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Is there a way one could turn potassium cyanide into potassium nitrate? It's fairly easy to convert it to ammonia by hydrolysis, but the conversion of ammonia to nitrate is difficult (bionitrification is out of question). Would peroxide be able to attack it? |
could potassium cyanide be turned into potassium nitrate in a single pot reaction? |
I would like to calculate the electric potential(E°) for the following equation.
Pt2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → [PtCl4]2-(aq)
Kf = 1.0 * 10^16, T = 298K
I figured out that ΔG° = -nFE° = -RTlnK, so E° = (RT/nF)lnK = (0.06/n)lnK (approximated RT/F = 0.06)
However, I'm having trouble finding n, or the number of moles... |
Calculating electric reduction(or oxidation) potential for complex ion formation equation? |
I live in Japan. I would like to evolve hydrogen to demonstrate to my son buoyant balloons (we have helium aerosol cans here which barely fill one balloon). There are drain cleaners here with low concentration of sodium such as up to 4% and say safe for aluminum (probably the calcium hydroxide also contained). I have o... |
How to evolve hydrogen from aluminum when the household drain cleaner is safe to use on aluminum? |
I came across the following graph in my textbook showing the kinetic energy distribution of the gas molecules in a gas sample. Now, the thing is the textbook is telling that the area under the curve gives us the fraction of molecules with energy E. Suppose $dN_{E}$ represents the number of molecules with energy E, $N_{... |
Why is the variable on the y-axis of Maxwell's Speed Distribution Curve 'fraction of molecules'? |
In my textbook it is written that "Catalyst does not alter the entropy of a reaction". But why? There is literally no explanation given in my textbook as to why this is true. Could you please explain why this is true? I mean if a catalyst speeds up or slows down a reaction so shouldn't it affect the entropy of a reacti... |
Why catalyst does not alter the entropy of a reaction? |
I would like to calculate the standard electric potential($E°$) for the following equation.
$$\ce{Pt^{2+}(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → [PtCl4]^{2-}(aq)}$$
$K_f = \pu{1.0 * 10^16}, T =\pu{ 298K}$
I figured out that $ΔG° = -nFE° = -RT\ln K$.So, $E° = (\frac{RT}{nF})\ln K = (\frac{0.06}{n})\ln K (\text{approximated }\frac{... |
I would like to calculate the standard electric potential($E°$) for the following equation.
$$\ce{Pt^{2+}(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → [PtCl4]^{2-}(aq)}$$
$K_f = \pu{1.0 * 10^16}, T =\pu{ 298K}$
I figured out that $ΔG° = -nFE° = -RT\ln K$.So, $E° = (\frac{RT}{nF})\ln K = (\frac{0.06}{n})\ln K (\text{approximated }\frac{... |
I would like to calculate the standard electric potential($E°$) for the following equation.
$$\ce{Pt^{2+}(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) → [PtCl4]^{2-}(aq)}$$
$K_f = \pu{1.0 * 10^16}, T =\pu{ 298K}$
I figured out
$ΔG° = -nFE° = -RT\ln K$.
So, $E° = (\frac{RT}{nF})\ln K = (\frac{0.06}{n})\ln K (\text{approximated }\fra... |
My teacher often recommends the usage of a smaller/more narrow measuring cylinder over a larger one while performing experiments but why is that? Does it help in accuracy in any way? |
Measuring Cylinders -- small or big? |
It has been reported that 5-coordinate geometries are possible and stable for Zn(II) porphyrin complexes. How do these complexes form and why are they stable when other 5-coordinate geometries of Zn(II) and other d10 metals are not stable? |
Why can zinc porphyrins assume 5 coordinate geometries? |
My teacher told me that on changing temperature of a reaction, its activation energy ($E_{a}$) and pre-exponenetial factor ($A$) do not change significantly and hence we can assume them to be constant on changing the temperature. But my question is why? Why don't they change significantly? Even in the graph given in my... |
Why on changing temperature of a reaction its activation energy and pre-exponenetial factor do not change significantly? |
Is there a way one could turn potassium cyanide into potassium nitrate (actually oxidize the cyanide anion)? It's fairly easy to convert it to ammonia by hydrolysis, but the conversion of ammonia to nitrate is difficult (bionitrification is out of question). Would peroxide be able to attack it? |
I know tischenko reaction, in it Al(OEt)3 is used as reagent where an aldehyde is oxidized as well as reduced, so it's redox reaction .
Whereas in [Meerwin-Pondorf-Verly reduction](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley_reduction) an aldehyde is converted to secondary alcohol and ac... |
In Atkins's Physical Chemistry, spontaneity criterion is derived from Clauisius inequality as follows:
Firstly, system is initially at the same temperature T as surroundings. When a change in the system (its state) occurs, there is an corresponding entropy change in the system and a transfer of heat between system and... |
In my textbook, $\ce{β-}$ particle is denoted as $_{-1}e^0$. This means that the atomic number of $\ce{β-}$ is $\ce{-1}$. But that doesn't make any sense. Also, how is the mass number of $\ce{β-}$ zero? I mean it must have some mass right? How can it be massless? |
How is the atomic number of a beta particle zero? |
I have 3 main questions that I am unsure of:
1) Do the intermolecular forces in a non-metallic substance overlap?
Example: Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole attraction present in a substance both influencing the attraction between particles.
2) If there are multiple intermolecular forces present, would they be o... |
How are intermolecular forces between non-metallic substances affected when the substance is heated to its melting point? |
Being covalent we can conclude that they will on heating decompose completely, but will they give only $\ce{NO2}$ and not any other oxide is the question.
It is observed in $\ce{Pb(NO3)2, AgNO3,}$ and also $\ce{LiNO3}$ (the anomalous behaviour of $\ce{Li}$) that they decompose on heating to give $\ce{NO2}$ and the a... |
I have 3 main questions that I am unsure of:
1) Are intermolecular forces acting simultaneously causing attraction between particles in a sample of a substance?
Example: Hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole attraction present in a substance both influencing the attraction between particles.
2) If there are multiple ... |
First of all, multiple intermolecular forces **could be present** between molecules, and, yes, all forces influence attraction, binding and etc. However, if you study any chemical system, you will see that is usually **dynamic**... It all depends on conditions like temperature, pH and especially compound properties, et... |
Consider the following reaction :
$\ce{A + B}$ $\rightarrow$ $\ce{Products}$
where order of the reaction w.r.t. $\ce{A}$ is $-1$ and order of the reaction w.r.t. $\ce{B}$ is $+1$. So, overall order of the reaction $=(-1)+(1) = 0$. So, it is a zero order reaction. My teachers told me that in a zero order reaction,... |
Is the rate of a zero order reaction always independent of the concentration of its reactants? |
> Decide major product for given reaction of electrophilic aromatic substitution:
>
> [![Nitration of benz[cd]indol-2(1H)-one (CAS 130‐00‐7)][1]][1]
Is the major product **a** because of steric hindrance, or is it **b** because of hydrogen bonding?
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/awsdU.png |
For the Tishchenko reaction, Al(OEt)3 is used as reagent where an aldehyde is oxidized as well as reduced, so it's a redox reaction.
Whereas in [Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meerwein%E2%80%93Ponndorf%E2%80%93Verley_reduction), an aldehyde is converted to secondary alcohol and a... |
First of all, multiple intermolecular forces **could be present** between molecules, and, yes, all forces influence attraction, binding and etc. However, if you study any chemical system, you will see that is usually **dynamic**.
It all depends on conditions like temperature, pH and especially compound properties, e... |
While studying atomic structure, I came across the terms isotopes, isobars, isoelectronic species, isotones and isodiaphers. While I can accept that the classification of isotopes, isobars, isoelectronic species and isotones may be useful, I do not understand what could be the use of species with the same difference be... |
Are there any actual uses of isodiaphers? |
I came across a question which renewed one of my doubts that I had regarding bonding in metal Carbonyl complexes. According to me, metal should exhibit multiple back donation at the same time.<br/>
Everywhere on the web, I have only found metal carbonyl’s synergistic bonding in a single picture. But my doubt arise... |
Do Metal Carbonyl complexes exhibit multiple back donation at the same time or a resonance hybrid as in Boron Trifluoride? |
Consider this compound:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/TBn5z.jpg
I am supposed to find the rearrangement product on treating this with hydroxylamine(which gives an oxime) and then H+(with heat). I am aware of the mechanism of Beckmann Rearrangement, and also know that t... |
Consider this compound:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/TBn5z.jpg
I am supposed to find the rearrangement product on treating this with hydroxylamine(which gives an oxime) and then H+(with heat). I am aware of the mechanism of Beckmann Rearrangement, and also know that t... |
Consider this compound:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am supposed to find the rearrangement product on treating this with hydroxylamine(which gives an oxime) and then $\ce{H+}$(with heat). I am aware of the mechanism of Beckmann Rearrangement, and also know that the migration of the group anti to t... |
I need to calculate the half-life in hours and I got the decay constant in min, how do I do? Which formula do I use? Is it just ln2/decay constant in minutes? |
I already made a comment about some of what I am about to say but I will provide a partial answer. I say partially because I could not find any mechanism for the second product. However, from literature, what I found was that in acidic conditions, KMnO4 will oxidize naphthalene into the first product, phthalic acid. (S... |
I'm learning that enolates are stronger than enamines are stronger than enols in terms of general nucleophilicity. Makes sense. But what I can't find any explanation for online is why the trend shouldn't keep on going past enolates. Why isn't there a name for the species of enamine deprotonated on its heteroatom the sa... |
Is there an enolate equivalent to enamines? |
Is there an enolate equivalent for enamines? |
Why are the sulphide ores generally converted to an oxide and then reduced? |
Why are the sulfide ores generally converted to an oxide and then reduced? |
When I want to check a pKa value I look it up in CRC handbook. Is there such source for UV cut off values of various buffers?
Usually books in chromatography contains tables with that data but often no source is given. |
Source for uv cut off values of buffers? |
When I want to check a $\mathrm{p}K_\mathrm{a}$ value I look it up in *CRC Handbook*. Is there such source for UV cut-off values of various buffers?
Usually books in chromatography contain tables with that data, but often no source is given. |
I came across a question which renewed one of my doubts that I had regarding bonding in metal Carbonyl complexes. According to me, metal should exhibit multiple back donation at the same time.<br/>
Everywhere on the web, I have only found metal carbonyl’s synergistic bonding in a single picture. But my doubt arise... |
Do Metal Carbonyl complexes exhibit multiple back donation at the same time? |
I already made a comment about some of what I am about to say but I will provide a partial answer. I say partially because I could not find any mechanism for the second product. However, from literature, what I found was that in acidic conditions, $\ce{KMnO4}$ will oxidize naphthalene into the first product, phthalic a... |
My textbook says:
"oxygen is assigned an oxidation number of +1 in oxygen difluoride. The number assigned to each Oxygen atom will depend upon the bonding state of oxygen but this number would now be a positive figure only"
Can there be multiple bonding states fir oxygen in oxygen diflouride?
What can be the... |
My textbook says:
> Oxygen is assigned an oxidation number of $+1$ in oxygen difluoride. The number assigned to each Oxygen atom will depend upon the bonding state of oxygen but this number would now be a positive figure only.
Can there be multiple bonding states for oxygen in oxygen difluoride?
What can be ... |
> Calculate the equilibrium composition of a reactive system consisting of an equimolecular mixture of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{H2O}$ at $\pu{900 K}$ and $\pu{1 atm},$ considered to be an ideal mixture of ideal gases. Under these conditions, the equilibrium constants of the two possible reactions are
>
> $$
\begin{align}... |
> Calculate the equilibrium composition of a reactive system consisting of an equimolecular mixture of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{H2O}$ at $\pu{900 K}$ and $\pu{1 atm},$ considered to be an ideal mixture of ideal gases. Under these conditions, the equilibrium constants of the two possible reactions are
>
> $$
\begin{align}... |
I wanna ask, why I can't find any experiment using amonia dissolved in diethyl ether. You could bypass need of cooling the amonia under it boiling point by gassing the amonia to diethyl ether. Why it wouldn't work? Any experiments using dissolved amonia in solvent at normal temperature?? Thanks. |
I know that a closed adiabatic container acts as an isolated system, so I expect the internal energy of the system to be a constant as in an isolated system. But since it is an exothermic reaction, temperature will increase, and since internal energy is a function of temperature it should increase. This is a direct con... |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jlPgv.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is 6.
In my chemistry book (NCERT Chemistry), the following equation is given:
In neu... |
What are products formed when KMno4 and KI react with each other in "weakly basic" medium? |
What products are formed when KMno4 and KI react with each other in "weakly basic" medium? |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jlPgv.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is $6$.
In my chemistry book (NCERT Chemistry), the following equation is given:
In n... |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/syLQT.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is options (A), (B).
Coming to the option (C), after doing some research, I have bee... |
Does PbCl2 dissociate into Pb2+ and Cl- ions in HCl? |
Consider the following radioactive decay:
$\ce{A\rightarrow B\rightarrow C}$
In my textbook, it is written that radioactive equilibrium is when rate of formation of $\ce{B}$ is equal to rate of disappearence of $\ce{B}$. In my textbook, it is also written that when the net formation of $\ce{B}$ is zero, we say ... |
What is the difference between radioactive equilibrium and transient equilibrium? |
> The effective rate constant for a gaseous reaction which proceeds by a Lindemann-Hinshelwood mechanism is $1.01 *10^{-5}$ s$^{-1}$ at a concentration of $4.6*10^{-6}$ M and $2.21 *10^{-5}$ s$^{‑1}$ at a concentration of $8.71*10^{-5}$ M. Calculate the rate constant for the activation step in the mechanism.
Fro... |
In my textbook, it is written that $α$-decay only occurs in heavier nuclei. But why? Why is that so? There is literally no explanation given in my textbook as to why this is true. Please explain. Would greatly appreciate it! |
What alpha-decay only occurs in elements with atomic number greater than 83? |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
> [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/syLQT.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is options (A), (B).
Coming to the option (C), after doing some research, I have b... |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
> [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jlPgv.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is **6**.
In my chemistry book (NCERT Chemistry), the following equation is given:
... |
What products are formed when KMnO4 and KI react with each other in "weakly basic" medium? |
Why alpha-decay only occurs in elements with atomic number greater than 83? |
> The effective rate constant for a gaseous reaction which proceeds by a Lindemann–Hinshelwood mechanism is $\pu{1.01E-5 s^-1}$ at a concentration of $\pu{4.6E-6 M}$ and $\pu{2.21E-5 s^-1}$ at a concentration of $\pu{8.71E-5 M}.$ Calculate the rate constant for the activation step in the mechanism.
From what I've ... |
G.N. Ramachandran et al, in their [own work][1] ([PMC][2]) ([DOI][3]), did not used phi(ϕ) and psi(ψ) as we use today. They used phi(ϕ) and phi-dash(ϕ') defined as follows:
>
>The conventions we have adopted for the standard configuration ϕ = ϕ' = 0°) and for the positive sense of rotation for the two angular par... |
Why does adding D2O remove OH peak in NMR spectroscopy? |
In chemistry; chirality is generally defined in 2 ways.
1. Lord Kelvin's definition: "I call any geometrical figure, or group of points, chiral, and say it has chirality, if its image in a plane mirror, ideally realized, cannot be brought to coincide with itself" (source: 1. [chirality.org][1] , 2. Biochemistry boo... |
The value of the energy in the Bohr model is zero when the quantum number is infinity because that is the limiting value of the Coulombic potential at large distances, and because the electron is assumed bound to the nucleus (the atom is stable), which constrains the value of the total energy.
The energy of a stat... |
G.N. Ramachandran et al, in their [own work][1] ([PMC][2]) ([DOI][3]), did not used phi(ϕ) and psi(ψ) as we use today. They used phi(ϕ) and phi-dash(ϕ') defined as follows:
>
>The conventions we have adopted for the standard configuration ϕ = ϕ' = 0°) and for the positive sense of rotation for the two angular par... |
What happens when $\ce{D2O}$ is added that gets rid of $\ce{OH-}$ peaks on an NMR spectrum? |
Why does adding heavy water removes the hydroxide peak in NMR spectroscopy? |
Does the composition of a solution keep changing when being boiled? |
Is is potentially harmful to have a vitreous-enamel item in a small poorly-ventilated room? |
I want to make silver chloride cathodes for a magnesium salt water battery.
Are there any tips on how to proceed?
I hope to melt the silver chloride in a covered ceramic crucible in an electric furnace, then cast a small ingot.
This ingot will be pressed and rolled into a thin sheet.
Silver chloride is nonconduct... |
> [OP:] It is usually said that fuel contains energy and that oxygen only enables the release of energy in the sense like enzymes enable reactions.
An enzyme is a catalyst, so it does not change the enthalpy of a reaction. That part is correct. "Oxygen only enables the release of energy" is incorrect. Oxygen is one ... |
Concerning alcohol dehydration, I get that it's E1 in secondary and primary alcohols, that it's E2 in primary alcohols, and also why E1 reaction is easier for tertiary alcohols as compared to secondary ones.
Why is the ease of dehydration for primary alcohols less than both of these? It would have been obvious it wa... |
Concerning alcohol dehydration, I get that it's E1 in secondary and tertiary alcohols, that it's E2 in primary alcohols, and also why E1 reaction is easier for tertiary alcohols as compared to secondary ones.
Why is the ease of dehydration for primary alcohols less than both of these? It would have been obvious it w... |
Update: possible duplicate: https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/114794/what-is-the-precise-definition-of-ramachandran-angles. Question modified.
G.N. Ramachandran et al, in their [own work][1] ([PMC][2]) ([DOI][3]), did not used phi(ϕ) and psi(ψ) as we use today. They used phi(ϕ) and phi-dash(ϕ') defined ... |
> [OP] On today's convention; how we define the zero value, positive value and negative values of phi and psi dihedral angle?
In general, you have four atoms (1, 2, 3, 4) in a chain to define a torsion angle. You rotate around the bond connecting atom 2 with atom 3 to change the torsion angle (bond angles and length... |
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/sXNns.jpg
Are these positional isomers or not? According to me they are, since Br substituent is located at different positions in both the pictures but the answer key in one of my mock test websites says they're not. Can someone please gu... |
Are these positional isomers or not? |
While solving JEE Advanced 2020 (Paper 2) questions, I came across this particular question:
> [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jlPgv.png
According to the final answer key, its answer is **6**.
In my chemistry book (NCERT Chemistry), the following equation is given:
... |
> Calculate the equilibrium composition of a reactive system consisting of an equimolecular mixture of $\ce{CH4}$ and $\ce{H2O}$ at $\pu{900 K}$ and $\pu{1 atm},$ considered to be an ideal mixture of ideal gases. Under these conditions, the equilibrium constants of the two possible reactions are
>
> $$
\begin{align}... |
I know $\ce {LiAlH4}$ is a reducing agent because it gives 4$\ce{H-}$ and will attack on our reactant on C with less substituents, I.e in this case on -CH- and on attack the -$\ce{O-}$ will go to other carbon and on protonation we get 3° alcohol .
But, what about 2° alcohol, how can we get that ?
The answer given ... |
I know $\ce {LiAlH4}$ is a reducing agent because it gives 4$\,\ce{H-}$ and will attack on our reactant on C with less substituents, i.e in this case on $\ce{-CH-}$ and on attack the -$\ce{O-}$ will go to other carbon and on protonation we get 3° alcohol .
But, what about 2° alcohol, how can we get that ?
The answ... |
Why does adding heavy water removes the hydroxy H peak in H-NMR spectroscopy? |
### Problem
> [![reduction of 2,2,3‐trimethyloxirane][1]][1]
### Answer
>! (c) $x = \ce{LiAlH4},~y = \ce{LiAlH4}/\ce{AlCl3}$
### Questions
I know $\ce {LiAlH4}$ is a reducing agent because it gives four $\ce{H-}$ and will attack on our reactant on carbon with less substituents, i.e. in this case on $\ce{... |
What reagents are used to selectively reduce 2,2,3‐trimethyloxirane to secondary and tertiary alcohols? |
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