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Fluorine is more reactive than Chlorine. But does it mean that Fluorine can cause more damage to living tissues? If so, why wasn't Fluorine used in WW1 instead of Chlorine? |
Is Fluorine more toxic than Chlorine? |
My book says the following:
> $\alpha$ or $\beta$ keto acids do not undergo Clemmensen reduction
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5yWMg.png" height="200">
My reasoning was that the double bonds are in conjugation which makes them reluctant to participate in such reactions. However this doesnt seem to be the... |
The following is from *Organic Chemistry-2 for JEE Advanced* by KS Verma:
> α- or β-keto acids do not undergo Clemmensen reduction.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5yWMg.png" height="200">
My reasoning was that the double bonds are in conjugation which makes them reluctant to participate in such reactions.... |
If there is no destruction of mass in the nuclear fission , then how is tremendous energy is released? |
A. For certain ideal gas Cp=8.58 cal/mol-deg. What will be the final temperature and volume when two moles of the gas at 20 degrees celsius and 15 atmosphere are allowed to expand adiabatically and reversibly to 5 atm pressure? Find W, ∆U, and ∆H.
B. Suppose that the expansion takes place adiabatically against a const... |
A. For certain ideal gas Cp=8.58 cal/mol-deg. What will be the final temperature and volume when two moles of the gas at 20 degrees celsius and 15 atmosphere are allowed to expand adiabatically and reversibly to 5 atm pressure? Find W, ∆U, and ∆H.
B. Suppose that the expansion takes place adiabatically against a const... |
The following is from *Organic Chemistry-2 for JEE Advanced* by KS Verma:
> α- or β-keto acids do not undergo Clemmensen reduction.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5yWMg.png" height="200">
My reasoning was that the double bonds are in conjugation which makes them reluctant to participate in such reactions.... |
The following is from *Organic Chemistry-2 for JEE Advanced* by KS Verma:
> α- or β-keto acids do not undergo Clemmensen reduction.
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/5yWMg.png" height="200">
My reasoning was that the double bonds are in conjugation which makes them reluctant to participate in such reactions.... |
Fluorine is much more reactive than chlorine and would certainly cause more damage to living tissues. You can even check out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtWp45Eewtw for some fun demonstrations of its oxidizing power too!
Likewise, compared to chlorine gas, I'd assume fluorine munitions would be significantly har... |
I understand that π-backbonding in this complex involves the σ-donation of carbonyl to an empty d orbital of the metal, and the π-donation of the d electrons of the metal to the π* MO of the carbonyl. But why exactly does this lead to the weakening of the C-O bond (relative to free C-O)? |
Why does π-backbonding in a metal-carbonyl complex lead to a decrease in C-O bond strength? |
Can monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve in ammonia due to hydrogen bond formation? |
Can sugars dissolve in ammonia? |
Can monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve in ammonia due to hydrogen bond formation?
My rationale is that these sugars may be able to form hydrogen bond with ammonia. |
Can sugars dissolve in liquid ammonia? |
Here we have three isomers of butene there structure of who I have attached:
1. **cis-butene**
2. **trans-butene**
3. **iso-butene**
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/FuSy6.png
---
I was able to figure out that the trans isomer would obviously be mo... |
How would we arrange these in the increasing order of stability? |
Fluorine is much more reactive than chlorine and would certainly cause more damage to living tissues. You can even check out https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtWp45Eewtw for some fun demonstrations of its oxidizing power too!
Likewise, compared to chlorine gas, I'd assume fluorine munitions would be significantly har... |
What I mean is, that if you use G = H-TS and make the temperature low enough, couldn't you make any reaction spontaneous? For example, you have a Delta H of 85 kJ and a Delta S of -66 J/K. I've been told that this reaction is nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures, but if I make the temperature low enough, like around -129... |
Reactions with a positive Delta H and a negative Delta S are said to be nonspontaneous at ALL temperatures. But what if the temperature IS low enough? |
A 0.1036-g sample containing only BaCl2 and NaCl is dissolved in 50mL of distilled water. Titrating with 0.07916M AgNO3 requires 19.46mL to reach the end point.What is the weight percent of BaCl2 in the sample?
(Molar mass of BaCl2=208.232 and Molar mass of NaCl =58.4425)
From my own solution :
0.1036g of sample ... |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
>Can sugars dissolve in liquid ammonia?
Yes, according to Ref.1, liquid ammonia is used to extract sugars in sugar-beet chips:
>5.88 kilograms of sugar-beet chips having a moisture content of 5.4 percent and a saccharose content of 68 percent (calculated on the dried substance) are treated in an autoclave of 50-l... |
>Can sugars dissolve in liquid ammonia?
Yes, according to Ref.1, liquid ammonia is used to extract sugars in sugar-beet chips:
>5.88 kilograms of sugar-beet chips having a moisture content of 5.4 percent and a saccharose content of 68 percent (calculated on the dried substance) are treated in an autoclave of 50-l... |
A 0.1036-g sample containing only BaCl2 and NaCl is dissolved in 50mL of distilled water. Titrating with 0.07916M AgNO3 requires 19.46mL to reach the end point.What is the weight percent of BaCl2 in the sample?
(Molar mass of BaCl2=208.232 and Molar mass of NaCl =58.4425)
The way I did it was ;
0.1036g of samp... |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
I am doing a little home experiment trying to make as pure carbon powder as I can. I plan to then used it to eat up oxygen from a container where I want to try to melt aluminium.
My process was following:
1. I have put some sawdust in an iron can.
2. I covered the opening of the can with clay, leaving only a s... |
>Can sugars dissolve in liquid ammonia?
Yes, according to Ref.1, liquid ammonia is used to extract sugars in sugar-beet chips:
>5.88 kilograms of sugar-beet chips having a moisture content of 5.4 percent and a saccharose content of 68 percent (calculated on the dried substance) are treated in an autoclave of 50-l... |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
I am doing a little home experiment trying to make as pure carbon powder as I can. I plan to then used it to eat up oxygen from a container where I want to try to melt aluminum.
My process was following:
1. I have put some sawdust in an iron can.
2. I covered the opening of the can with clay, leaving only a sm... |
I am looking at the latest INCHI-1 software which supports molecules with 32 thousand atoms. I work with macro-molecules and want to use that to generate humongous InChIs. I've never used that INCHI-1 software before. I thought I could just throw in some SMILES and get InChI but I learned now that it only accepts MOLFI... |
I have learned in my chemistry text books that the conductivity of electrolytic solutions increase with the increasing of temperature because the ions of electrolytic solution move faster by getting more thermal energy. But a question arose in my mind if there exist any mathematical equation which can describe the cond... |
Why transition metal catalyzed [2+2]cycloaddition reactions allowed? |
**Please edit the table to include missing data**
Avogadro constant in the "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"
| Edition | Years(s) | page | value | CODATA? |
|---------|-----------|-------|--------------|-------------------|
| 1 [(Link)](https://books.google.com/books?id=07AHIEp6vYQC&printse... |
I was thinking to myself, what would happen if you were to put a lump of wood in a zero oxygen environment and superheat it? It couldn’t burn because fire needs fuel, heat and oxygen however because wood is a mixture of cellulose + other things, it can’t really just melt... If this were done, what would really happen? |
What happens if you superheat timber in a zero oxygen environment? |
I have problems in finding the TS of reaction dehydrogenation of an organic compound. I read many tricks to find the TS and see scan is an effective method. As I know we can use the product of the reaction as a starting point to scan. But what parameter should I choose if there are two bonds were broken? (the bond in t... |
How to choose the parameter to scan in finding transition state by using Gaussian 16? |
I have problems in finding the TS of reaction dehydrogenation of an organic compound. I read many tricks to find the TS and see scan is an effective method. As I know we can use the product of the reaction as a starting point to scan. But what parameter should I choose if there are two bonds were broken? (the bond in t... |
I was wondering how we could test that the auto-ionization of liquid ammonia actually occurs experimentally. The chemical equation is described below:
$\ce{NH_3 <=> NH_4^+ + NH_2^-}$
I was thinking if there might be a substance that reacts with $\ce{NH^4}$ to form a noticeable precipitate, but I couldn’t find anythi... |
No, that's not how it all works on more than one level.
First, the amount of $\ce{NH4+}$ out there is small. And by "small", I mean _really, really small_ - about as small as you can imagine, only smaller. _Many_ times smaller, I must reiterate. If some substance was to react with it (which is certainly not outside ... |
I am interested in creating an amide of stearic acid. I thought that simply mixing both of them in some solvent, heating the solution, and using a vacuum pump to distill the liberated water (to drive the reaction forward) would be enough.
But a bit of research showed that this synthesis is normally done with acyl ch... |
Can I synthesize an Amide simply by heating an amine and a carboxylic acid (with a vacuum pump)? |
I was wondering how we could test that the auto-ionization of liquid ammonia actually occurs experimentally. The chemical equation is described below:
$\ce{NH_3 <=> NH_4^+ + NH_2^-}$
I was thinking if there might be a substance that reacts with $\ce{NH4+}$ to form a noticeable precipitate, but I couldn’t find any... |
Well this might seem like a dumb question but I was just wondering if any other factor would apply here as well?
---
By simply looking at the number of hyperconjugative structures, I could easily tell that the isopropyl would be the most stable followed by ethyl and the vinyl radical at the last.
But for the ... |
I have problems in finding the TS of reaction dehydrogenation of an organic compound. I read many tricks to find the TS and see scan is an effective method. As I know we can use the product of the reaction as a starting point to scan. But what parameter should I choose if there are two bonds were broken (the bonds in t... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
---
Obviously, A would be **3-Chloro 3-methyl hexene**:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
as the stable free radical intermediate would be formed.
But B is what I am having problems with. I read that $\ce{LiAlH4}$ forms alkenes with three degree haloarene... |
What would be the major products of this reaction? |
I was hoping to learn more about the types of splitting observed in inorganic molecules such as S=PF2H. I am familiar with the typical splitting patterns associated with the study of organic molecules studied by C and H NMR. We know that H and F have a spin of 1/2, in reading about the effects of fluorine in on H NMR, ... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
---
Obviously, A would be **3-Bromoo 3-methyl hexene**:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
as the stable free radical intermediate would be formed.
But B is what I am having problems with. I read that $\ce{LiAlH4}$ forms alkenes with three degree halides. ... |
lately I've been interested in chemistry of boron and it's properties.. and I am looking for more information. For example I can't really seem to find lot of information about boron nitride BN other than its possible structures. I know that BN is relatively unreactive, and some stated reations found are with F$_2$ or H... |
I've read that one should pick an ion peak that is unique to an analyte for quantification purposes and then pick at least 2 qualifier peaks and use their ratios to identify the analyte (or avoid misidentification thereof). How exactly does this work? |
What are quantifier and qualifier ions in mass spectrometry data for GC-MS or LC-MS? |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), both of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has become synonymous with the former f... |
Can monosaccharides and disaccharides dissolve in liquid ammonia due to hydrogen bond formation?
My rationale is that these sugars may be able to form hydrogen bond with ammonia ($\ce{NH3}$). |
Does the chlorination of 4-methylcyclopentene generate two enantiomers or two diastereomers?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I think it makes two enantiomers (or one pair of enantiomer) since the starting compound is achiral, but the answer key says it's two diastereomers.
[1]: https://i.stack.imgu... |
Does the chlorination of 4-methylcyclopentene generate two enantiomers or two diastereomers? |
What analytical methodologies are capable of identifying lead in peeling paint? I am a hobby chemist owner of a Clinical Research Investigative Site. Please tell me if this site is only for professional chemists.
If so, I will cancel my registration. |
How does one test for lead in dry paint? |
Ethylene, propylene, PVC, acrylates. All of these monomers that are industrially produced seem to only have substituents on one of the carbons, rather than both. Why don't we usually see 1,2-substituted alkenes undergoing polymerization? Sterics? Electron cloud interference? |
Why don't 1,2-substitued alkenes polymerize as much as mono or disubsituted alkenes? |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene, all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which has be... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
Referring to ncert, Textbook for class XI Chemistry part I, pg no. 117 (At the top) Online downloadable one shows it to be pg no. 113.
[![enter image description here][1]][1].<br>
Here the text puts forward three structures of ClF3.
My teacher said to me that (b) structure is unstable due to lone pair lone pair repu... |
What qualifies to be considered as a lp lp repulsion? |
When applying VSEPR, imagine that the various electron pairs occupy "orbitals", in essence volumes shaped like balloons, protruding from the central atom (in this case chlorine). The electrons ("orbitals") repel each other.
Which repulsive interaction is strongest?
One assumes that, placed in equivalent relative... |
Recently we learnt that there is a depression in freezing point when a non volatile solute is added to the solvent. Our teacher explained this phenomenon with a graph where the vapor pressure of the solution and pure solvent intersects with the vapor pressure of solid solvent. my question is: wouldnt the vapour pressur... |
The redox reaction is
$$\ce{MnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- -> Mn^2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)}.$$
Where does $\ce{H+}$ come from in this reaction? What happened to $\ce{K+}$ in potassium permanganate? |
As nitrogen has $1$ lone pair and $3$ electrons, either it should have maximum covalency of $5$ or $3$. But why does it have a maximum covalency of $4$ instead?
Why did it leave $1$ electron? Why did it have to break a lone pair?
|
For a water treatment school project, we remove sodium silicate from water by adding aluminum sulfate to the mixture and filtering the precipitating products by reverse osmosis. Using the following equation along with the molar masses of both molecules:
$3Na_2SiO_3 + Al_2(SO_4)_3+6H_2O = 3Na_2SO_4+2Al(OH)_3↓ + 3H_... |
How much aluminum sulfate do I need to add to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate to neutralize the solution (pH from 12.6 to 7)? |
An $\ce{sp^2}$ hybridized carbon prefers a bond angle of $120^\ce{o}$. It would be willing to deviate if it acquires extra stability, for example through aromaticity. For this reason, the carbon atoms in [cyclopropenium][1] cation are happy with a bond angle of $60^\ce{o}$, which deviates from the standard angle of $12... |
Why is cyclopropenium aromatic but not cyclodecapentaene? |
If a gas expands in a container with constant external pressure then:
$W=-P_{ext}\Delta V$
Instead of $P_{ext}$ if we use $P_{int}$ then we will not get the same value because $P_{int}$ is constantly decreasing from a certain value until equilibrium is attained, while the change in volume remains the same.
Th... |
How can Change in Enthalpy for a reaction be written like this? |
How can change in Enthalpy for a reaction be written like this? |
For a water treatment school project, we remove sodium silicate from water by adding aluminum sulfate to the mixture and filtering the precipitating products by reverse osmosis. Using the following equation along with the molar masses of both molecules:
$$\ce{3Na_2SiO_3 + Al_2(SO_4)_3 + 6H_2O = 3Na_2SO_4 + 2Al(OH)... |
How much aluminum sulfate do I need to add to an aqueous solution of sodium silicate to neutralize the solution (pH from 12.6 to 7)?
For a water treatment school project, we remove sodium silicate from water by adding aluminum sulfate to the mixture and filtering the precipitating products by reverse osmosis. Using ... |
In phenyl carbanion, one carbon atom has a lone pair on it:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[This answer][2] claims that the anion is aromatic, because "the lone pair on the benzene is in the plane of the ring and hence orthogonal to the conjugated π-system so that it cannot interact with it".
Why is ... |
Why is phenyl carbanion aromatic? |
In phenyl carbanion, one carbon atom has a lone pair on it:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[This answer][2] claims that the anion is aromatic, because "the lone pair on the benzene is in the plane of the ring and hence orthogonal to the conjugated π-system so that it cannot interact with it".
Why is ... |
I'm researching about the Mpemba effect and I came across an explanation saying that the effect occurs because at higher temperatures, the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules stretch and store energy and when the water starts to cool, the hydrogen bonds go back to normal and release the stored energy on top of t... |
What happens when hydrogen bonds stretch? |
The redox reaction is
$$\ce{KMnO4-(aq) + 8 H+(aq) + 5 e- -> Mn^2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)}.$$
Where does $\ce{H+}$ come from in this reaction? What happened to $\ce{K+}$ in potassium permanganate? |
> Can the lone pair on benzene carbanion participate in resonance?
As Jori has pointed out, the carbanion lone pair is orthogonal to the pi system of the aromatic ring. Therefore it cannot participate in resonance. Here is a drawing that illustrates this point.
![Structure of benzene anion][1]
> how is it mo... |
In phenyl carbanion, one carbon atom has a lone pair on it:
[![Structure of Benzene Anion][1]][1]
[This answer][2] claims that the anion is aromatic, because "the lone pair on the benzene is in the plane of the ring and hence orthogonal to the conjugated $\pi$-system so that it cannot interact with it."
Why i... |
We know that iron(II) ions in water have a green colour, why we cannot draw the spectrum of iron(II) directly in distilled water to measure the absorbance then determine the concentration of iron(II). We generally use ortho-Phenanthroline as a complex agent to form a red-orange coloured complex with iron(II) then measu... |
Why iron(II) spectrometry is not measured in distilled water and it requires a complexing agent like o-Phen? |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
In addition to the suggestion of using metal fluorides like CaF<sub>2</sub>, I want to mention the possibility of using carbon-based fluoropolymers like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), all of which may be sold under the brand name "Teflon", which ... |
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