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Well I was doing some questions and I have a bit of confusion on dehydration reaction. For instance, consider following reaction:
[![Acid dehydration of an alcohol][1]][1]
How do I decide which adjacent hydrogen gets attracted by $\ce{HSO4-}$?
[![Possible mechanism-1][3]][3]
now we have 3 possibilities:
... |
First, about the black lines. I think they are helpful for the hexagonal and the rhombic lattice. For the hexagonal system, it shows you the hexagons. One hexagon contains exactly the same space as one conventional unit cell. You just have move (translate by a lattice edge) certain areas as shown below.
[ is supposed to have all of the stable halogens a part of this molecule: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Is it really able to be synthesized and actually not decompose the moment it goes outside of the lab? |
Can bromo(chloro)fluoro(iodo)methane be synthesized? |
I came across [this question](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/151899/major-product-of-the-dehydration-of-alcohols) recently, which would have a clear major product. The OP has given satisfactory explanation for the product ratio, but wasn't sure about the major product. When I was looking for reference fo... |
You do say stainless steel? SS is an alloy of Ni, Cr, Fe with other trace elements and owes its apparent resistance to corrosion to a protective, adherent, coating of mixed chrome, nickel and iron oxides. A large amount is probably Cr+3 which is amphoteric and will dissolve in hydroxide solution. Once the protective co... |
First, about the black lines. I think they are helpful for the hexagonal and the rhombic lattice. For the hexagonal system, it shows you the hexagons. One hexagon contains exactly the same space as one conventional unit cell. You just have move (translate by a lattice edge) certain areas as shown below.
[ recently, which would have a clear major product. The OP has given satisfactory explanation for the product ratio, but wasn't sure about the major product. When I was looking for reference fo... |
In general soft nucleophiles do 1,4 conjugate addition to a carbonyl carbon under thermodynamic control. Will soft nucleophiles like organo-cuprates undergo 1,4 addition if the β site is more sterically hindered than the carbonyl carbon. Will 1,4-addition still form the more favorable product?
For example, if I cons... |
Helium and neon are the two most unreactive elements on the periodic table,but could they form special compounds with say fluorine.Radon,xenon,krypton and even argon makes compounds with fluorine but could helium or neon make compounds as well? It says in the Google search that helium supposedly made a compound with fl... |
Can the lighter noble gases (helium and neon) ever have chemical compounds that won't spontaneously decompose when leaving the lab? |
[Bromo(chloro)fluoro(iodo)methane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromochlorofluoroiodomethane) is supposed to have all of the stable halogens a part of this molecule: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Can it really able to be synthesized and if so could it actually not decompose the moment it goes outside of the... |
Do you say stainless steel? Stainless steel is an alloy of $\ce{Ni, Cr, Fe}$ with other trace elements, and owes its apparent resistance to corrosion to a protective, adherent, coating of mixed chrome, nickel, and iron oxides. A large amount is probably $\ce{Cr^3+}$, which is amphoteric and will dissolve in hydroxide s... |
I boiled highly concentrated sodium hydroxide in a stainless steel cup. This created a blackish layer on the bottom of the cup and turned the colour of the sodium hydroxide solution to blueish.
Am I right to assume that there was some oxidation happening at the surface of steel? Are any oxides of metals, present in ... |
When we talk about systems at constant temperature and pressure, maximum amount of non-PV work can be extracted if process is carried reversibly and in that case it is equal to change in Gibbs energy of the system. Decrease in Gibbs energy of the system does non-PV work or in other words, work is extracted from system.... |
I came across two formulae of Dipole-Dipole Interaction energies which are given below
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
and
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/1Bvkz.png
[2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/DfLLt.png
Which of the two is the formula for ... |
I know that salicylic acid with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions gives acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). But my question is, why is it that post the protonation of carbonyl oxygen of acetic anhydride [as mentioned here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin#Synthesis] the nucleophilic carbonyl oxygen of the the -C... |
Why doesn't the acetic anhydride moeity react with the nucleophilic carbonyl oxygen of salicylic acid? |
I came across [this question](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/151899/major-product-of-the-dehydration-of-alcohols) recently, which would have a clear major product. The OP has given satisfactory explanation for the product ratio, but wasn't sure about the major product. When I was looking for reference fo... |
I know that salicylic acid with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions gives acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). But my question is, why is it that post the protonation of carbonyl oxygen of acetic anhydride as mentioned [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin#Synthesis), the nucleophilic carbonyl oxygen of the the ... |
I came across two formulae for dipole-dipole unteraction energies which are given below:
$$V=-\frac{2\mu_1 \mu_2}{4\pi\epsilon_0r^3}$$
and
$$V=-\frac{2\mu^2_A\mu^2_B}{3{(4\pi\epsilon_0)}^2r^6k_BT}$$
Which of the above two is the formula for the interaction energy of dipole-dipole interactions? Also, what i... |
I came across two formulae for dipole-dipole interaction energies on [Chemistry LibreTexts — Dipole-Dipole Interactions](https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_P... |
The questions states: Ammonia has the formula $\ce{NH3}$. Household ammonia is a dilute aqueous solution of $\ce{NH3}$. Aqueous ammonia is a base that can neutralize acids.
If 18.2 mL of 0.800 M $\ce{HCl}$ solution are needed to neutralize 5.00 mL of a household ammonia solution, what is the molar concentration of t... |
Do Acids and Bases Have the Same Coefficients if They Neutralize One Another? |
In propane, for example, the $\ce{C-H}$ bonds are depicted by straight vertical and horizontal lines. But in propene, the same bonds are bent.
Is it a rule that $\ce{C-H}$ bonds are always bent if the carbon atoms are double-bonded? The image below illustrates what I am asking.
[![Propane and Propene][1]][1]
... |
Why are the hydrogen-carbon bonds bent in a graphical depiction of an alkene, but are straight horizontally and vertically in an alkane? |
When we talk about systems at constant temperature and pressure, maximum amount of non-PV work can be extracted if process is carried reversibly and in that case it is equal to change in Gibbs energy of the system. When system does work, Gibbs energy of system decreases and vice versa.
When we have chemical reactio... |
Do acids and bases have the same coefficients if they neutralize one another? |
In general soft nucleophiles do 1,4 conjugate addition to a carbonyl carbon under thermodynamic control. Will soft nucleophiles like organocuprates still preferentially undergo 1,4 addition if the β-carbon is more sterically hindered than the carbonyl carbon?
For example, if I consider the following case
<img sr... |
Will "soft nucleophiles" undergo 1,4-conjugate addition even if the β-carbon is sterically hindered? |
Helium and neon are the two most unreactive elements on the periodic table,but could they form special compounds with say fluorine.Radon,xenon,krypton and even argon makes compounds with fluorine but could helium or neon make compounds as well? It says in the Google search that helium supposedly made a compound with fl... |
Helium and neon are the two most unreactive elements on the periodic table,but could they form special compounds with say fluorine.Radon,xenon,krypton and even argon makes compounds with fluorine but could helium or neon make compounds as well? It said in my Google search that helium supposedly made a compound with flu... |
At school, I did an experiment of synthesizing resorcinol-formaldehyde resin. When I added $\ce{NaOH}$ and gave some heat, the color of resorcinol-formaldehyde resin inside the test tube became reddish-brown. Can anyone tell me why? |
Helium and neon are the two most unreactive elements in the Periodic Table, but could they form stable compounds with an element such as fluorine? Radon, xenon, krypton, and even argon already do form fluorides. It said in my Google search that helium supposedly made a compound with fluorine,but I'm confused with that.... |
Do helium and neon form stable chemical compounds? |
Organotin compounds (organostannane chemistry) are compounds with the tin-carbon bond and some of them(specifically the tri-organo ones) are as toxic as cyanide. Why is this though as I don't really know some of the information that this link gave me. Can someone please help?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art... |
Why are tri-organotin compounds so toxic? |
Osmium (VIII) oxide or osmium tetroxide is a volatile chemical compound with the formula of OsO4.It is highly toxic for supposedly irritating mucous membranes but I'm not too sure if it is that or its a really strong oxidizer. Is this true?
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Osmium-tetroxide
https://en.w... |
First, about the black lines. I think they are helpful for the hexagonal and the rhombic lattice. For the hexagonal system, it shows you the hexagons. One hexagon contains exactly the same space as one conventional unit cell. You just have move (translate by a lattice edge) certain areas as shown below.
[ r... |
To get the gravity of how toxic organotin compounds can be, let us compare it with inorganic tin compounds. Most of the inorganotin compounds are non-toxic because of their low solubility and low absorption in human body. Workers mining tin oxide suffer from "stannosis", a benign form of pneumoconiosis without any tiss... |
When doing a distinguishing test between aldehydes and ketones, is it necessary to convert silver ions into diamine silver(I)ions in order to oxidize the aldehyde? Thank you! |
Why must [Ag(NH3)2]+ (Tollens' reagent) be used for the reduction of aldehydes? Can Ag+ be used instead? |
When doing a distinguishing test between aldehydes and ketones using Tollen's reagent, is it necessary to convert $\ce{Ag+}$ ions into $\ce{Ag(NH3)2+}$ in order to oxidize the aldehyde? |
Why is the silver salt ammoniated to form the Tollen's reagent? |
I've already answered this question. All I want to know is if my reasoning is correct.
**Case 1:**
>$\ce{Rb+}$
>
>$\ce{Na+} \leftarrow$ This ion is more strongly favored
**Case 2:**
>$\ce{Mg^{2+}} \leftarrow$ This ion is more strongly favored
>
>$\ce{Na+}$
**Reasoning:**
For the first case, my ... |
Does adding NH3 to an HCl solution facilitate the dissolution of aluminum compounds? |
An apparently simple question in physical chemistry.
I am doing speed of sound measurements in CO2 using ultrasonic pulses at 125kHz. CO2 is particularly difficult because it strongly absorbs ultrasound due to its multiple vibrational modes. The problem we have discovered is that absorption increases substantially as ... |
I am doing speed of sound measurements in $\ce{CO2}$ using ultrasonic pulses at 125 kHz. $\ce{CO2}$ is particularly difficult because it strongly absorbs ultrasound due to its multiple vibrational modes. The problem we have discovered is that absorption increases substantially as temperature rises. Is this expected, an... |
First, about the black lines. I think they are helpful for the hexagonal and the rhombic lattice. For the hexagonal system, it shows you the hexagons. One hexagon contains exactly the same space as one conventional unit cell. You just have move (translate by a lattice edge) certain areas as shown below.
[![enter ima... |
First, about the black lines. I think they are helpful for the hexagonal and the rhombic lattice. For the hexagonal system, it shows you the hexagons. One hexagon contains exactly the same space as one conventional unit cell. You just have move (translate by a lattice edge) certain areas as shown below.
[![enter ima... |
*Maybe* the original structure contained the motif of 2-hydroxypyridine. If this *guess* is correct then a 2-pyridone is one reasonable tautomer, as shown in the first line of the illustration below. And it seems plausible to draw such an isomer for a molecule like [1*H*-pyrazolo\[3,4-*b*\]pyridin-6-ol][1], too.
[... |
In [this question](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/151919), the compound below was named 1-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-6*H*-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I understand that we can split this into three parts.
1. The propyl group attached to the nitrog... |
In [this question](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/151919), the compound below was named 1-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-6*H*-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I understand that we can split this into three parts.
1. The propyl group attached to the nitrog... |
I am currently trying to perform the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) test on soap and for some reason I am getting three phases instead of two? |
In [this question](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/151919), the compound below was named 1-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,3,5-tetrahydro-6*H*-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-one.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I assume that we can split this into three parts.
1. The propyl group attached to the nitrogen, ... |
Propose a titration protocol for a hydrochloric acid solution of approximate concentration 0.1M using the solutions and materials available.
Solutions:
-$V_0$ = 20mL of hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration.
-Solution of $KIO^3$ at C1=0.1 mol/L
-solution of $KI$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-Na2S2O3 soluti... |
Propose a titration protocol for a hydrochloric acid solution of approximate concentration 0.1M using the solutions and materials available.
Solutions:
-$V_0$ = 20mL of hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration.
-Solution of $KIO_3$ at C1=0.1 mol/L
-solution of $KI$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-Na2S2O3 soluti... |
I am currently trying to perform the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) test on soap and for some reason I am getting three phases instead of two.
The surfactant used is SLES and other reagents include hot water, $\ce{HCl}$, petroleum ether.
I have no idea as to what could be causing the 3 phases and my knowledge in organ... |
Propose a titration protocol for a hydrochloric acid solution of approximate concentration 0.1M using the solutions and materials available.
**Solutions**:
-$V_0$ = 20mL of hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration.
-Solution of $KIO_3$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-solution of $KI$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-$Na_2S_... |
I am currently trying to perform the Total Fatty Matter (TFM) test on soap and for some reason I am getting three phases instead of two.
The surfactant used is SLES and other reagents include hot water, HCl, petroleum ether.
I have no idea as to what could be causing the 3 phases and my knowledge in organic chemi... |
I am going through Harttree-Fock calculations in detail, but the textbooks I am referring all considered homonuclear molecule as example. So I am trying to come up with my own the slater determinant for Methane. Kindly let me know, if my application is correct!
For Methane, we have in total 10 electrons (Carbon 6e, ... |
There is a misconception here. A p orbital is a 3D-function, and these functions don't have shapes, they have values at any point in space. If you describe an electron distribution with one of these functions, you can plot contours at a chosen value, and these contours have shapes. For example, you could choose a conto... |
I am going through Harttree-Fock calculations in detail, but the textbooks I am referring all considered homonuclear molecule as example. So I am trying to come up with my own the slater determinant for Methane. Kindly let me know, if my application is correct!
For Methane, we have in total 10 electrons (Carbon 6e, ... |
Propose a titration protocol for a hydrochloric acid solution of approximate concentration 0.1M using the solutions and materials available.
**Solutions**:
-$V_0$ = 20mL of hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration.
-Solution of $\ce{KIO3}$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-solution of $\ce{KI}$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
... |
Propose a titration protocol for a hydrochloric acid solution of approximate concentration 0.1M using the solutions and materials available.
**Solutions**:
-$V_0$ = 20mL of hydrochloric acid solution of unknown concentration.
-Solution of $\ce{KIO3}$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
-solution of $\ce{KI}$ at $C_1$=0.1 mol/L
... |
[![Problem solution][1]][1]
Reaction mechanism is given as follows. Why we should use coef 2 for both forward and reverse reactions?
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/w8j01.png |
Can anyone explain, why there are coefficients 2 in the equation for rate of change [A]? |
> The reaction mechanism for the decomposition of $\ce{A2}$ is thought to be:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{A2 &<->[$k_1$][$k_1'$] A + A} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{A + B &<->[$k_2$] P} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
> The rate of formation of intermediate $\ce{A}$ is given by:
>
> \begin{align}
\frac{\mathr... |
X rays are produced when accelerated cathode rays strike a metal target or a metal anode.
How can we find the angle at which the X-ray is emitted from the metal anode or the target when the cathode ray strikes the metal perpendicular to the surface?
Does anyone know how?
|
I understand that the simple harmonic oscillator can be used to model the behaviour of molecules at low vibrational states. But why does this not work for molecules that are highly vibrationally excited? |
Limitations of the simple harmonic oscillator? |
I am going through Hartree-Fock calculations in detail, but the textbooks I am referring all considered homonuclear molecules as examples. So I am trying to come up with my own the Slater determinant for Methane. Kindly let me know if my application is correct!
For Methane, we have in total 10 electrons (Carbon 6e, ... |
I came across this question recently:
> For which compound acid catalyzed dehydration rate is highest?
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jbLrm.jpg
Now, they all are secondary alcohols so their dehydration should follow E1 mechanism and the stability of the carbocation f... |
Which of the given compound has the highest rate of dehydration? |
I am trying a new formulation of lokum (turkish delight) which is a gel composed of starch, water and sugar. After adding 0.5% of glycerol to a 170 Kg of a boiling mixture, it became fugitive and effervesced. I need to know at which stage I should add the glycerol to the mixture. before cooking? or after I turn off the... |
why did a mixture of water, sugar, starch effervesce after adding a little bit of glycerol as humectant? cooking at 130 degrees celsius |
We have $\ce (CH_3)_2CHCHO$, is the alpha hydrogen acidic enough to react with base? There is +I effect of two methyl groups, however there the carboanion is getting stabilised through resonance, and as we know that inductive is a weak effect, so will it proceed through aldol reaction or will cannizzora reaction occu... |
> Is the alpha hydrogen acidic enough to react with base?
The answer is yes. As you said +I effect of the methyl group stabilizes the carbocation. It is weakly acidic but not weak enough to not be taken by any base.
> Will it proceed through aldol reaction or will cannizzora reaction occur ?
It will proceed t... |
I encountered a problem on chemistry steady-state approximation.
In reaction below, how to write steady state for A?
$A\overset{k1}{\rightarrow}B\overset{k2}{\rightarrow}C\overset{k3}{\rightarrow}A$
species A seems to appear on both side of equation as it use itself to produce some of itself. I have checked so... |
I encountered a problem on chemistry steady-state approximation.
In reaction below, how to write steady state for $\ce{A}$?
$$\ce{A ->[k_1] B ->[k_2] C ->[k_3] A}$$
species $\ce{A}$ seems to appear on both side of equation as it use itself to produce some of itself. I have checked some online tutorials but I f... |
We have $\ce{(CH3)2CHCHO}$. Is the alpha-hydrogen acidic enough to react with a base? There is +I effect of two methyl groups, however there the carbanion is getting stabilised through resonance. And, as we know that inductive is a weak effect, so will it proceed through aldol reaction or will Cannizzaro reaction occur... |
What is the ozonalysis product of the following compound:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/fkG0D.png
I am not sure I understand how to proceed. Should I remove all the c=c bonds or the top ones? The reason for my doubt: Resonance and aromatic character of the given com... |
*Apolar* is certainly a valid alternative to *non-polar*.
Either is natural in English as it is for, e.g. "asymptomatic", or its use in chemistry for *non-polar* has been introduced by non native English speakers quickly translating in their works basically the same word, "apolaire" in French and "apolare" in Italian,... |
*Apolar* is certainly a valid alternative to *non-polar*.
Either is natural in English as it is for, e.g. "asymptomatic", or its use in chemistry for *non-polar* has been introduced by non native English speakers quickly translating in their works basically the same word, "apolaire" in French and "apolare" in Italian,... |
What is the ozonalysis product of phenanthrene?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/fkG0D.png
I am not sure I understand how to proceed. Should I remove all the $\ce{C=C}$ bonds or just the top ones?
I am confused given the resonance and aromatic character of the co... |
What are the ozonalysis products of phenanthrene? |
What is the ozonolysis product of phenanthrene?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/fkG0D.png
I am not sure I understand how to proceed. Should I remove all the $\ce{C=C}$ bonds or just the top ones?
I am confused given the resonance and aromatic character of the co... |
What are the ozonolysis products of phenanthrene? |
> The reaction mechanism for the decomposition of $\ce{A2}$ is thought to be:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{A2 &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] A + A} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{A + B &<=>[$k_2$] P} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
> The rate of formation of intermediate $\ce{A}$ is given by:
>
> \begin{align}
\frac{\mathr... |
*Apolar* is certainly a valid alternative to *non-polar*.
Either is natural in English as it is for, e.g. "asymptomatic", or its use in chemistry for *non-polar* has been introduced by non native English speakers quickly translating in their works basically the same word, "apolaire" in French and "apolare" in Italian,... |
> The reaction mechanism for the formation of $\ce{NO2}$ is:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{2 NO + NO &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] N2O2} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{N2O2 + O2 &->[$k_2$] NO2 +NO2} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
What is the equation for rate of change of the intermediate $\ce{N2O2}$? |
Steady-state approach - how to find rate equation for intermediate? |
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