm{mL}$ portion of methylen... |
We pipet concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids. our current pipettor is rainin lite but its piston is metal and thus corrode easily. We discussed this with our inhouse technician and he suggested a pipettor with a plastic piston. So do you guys know any?
We try to avoid using filtered tips as we need to leach... |
Know any micropipettor that is acid resistant? |
In my textbook written that,
>Given that $\mathrm{K_{sp}\:{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}=9.0\cdot10^{-12}}$. Consider the solubility of $\mathrm{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}$ in a $\mathrm{0.100\:M}$ solution of $\mathrm{AgNO_{3}}$.
>Initial concentrations (before any $\mathrm{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}$ dissolves) are,
$\mathrm{[Ag^{+}]_{0}=0.100\:M}\... |
At what/when the $x$ value can be calculated? |
In my textbook written that,
>Given that $\mathrm{K_{sp}\:{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}=9.0\cdot10^{-12}}$. Consider the solubility of $\mathrm{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}$ in a $\mathrm{0.100\:M}$ solution of $\mathrm{AgNO_{3}}$.
>Initial concentrations (before any $\mathrm{Ag_{2}CrO_{4}}$ dissolves) are,
$\mathrm{[Ag^{+}]_{0}=0.100\:M}\... |
I bought a low salt Ketchup from Heinz and it says it uses ‘ALSOSALT’ substitute (potassium chloride). It says it does have 5 mg of sodium. Is potassium chloride (with possible additives) a good alternative to sodium chloride and does it not cause problems for the heart or general health? |
Why are secondary standard solutions used in titrations? Why don't we always use primary standard solutions? |
Vinylic halides do not show nucleophilic substitution at all, because of their stability due to resonance - but elimination to form alkynes is possible. No nucleophile at all can remove the halide ion in nucleophilic substitution, but a strong base suffices for elimination. Why is this? |
1) My textbook tells me that chromium's electronic configuration is [Ar]3d5 4s1 instead of [Ar]3d4 4s2, as fully filled and half filled orbitals have more stability.But how does that happen? Why is the fully or half filled orbital more stable?
2) Following this method as we go down group 6 we would expect tungsten's... |
We've all learnt that the reduction always accompanies oxidation and vice versa Why is this so? Why is it not possible that a species releases an electron and the electron just "floats around"? Is this related to the stability of a free electron? |
Why does reduction always accompany oxidation and vice versa? |
How to calculate the pH of a saturated solution from its solubility constant Ksp and acidity constant Ka? |
1) My textbook tells me that chromium's electronic configuration is $\ce{[Ar]\space 3d^5 4s^1}$ instead of $\ce{[Ar] \space 3d^4 4s^2}$, as fully filled and half filled orbitals have more stability.But how does that happen? Why is the fully or half filled orbital more stable?
2) Following this method as we go down g... |
A molecule in which the central atom is $sp^3d^2$ hybridized ($\ce{SF_6}$), for example, aquires an octahedral shape, which can be explained by assuming that the hybrid orbitals arrange themselves to minimize repulsion amongst themselves. An octahedron makes sense, it the only way to symmetrically arrange six hybrid or... |
What is the meaning of the "colon" notation in chemical formulas? |
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