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Is mixing silicone oil with other types of oil safe?
Seeding by already crystalline honey helps to trigger or speed up crystalization. Stirring speeds up crystallization. When combined with seeding, it leads to many small crystals, typical for the "paste?" honey. It is very well suitable for bread spreading, with the flow (almost) frozen. Slow static crystallizati...
The decisive factor is the plant origin of honey. The major components ( reportedly by some beekeeper books of my passed away father ) have ratio glucose : fructose about 1:1 to 1:1.7. Glucose reportedly crystallizes more readily, triggering fructose crystallization as well. So honey closer to 1:1 ratio has stronger te...
The decisive factor is the plant origin of honey. The major components ( reportedly by some beekeeper books of my passed away father ) have ratio glucose : fructose about 1:1 to 1:1.7. Glucose reportedly crystallizes more readily, triggering fructose crystallization as well. So honey closer to 1:1 ratio has stronger te...
The decisive factor is the plant origin of honey. The major components ( reportedly by some beekeeper books of my passed away father ) have ratio glucose : fructose about 1:1 to 1:1.7. Glucose reportedly crystallizes more readily, triggering fructose crystallization as well. So honey closer to 1:1 ratio has stronger te...
What are the compounds in oxygen and carbon dioxide indicator solutions that gives their color?
Electrons in a shell absorb energy and move to higher energy levels, but they release their energy and jump back to the shell they originally were in. Why do they jump back? Why can they not keep revolving around the nucleus?
Why do electrons jump back after absorbing energy and moving to a higher energy level?
The decisive factor is the plant origin of honey. The major components ( reportedly by some beekeeper books of my passed away father ) have ratio glucose : fructose about 1:1 to 1:1.7. Glucose reportedly crystallizes more readily, triggering fructose crystallization as well. So honey closer to 1:1 ratio has stronger te...
The rate of reaction is given by the following equation, where [Ker-S-S-Ker] is just the molecule being broken down and [RSH] is an abbreviation for thioglycolic acid The thioglycolate is in large excess and so essentially remains unchanged. [![enter image description here][1]][1] Can somebody explain why...
I'm comparing a bunch of SARS-CoV2 rapid antigen tests: [![Table][1]][1] Columns 4 and 6 list the values for sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD). How come that a test with a several times lower limit of detection can have a worse sensitivity? As an example, consider tests #2 and #4: #2 - Sensitivity: *...
A number of magnesium food / sports supplements contain it as MgO - which is practically unsoluble in water. The recommended quantity is somewhere around .3g / day, so not an insignificant amount. How is that supposed to work? Does it rely on the pH shifts in the human gut? I've tried to check MgO solubility in wate...
A number of magnesium food / sports supplements contain it as MgO - which is practically unsoluble in water. The recommended quantity is somewhere around .3g / day, so not an insignificant amount. How is that supposed to work? Does it rely on the pH shifts in the human gut? I've tried to check MgO solubility in wate...
I learned that the electron in a neutral hydrogen atom can be excited to higher levels. But there are different sublevels in the levels. For example s, p, d and f. Does the electron only jump from s sublevel to s sublevel or can it jump to a p sublevel ? I also learned that an electron always fills the sublevels ...
Does the electron in a neutral hydrogen atom ever exist in the p, d or f sublevels?
Cycloalkanes have the same general formula as alkenes. Doesn't this mean that cycloalkanes can be saturated by turning into alkanes the same way alkenes use? If so, what is the reaction mechanism? In the reaction mechanism of the electrophilic addition of alkenes, a pair of electrons are taken from a C-C double bond an...
Can cycloalkanes undergo electrophilic addition? If so, what is their mechanism?
I should point out first that I'm not a chemist, but I'm currently doing a little bit of chemistry; this should clarify that I don't have formal training in a chemistry lab (other than some basic chem classes in my BS). So the question is this: what is standard practice for keeping salts moisture free if you can't a...
Consider the Oxymercuration - Demercuration of the following compound with $\ce{Hg(OAc)2}$ followed by treatment with $\ce{NaBH4}$ in basic medium:<br> [![enter image description here][1]][1] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/upjUG.png Here, if we go according to Markovnikov addition of water to the double bond, ...
Purpose: -------- On new year's eve, after a splendid red and an assortment of sumptuous repasts, I made a bold remark which, on further consideration, may turn out to be incorrect. Unless! Unless I can concoct an impressive scientific explanation - for which I will need your input Context: -------- - Tempe...
An ion of chlorine with a charge of -1 is called a chloride ion/anion. Are there terms for other ions of chlorine ? For example $\ce{Cl+}$ or $\ce{Cl^{2-}}$ ?
Are there terms for ions of chlorine other than chloride?
According to my textbook (Class 12 NCERT Chemistry): >Fructose also exists in two cyclic forms which are obtained >by the addition of —OH at C5 to the C = O group. The ring, thus formed >is a five membered ring and is named as furanose with analogy to the >compound furan. I understood why the pyranose structure ...
An ion of chlorine with a charge of −1 is called a chloride ion/anion. Are there terms for other ions of chlorine, for example, $\ce{Cl+}$ or $\ce{Cl^2-}?$
While working with some rust remover ([MSDS](http://www1.mscdirect.com/MSDS/MSDS00058/77918878-20141213.PDF), ~20% phosphoric acid by weight), a sequence of events that would make Rube Goldberg proud led to me spilling about 500mL of it all over the place. Yes I was wearing gloves and an acid gas respirator. I'm not...
While working with some rust remover ([MSDS](http://www1.mscdirect.com/MSDS/MSDS00058/77918878-20141213.PDF), ~20% phosphoric acid by weight), a sequence of events that would make Rube Goldberg proud led to me spilling about 500mL of it all over the place. Yes I was wearing gloves and an acid gas respirator. I'm not...
FYI to start- I'm not a chemist by training, so assume I'm missing some basic knowledge of the field. I've been trying to do some electrodeposition with an iridium tetrachloride-based solution, and my success at doing so is random at best. In talking to a chemist, they suggested that I buy new glassware and perform ...
This module I am answering asked me to provide a reason why Wolff-Kishner reduction is favored over Clemmensen reduction in reducing (3Z)-pent-3-enal to (2Z)-pent-2-ene but either Wolff-Kishner or Clemmensen can be used to reduce pentanal to pentene. I am currently running with the notion that the alkene substituent...
What condition favors Wolff-Kishner reduction over Clemmensen reduction in aldehydes with an alkene substituent?
This module I am answering asked me to provide a reason why Wolff–Kishner reduction is favored over Clemmensen reduction in reducing (3<i>Z</i>)-pent-3-enal to (2<i>Z</i>)-pent-2-ene but either Wolff–Kishner or Clemmensen can be used to reduce pentanal to pentene. I am currently running with the notion that the alke...
What condition favors Wolff–Kishner reduction over Clemmensen reduction in aldehydes with an alkene substituent?
Iodine molecules ($\ce{I2}$) can absorb in the visible region and dissociate into $\ce{2 I^.}$ radicals. One of the I atoms is in ground electronic state $\mathrm{^2P_{3/2}}$ and the other I atom is in the excited $\mathrm{^2P_{1/2}}$. So, photodissociation of $\ce{I2}$ produces 50% of the species in the excited state ...
Buffer solutions are typically prepared by dissolving an appropriate salt in water and then adjusting the $\mathrm{pH}$ to the desired position by addition of the conjugate acid or base. For example, to prepare a $\pu{100 mM}$ ammonium acetate solution at $\mathrm{pH}~9,$ you’d first prepare a $\pu{100 mM}$ ammoniu...
While working with some rust converter ([MSDS](http://www1.mscdirect.com/MSDS/MSDS00058/77918878-20141213.PDF), ~20% phosphoric acid by weight), a sequence of events that would make Rube Goldberg proud led to me spilling about 500mL of it all over the place. Yes I was wearing gloves and an acid gas respirator. I'm n...
I did copper etching (making a PCB) using the vinegar + H202 + NaCl method and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the negati...
I did copper etching (making a PCB) using the vinegar + H202 + NaCl method and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the negati...
I work with a lab occasionally and get asked often if a chemical is safe to breathe, how hazardous is it if it lands on skin, etc. For the most part, I'll try to go to an SDS and look it up. The pictograms and diamond are what I search for, so I try to give a general answer based on that. I'm never entirely confident i...
How do I understand exactly how hazardous a material is based on SDS?
Consider the low-spin octahedral crystal field splitting diagram for a d4 system. [![enter image description here][1]][1] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9Uac.png When we calculate the crystal field splitting energy we simply observe the absorbed color of light and calculate the frequency of a photon require...
Why is the pairing energy not considered when calculating the crystal field splitting energy?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsQXN-Kh2-w&t=497s In this video, he says that water has four properties (surface tension, refractive index... ) that transition from 50 - 63 Celsius between totally separate values? Eminently testable but I don't have the facilities. I tried searching but there some statements of liq...
Does water have properties suggesting it has a phase transition at 50-63 Celsius so it has two phases?
I did copper etching (to make a PCB) using a solution of vinegar + H202 + NaCl and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the ne...
I did copper etching (to make a PCB) using a solution of vinegar + H202 + NaCl and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the ne...
![enter image description here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KVYhB.jpg) I’m so confused now. I did this when I first started experimenting with electrochemistry (when I didn’t know what I was doing) I was using anything I had in my garage as an anode and somehow I copper plated this aluminum speed square. All that ...
I’m interested in quantitating lithium via NMR using a Magitrek Spinsolve 60MHz bench top NMR spectrometer. Is there any evidence that suggests the volume of the liquid sample used in the NMR tube has any effect on the area on the spectra peaks? I’m interested in hearing opinions on the matter before running tests veri...
I’m interested in quantitating lithium via NMR using a Magitrek Spinsolve 60MHz bench top NMR spectrometer. Is there any evidence that suggests the volume of the liquid sample used in the NMR tube has any effect on the area of the spectra peaks? I’m interested in hearing opinions on the matter before running tests veri...
I did copper etching (to make a PCB) using a solution of vinegar + H202 + NaCl and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the ne...
Pouring hot milk into ginger juice solidifies the milk. All I know is that ginger juice contains [Zingibain][1] that could break down milk proteins into smaller polypeptides. I'm confused as though why is this sufficient to solidify the milk? [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingibain
What is the chemical reaction behind ginger milk curd?
I did copper etching (to make a PCB) using a solution of vinegar + H202 + NaCl and now I need to dispose the solution. There is no waste collection for this kind of stuff where I live, so after some research I saw that the cleanest dispose process seams to be to make electrolysis. I used a copper electrode at the ne...
> Please explain using plain english (without any rules or tables) why is that in asymmetric stretching like the following, there is no change in the size, shape or orientation of the electron cloud that surrounds the molecule? **There is a change.** From your diagram, I believe that you are discussing the case ...
Why No Change in Polarizability in Asymmetric Stretch?
When reading and learning about the gold foil experiment, the alpha particles mostly go straight through the gold foil and some get deflected or bounce back but it doesn't say anything about the direction of the alpha particle emitter. Did the alpha particle emitter stay in the same spot or get directed to different ar...
In the Gold Foil experiment, did Ernest Rutherford's alpha particles hit the same spot every time or did he direct the emitter to different spots?
I recently ordered a 500g sample of Ferrous Chloride powder. However the powder is in light brown color, and on dissolving it in water, it gives a similar brown hue and it is not a clear solution. From what I saw on various preparation methods on YouTube, all the solutions are green in color. Is there something wrong w...
Is this Ferrous Chloride powder?
My question in quite simple why a compound such as chloro-ethane is called as such why is if not chloro-ethyl?? Since it is a hydrogen short.
Why does the cathode in an OLED require a low work function and the anode require a high work function?
Buffer solutions are typically prepared by dissolving an appropriate salt in water and then adjusting the $\mathrm{pH}$ to the desired position by addition of the conjugate acid or base. For example, to prepare a $\pu{100 mM}$ ammonium acetate solution at $\mathrm{pH}~9,$ you’d first prepare a $\pu{100 mM}$ ammoniu...
This module I am answering asked me to provide a reason why Wolff–Kishner reduction is favored over Clemmensen reduction in reducing (3<i>Z</i>)-pent-3-enal to (2<i>Z</i>)-pent-2-ene but either Wolff–Kishner or Clemmensen can be used to reduce pentanal to pentene. I am currently running with the notion that the alke...
In aldehydes with an alkene substituent, what conditions favor Wolff–Kishner reduction over Clemmensen reduction?
Do all chiral objects show optical activity? For example my hand is chiral, will it rotate the plane of polarization of light of suitable wavelength?
In order to understand Guy Lussac law, Amidio Avegadro told that "In equal volumes of air under constant temperature and pressure , there are equal number of atoms (or molecules)". **However, for example**: Let's take a hydrogen molecule and an oxygen molecule [ H<superscript>2 < O<superscript>2] As oxygen is ...
How to name an alkyne with cyclic substituent?
In order to understand Guy Lussac law, Amedeo Avogadro told that "In equal volumes of air under constant temperature and pressure , there are equal number of atoms (or molecules)". **However, for example**: Let's take a hydrogen molecule and an oxygen molecule [ H<superscript>2 < O<superscript>2] As oxygen is ...
[![IR Spectra of the molecule][1]][1] [![NMR Spectra of the molecule][2]][2] I was able to figure out the molecule as [![Molecular Structure identified using the NMR & IR Spectra given][3]][3] My friend asked me why I didn't consider the following molecule: [![Other possible structure, maybe][4]...
I am looking to identify the molecular structure of a compound with the sum formula $\ce{C8H14O3}$ using the NMR and IR spectrometry data below. [![IR Spectra of the molecule][1]][1] [![NMR Spectra of the molecule][2]][2] I was able to figure out the molecule as [![Molecular Structure identified using th...
This question is about the H NMR spectrum of creatine. Creatine is a supplement taken by athletes to increase body mass. Recently, supplements containing derivatives of creatine have been marketed. These are usually more lipophilic in an attempt to improve uptake. The 1 H NMR spectrum of one of these supplement...
The 15N spectra for [Pt(NH3)3 H2O] shows 6 lines, I don't understand why because the 3 (NH3) are chemically equivalent and when interacting with Pt will generate a double satellite lines and a middle line for a total of three, so why it is giving me 6 lines?. are they not all chemically equivalent? or is there coupling...
why the The 15N–{ 1H} spectrum of [Pt(NH3)3 H2O] shows 6 lines instead of 3 if all the NH3 are supposed to be equivalent?
It isn't just multiple ring systems where things get muddied up. It happens also with a ring where there is a pi-bonded substituent like cyclopropenone. In the case of cycyclopropenone we often suppose that the carbonyl group with its electronegative oxygen atom is polarized or zwitterionic, as $\ce{C^{+}-O^{-}}$, ...
I’m interested in quantitating lithium via NMR using a Magritek Spinsolve 60MHz bench top NMR spectrometer. Is there any evidence that suggests the volume of the liquid sample used in the NMR tube has any effect on the area of the spectra peaks? I’m interested in hearing opinions on the matter before running tests veri...
I am looking to identify the molecular structure of a compound with the sum formula $\ce{C8H14O3}$ using the NMR and IR spectrometry data below. [![IR Spectra of the molecule][1]][1] [![NMR Spectra of the molecule][2]][2] I was able to figure out the molecule as [![Molecular Structure identified using th...
To understand Gay-Lussac's law, Amadeo Avogadro said, > In equal volumes of air under constant temperature and pressure, there are equal number of atoms (or molecules). Let's take a hydrogen and an oxygen molecule. As the latter is larger in size, when stored in two separate equally-volumed containers, doesn't oxyg...
How does one prove Avogadro's law from Gay-Lussac's?
My textbook of physical chemistry says > Generally, the gases which can easily be liquefied and more soluble in common solvents Why is it so?
I'd found the image attached on a website explaining the molecular orbital theory. [![enter image description here][1]][1] My question is, shouldn't the graph have a maximum at the middle of the two hydrogen atoms? since my intuition tells me that the electrons have a great chance of being in the middle rather th...
Here are two compounds: Compound H: [![enter image description here][2]][2] and compound I: [![enter image description here][3]][3] Compound H reactions with the reagent shown below to form compound I and two other products. How would you clarify this reaction? I thought it was a reduction, bec...
The wavelength has to be comparable with the object size in order to see those effects. Your macroscopic hand will *not* rotate ordinary light even if you have millions hands around, because the wavelength of light is so small. Yes, it will scatter light as a large object. This idea of optical rotation by long waveleng...
My textbook of physical chemistry says > ...The following factors affect the solubilities of gases in liquids:<br> **(i) Nature of the gas and solvent:** Generally, the gases which can be easily liquefied are more soluble in common solvents. For example, $CO_2$ is more soluble in water than oxygen or hydrogen. The...
My textbook of physical chemistry says > ...The following factors affect the solubilities of gases in liquids: > >**(i) Nature of the gas and solvent:** Generally, the gases which can be easily liquefied are more soluble in common solvents. For example, $CO_2$ is more soluble in water than oxygen or hydrogen. The g...
My textbook of physical chemistry says > ...The following factors affect the solubilities of gases in liquids: > >**(i) Nature of the gas and solvent:** Generally, the gases which can be easily liquefied are more soluble in common solvents. For example, $CO_2$ is more soluble in water than oxygen or hydrogen. The g...
I want to know the exact mechanism for how silver would start to grow during a mirroring with Tollen's reagent. I've made two pictures to illustrate how I see the nucleation/growth process of silver on silica: ![nucleation](https://i.stack.imgur.com/hjZ3t.png) ![growth](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UQGTQ.png) As ...
Is there any suggestion to completely remove iron II acetate from a zinc-alloy steel surface? It can't be something abrasive, or if it is, it must be completely soluble. Background: My bike chain, which is made of zinc-alloy steel, got some bits of rust here and there after I cleaned it and left it wet for a ...
How to completely remove Iron II Acetate from a steel surface through a chemical reaction?
Consider the low-spin octahedral crystal field splitting diagram for a d4 system. [![enter image description here][1]][1] [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/u9Uac.png When we calculate the crystal field splitting energy we simply observe the absorbed color of light and calculate the frequency of a photon require...
I live in a small town where Potassium hydroxide is not readily available. (I need above for preparing liquid soap.) But Potassium chloride (KCl) and Quick Lime (CaO) are available as fertilizer and White-wash ingredients respectively. Can KOH be prepared from above ingredients? What will be reaction conditions?
isn't potassium carbonate available as fertilizer? it's a lot more common. Then it would be a simple matter of mixing CaO with water and adding k2co3. Eventually you'd be left with solid caco3 and koh in solution
Pure water does not conduct electricity. When you dissolve a salt like $\ce{Na2SO4}$ in water the solution becomes a better conductor. If electrolysis is done on this solution Oxygen and Hydrogen gas form at the electrodes. The ions $\ce{Na+}$ and $\ce{SO_4^{2-}}$ don't seem to be doing anything further. Th...
What does the salt actually do during electrolysis?
It is well-known that > A salt with a higher lattice energy will not dissolve at all, because then $\Delta_{\text{sol}}H^\ominus$ will be negative. So, the reaction should be endothermic, right? My question is: **If then we provide heat to the reaction, then we should be able to dissolve such salts. Is this t...
Can we dissolve salts with higher lattice enthalpy by providing heat?
To understand Gay-Lussac's law, [Amedeo Avogadro][1] said, > In equal volumes of air under constant temperature and pressure, there are equal number of atoms (or molecules). Let's take a hydrogen and an oxygen molecule. As the latter is larger in size, when stored in two separate equally-volumed containers, doesn't...
How about looking at the partial pressures of two gases in a perfectly insulated pair of insulated bottles connected by a Maxwell's demon opening that can tell us which kind of gas molecule went through the opening between the bottles and which way the molecule was moving. Let us say the bottles are exactly the same si...
Pure water does not conduct electricity. When you dissolve a salt like $\ce{Na2SO4}$ in water the solution becomes a better conductor. If electrolysis is done on this solution, oxygen and hydrogen gases form at the electrodes. The ions $\ce{Na+}$ and $\ce{SO4^2-}$ don't seem to be doing anything further. The elec...
To understand Gay-Lussac's law, [Amedeo Avogadro][1] said > In equal volumes of air under constant temperature and pressure, there are equal number of atoms (or molecules). Let's take a hydrogen and an oxygen molecule. As the latter is larger in size, when stored in two separate equally-volumed containers, doesn'...
The three more energy electron layers for Indium(49) are, sorted from lower to higher energy: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1 From this configuration, it could be said that is easy to subtract 1 electron (oxidation state +1), next start subtracting electrons from 4d layer. However, the more common oxidation state of Indium is ...
Why is +3 the oxidation state of Indium?
The three more energy electron layers for Indium(49) are, sorted from lower to higher energy: [Kr] 5s2 4d10 5p1 From this configuration, it could be said that is easy to subtract the 5p1 electron (oxidation state +1), next start subtracting electrons from 4d layer. However, the more common oxidation state of Indi...