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What exactly is hydrolysis? What are the products of hydrolysis of aluminium? |
There is a major issue in the formulation of your problem: You want
> to relate the difference between an approximation $\phi$ and the exact
> ground-state wave function ψ0 with the difference between the
> approximate energy $E=\int\phi^* H\phi \mathrm{d}\tau$ and the exact energy
The second part of that state... |
I came across three reactions while studying p-block compounds in inorganic chemistry.
**Reaction 1**- 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H$_2$O --> Na[Al(OH)$_4$] + 3H$_2$
**Reaction 2**- Al$_2$O$_3$ + 2NaOH + 3H$_2$O --> Na[Al(OH)$_4$]
**Reaction 3**- Al$_2$O$_3$ + 6NaOH + 3H$_2$O --> Na$_3$[Al(OH)$_6$]
Look at the above re... |
## TL;DR
No this is not true. Although a "better approximation" might yield a lower energy, this is not always the case.
## Full answer
There is a major issue in the formulation of your problem: You want
> to relate the difference between an approximation $\phi$ and the exact
> ground-state wave function ψ... |
## TL;DR
No this is not true. Although a "better approximation" might yield a lower energy, this is not always the case.
## Full answer
There is a major issue in the formulation of your problem: You want
> to relate the difference between an approximation $\phi$ and the exact
> ground-state wave function ψ... |
I'm trying to work out a possible mechanism for the reaction of a methyl glycinate hydrochloride salt in toluene (it is insoluble) with an acid chloride, reacting through the N-terminus. As the amine is protonated (hydrochloride salt), it is non-nucleophilic and insoluble in the toluene. The question states that upon a... |
Possible mechanism by which a methyl glycinate hydrochloride salt in toluene (insoluble) reacts with an acid chloride through the nitrogen atom? |
I'm trying to work out a possible mechanism for the reaction of a methyl glycinate hydrochloride salt in toluene (it is insoluble) with an acid chloride, reacting through the N-terminus. As the amine is protonated (hydrochloride salt), it is non-nucleophilic and insoluble in the toluene. The question states that upon a... |
I came across three reactions while studying p-block compounds in inorganic chemistry.
**Reaction 1**- 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H$_2$O --> 2 Na[Al(OH)$_4$] + 3H$_2$
**Reaction 2**- Al$_2$O$_3$ + 2NaOH + 3H$_2$O --> 2 Na[Al(OH)$_4$]
**Reaction 3**- Al$_2$O$_3$ + 6NaOH + 3H$_2$O --> 2 Na$_3$[Al(OH)$_6$]
Look at the ab... |
From the book Chemical Principles The Quest for Insight, 5th Edition by Peter Atkins, Loretta Jones
>The equipartition theorem is a result from classical mechanics; so we can use it for
translational and rotational motion of molecules at room temperature and above, where
**quantization is unimportant.**
I know ... |
From my textbook:
> The alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue solutions forming ammoniated ions. $$\text{M}+(x+y)\text{NH}_3 \rightarrow [\text{M}(\text{NH}_3)_x]^{2+} + 2[e(\text{NH}_3)_y]^-$$
However, my teacher has told me beryllium and magnesium are anomalous in that they don't di... |
Why don't beryllium and magnesium dissolve in ammonia? |
I came across three reactions while studying p-block compounds in inorganic chemistry.
$$\ce{2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O -> 2 Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2} \label{eq:1} \tag{1}$$
$$\ce{Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O -> 2 Na[Al(OH)4]} \label{eq:2} \tag{2}$$
$$\ce{Al2O3 + 6NaOH + 3H2O -> 2 Na3[Al(OH)6]} \label{eq:3} \tag{3}$$
Look at the... |
The following chemical structure is phenolic resin, which is what billiard balls are made of. How is this chemical made?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/RDVO5.png |
How is phenolic resin made? |
In an exothermic reaction, heat is released whereas heat is absorbed in endothermic reactions. But the temperature increases in exothermic reactions whereas temperature decreases in endothermic reactions.
How does heat release result in higher temperature of the system whereas heat absorption release in lower tempe... |
I'm trying to model some industrial processes and having a hard time finding information about the Sabatier reaction. The sabatier reaction comabines CO2 (and possibly CO) with H2 to produce H2O and CH4.
On the one hand this reaction is exothermic. On the other hand it requires high heat and pressure. Does the react... |
How much energy is required to operate a Sabatier Reactor? |
From my textbook:
> The [alkali and] alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give deep blue solutions forming ammoniated ions. $$\text{M}+(x+y)\text{NH}_3 \rightarrow [\text{M}(\text{NH}_3)_x]^{2+} + 2[e(\text{NH}_3)_y]^-$$
However, my teacher has told me beryllium and magnesium are anomalous in that ... |
Is there a generalize-able relationship between Ecell and T for a galvanic cell (assuming constant concentrations of all components)? (ie: higher temp = bigger/smaller Voltage)
Or is it entirely dependant on the underpinning thermodynamics - ie: if a given galvanic cell is -∆Srxn, then it will become LESS spontaneou... |
Is there a generalize-able relationship between Ecell and T for a galvanic cell? |
According to literature, dimethyl paraoxon has a reaction rate constant for the aging (spontaneous dealkylation) of acetylcholinesterase of $\pu{0.186 h-1}$, a spontaneous reactivation rate constant of $\pu{1.01 h-1}$, and an inhibition reaction rate constant of $\pu{1.2 \times 10^6 M-1 min-1}$, compared to $\pu{0.022 ... |
In exothermic reactions, heat is released, whereas heat is absorbed in endothermic reactions. But exothermic reactions are often described as being associated with an increase in temperature, and the opposite is the case for endothermic reactions.
How does heat release result in a higher temperature of the system, ... |
I have been trying to visualize this for a while, through the image attached. [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GTrA2.png
I can't tell whether the c/4 part includes the octahedral site or not...how should I go about approaching this problem? |
I have been trying to visualize and find the number of them for a while, through the image attached. [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/GTrA2.png
I can't tell whether the c/4 part includes the octahedral site or not...how should I go about approaching this problem? |
Generally, the percent of ionic character in a two-element compound correlates quite well with the difference in the electronegativities of the two elements making up the compound, as can be seen in this graph:
[![Ionic v. Covalent in the Electronegativity Court][1]][1]
(Image originally by the University of Flor... |
Why is HF much more covalent than KI despite having a greater electronegativity difference? |
My teacher told me about the reaction of sodium peroxide with water:
$$\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \ce{->} \text{H}_2\text{O}_2 + 2\text{NaOH}$$
The sign denoting a complete change of products to reactants ($\ce{->}$) could be probably be replaced by one denoting an equilibrium ($\ce{<=>}$), but w... |
Why does this acid-base reaction occur at all? |
My teacher told me about the reaction of sodium peroxide with water:
$$\text{Na}_2\text{O}_2 + 2\text{H}_2\text{O} \ce{->} \text{H}_2\text{O}_2 + 2\text{NaOH}$$
Now, the concentration of products may be comparable to that of the reactants (warranting a $\ce{<=>}$ sign instead of $\ce{->}$), but why does the forwa... |
Why does this acid-base reaction occur? |
Between sigma-pi bond and 2 bent bonds, is it actually equiavalence? Or there is specific molecule that require to be bent bonds and cannot exist as pi bond and vice versa? I felt like we actually don't need pi bond model at all if we consider it all to be bent bond
If it not, then how can we consider which chemical... |
What difference between pi bond and bent bond? Is it possible to replace sigma-pi bond model and use only bent bond instead? |
Is there any way to store moist air inside a high pressure tank?
Let's suppose that I have humid air (30%) at room temperature and I want to store it at 300Bar in a tank. when I extract the fluid from the tank (isothermal expansion) to bring it back to ambient pressure will I keep the same percentage of humidity?
... |
Is it possible to store moist air at high pressure? |
As part of my high school project, I had to measure the initial rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalysed by potassium iodide at different pHs. At higher pHs (alkaline conditions), I found the initial rate of reaction to be slower, and I have repeated my experiment multiple times to confirm this. Any possibl... |
As part of my high school project, I had to measure the initial rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide catalysed by potassium iodide at different pHs. At higher pHs (alkaline conditions), I found the initial rate of reaction to be slower, and I have repeated my experiment multiple times to confirm this. Any possibl... |
The solubility of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides of s-block elements *increases* down the group.
But, the solubility of their sulphates and perchlorates *decreases* down the group.
The reason for this is: down the groups, ions get larger. Thus, hydration enthalpy decreases, and solubility should take a ... |
Why is the shape of sulphates and perchlorate ions special? |
The solubility of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides of s-block elements *increases* down the group.
But, the solubility of their sulphates and perchlorates *decreases* down the group.
The reason for this is: down the groups, ions get larger. Thus, hydration enthalpy decreases, and solubility should take a ... |
The solubility of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides of s-block elements *increases* down the group.
But, the solubility of their sulphates and perchlorates *decreases* down the group.
The reason for this is: down the groups, ions get larger. Thus, hydration enthalpy decreases, and solubility should take a ... |
Why is the shape of sulphates and perchlorates such that lattice enthalpy doesn't decrease down the group? |
I'm trying to model some industrial processes and having a hard time finding information about the Sabatier reaction. The sabatier reaction combines CO2 (and possibly CO) with H2 to produce H2O and CH4.
On the one hand this reaction is exothermic. On the other hand it requires high heat and pressure. Does the reacto... |
I'm trying to model some industrial processes and having a hard time finding information about the Sabatier reaction. The sabatier reaction combines CO2 (and possibly CO) with H2 to produce H2O and CH4.
On the one hand this reaction is exothermic. On the other hand it requires high heat and pressure. Does the reacto... |
How to calculate pH of an CH3COOH solution? |
The following chemical structure is phenolic resin. How is this chemical made?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/RDVO5.png |
I have heard Polyethylene Glycol is derived from Ethylene Glycol, so was doing some research to see how they differ and found [this][1].
Now this states that:
> Polyethylene glycol is produced from the reaction between ethylene oxide and water, ethylene glycol or ethylene glycol oligomers.
As I understand it e... |
Is Polyethylene Glycol always derived from Ethylene Glycol? If not, how does it differ? |
## Electron tunneling
Tunneling refers to elementary particles moving "through" a potential barrier in the absence of sufficient energy to go "over the barrier". This is roughly equivalent to saying that a particle can occupy two locations and traverse between them even though there is all paths between those locati... |
## Electron tunneling
Tunneling refers to elementary particles moving "through" a potential barrier in the absence of sufficient energy to go "over the barrier". This is roughly equivalent to saying that a particle can occupy two locations and traverse between them even though all paths between those locations have ... |
Bond polarity, as far as I understand, is a measure of the degree to which shared electron density is distorted, and thus solely depends on the electronegativity difference.
Up until now, I had learnt that the dipole moment (charge on each atom x separation) is used as a measure of the polarity. However, for molec... |
How to draw chair-form for trans-decalin (wth slight variation)? |
Assuming electric dipole moment points towards the negative charge, what would its direction be in hydronium?
Although the bonding electron density is distorted towards the more electronegative oxygen, it already has a formal charge of +1. Assuming the partial charge on oxygen due to distorted shared e.density is le... |
What is the direction of the net electric dipole moment in hydronium H3O+? |
How to draw chair-form for trans-decalin (with slight variation)? |
How can I create a graph of a titration curve (acid-base, strong or weak, not something specific), with an equation or a function. In other words, what is the equation that describes such a curve that could be used in graphing software to recreate the curve without actually needing any experimental values? Also, if the... |
In the famous words of George Box, "All models are wrong. Some are useful."
The bent bond and sigma/pi descriptions are two apparently distinct models for representing the underlying structure of electron density of molecules. Both are oversimplifications, but the key question (as with any model) is which is bett... |
According to the below two titrations,
[![pH titration-1][1]][1]
[![pH titration-2][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/iJ6YJ.png
[2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/2J1p8.png
[Image Reference](https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chem1_(Lower)/13%3A_Acid-Base_Equilibria/13.... |
TLDR: We use the adsorber beads (which is essentially alumino-silicate beads) to adsorb some <IP info here> stuff from our process stream. The spent beads are dissolved in NaOH and sent to our wastewater treatment facility for precipitation and separation through filter presses.
Anyway, due to unavoidable circumstance... |
How to dissolve hardened aluminum silicate beads back into solution? |
So, I was asked a very innocent question by my friend that all hydrocarbons are defined as compounds made up **entirely** of hydrogen and carbon(which can be confirmed by going to any educational site like Wikipedia, Brilliant, Khan academy etc.). But, everyone almost immediately *sort of* contradicts it by putting fun... |
Why are functional groups a part of hydrocarbons? |
I'm wondering if there's any way you can make "Rocket Candy" (or R-candy) fuel without cooking it. I'm building a model rocket that I'm hoping will get about 3 km on my first build (It's not going to be super big), and I thought R-candy was a good idea. I <i>am</i> just getting into this stuff, but I'm doing a ton of r... |
Can you make R-Candy without cooking it? |
I'm wondering if there's any way you can make "Rocket Candy" (or R-candy) fuel without cooking it. I'm building a model rocket that I'm hoping will get about 3 km on my first build (It's not going to be super big), and I thought R-candy was a good idea. I <i>am</i> just getting into this stuff, but I'm doing a ton of r... |
I wasnt sure how the phrase the headline question really nor if this is the right place to ask it, but i'm primarily interested in the chemical synthesis aspect and the experience of chemists regarding this subject.
In the antimicrobial literature specific liposome or nano particle encapsulations of antibiotics hav... |
Why are nanoliposome encapsulated antibiotics still so unavailable despite being so effective? |
I'm wondering if there's any way you can make "Rocket Candy" (or R-candy) fuel without cooking it. I'm building a model rocket that I'm hoping will get about 3 km on my first build (It's not going to be super big), and I thought R-candy was a good idea. I <i>am</i> just getting into this stuff, but I'm doing a ton of r... |
Can you make R-Candy without heating the propellant mix? |
How can I create a graph of a titration curve (acid-base, strong or weak, not something specific), with an equation or a function. In other words, what is the equation that describes such a curve that could be used in graphing software to recreate the curve without actually needing any experimental values? Also, if the... |
Liposomes are the first *nano*-drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. So far, all liposomal drugs are designed for intravenous applications with control release. Most of them are designed to certain targets such as cancer cells. That's why most of liposomal dr... |
Phosphorus halides react with alcohols to give alkyl halides. I think that a similar reaction would be possible with sulfur halides. In particular, sulfur iodides. While these are not stable at room temperature, they could hypothetically exist as intermediates, and quickly react with the alcohol solvent they are in. Si... |
I'm building a model rocket, and I'm trying to find a good fuel. I've done a lot of research and I know about r-candy and the aluminum-ammonium fuel, but I was wondering, before I made any of these, if I could use All-Purpose Flour instead. From what I've seen, it is highly combustible, and I think it would do a good j... |
Could you use All-Purpose Flour as a model rocket fuel? |
Liposomes are the first *nano*-drug delivery systems that have been successfully translated into real-time clinical applications. So far, all liposomal drugs are designed for intravenous applications with control release. Most of them are designed to certain targets such as cancer cells. That's why most of liposomal dr... |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
INCHI-1 software input format(s)? |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
I am doing a research project on titanium and I know it is found in ores and compounds rather than in a pure state, but I am unsure why? How does this relate to its reactivity? |
Why is titanium not found in its pure state in nature? |
Is it possible for a molecule to absorb and emit at the same wavelength? What is the reason behind it?
I’m working on charged tin porphyrins and got the excitation and emission (fluorescence) wavelength around 400 nm.
|
Absorption and emission at same wavelength? |
biological activity of the isotopes of the same element? |
I have learned in my chemistry text books that the conductivity of electrolytic solutions increase with the increasing of temperature because the ions containing electrolytic solution move faster by getting more thermal energy. But a question arose in my mind if there exist any mathematical equation which can describe ... |
How does the force constant change when a heavier atom is used in vibrational spectroscopy? |
When determining the iron content in groundwater by titration, do I have to add sulfuric acid in to the ground water? If so why? |
## Electron tunneling
Tunneling refers to elementary particles moving "through" a potential barrier in the absence of sufficient energy to go "over the barrier". This is roughly equivalent to saying that a particle can occupy two locations and traverse between them even though all paths between those locations have ... |
When determining the iron content in groundwater by titration with potassium permanganate , do I have to add sulfuric acid in to the ground water? If so why?
the redox reaction is MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e —>Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l).
In this reaction where does the H+ comes from and also what happened to the K+ in potas... |
When determining the iron content in groundwater by titration with potassium permanganate, do I have to add sulfuric acid in to the ground water? If so, why?
The redox reaction is
$$\ce{MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- -> Mn^2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)}.$$
Where does $\ce{H+}$ come from in this reaction? What happened to $\ce... |
I am a horror author and I have a scene coming up in my new book where I need a red colored gas (or a gas that would somehow be turned / viewed red when viewed from the ground) to be spilled into the atmosphere. Preferably by a tanker truck. I need this gas to kind of hang over this small community and of course, not... |
I am a horror author and I have a scene coming up in my new book where I need a red-colored gas (or a gas that would somehow be turned or viewed red when viewed from the ground) to be spilled into the atmosphere. Preferably by a tanker truck.
I need this gas to kind of hang over this small community and of course, n... |
What non-hazardous substance can be used to locally turn sky red? |
1. An ionic compound
2. A covalent compound
3. A polar compound
4. A nonpolar compound
Previously, I have been taught that polar compounds can be either strong or weak electrolytes. I also learned that ionic compounds are generally strong. Therefore, my guess would be a, an ionic compound. However, I am not entir... |
Which of these would most likely be a strong electrolyte? |
I am currently working on some quantum chemical calculations, in particular looking at dissociation energy curves generated from Hartree-Fock, CI, CCSD and MP2 methods for diatomic molecules. Now, I was always under the impression that in order to get a poential energy surface (in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation) ... |
I am currently working on some quantum chemical calculations, in particular looking at dissociation energy curves generated from Hartree-Fock, CI, CCSD and MP2 methods for diatomic molecules. Now, I was always under the impression that in order to get a poential energy surface (in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation) ... |
I am currently working on some quantum chemical calculations, in particular looking at dissociation energy curves generated from Hartree-Fock, CI, CCSD and MP2 methods for diatomic molecules. Now, I was always under the impression that in order to get a poential energy surface (in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation) ... |
I am currently working on some quantum chemical calculations, in particular looking at dissociation energy curves generated from Hartree-Fock, CI, CCSD and MP2 methods for diatomic molecules. Now, I was always under the impression that in order to get a potential energy surface (in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation) ... |
I'm getting so much conflicting information!! When I practice electron configuration and google to check my answers I often see configurations that list the 3d orbital before the 4s orbital (apparantly the anomaly that the 4s is actually lower energy than 3d)
and 4d written before 5s which is apparantly another anoma... |
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