instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
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What is / are the product(s) of ozonolysis of phenanthrene?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I am not sure I understand how to proceed. Which of the $\ce{C=C}$ double bonds is most susceptible to this type of reaction?
I am confused given the resonance and aromatic character of the compound which does... |
> The reaction mechanism for the formation of $\ce{NO2}$ is:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{2 NO + NO &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] N2O2} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{N2O2 + O2 &->[$k_2$] NO2 +NO2} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
What is the equation for rate of change of the intermediate $\ce{N2O2}$?
My solution is as fo... |
Whenever you add anything to a boiling mixture, you risk boiling over. Two possibilities present themselves: 1) the glycerol mixed with the formulation sufficiently to increase its viscosity and the boiling continued without the bubbles breaking.
But perhaps 2) the glycerol did not mix well, but spread over the surf... |
> The reaction mechanism for the formation of $\ce{NO2}$ is:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{NO + NO &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] N2O2} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{N2O2 + O2 &->[$k_2$] NO2 +NO2} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
What is the equation for rate of change of the intermediate $\ce{N2O2}$?
My solution is as foll... |
> The reaction mechanism for the formation of $\ce{NO2}$ is:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{NO + NO &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] N2O2} & &\text{ (fast)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{N2O2 + O2 &->[$k_2$] NO2 +NO2} & &\text{ (slow)}
\end{align}
>
What is the equation for rate of change of the intermediate $\ce{N2O2}$?
My solution is as foll... |
It is known that Methyl has a greater +I effect than Ethyl, but here, in this case, the condition is satisfied in the para benzene carbocations whereas, in the meta forms, it is the opposite. Shouldn't meta methyl benzene carbocation be more stable than meta ethyl benzene carbocation? Please, Can anyone explain?
[![en... |
>Why is $\ce{Ph-CH2-COOH}$ more acidic than $\ce{CH3COOH}$ although the equilibrium of ionization lies mainly backward for both of them?
Attempt:
In the ionized form of $\ce{Ph-CH2-COOH}$ we have a $\ce{Ph-CH2}$-group donating its electron to carbonyl carbon while in case of acetic acid we have a methyl group do... |
I have a pretty basic question but the last time I took Chemistry was in 2007. I am studying the Navy's Nuclear study guide for their interviews and one of the question I am faced with is below.
>Determine the final pH and temperature when the following two solutions are mixed together in a $\pu{3L}$ container.
... |
Why does this shortcut work for calculating the final pH of mixtures (proof required)? |
>Assuming an ideal solution, which of these 0.10 M solutions would have the least freezing point depression?
>
>$\ce{HCl}$
>
>$\ce{NaBr}$
>
>$\ce{KNO3}$
>
>$\ce{MgSO4}$
They all produce solutions with two ions per formula unit, but the correct answer is somehow supposed to be $\ce{MgSO_4}$. How is this? I do... |
Phenanthrene reacts quickly with one mole of ozone at the 9,10-double bond according to this paper [here][1] and the OrgSyn procedure [here][2] referred to above by @Buttonwood. In chloroform a polymeric mono-ozonide is obtained. In MeOH the reaction takes a different course resulting in the formation of a cyclic metho... |
How to arrange carboxylic acids (phenylacetic acid and acetic acid) by increasing acidity? |
Phenanthrene reacts quickly with one mole of ozone at the 9,10-double bond according to this paper [here][1] and the OrgSyn procedure [here][2] referred to above by @Buttonwood. In chloroform a polymeric mono-ozonide is obtained. In MeOH the reaction takes a different course resulting in the formation of a cyclic metho... |
I am working on problems such as :
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
The charges on the side groups at each pH are found by the following rule:
- at $\ce{pH < pK_a}$, $\ce{H+}$ on, protonated
- at $\ce{pH > pK_a}$, $\ce{H+}$ off, deprotonated
- at $\ce{pH = pK_a}$ , neutral
**But why can we c... |
Amino acids: why is charge found by comparing pH and pKa and not pH to pKa + log [A-]/log[H+]? |
I want to calculate $\Delta H$ for hydrogenation of benzene and producing cyclohexane using MM+ Force Field Energy. I am using Hyperchem for energy calculation and optimization. I calculated the energy for cyclohexane and then I calculated the energy for benzene. But the difference of two energies is totally false. The... |
*Apolar* is certainly a valid alternative to *non-polar*.
Either is natural in English as it is for, e.g. "asymptomatic", or its use in chemistry for *non-polar* has been introduced by non native English speakers quickly translating in their works basically the same word, "apolaire" in French and "apolare" in Italian,... |
The title doesn't completely explain my exact doubt so I'll explain it here.
My teacher gave me the following problem during a lecture about $S_N1$ reactions and I had to determine the order of the rate of reaction(K) :
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
---
As in the Rate Determining Step of an... |
In the book Chemistry: The Central Science, they introduced the following 5 types of two-dimensional lattices:[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/XGAWS.png
The book said that the blue square represents the unit cell, the black dots are lattice points, and the vector a and b ... |
The title doesn't completely explain my exact doubt so I'll explain it here.
My teacher gave me the following problem during a lecture about S<sub>N</sub>1 reactions and I had to determine the order of the rate of reaction(K) :
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
---
As in the Rate Determining ... |
There is a misconception here. A p orbital is a 3D-function, and these functions don't have shapes, they have values at any point in space. If you describe an electron distribution with one of these functions, you can plot contours at a chosen value, and these contours have shapes. For example, you could choose a conto... |
I'm currently very new to nanotechnology. I do understand that it is possible to achieve an excellent topography image of a sample by SPM. However, is it possible to do SPM over a large area (for instance like in SEM, which is possible to image over 1x1 mm)? Theoretically speaking, I do not see any problem except that ... |
Practical to measure topography of a large area (mm-scale) with scanning probe microscopy (SPM)? |
*Propene in the presence of HBr and H2O2 gives A. <br>
A on reaction with Mg in Dry Ether gives B. <br>
B on reaction with Acetamide [CH3C(O)NH2] gives C.* <br>
In the above question, I got A as 1-Bromo Propane and B as Propyl Magnesium Bromide. As for C, I got <br>
**CH3-CH2-CH3 + CH3C(=O)NHMgBr**.<br> The numbe... |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry Ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with Acetamide $\ce{[CH3C(O)NH2]}$ gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-Bromo Propane and **B** as Propyl Magnesium Bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
> Propene in the presence of HBr and H2O2 gives A. <br>
A on reaction with Mg in Dry Ether gives B. <br>
B on reaction with Acetamide [CH3C(O)NH2] gives C
In this question, I got A as 1-Bromo Propane and B as Propyl Magnesium Bromide. As for C, I got <br>
_CH3-CH2-CH3 + CH3CONHMgBr_
Number of moles of grignard... |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry Ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with Acetamide $\ce{[CH3C(O)NH2]}$ gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-Bromo Propane and **B** as Propyl Magnesium Bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry Ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with Acetamide $\ce{[CH3C(O)NH2]}$ gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-Bromo Propane and **B** as Propyl Magnesium Bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
Osmium (VIII) oxide or osmium tetroxide is a volatile chemical compound with the formula of $\ce{OsO4}$. It is highly toxic for supposedly irritating mucous membranes, but I'm not too sure if it is that or because it is a really strong oxidizer.
[PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Osmium-tetroxide
)... |
I am studying atomic Structure and found that chromium is an exception for electronic configuration,one electron from 4s jumps to 3d for more stability,but while it jumps
Let us consider the spin of electron be +1/2 so the remaining electron in 4s should have -1/2 so,does the 3d orbital have electrons of all +1/2 spi... |
Does the electron spin of 4s¹ always different from electron spin of 3d⁵ in chromium? |
My teacher gave me a shortcut to calculate the resultant pH if 2 or 3 solutions are mixed, which are relevant only if the difference between the pH of individual solutions is 1.
1. If there are two solutions, the pH of the mixture is their mean − 0.24.
2. If there are three solutions, the pH of the mixture is thei... |
Osmium(VIII) oxide or osmium tetroxide is a volatile chemical compound with the formula of $\ce{OsO4}$. It is highly toxic for supposedly irritating mucous membranes, but I'm not too sure if it is that or because it is a really strong oxidizer.
[PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Osmium-tetroxide
) ... |
Why is osmium(VIII) oxide so toxic? |
> How to write the steady state for $\ce{A}?$
> $$\ce{A ->[$k_1$] B ->[$k_2$] C ->[$k_3$] A}$$
Species $\ce{A}$ seems to appear on both side of equation as it uses itself to produce some of itself. I have checked some online tutorials but I found none cover this scenario. |
We know that A=-log(It/I0) for that we need both It and I0 to calculate the absorbance, but how does a spectrophometer detector measure A knowing only It ? (because the detector is placed after the sample and it can not have I0 in front of it)
Does the detector measure If or the ratio If/I0 ? |
How does Spectrophotometer measure Absorbance from Transmittance? |
The title doesn't completely explain my exact doubt so I'll explain it here.
My teacher gave me the following problem during a lecture about S<sub>N</sub>1 reactions and I had to determine the order of the rate of reaction ($k$) :
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
---
As in the rate determini... |
We know that A=-log(It/I0) for that we need both It and I0 to calculate the absorbance, but how does a spectrophometer detector measure A knowing only It ? (because the detector is placed after the sample and it can not have I0 in front of it)
Does the detector measure It or the ratio It/I0 ? |
Reacting calcium with warm water and magnesium oxide with carbon dioxide, what are the products? |
I have a graph of a titration of a weak polyprotic acid with a strong base.
I graphed $\mathrm {pH}$ versus amount of strong base added.
Now since the acid is polyprotic, how do I determine which equivalence point is the final one?
Also not sure how to find the initial concentration of the weak acid? I know t... |
Try to answer to these questions, don't cheat, check the answer passing over the yellow box.
I think this software is confusing you always start from how much reactants you have and then calculate how much products you will have, suppose you have $\pu{100g}$ of oxygen and $\pu{44g}$ of propane.
How many mol... |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with acetamide, $\ce{CH3C(O)NH2}$, gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-bromopropane and **B** as propylmagnesium bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with acetamide, $\ce{CH3C(O)NH2}$, gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-bromopropane and **B** as propylmagnesium bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
We know that $\displaystyle A = -\log\frac{I_t}{I_0}$, where $I_0$ is the intensity of light without a sample absorbing, and $I_t$ with the sample. For determining the absorption $A$, we need both $I_t$ and $I_0$, but how does a spectrophometer detector measure $A$ knowing only $I_t$ ? (The detector is placed after the... |
How does a spectrophotometer measure absorbance based on the intensity of detected light? |
[![6-ethyl-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one][1]][1]
My book names this compound as 6-ethyl-5-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one.
I have learnt that after numbering the principal functional group which is ketone in this case, we have to treat all other groups as substituents and therefore I think the name should be 2-ethyl-3-... |
Why is a double bond given priority over substituents during IUPAC nomenclature? |
Raoult’s law states that:
>The partial pressure of any volatile constituent of a solution at a constant temperature is equal to the vapour pressure of pure constituent multiplied by the mole fraction of that constituent in the solution
My question:
Is the mole fraction of the constituent of the solution to be... |
Is the mole fraction used in Raoult's law calculated initially or at equilibrium? |
> The reaction mechanism for the formation of $\ce{NO2}$ is:
>
> \begin{align}
\ce{NO + NO &<=>[$k_1$][$k_1'$] N2O2} & &\text{ (slow)} \\[0.2cm]
\ce{N2O2 + O2 &->[$k_2$] NO2 +NO2} & &\text{ (fast)}
\end{align}
>
What is the equation for rate of change of the intermediate $\ce{N2O2}$?
My solution is as foll... |
My teacher gave me a shortcut to calculate the resultant pH if 2 or 3 solutions are mixed, which are relevant only if the difference between the pH of individual solutions is 1.
1. If there are two solutions, the pH of the mixture $\approx$ (the mean pH − 0.24).
2. If there are three solutions, the pH of the mixtu... |
Many papers involving ultrafast spectroscopy measure the instrument response function and model it as a Gaussian, but the sources on any of this are never cited and I have no intuition for what this could mean. What is the instrument response function intuitively and why is it represented as a convolution? |
Spectroscopy: What is an instrument response function? |
>Propene in the presence of $\ce{HBr}$ and $\ce{H2O2}$ gives **A**.
**A** on reaction with $\ce{Mg}$ in dry ether gives **B**.
**B** on reaction with acetamide, $\ce{CH3C(O)NH2}$, gives **C**.
In the above question, I got **A** as 1-bromopropane and **B** as propylmagnesium bromide. As for **C**, I got
... |
I came across an electronic configuration diagram, it had three shells. The first shell had only one electron, the second had six and the third energy shell had five. An electron was also present outside all the shells.
Is this configuration possible? |
Can an element have a third energy shell without completely filling the second energy shell? |
I am studying atomic structure and found out that Chromium has an exception in electronic configuration. One electron from 4s jumps to 3d to achieve stability.
let's say the spin of transferred electron is +1/2. Then the other 4s electron should have -1/2. Then, are all the 3d electrons of +1/2 spin or some may hav... |
Is the spin of the transferred 4s electron always opposite to the spin of 3d electron in chromium? |
I am helping a friend with some upper-level mechanism problems. We came across this one. This is my proposal. Do you agree/disagree? Thank you for any input. [![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/DSFDh.png |
I am helping a friend with some upper-level mechanism problems. We came across this one. This is my proposal. Do you agree/disagree? Thank you for any input. ![enter image description here][1]
Source question:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/jbJGG.png
[2]: https:/... |
I am helping a friend with some upper-level mechanism problems. We came across this one. This is my proposal. Do you agree/disagree? Thank you for any input. [![enter image description here][1]][1]
Source question:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/F6pMs.png
[2]: https... |
I am helping a friend with some upper-level mechanism problems. We came across this one. This is my proposal. Do you agree/disagree? Thank you for any input.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Source question:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/amYAt.png
[2]: h... |
I am helping a friend with some upper-level mechanism problems. We came across this one. This is my proposal. Do you agree/disagree? Thank you for any input.
[![enter image description here][3]][3]
Source question:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/amYAt.png
[2]: h... |
Is there a public database for enthalpy of solution values? |
I would like to perform DFT calculations and extract atom coordinates for calculations in Gaussian.
I am using Mercury and have been able to isolate the atoms that I am interested in simulating. However, when I save the CIF files and open them again i see something very strange.
Atoms that have fractional occupanc... |
If I have the reaction
$$\ce{2HI (g) ⇌ H2(g) + I2(g)}$$
and know that at $T = \pu{448 °C}$ the dissociation degree $α = 0.2198,$ how do I calculate $K_c?$
I thought that it would be something like this:
$$
\begin{array}{cccCc}
\ce{&2HI &<=> &H2(g) &+ &I2(g)} \\
&2n && 0 && 0 \\
&2n(1 - α) && αn && αn \\... |
In general, [OpenBabel][1] may convert *some* of the information of a `.cif` into a Gaussian `.gjf`. If your are fine with using the CLI, the command would follow the syntax pattern of
`obabel -icif input.cif -ogjf -O output.gjf`
The parameters `-icif` and `-ogjf` hereby instruct OpenBabel about the expected inp... |
In our lab we have three forms of zinc. We were initially experimenting with these three forms to optimize our application. We have "zinc shot", "mossy zinc", and "zinc granules". The granules are ~20 mesh. I am tasked with creating chemical standard operating procedures (SOPs) for all reagents that are considered "par... |
Why are zinc shot and mossy zinc not considered toxic but zinc granules are? |
For electrochemical energy devices such as batteries or fuel cells working reversibly, efficiency is defined as: $$ \eta = \frac {\Delta_rG^⦵} {\Delta_rH^⦵} $$ Since cell operates reversibly Gibbs energy change of the system is equal to electrical work done by the cell, so we can instead just use standard Gibbs energy... |
I don't know if its right place to ask this question since chemistry and programming both are involved.
I was working on particle tracking of series of pictures (.tiff) of colloids. And I was Using [trackpy][1] in python.
The code gives me the position of particle to suppixel accuracy.
[![code snippets][2]][2]
... |
Is the critical temperature of a gas dependent on the amount of gas taken? Or is it independent of how much moles of the gas we take. My book does not specify this point.
I think that due to Gas Laws, the critical temperature should depend on the moles of gas taken. Am I correct? |
Is critical temperature of a gas dependent on the amount of gas taken? |
Metallic osmium is harmless but it reacts with oxygen at room temperature, forming volatile osmium tetroxide. Any other osmium compounds are also converted to the tetroxide if oxygen is present. This makes osmium tetroxide the main source of contact with the environment and human body. Exposure to osmium tetroxide caus... |
Metallic osmium is harmless but it reacts with oxygen at room temperature, forming volatile osmium tetroxide. Any other osmium compounds are also converted to the tetroxide if oxygen is present. This makes osmium tetroxide the main source of contact with the environment and human body. Exposure to osmium tetroxide caus... |
>There's wastewater flowing into the reactor at $\pu{20 ^\circ C}$ and the reactor is maintained at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$. The effluent of the reactor flows into the stripper, which is at $\pu{65 ^\circ C}$. This wastewater from the stripper flows back to the reactor at $60\%$ of the inflow.
When I did the mass balanc... |
Do the groups involved in geometrical isomerism have to be in similar planes to show geometrical isomerism? |
What is the correct reaction mechanism? |
In a molecule that has both an alkene (C=C) and carbonyl (C=O) that are NOT conjugated, such as pent-4-en-2-one, how do you determine which π* anti-bonding orbital is the LUMO?
Essentially, I'm trying to reconcile two statements that I thought were true but apparently contradict here:
1) *Increased electronegativ... |
What is the LUMO of a molecule with an alkene and a carbonyl? |
>There's wastewater flowing into the reactor at $\pu{20 ^\circ C}$ and the reactor is maintained at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$. The effluent of the reactor flows into the stripper, which is at $\pu{65 ^\circ C}$. This wastewater from the stripper flows back to the reactor at $60\%$ of the inflow.
When I did the mass balanc... |
Is it possible to pass saturated solutions of compounds with very high solubility through filters with small pores (e.g. passing a saturated aqueous ZnCl2 at 90C through a 2mcm glassfiber filter with the help of partial vacuum)?
Will it work well? Are there preferred methods for this? If not, is there any (reasona... |
Microfiltration for saturated solutions of highly hygroscopic compounds? |
>There's wastewater flowing into the reactor at $\pu{20 ^\circ C}$ and the reactor is maintained at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$. The effluent of the reactor flows into the stripper, which is at $\pu{65 ^\circ C}$. How can you maintain the temperature at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$ in the left reactor with fresh wastewater flowing in at ... |
Is it possible to pass saturated solutions of compounds with very high solubility through filters with small pores (e.g. passing a saturated aqueous ZnCl2 solution at 90C through a 2mcm glassfiber filter with the help of partial vacuum)?
Will it work well? Are there preferred methods for this? If not, is there any... |
>There's wastewater flowing into the reactor at $\pu{20 ^\circ C}$ and the reactor is maintained at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$. The effluent of the reactor flows into the stripper, which is at $\pu{65 ^\circ C}$. How can you maintain the temperature at $\pu{36 ^\circ C}$ in the left reactor with fresh wastewater flowing in at ... |
Does the critical temperature of a gas depend on the number of moles of the gas taken? Or is it independent of it? My book does not specify this point.
I think according to the Gas Laws, the critical temperature should depend on the moles of gas taken. Am I correct? |
Does the critical temperature of a gas depend on the number of moles of the gas taken? |
Does the critical temperature of a gas depend on the amount of the gas taken? Or is it independent of it? My book does not specify this point.
I think according to the gas laws, the critical temperature should depend on the amount of gas taken. Am I correct? |
Does the critical temperature of a gas depend on the amount of the gas taken? |
>A hydrated aluminium sulphate, $\ce{Al2(SO4)3.xH2O}$, contains 8.10% of aluminium by mass. Find the value of x.
My attempt: (Assuming 100g sample)
1. Calculate the amount of aluminium using the formula $\mathrm{amount = \frac{mass}{molar~mass}}$, yielding $\mathrm{0.300~mol}~\ce{Al}$ having a mass of $\mathrm{8.... |
>In which orbital, 4f or 6s, would an electron have a greater likelihood of being near the nucleus.
I figured that the 6s would be closest, since it is filled in first when using the Aufbau principle.
However, does that necessarily imply that it is closer to the nucleus? Or would 4f be closer, since its princip... |
Suppose that the lifetime of electronically excited atoms or molecules is to be measured by exciting them with a pulse of light and their fluorescence measured as it decays with time. This fluorescence could be observed with a photodiode or photomultiplier, whose output voltage is measured with an oscilloscope. Before ... |
Pb+4 is reduced by I- so PbI4 cannot exist with Pb in +4 oxidation state. But if I replaced 3I- with I3- then we can have Pb in +2 oxidation state. (Similar to how TlI3 exists with Tl in +1 oxidation state). Why does this not happen? |
Why does PbI4 not ionise as Pb2+ I3- I-? |
$\ce{Pb^4+}$ is reduced by $\ce{I-},$ so $\ce{PbI4}$ cannot exist with $\ce{Pb}$ in $+4$ oxidation state. But if I replace three $\ce{I-}$ with $\ce{I3-},$ then we can have $\ce{Pb^2+}$ similarly to how $\ce{TlI3}$ exists with $\ce{Tl+}.$ Why does this not happen? |
Why does PbI₄ not composed of lead(II), iodide and triiodide? |
Acidic strength has been compared before [here](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/22149/comparing-basic-strengths-of-different-species) and [here](https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/39451/how-to-assess-the-strength-of-the-acid/39452#39452), but the first question is about organic chemistry (and I... |
Adding 2 moles of grignard reagent to an ester, gives out 2 alcohols. But, if 1 mole of grignard reagent is added, will the reaction exclusively produce a ketone? How to prepare a ketone in a reaction only with esters and grignard reagent as starting materials?
CH2=CH2-C(=O)OCH3 + CH3MgBr -> CH3-CH2-CH2=C=O + CH3OH
... |
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