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I have been asked to find the major product of the following reaction:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Clearly, there are two possible sites for the lone pair of $\ce{NH_3}$ to attack, and thus two possible products.
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
The carbon that is further from the $\ce{-Me... |
Which one will be the major product when sites for lone pair attack is available? |
Which one will be the major product when multiple sites for lone pair attack is available? |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I tried to proceed through following steps:
Step-1: [![Step-1":][2]][2]
Step 2:[![enter image description here][3]][3]
Step-3:[![enter image description here][4]][4]
Step-4:[![enter image description here][5]][5]
I agree with the fact that yield might not... |
**_tl;dr_–** "_Gas_" and "_vapor_" aren't mutually exclusive. Generally:
* a **_gas_** is any material that'd fill a volume to its boundaries; and
* a **_vapor_** is a gas-like material that's associated with a condensed-state transition.
It's a bit misleading for a state-diagram to label a region "_... |
Why is it that for the d subshell we have $\ \ d_{xy}, \ \ d_{yz}, \ \ d_{xz}, \ \ d_{x^{2}-y^{2}} \ \ and \ \ d_{z^{2}}$ orbitals only?
Why aren't there $d_{y^{2}-z^{2}} \ \ or \ \ d_{y^{2}}$ or other orbitals similar to that?
Perhaps it is because we have an empirical evidence that there are only 5 orbitals in ... |
The OP can understand, mathematically, why the energy of the electron in the Bohr atom is zero at infinity, so let's avoid the mathematics in order to assist the imagination.
In the (small?) universe which consists of just a single hydrogen atom (plus all necessary equipment to measure potentials and distance), it i... |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
Does sour milk have something else in it besides lactic acid that gives it such a horrific taste and odor? |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
We were doing Atomic Structure today in class, the prof. did the math of the 'Niels Bohr Model of Atom', and calculated the value of total electronic energy as $-13.6 z^2/n^2$ eV.
He went to explain that when the value of n tends to infinity, the value of total energy comes out to be $0$, which, mathematically, is c... |
Every time I saw a covalent bond structure, I notice that there are always lone pairs or no electrons left in the outer shell of the atoms. Is it compulsory for covalent bonds to have lone pairs or no electron in outer shell left to form ?
Thank you. |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
I would like to monitor the weight of something continuously (e.g. once a minute) and access the data easily via a phone app. Is there something like that?
There are numerous options for similar devices if you want to measure ambient temperature and humidity (e.g. https://www.amazon.com/SensorPush-Wireless-Thermo... |
Are there scales that record weight continuously? |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
The value of the potential at infinity is in some way arbitrary, in the Bohr model we set it for simplicity to zero. What is important as far as predicting whether particles will remain bound or fall apart are relative values of the potential. It is the *slope* of the potential that determines forces that drive particl... |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
I was hoping for some help with choosing half-reactions for an electrolytic cell. This was the problem that sparked the question (Question #6 from the 2020 USNCO Part II):
[![Question #6 2020 USNCO Part II][1]][1]
The correct answer is $2\ce{Cu^{2+}} + 2\ce{H2O}(l) \to 2\ce{Cu}(s) + \ce{O2}(g) + 4\ce{H^{+}}$, w... |
Which Half-Reaction to Use? |
HCQ does show [antiviral properties in vitro][1], but, in vivo (in humans), when taken after an initial dose of 800mg for 4 days at 600 mg/day, it was not found to prevent COVID-19 in high-risk exposure settings. Thus, it didn't stop people from getting SARS-CoV-2 infection followed by onset of symptoms/severity.
... |
What type of reaction is shown in **step F** of this patent image?
I tried looking it up in SciFinder, but I didn't get any results, and I have not seen this before.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Thank you!
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/CDrAh.jpg |
What type of reaction is this? (Modified organic nucleoside synthesis) |
What type of reaction is shown in **step F** of this patent image?
I tried looking it up in SciFinder, but I didn't get any results, and I have not seen this before.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Thank you!
**Edit**: I'm also wondering if there is a specific name for this reaction, so that I can lo... |
NMR data has the following format when reported in a paper:
[![NMR data][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/gsFNP.png
How would I go about reporting my EIMS data formally? I tried looking for documents online but couldn't find anything. |
How is mass spec data formally reported? |
NMR data has the following format when reported in a paper:
> [![NMR data][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/gsFNP.png
How would I go about reporting my EIMS data formally? I tried looking for documents online but couldn't find anything. |
How is electron-impact mass spectrometry data formally reported? |
Even slightly sour milk has a horrible, nauseating taste, while plain yogurt tastes either great, or at least nowhere near as bad. A dozen sources (all of them) say that the sour odor and taste of sour milk and also of yogurt is caused by the presence of lactic acid. Does sour milk have something else in it besides lac... |
One of the proxies used for paleoclimate is the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in ice cores and in sedimentary rocks. The idea is that water molecules with oxygen-18 generally evaporate less readily than oxygen-16, and condense more readily; and this proclivity varies with temperature. One can then use the deviatio... |
If all molecules have basically the same KE at a given temperature, why do lighter isotopes evaporate more readily? |
I need to prepare a 10% oxygen in nitrogen mixture for an aerobic reaction I'm developing in lab and I found an old instrument in someone else's lab that controls the flow of two gases. So I am able to control the "percentage" of both gases in the mixture using this manifold.
However, I want to test whether or not ... |
How to determine the concentration of oxygen in a nitrogen/oxygen mixture? |
What type of reaction is shown in **step F** of this patent image?
I tried looking it up in SciFinder, but I didn't get any results, and I have not seen this before.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Thank you!
**Edit 1**: I'm also wondering if there is a specific name for this reaction, so that I can ... |
Could you make Acetone from boiling seashells and wood vinegar as said in Dr. Stone? I haven't found anything online that says whether or not it will work.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/gz0vL.jpg |
$\ce{N(CH3)3+}$ has more -I than $\ce{NH3+}$
, this irony happens because if you consider
$\ce{N-CH3}$ bond and $\ce{N-H}$ bond, which is more polar?
Of course $\ce{N-H}$ bond will be more polar due to more difference in electronegativity value, so that implies electron density will be more on $\ce{N}$ in ... |
I am confused in following reaction:
$\ce CH3-CH(CH3)-HC=O$ when reacts with conc. $NaOH$, will it undergo cannizaro reaction?
According to our professor, It can undergo both cannizaro as well as aldol condensation reaction.
If we consider aldol condensation, we get tertiary carbanion as intermediate, which ... |
I am confused in following reaction:
$\ce{(CH3)2CH-CHO}$ when reacts with conc. $\ce{NaOH}$, will it undergo cannizaro reaction?
According to our professor, It can undergo both Cannizzaro as well as aldol condensation reaction.
If we consider aldol condensation, we get tertiary carbanion as intermediate, whi... |
Wow. This is a very bad question (the exam/assignment, not the OP's). There is no way that you can categorically determine the structure of this based only on the information given. This would have to be open-book providing access to chemical shift tables in the very least. Peaks are poorly labelled and what's more, I ... |
I was reading about the Perseverance lander on Mars and was surprised to find that it has an oxygen manufacturing instrument on board. The oxygen is needed as a part of a binary rocket fuel to get back from Mars. It makes oxygen from carbon dioxide, a technology that would be very useful for carbon capture here on Eart... |
Interesting Problem and quite a nailbiter.
I will try to sort some of my ideas, even thought this won't be a full answer.
1. This looks like a question from an exam. Did you have any reactions during study with hydrochloric acid and propanoyl chloride (acid chloride of propionic acid). So maybe look into differ... |
I was reading about the Perseverance lander on Mars and was surprised to find that it has an oxygen manufacturing instrument on board. The oxygen is needed as a part of a binary rocket fuel to get back from Mars. It makes oxygen from carbon dioxide, a technology that would be very useful for carbon capture here on Eart... |
I found the following definition of Henry's Law in my textbook:
"The partial pressure of the **gas in vapour phase** is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution."
My question:
(a)why should the undissolved gas be in vapour phase?
(b)As i understand it, a gas is called a vapour if ... |
I found the following definition of Henry's Law in my textbook:
>"The partial pressure of the **gas in vapour phase** is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution."
My questions:
(a) Why should the undissolved gas be in vapour phase?
(b) As i understand it, a gas is called a ... |
A reaction's rate does depend upon the consumption of its reactants, and the manner in which the reactants interact. Let's consider the following reaction: $$\ce{A + B -> final products}$$ The rate of consumption of reactants $$\dfrac{-d[A]}{dt}= k[A][B]$$ and $$\dfrac{-d[B]}{dt}= k[A][B]$$
It seems that this reac... |
One of the proxies used for paleoclimate is the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in ice cores and in sedimentary rocks. The idea is that water molecules with oxygen-18 generally evaporate less readily than oxygen-16, and condense more readily; and this proclivity varies with temperature. One can then use the deviatio... |
One of the proxies used for paleoclimate is the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in ice cores and in sedimentary rocks. The idea is that water molecules with oxygen-18 generally evaporate less readily than oxygen-16, and condense more readily; and this proclivity varies with temperature. One can then use the deviatio... |
Why does a dissociation reaction shift to the right with the addition of an inert gas?
|
A reaction's rate does depend upon the consumption of its reactants, and the manner in which the reactants interact. Let's consider the following reaction: $$\ce{A + B -> final products}$$ The rate of consumption of reactants $$\dfrac{-d[A]}{dt}= k[A][B]$$ and $$\dfrac{-d[B]}{dt}= k[A][B]$$
It seems that this reac... |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
In the reactant due to $\ce{H+}$ ion a positive charge will be created by removing water in place of the rightmost $-\ce{OH}$. But then how it will give such product. I cant see any way to make the cyclic pentane first. There would be a Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement but how ... |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
In the reactant, due to $\ce{H+}$ ion, a positive charge will be created by removing water in place of the rightmost $-\ce{OH}$.
But then how will it give such a product. I cant see any way to make the cyclic pentane first.
There would be a Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearran... |
Why is it that for the $\mathrm{d}$ subshell we have $\ \ \mathrm{d}_{xy}, \ \ \mathrm{d}_{yz}, \ \ \mathrm{d}_{xz}, \ \ \mathrm{d}_{x^{2}-y^{2}},$ and $\mathrm{d}_{z^{2}}$ orbitals only?
Why aren't there $\mathrm{d}_{y^{2}-z^{2}}$ or $\mathrm{d}_{y^{2}}$ or other orbitals similar to that?
Perhaps it is because w... |
Grignard reactions are often carried out in diethyl ether as it is unreactive to them.
It is well established that organometallic reagents, including Grignard, react with Pyridine-*N*-oxide at the 2-position to give dihydropyridines or ring-opened products depending on work-up<sup>1</sup>.
Based on this reactivit... |
You should read the article **"Can One Take the Logarithm or the Sine of a Dimensioned Quantity or a Unit? Dimensional Analysis Involving Transcendental Functions"** [Here][1]
The concepts mentioned there will help for life even if you don't pursue chemistry. In short, natural log factor ($\ln$) should be dimensionl... |
$\ce{SO4^2-}$ is a polyatomic ion as well as a nonpolar covalent compound. How can it be ionic and covalent at the same time?
Same applies to sulfite $\ce{SO3^2-}$. It's a polyatomic ion as well as a polar covalent bond. How? |
How to use Google’s Alpha-fold to predict the structure of a two-protein complex? |
We were doing Atomic Structure today in class the the prof. did the math of the 'Niels Bohr Model of Atom'. And calculated the value of total energy $-13.6 z^2/n^2 \pu{eV}$. He went to explain that when the value of n tends to infinity the value of total energy comes out to be 0, which, mathematically, is correct. But ... |
Today we were learning about atomic structure, our teacher introduced the mathematics of the 'Niels Bohr Model of Atom', and calculated the value of total energy $\frac{-13.6z^2}{n^2} \pu{eV}$. He explained that when the value of $n$ tends to infinity, the value of total energy tends to $0$. Mathematically I understood... |
Why can't the energy of an electron not exceed 0 eV? |
I was hoping for some help with choosing half-reactions for an electrolytic cell. This was the problem that sparked the question (Question #6 from the 2020 USNCO Part II):
[![Question #6 2020 USNCO Part II][1]][1]
The correct answer is
$$2\ce{Cu^2+ + 2H2O (l) -> 2 Cu (s) + O2 (g) + 4H+},$$
which fits in wit... |
Why can't the energy of an electron exceed 0 eV? |
I did total digestion on a 0.05g sample and had a final volume of 10 mL once it was digested. I then took 5 mL of this 10 mL solution and diluted it to 10 mL with water for icp analysis.
The ICP gives a concentration of 0.0015 mg/L. I haven't accounted for the dilution factor yet. Would it be 10.00 mL/0.05g = 200 a... |
If we have specific internal energy $u=u(T,v)$ then the total differential of $u$ is given by
$$du(T,v)=\left ( \frac{\partial u}{\partial T} \right )_vdT+\left ( \frac{\partial u}{\partial v} \right )_{T}dv$$
where
$$c_v\equiv \left (\frac{\partial u}{\partial T} \right )_v$$
Is there any particular usage o... |
Is there a particular definition for the partial derivative of internal energy with respect to volume at constant temperature? |
I will keep it brief; I know that there are weak field, "moderate" field, and strong field ligands and that these might contribute to a complex being high or low spin overall. My question is, does a complex having high spin indicate a weak field complex, *regardless of ligand "strength"* (or vice versa)? For example, $... |
Do "weak-field" and "high spin" complexes refer to the same thing? |
I commonly see explanations that the presence of acid in the mobile phase is a source of protons for the analyte, and that you should be multiple pH units below the pKa of the analyte, but in practice plenty of compounds that you end up detecting have pKa's that are well below the pH of any practical mobile phase - so ... |
What exactly is causing analyte protonation in electrospray ionization MS? |
I commonly see explanations that the presence of acid in the mobile phase is a source of protons for the analyte, and that you should be multiple pH units below the pKa of the analyte, but in practice plenty of compounds that you end up detecting have pKa's that are well below the pH of any practical mobile phase or ar... |
An isolated $\ce{SiO4}^{-4}$ ion has $-4$ charge present on it. These discrete tetrahedral units form the ortho-silicates. As these tetrahedral units combine they form various types of silicates.
**Question:**
> How do we calculate the total charge on various forms of
> silicates?
Examples: $\ce{Si4O11}^{6-... |
An isolated $\ce{SiO4^4-}$ ion has $-4$ charge. These discrete tetrahedral units form the ortho-silicates. As these tetrahedral units combine, they form various types of silicates.
How do we calculate the total charge on various forms of silicates?
Examples: $\ce{Si4O11^6-}$ has $-6$ charge and so does $\ce{Si2O... |
How to calculate the charge on silicates? |
I will keep it brief; I know that there are weak field, "moderate" field, and strong field ligands and that these might contribute to a complex being high or low spin overall. My question is, does a complex having high spin indicate a weak field complex, *regardless of ligand "strength"* (or vice versa)?
For example... |
I did total digestion on a $\pu{0.05 g}$ sample and had a final volume of $\pu{10 mL}$ once it was digested. I then took $\pu{5 mL}$ of this $\pu{10 mL}$ solution and diluted it to $\pu{10 mL}$ with water for ICP analysis.
The ICP gives a concentration of $\pu{1.5E-3 mg L^-1}.$ I haven't accounted for the dilution ... |
The way I see it, the -R(alkyl part) obtains a negative charge and the MgX obtains a net positive charge on bond dissociation. So a nucleophile and an electrophile both are obtained simultaneously. So why is grignard reagent a nucleophile and not an ambiphile? Where am I wrong? |
Why are grignard reagents nucleophiles and not ambiphiles? |
The way I see it, the -R (alkyl part) obtains a negative charge and the MgX obtains a net positive charge on bond dissociation. So a nucleophile and an electrophile both are obtained simultaneously. So why is Grignard reagent a nucleophile and not an ambiphile? Where am I wrong? |
Why are Grignard reagents nucleophiles and not ambiphiles? |
I usually used a following expression by Fuller & Schettler & Giddings to predict molecular diffusivities of binary mixtures:
\begin{equation}
D_i = \dfrac{1\cdot 10^{-4}\left(0.00143\cdot T^{1.75}\right)}{\left(P\cdot {M_{ib}^{1/2}}\cdot \left(\left(\sum \nu_i\right)^{1/3} + \left(\sum \nu_b\right)^{1/3}\right) \r... |
Some metal nitrates decompose to give nitrites: $\ce{2MNO3 -> 2MNO2 + O2}$
<br>
Whereas some metal nitrates decompose to give $\ce{NO2}$, A possible reaction is $\ce{M(NO3)2 -> MO + NO2 + O2}$
Based on my observation my question is that, is it true that all metals (including transition metal) nitrates decompose to... |
Do all metal nitrates give $\ce{NO2}$ on decomposition? |
Some metal nitrates decompose to give nitrites: $\ce{2MNO3 -> 2MNO2 + O2}$
<br>
whereas some metal nitrates decompose to give $\ce{NO2}$. A possible reaction is $\ce{M(NO3)2 -> MO + NO2 + O2}$
Based on my observation my question is that, is it true that all metals (including transition metal) nitrates decompose to... |
Do all metal nitrates give nitrogen dioxide on decomposition? |
I came across this statement in my book that read, "Camphor is used to determine the molecular mass of substances because it has a high value of cryoscopic constant." What does this have to do anything with the ease of determining molecular masses?<br>
I am not familiar with the process that is being referred to, and ... |
I usually used a following expression by Fuller & Schettler & Giddings to predict molecular diffusivities of binary mixtures:
\begin{equation}
D_i = \dfrac{1\cdot 10^{-4}\left(0.00143\cdot T^{1.75}\right)}{\left(P\cdot {M_{ib}^{1/2}}\cdot \left(\left(\sum \nu_i\right)^{1/3} + \left(\sum \nu_b\right)^{1/3}\right) \r... |
For example, R-410a is a 50-50 mixture of R-32 and R-125. R-32 is flammable (class A2L) and R-410a is not flammable (class A1).
Flammability of refrigerant is mainly a concern when it is leaked since there is no oxidizer when it is not leaked. But when leaked, it become gas in air. In the case of R-410a, it will bec... |
How can flammable gas become inflammable when mixed with another gas with comparable percentage? |
Here's a problem I was trying to solve:<br>
Treating cyclohexanone with N-Bromosuccinimide in the presence of Carbon tetrachloride gives (A). A on treatment with aqueous KOH gives (B). Deduce the structures of (A) and (B).<br>
The solution states that A is 2-Bromocyclohexanone and B is Potassium Cyclohexane carboxyla... |
Which reaction would be favoured in this case? |
### Problem
> Treating cyclohexanone with *N*-bromosuccinimide in the presence of carbon tetrachloride gives **A**. A on treatment with aqueous KOH gives **B**. Deduce the structures of **A** and **B**.
### Solution
>! **A** is 2-bromocyclohexanone and **B** is potassium cyclohexane carboxylate.
### Questi... |
### Problem
> Treating cyclohexanone with *N*-bromosuccinimide in the presence of carbon tetrachloride gives **A**. A on treatment with aqueous KOH gives **B**. Deduce the structures of **A** and **B**.
### Solution
>! **A** is 2-bromocyclohexanone and **B** is potassium cyclopentane carboxylate.
### Quest... |
What are cubic zirconia (CZ) [gemstones][1] usually colored with?
According to [wikipedia][3] the following dopants are being used:
- Cerium
- Chromium
- Neodymium
- Erbium
- Titanium.
Chromium is quite colorful and can be used for [green CZ][4]. However I'm worried about [Cr(VI) which is carcinogeni... |
I have to solve the next problem:
Calculate the equilibrium composition of a reactive system consisting of an equimolecular mixture of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{H2O}$, at $900K$ and $1atm$, considered to be an ideal mixture of ideal gases. Under these conditions, the equilibrium constants of the two possible reactions are... |
Being covalent we can conclude that they will on heating decompose completely, but will they give only $\ce{NO2}$ and not any other oxide is the question.
It is observed in $\ce{PbNO3, AgNO3,}$ and also $\ce{LiNO3}$ (the anomalous behaviour of $\ce{Li}$) that they decompose on heating to give $\ce{NO2}$ and the abov... |
Do all covalent nitrates on heating decompose to give nitrogen dioxide? |
> Calculate the equilibrium composition of a reactive system consisting of an equimolecular mixture of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{H2O}$ at $\pu{900 K}$ and $\pu{1 atm},$ considered to be an ideal mixture of ideal gases. Under these conditions, the equilibrium constants of the two possible reactions are
>
> $$
\begin{align}... |
How can flammable gas become non-flammable when mixed with another gas with comparable percentage? |
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can easily be distinguished by using reagent tests such as:
- The Triiodomethane test for R-CH(CH3)OH alcohols
- Lucas' reagent to distinguish between the 3 alcohol groups
- A combination of reagents to distinguish between the 3 alcohols (such as dichromate to distinguis... |
Is it possible to distinguish between cyclohexanol and cyclohex-2-en-1-ol? |
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