instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
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There are several Inconels , the basic one is 600. Because the Inco and Huntington divisions are now gone or acquired ,it would be difficult to get literature . But they produced copious amounts , you may be able to find some ; I have about a 6" stack of brochures I have been too lazy to discard. American Society for M... |
I recently read about a pyrolysis process that separates methane into Carbon and Hydrogen. The basic technology/process is you have a vertical column of super-heated liquid metal and you inject methane into the bottom of the column. The methane breaks down into hydrogen and solid carbon. Are there any similar processes... |
Can you separate CO2 into carbon and oxygen using pyrolysis? |
Although it seems like a question of English language phonetics, monoxide is not an exception but a general trend.
**Mon**(a)oxide (vowel "o" dropped),
**Di**oxide (no "a" vowel in the prefix)
**Tri**oxide (no "a" vowel in the prefix)
**Tetr**(a)oxide (vowel a dropped)
**Pent**(a)oxide (vowel a dropped)... |
Although it seems like a question of English language phonetics, monoxide is not an exception but a general trend.
**Mon**(a)oxide (vowel "o" dropped),
**Di**oxide (no "a" vowel in the prefix)
**Tri**oxide (no "a" vowel in the prefix)
**Tetr**(a)oxide (vowel a dropped)
**Pent**(a)oxide (vowel a dropped)... |
There are several Inconels , the basic one is 600. Because the Inco and Huntington divisions are now gone or acquired ,it would be difficult to get literature . But they produced copious amounts , you may be able to find some ; I have about a 6" stack of brochures I have been too lazy to discard. American Society for M... |
Can anyone describe what is going on here?
$$Si(liq.)=Si(1 weight percent Fe)$$
I have come across this statement quite a few times in Metallurgical Thermodynamics.All that they ask for is change in Gibbs free energy for the process.I am completely unable to figure why this particular model is so important for a sepe... |
Both "monooxide" and "monoxide" are used in the literature, yet "monoxide" is being used more often ([Google Books Ngram Viewer](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=monooxide,monoxide&year_start=1850&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=0&case_insensitive=true)).
Although this is an accepted elision, it is not... |
It seems to me that most of the responses here are not really getting at the heart of the issue. Saying that the term "aqua" is used instead of "water" because of regulatory reasons is merely pushing the question back one step, **leaving us still to wonder why the people who created those regulatory rules decided that... |
Can anyone describe what is going on here?
$$Si(liq.)=Si_{(1 weight percentFe)}$$
I have come across this statement quite a few times in Metallurgical Thermodynamics.All that they ask for is change in Gibbs free energy for the process.I am completely unable to figure why this particular model is so important for a se... |
In general is there a convention as to how one interprets squiggly lines in chemical structure notation?
e.g. see the below sketch. I suppose it has something to do with cis / trans isomerism. But e.g. where do you draw the squiggly i.e. which side of the double bond? Is it used in other contexts as well? And does... |
It seems to me that most of the responses here are not really getting at the heart of the issue. Saying that the term "aqua" is used instead of "water" because of regulatory reasons is merely pushing the question back one step, **leaving us still to wonder why the people who created those regulatory rules decided that... |
In general is there a convention as to how one interprets squiggly lines in chemical structure notation?
e.g. see the below sketch. I suppose it has something to do with cis / trans isomerism. But e.g. where do you draw the squiggly i.e. which side of the double bond? Is it used in other contexts as well? And does... |
While studying the main groups of p-block, I have seen many compounds being labeled as an analog to some popular organic compound. For example, [borazine][1] is termed as 'inorganic benzene', while [boron nitride][2] has been called 'inorganic graphite'.
Now, my question is, whether these monikers (if that's what th... |
What is the rationale for calling something as an 'inorganic [organic compound]'? |
Both "monooxide" and "monoxide" are used in the literature, yet "monoxide" is being used more often ([Google Books Ngram Viewer](https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=monooxide,monoxide&year_start=1850&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=0&case_insensitive=true)).
Although this is an accepted elision, it is not... |
I have a simple, completely conjugated pyridinium salt with MW of ~300 g/mol. The molecule consists of regular non-labeled atoms (only C, H, N).
- If the 1H T1 relaxation time for this molecule is measured in DMSO-d6 the T1 values of all of the protons are within the expected range (9 sets of protons with T1 values... |
Why would T1 relaxation time change ~20 fold between solvents for the same substance? |
This question came in my organic chem assignment. The options highlighted are the answers.
The end carbon(adjacent to the carbonyl group) should have more acidic alpha-hydrogen and the alkene formed is more substituted (as compared to the one in F). Still it is given as the minor product. Could someone explain why?
... |
Q1. Is the $\sigma$ $C-H$ bond a donor in this reaction? If not, then can we take the alternate combination (HOMO of alkene, LUMO of the C-H bond and, HOMO of the carbonyl)?
Q2. We can also draw the LUMO of the carbonyl group in the other possible manner(simply flip the shaded lobe on each atom, hence keeping the no... |
Q1. Is the $\sigma_\ce{C-H}$ bond a donor in this reaction? If not, then can we take the alternate combination (HOMO of alkene, LUMO of the $\ce{C-H}$ bond and, HOMO of the carbonyl)?
Q2. We can also draw the LUMO of the carbonyl group in the other possible manner(simply flip the shaded lobe on each atom, hence keep... |
By free expansion, I am referring to gas freely allowed to expand against vacuum.
It is clear to me that free expansion is an irreversible process because if it were not then it could get compressed as well at equilibrium, but we know it doesn't as it would be violating the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
Hence, work ... |
What is the 'electronic energy', in units of 'negative' hartrees, of a molecule? |
I'm a high school student who makes slime for fun, using polyvinyl acetate (PVA) glue and borax as my main ingredients.
Earlier, I had the idea of adding fragrance oils to clear glue. However, because they aren't soluble, it makes the whole thing cloudy. I tried using a fragrance oil solubilizer, polysorbate 20, how... |
Just to be clear, I do understand that the units of the rate constant *k* is selected to make the equation dimensionally consistent. That is not what I am asking.
It should be the case that *k* 'means' something physically, which is implied by its dimensions/units. And I would also assume that what *k* 'means' shoul... |
Just to be clear, I do understand that the units of the rate constant *k* is selected to make the equation dimensionally consistent. That is not what I am asking.
It should be the case that *k* 'means' something physically, which is implied by its dimensions/units. And I would also assume that what *k* 'means' shoul... |
## Part 1
> Are there any molecules lacking plane of symmetry/center of inversion but that are achiral due to presence of an axis of improper rotation?
Yes, although such examples are very rare. In general, the point groups $S_{2n}$ $(n \geq 2)$ are where you should look. These molecules have a $S_{2n}$ rotation ... |
I can't find it written anywhere and my guess is that it doesn't exist as it would be impossible to write it out in a straight line.
Could $\ce{CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2}$ be used ? |
What is the condensed formula for cyclohexane? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
I am confused about the energies of the orbitals after Jahn-Teller distortion of an octahedral complex. Take elongation for example.
To my understanding, since the ligands on the $z$ axis move away, there is less orbital overlap with the $d_{z^2}$ metal orbital, leading to weaker orbital interactions, leading to th... |
In most aromatic compounds (e.g. benzene), their $\pi$-bonding molecular orbitals are completely occupied and their antibonding molecular orbitals are unoccupied. I'm wondering if there are any compounds where this is the case, but where the highest energy bonding MOs are only half-filled, so they contain unpaired elec... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
I'm getting so much conflicting information!! When I practice electron configuration and google to check my answers I often see configurations that list the 3d orbital before the 4s orbital (apparantly the anomaly that the 4s is actually lower energy than 3d)
and 4d written before 5s which is apparantly another anoma... |
What are the criteria for a molecule to be chiral?
(We frequently get questions of this type, so this is an attempt to construct a suitable general answer for duping.) |
What are the criteria for a molecule to be chiral? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/4QP3k.png
In the Caffeine molecule, is aromaticity confined only to the 5 membered ring? The entire molecule is planar and the 6 membered ring also seems to have 6π electrons.
|
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/4QP3k.png
In the Caffeine molecule, is aromaticity confined only to the 5 membered ring? The entire molecule is planar and the 6 membered ring also seems to have 6π electrons.
The entire molecule has 10π electrons.(inside)
|
By free expansion, I am referring to gas kept in a piston-cylinder arrangement freely allowed to expand against vacuum.
It is clear to me that free expansion is an irreversible process because if it were not then it could get compressed as well at equilibrium, but we know it doesn't as it would be violating the 2nd ... |
Are all the $\ce{C-N}$ single bonds in 2-bromo-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene the same or different? I am of the view that the $\ce{C_1-N}$ and $\ce{C_3-N}$ bonds are of the same length and they are longer than the $\ce{C_5-N}$ bond, due to steric hindrance. Am I right or am I missing out something?
[![structure of 2-bromo 1... |
While learning about ferrocene I've come across this molecular orbital diagram.
[![MO Diagram of Ferrocene][1]][1]
What particularly confused me is the nature of the a'1g orbital. My professor taught that a'1g and e2g are considered HOMO bonding orbitals, but this MO diagram clearly shows the a'1g as an MO with antib... |
Purpose:
--------
On new year's eve, after a splendid red and an assortment of sumptuous repasts, I made a bold remark which, on further consideration, may turn out to be incorrect. Unless! Unless I can concoct an impressive scientific explanation - for which I will need your input
Context:
--------
- Tempe... |
I had kept my tea pan on the stove (At high)for about 30seconds . I was making tea and getting the water to put in the tea pan. There was nothing in it before that .After that , I quickly poured some water in it and boom.
The pan kind of like jumped out of the stove. The water from the pan instantly became steam and s... |
Why does water splash if you put it into a hot pan? |
I had kept my tea pan on the stove (At high)for about 30seconds . I was making tea and getting the water to put in the tea pan. There was nothing in it before that .After that , I quickly poured some water in it and boom.
The pan kind of like jumped out of the stove. The water from the pan instantly became steam and s... |
I've researched online and I've read that ascorbic acid can both promote oxidation and reduction depending on the conditions (I've read about trace metals but I've never found which metals affect its chemistry and which ones don't).
So if I mix ascorbic acid with a bunch of different aldehydes, will it react with ... |
I encountered a problem which required me to compare the solubility of $\ce{AlF3}$ in various solvents, namely $\ce{HF}$, $\ce{KF}$ & $\ce{KHF2}$ .
Further, this problem neither supplied, nor expected me to utilize any solubility data. Infact, the problem only asked for the *expected* order, discounting any excepti... |
I want to start experimenting with fluorescein. I have a 353 nm UV light source, but am thinking that it might be too short since it looks like peak excitation occurs at 494 nm. So am I correct in assuming that I should buy light sources that emit light at around 494 nm (480 nm for example)? |
I am facing trouble with the following problem: is 2,6-dimethyl-2',6'-dinitro-1,1'-biphenyl chiral?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
My idea is that there is a axis of symmetry along the line joining the two benzene molecules. Hence it should be achiral.
However my book states it otherwise.
[1]: ... |
Every beaker that I have seen in a lab is made of glass. Glass, as I understand, is made of SO2, or silicon dioxide, which has a crystalline structure that is similar to diamond. This property causes both diamonds and glass to be chemically inert. My question is, (ignoring the costs and technicalities of production), c... |
Are diamonds as chemically inert as glass? |
I am confused about the energies of the orbitals after Jahn-Teller distortion of an octahedral complex. Take elongation for example.
To my understanding, since the ligands on the $z$ axis move away, there is less orbital overlap with the $d_{z^2}$ metal orbital, leading to weaker orbital interactions, leading to th... |
Every beaker that I have seen in a lab is made of glass. Glass, as I understand, is made of SiO2, or silicon dioxide, which has a crystalline structure that is similar to diamond. This property causes both diamonds and glass to be chemically inert. My question is, (ignoring the costs and technicalities of production), ... |
Based on my research NaOCl dissociates into Na+ and OCl-. Looking at the photo, how does the OCl- ion and the brilliant blue dye structure end up as the product? How does the OH attach itself to the carbon group and what happens to the Cl- afterwards? I'm pretty sure since the C group has a double bond it needs to be b... |
What's the chemical reaction between NaOCl and Brilliant Blue dye? |
I know that in general, the first ionization energy increases across a period due to increasing nuclear charge, reasonably constant shielding & decreasing atomic radius.
From N to O, however, the I.E anomalously decreases. The reason usually given is that the spin pair repulsion between the 2px2 electrons in oxygen ... |
Why doesn't ionization energy decrease from O to F or F to Ne? |
About Q1:
The whole thing with information that creatine derivative in question exist in ionised form at pH = 12 and doesn't exist in ionised form at pH = 1 tells us that this compound tends to bind protons and doesn't show tendency to dissociate with proton release (as binding proton makes whole compound to adopt p... |
I'm interested in whether there are a small subset of elements that are by far the most common in a planet's early stages of formation and a wider range are formed slowly over time through chemical reaction, or if a very wide range of the periodic table can be initially found from the start.
Obviously every planet i... |
Do most elements generally exist in a planet during early formation, or is it a small subset? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
I had kept my tea pan on the stove (At high)for about 30seconds . I was making tea and getting the water to put in the tea pan. There was nothing in it before that .After that , I quickly poured some water in it and boom.
The pan kind of like jumped out of the stove. The water from the pan instantly became steam and s... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
By free expansion, I am referring to gas kept in a piston-cylinder arrangement freely allowed to expand against vacuum. (Piston is massless and the surface between piston and cylinder is frictionless)
If gas is ideal then change in Internal Energy '∆U' and change in Enthalpy '∆H' is zero.
(By ∆H = ∆U + nR∆T).
Bu... |
By free expansion, I am referring to gas allowed to expand freely against vacuum in a Joule Expansion.
If gas is ideal then change in Internal Energy '∆U' and change in Enthalpy '∆H' is zero.
(By ∆H = ∆U + nR∆T).
But I was wondering whether '∆H' would still be zero for real gas?
(I know that ∆U will be zero f... |
We know from stoichiometry that you *did* produce twice as many moles of $\ce{H}$ at the negative electrode as $\ce{O}$ at the positive electrode. However, we don't know a few important things:
1. What were the actual volumes of the gases that were finally collected? Volume is notoriously hard to estimate by eye, u... |
We know from stoichiometry that you *did* produce twice as many moles of $\ce{H}$ at the negative electrode as $\ce{O}$ at the positive electrode. However, we don't know a few important things:
1. What were the actual volumes of the gases that were finally collected? Volume is notoriously hard to estimate by eye, u... |
In the spectrophotometric analysis(uv-vis-NIR) of ITO Nanoparticles in tetrachloroethane using a double beam instrument baseline was measured with 2 identical cuvette with solvent only. This gives me only negative values for absorbance. Does this mean there is significant difference in transmission between the blank an... |
I'm basing my attempt at an answer off of [Modern Quantum Chemistry by Szabo and Ostlund][1], p.119-122.
The general development of Hartree-Fock is done via functional variation of the ground state energy $E_0=\left<\psi_0\right|\!\hat{H}\!\left|\psi_0\right>$. At the end of this, we obtain the matrix form of a diff... |
I'm going to take a few stills from 3D conformers of the following compounds available on PubChem in which [ortho effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortho_effect) is applicable to show what I'm referring to.
[2-Nitrobenzoic acid](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Nitrobenzoic-acid#section=3D-Conformer):... |
While reading up on Tanabe-Sugano diagrams I noticed that many diagrams spread over the internet that all seem to come from this Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabe–Sugano_diagram. Those graphs are all derived from this data: http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/courses/Tanabe-Sugano/TSspread.html
When ... |
My official CIE A level textbook, and some mark schemes mention the following:
> Ions with the same charge have a lower charge density if their radius is large. This is because the same charge is spread over a larger volume. A lower charge density weakens the electrostatic attraction and thus decreases the lattice ... |
charge density as a measure of lattice enthalpy & polarizing power? |
Iron, for example, has an atomic weight of 55.845
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Whereas hydrogen's atomic weight is 1.008, **1.8%** of Irons.
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
And the density of Hydrogen (at STP) is 0.0899 g/L, **1.14%** of of Iron's density of 7.874 g/cc, not an exact ratio... |
What factors other than atomic weight affect density of an element? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
We know a compound could form between NaCl because they are +1 and -1 ions which make them both into a complete valence set.
**Could a compound form between Al and Br, for example, and what type of bond would this be**? Would such a compound never form because it is not 'stable' (both atoms having a complete octet, ... |
Is this bond Ionic or Covalent, and why? AlBr |
Parathion itself has been found to be a very weak inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. It normally requires metabolic activation and the conversion into paraoxon in the body to actually start exhibiting anticholinesterase activity. However, the study cited below found that active isomers of parathion, O,S-Diethyl O-4-nit... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
We know a compound could form between NaCl because they are +1 and -1 ions which make them both into a complete valence set.
**Could a compound form between Al and Br, for example, and what type of bond would this be**? Would such a compound never form because it is not 'stable' (both atoms having a complete octet, ... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
My preconception is that when you fill an empty orbital by energizing an electron (with photon), the empty orbital will be filled by a +1/2 spinning electron. However, I've seen examples of that happening and not happening:
[![Here is a spin change][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/n2H8C.png
I could not ... |
Does an electron's spin change when being elevated from the HOMO to the empty LUMO? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
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