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> Compare the relative basicity of the following amines.
>
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I know that the higher the electron density on the nitrogen the higher will be its basicity. So here’s my take on each option.
(**a**)The Nitrogen lone pair undergoes resonance. It’s not good for basic strength
... |
Your reaction, $\ce{C6H12O6 -> CO2}$ is a redox half-reaction. The *n*-factor of a molecule/compound in a redox reaction is defined as the change in the oxidation state per molecule (as defined in Del Pate's answer). The easy to visualize definition is the amount of electrons (in $\pu{mol}$) donate or accepted per $\pu... |
Some of the conformers of salicylic acid are given below, all of which are planar in configuration.$\mathrm{^{[1]}}$
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/hmUjc.jpg
[2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/PZ3pam.jpg
Although the compou... |
In my book there's a question:
> Does $\ce{H2}$ show allotropy ? Enlist its allotropes and their application.
I pondered different ways hydrogen can be arranged (I have a weak intuition that hydrogen bonding may play a role) but came to no conclusion.
I then googled and found different answers. Some list NSIs... |
Are Nuclear Spin Isomers allotropes? |
If we take the example of salicylic acid, hydrogen bonding is present in the acid as follows:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Even after deprotonation, it has intramolecular hydrogen bonding as follows:
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
**My question:**
__*p*-hydroxybenzoic acid__ ($\mat... |
I looked up the net and found the following order-
HOF(97.2°)<SF<sub>2</sub>(98°)<OF<sub>2</sub>(103°)
(Of course, the values might not be exact but this is what I found on the net.)
Now, my POV-
Yes, your analogy that bond angle of OF<sub>2</sub>> SF<sub>2</sub> is correct. It's a direct result of [Drago's... |
My textbook states that when reacting an acid chloride (for example, acetyl chloride) with an amine, we need to take two moles of amines because when the $-NH-R$ group displaces the $-Cl$ group, the newly formed second degree amide is susceptible to attack by the $Cl^-$ ion Produced and hence the second mole of amine r... |
Why do we take two moles of amines in the reaction of amine with an acid chloride? |
My textbook states that when reacting an acid chloride (for example, acetyl chloride) with an amine, we need to take two moles of amines because when the $
\ce{-NH-R}$ group displaces the $\ce{-Cl}$ group, the newly formed second degree amide is susceptible to attack by the $\ce{Cl-}$ ion produced and hence the second... |
I searched the coordinates or reduced coordinates of primitive cell of mono layer hexagonal MoS2, but there are lots of different structures and coordination. For example, material project (https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-2815/) give this:
'Mo'| 0.3333 | 0.6667 | 0.25
'Mo'| 0.6667 | ... |
What is the reduced coordinates of primiteve cell of hexagonal mono layer MoS2? |
>Solid $\ce{NaHCO3}$ is heated to $90~^\circ\mathrm{C}$. At equilibrium the total pressure of the gases produced is $0.545~\mathrm{atm}$. Calculate $\Delta G^\circ$ at $90~^\circ\mathrm{C}$ for the reaction.
>
>$$\ce{2 NaHCO3(s) <=> Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)}$$
Using the $\Delta G^\circ = -\mathcal{R}T\cdot\ln(K... |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
What would be the product(s) if 2,2-dimethylhex-5-en-3-ol reacts with Lucas reagent?
Would a Methyl shift happen? I've heard that in Groove's process, only primary and secondary alkyl chlorides are formed.
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/Tr1vQ.png |
What is/are the product when 2,2-dimethylhex-5-en-3-ol reacts with Lucas reagent? |
I searched the coordinates or reduced coordinates of primitive cell of mono layer hexagonal MoS2, but there are lots of different structures and coordination. For example, [material project](https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-2815/) give this:
\begin{array}{c|ccc} \hline
\textbf{Element} & a &b& c \\\hlin... |
What is the reduced coordinates of primiteve cell of hexagonal mono layer Molybdenum sulfide (1/2)? |
> (b) Treatment of the enantiomerically pure ketone **C** under acidic conditions leads to a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers
>
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
My thinking is that perhaps the explanation has something to do with the carbonyl group being prochiral and having two faces, each side generating o... |
What is the reason for enantiomerically pure ketone reaction under acidic conditions giving a 1:1 mixture of diastereoisomers? |
>[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Why does $\ce{H+}$ attack on epoxide and not on the double bonded oxygen?
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/ryaLE.png |
I searched the coordinates or reduced coordinates of primitive cell of mono layer hexagonal $\ce{MoS2}$, but there are lots of different structures and coordination. For example, [material project](https://materialsproject.org/materials/mp-2815/) give this:
\begin{array}{c|ccc} \hline
\textbf{Element} & a &b& c ... |
What is a correct primitive hexagonal unit cell to describe a monolayer of molybdenum sulfide? |
I have an epoxide with a negative (-) charge on one of the carbons. In which of the two ways should I open the epoxide? I am not able to understand which one to prefer.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
(The general way I think of these rearrangements and breaking and forming of bonds is by doing heterolytic ... |
I have an epoxide with a negative (-) charge on one of the carbons. In which of the two ways should I open the epoxide? I am not able to understand which one to prefer.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
(The general way I think of these rearrangements and breaking and forming of bonds is by doing heteroly... |
What is the reaction mechanism involved in the ring opening seen in 3,3-diphenyloxiran-2-ide? |
All definitions in the IUPAC Gold Book refer to *standard* values:
> **exergonic reaction (exoergic reaction)** [[link](https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E02262)]
>
> This expression is often applied to a reaction for which the overall
> *standard* Gibbs energy change ΔG° is negative. Some workers use this
... |
Error in the IUPAC Gold Book definitions of exergonic, endergonic, exothermic and endothermic? |
> In a laser flash photolysis experiment, C$_6$H$_5$NH$_2$ (C$_0$ = $60$ µM) is oxidized to the corresponding radical cation. The disappearance of radical cation is monitored spectrophotometrically and the results are shown in the table below. There are three possible reaction pathways for the radical cation formed: (1... |
### Question
> Give isomeric relations between these compounds.
>
> [![enter image description here][1]][1]
### My answer
- **A** and **B** show metamerism and positional isomerism.
- **A** and **C** show chain isomerism and metamerism.
- **B** and **C** show chain isomerism and metamerism.
### Given... |
Are pent-3-one and 3-methylbut-2-one positional isomers? |
All definitions in the IUPAC Gold Book refer to *standard* values:
> **exergonic reaction (exoergic reaction)** [[link](https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/E02262)]
>
> This expression is often applied to a reaction for which the overall
> *standard* Gibbs energy change ΔG° is negative. Some workers use this
... |
Are pentan-3-one and 3-methylbutan-2-one positional isomers? |
>In a laser flash photolysis experiment, $\ce{C6H5NH2}$ $(C_0 = \pu{60 \mu M})$ is oxidized to the corresponding radical cation. The disappearance of radical cation is monitored spectrophotometrically and the results are shown in the table below. There are three possible reaction pathways for the radical cation formed:... |
If we look at system at constant temperature and volume which is galvanic cell, first law of thermodynamics states: $$ dU = dQ + dW'$$
Where W' is electrical work exchanged with surroundings and Q is heat exchanged with surroundings. I use chemistry sign convention for work.
As far as I know electrical work is wo... |
According to [*Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun.* **1985,** *6* (3), 203–208](https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.1985.030060316)<sup>[1\]</sup>, Kwang Sup Lee and Gerhard Wegner, attempting the synthesis and study of $n>100$, $\ce{C_nH_{2n}}$ cyclo-alkanes and linear alkanes, were successfully able to synthesize a linear alkane... |
In my book there's a question:
> Does $\ce{H2}$ show allotropy ? Describe its allotropes and their applications.
[Wikipedia][1] doesn't list any allotropes of $\ce{H2}$. However, when searching on the Internet, I found a few resources which call [the nuclear spin isomers of dihydrogen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wi... |
Are nuclear spin isomers "allotropes"? |
The following compounds were given, and I have to predict their order of basicity:
| Compound | Name | Chemical formula |
| -------- | ------------- | ----------------------- |
| A | Guanidine | $\ce{(H2N)2C(NH)}$ |
| B | Acetamidine | $\ce{(H3C)(H2N)C(NH)}$ |
| C ... |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
Atleast on of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Flourine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why, ... |
Why there are three separate columns for 8B group in old version of the periodic table? |
My question is regarding Periodic Table, Why there are three columns for 8B group in old version of the periodic table? |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
At least one of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Fluorine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why... |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
At least one of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Fluorine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why... |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
At least one of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Fluorine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why... |
My teacher said that in water molecule since Oxygen has greater electronegativity than Hydrogen oxygen develops partial negative charge and hydrogen develops develops partial positive charge. I am not able to comprehend what is meant by partial negative and positive charge? How can a charge be partial?
|
My question is about charges in a bond. What is meant by partial negative and positive charge? How can a charge be partial? |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
At least one of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Fluorine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why... |
For what reason does Calcium Phosphate dissolute at low $\mathrm{pH}$? What makes it $\mathrm{pH}$ dependent? This question arises after reading about the calcium phosphate bridges in casein micelles and how they 'break apart' at a $\mathrm{pH}$ below 6, such that the micelle destabilises and essentially falls apart. |
Why does calcium phosphate dissolve at low $\mathrm{pH}$? What makes its solubility $\mathrm{pH}$ dependent? This question arises after reading about the calcium phosphate bridges in casein micelles and how they 'break apart' at a $\mathrm{pH}$ below 6, such that the micelle is destabilised and [falls apart][1].
... |
There is this weird information I found in my organic chemistry book ("Essential Organic Chemistry" by Ranjeet Shahi)
<br>
The question asks us to give reason as to why the following occurs.
<br><br>
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/tGByF.jpg
**I myself have created... |
There is this weird information I found in my organic chemistry book ("Essential Organic Chemistry" by Ranjeet Shahi)
<br>
The question asks us to give reason as to why the following occurs.
<br><br>
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
<br>Also, don't bother giving reasons for the first (above) reaction.... |
There is this weird information I found in my organic chemistry book ("Essential Organic Chemistry" by Ranjeet Shahi)
The question asks us to give reason as to why the following occurs.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[![enter image description here][2]][2]
<br>Also, don't bother giving reasons for ... |
Why is the ortho product major in the nitration of anisole with nitric acid and acetic anhydride? |
My teacher said that in water molecule since Oxygen has greater electronegativity than Hydrogen oxygen develops partial negative charge and hydrogen develops develops partial positive charge. I am not able to comprehend what is meant by partial negative and positive charge? How can a charge be partial?
(https://i.stac... |
Why we use same metal salt in electrolytic refining?
Ex. For cu2+ if we take suppose feso4 so there are 2 ions ready to react on cathode ie fe2+ and cu2+.
But from a series (who will react first) we kniw cu2+ is more likely to react with cathode instead of fe2+.
Then why we need only same metal salt we can ta... |
Why same meta salt is required in electrolytic refining? |
Entries [mp-2815][1] and [mp-1018809][2] differ in their lattice constants ($c = 14.879\ Å$ *vs.* $c = 13.983\ Å$) reported, thus differ in unit cell volume and density (4.05 g/cm³ *vs.* 4.31 g/cm³) while sharing the same space group symmetry $P6_3/mmc$. But only the former is labeled as «stable», the later one is ann... |
Why we use same metal salt in electrolytic refining?
Ex. For $\ce{Cu^2+}$ if we take suppose $\ce{FeSO4}$ so there are 2 ions ready to react on cathode ie $\ce{Fe^2+}$ and $\ce{Cu^2+}$.
But from a series (who will react first) we know $\ce{Cu^2+}$ is more likely to react with cathode instead of $\ce{Fe^2+}$.
... |
Why same metal salt is required in electrolytic refining? |
As far as I know, the absorption of $\text{SO}_2$ in water goes under physical absorption, meaning the sulfur dioxide bubbles are held in place by Van der Waals forces, in this case Keesom forces, since both water and sulfur dioxide molecules are dipoles. [This table][1] classifies the absorption of sulfur dioxide in w... |
I have to prove scientifically why a sodium ascorbate solution in water turns yellowish - reddish over time. I know ascorbic acid is supposed to oxidize into dehydroascorbic acid, and the latter then oxidizes into more subproducts... But I have to prove this by using UV-vis spectroscopy and whenever I analyze the yello... |
How can I prove ascorbic acid degradation with Uv-vis spectroscopy? |
Some of the experimental details are missing, but if you recall
$$\mathrm{Abs} = \varepsilon \cdot c \cdot d$$
about the absorption depending on the molar extinction coefficient $\varepsilon$, the analyte concentration $c$, and the optical path length $d$, it could be due to *a low concentration* of the analyte. ... |
When to consider back bonding and when to not; when will it change hybridisation and when will it not? |
My teacher stated, oxygen has a greater electronegativity than hydrogen. Thus, in water, oxygen develops partial negative charge and hydrogen develops develops partial positive charge.
I am not able to comprehend what is meant by *partial* negative and positive charge? How can a charge be partial?
(https://i.stack.... |
What is meant by partial negative and positive charge? How can a charge be partial? |
How is this reaction not a decomposition reaction? And are all disproportionation reactions decomposition reactions? |
Some of the experimental details are missing, but if you recall
$$\mathrm{Abs} = \varepsilon \cdot c \cdot d$$
about the absorption depending on the molar extinction coefficient $\varepsilon$, the analyte concentration $c$, and the optical path length $d$, it could be due to *a low concentration* of the analyte. ... |
This question has been troubling me since my professor taught this concept.
Points that she taught:
1) pi back bonding can only happen amongst elements of 2nd and 3rd period.
At least one of them needs to be in 2nd period.
2) Fluorine forms the best back bonding inspite of its electronegativity. (when asked why... |
The minimum I could find is 110 °C ([Chemical forums][1]) although not verified.
Next is 150 °C from [this link][2]. Although, two temperature are written (110 °C and 150 °C).
> mp 86 °C; loses **$\ce{6 H2O}$ at 110 °C**
>
> Anhydrous cobalt chloride is blue in color. It can be prepared by
> dehydration of th... |
My research team and I are working on a bimetallic alloy consisting of Zinc and Platinum. We have looked for papers regarding the composition of Zinc-Platinum alloy. But there aren't many papers out there.
So far, we have found only one paper.
The link to the paper is: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02... |
What is the alloying composition of the Zinc-Platinum System? |
Referring to, *NCERT Chemistry Part I, Textbook for Class XI*<sup>[1]</sup>.
[![ClF3][2]][2]
Here the text puts forward three structures of $\ce{ClF3}$.
My teacher said to me that (b) structure is unstable due to lone pair lone pair repulsion while (a) is the most stable of the given structures as there are mi... |
If I dip two pieces of metal in tap water I measure a potential difference between the two electrodes with a common digital voltmeter. For example, for Cu and Al I measured 0.55 V and for Cu and Fe I measure 0.86 V. Is there any way to relate these potential differences to the standard electrochemical potential given i... |
I have learnt that chiral molecules are able to show optical activity; that is, they are able to rotate plane polarized light by some angle.
But how does it actually happen? Won't the orientation of the molecule also depend on whether it causes clockwise or anticlockwise rotation?
Any help would be greatly appre... |
How does optical activity work? |
According to my book “In the real world, this situation (equilibrium) doesn’t exist, as it is unlikely that any reaction would have exactly equal concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium.”
Does this mean reactions only get close to true equilibrium?
Also what confuses me is the term unlikely. If it is... |
Is equilibrium for a reaction achievable? |
So, I am working on a series of octahedral complexes of the type $\ce{[M(CO)2(CH3)X3]-}$ where M=Co,Rh,Ir and X is a range of ligands (halides, cyanide, nitrosyl etc.). Now, the complexes all have either a mirror plane or a $\mathrm{C_2}$ axis which makes the **two $\ce{CO}$ ligands equivalent by symmetry**. (This is a... |
What is Nascent Hydrogen? |
I'm working on automating a process in MOE using SVL commands. I've got pretty much everything worked out, except I can't seem to find anything for building hydrogen atoms using an SVL command (equivalent to Edit->Build->Hydrogens->Add Hydrogens).
Is there a method to do this, and if so what is it? |
Why would the chloride ion attack the electron rich amine? The amine is the best nucleophile is the system and will attack the NO+. This gives a RNH-NO nitroso species which is then protonated on Oxygen, loses water and gives the diazonium cation. This adds loses nitrogen rapidly and adds Chloride to give the primary a... |
According to my book, “In the real world...it is unlikely that any reaction would have exactly equal concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium.”
What confuses me is the term "unlikely", which I take to mean that it is uncommon yet possible. Can you explain why having equal concentrations of products... |
Can the equilbrium constant ever be exactly 1? |
I'm working on automating a process in MOE using SVL commands. I've got pretty much everything worked out, except I can't seem to find anything for building hydrogen atoms using an SVL command (equivalent to Edit->Build->Hydrogens->Add Hydrogens).
Is there a method to do this, and if so what is it?
Edit: MOE (Mo... |
[Trimethylarsinr][1] smells of garlic. According to Wikipedia, [Pentamethylarsenic][2] smells like pentamethylantimony but I can't find the smell of that anywhere.
**What does Pentamethylarsenic smell of?**
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylarsine
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamethylarse... |
What does Pentamethylarsenic smell of? |
I came across the following problem while practicing some exercises on inorganic chemistry:
>If the ionization enthalpy and electron gain enthalpy of an element are **275** and **86** $Kcal mol^{-1}$ respectively, then the electronegativity (in $KJ mol^{-1}$) of the element on the **Pauling scale** is?
I know t... |
I've read in [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesomeric_effect#:~:text=The%20mesomeric%20effect%20in%20chemistry,present%20on%20an%20adjacent%20atom) about +M strength of groups which goes:
> –O __-__ > –NH2 > __–NHCOR > –OR__ > –OCOR > –Ph > –CH3 > –F > –Cl > –Br > –I
Now in every other website and the bo... |
I made 3 mixtures which had 1 M sucrose, 1% w/v agar, .68% v/v propionic acid, and EITHER 0%, 4%, or 13% w/v sodium formate salt.
It was NOT blue at first, but after a couple hours at RT, the 0% sodium formate mixture was clear, the 3% mixture was barely blue, and the 10% was light blue.
**I'm wondering what rea... |
Why would a mixture of sucrose, propionic acid, sodium formate, and agar turn light blue? What reaction is happening? |
I've read in [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesomeric_effect#:~:text=The%20mesomeric%20effect%20in%20chemistry,present%20on%20an%20adjacent%20atom) about +M strength of groups which goes:
> –O __-__ > –NH2 > __–NHCOR > –OR__ > –OCOR > –Ph > –CH3 > –F > –Cl > –Br > –I
Now in every other website and the bo... |
I was reading an article about an independent pharmaceutical watchdog group called Valisure which recently released a report stating that they found Benzene, a toxic substance, in many bottles of consumer sunscreen. (Full report here: https://www.valisure.com/blog/valisure-news/valisure-detects-benzene-in-sunscreen/ )... |
How are compounds within a complicated mixture detected? |
I've read in [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesomeric_effect#:~:text=The%20mesomeric%20effect%20in%20chemistry,present%20on%20an%20adjacent%20atom) about +M strength of groups which goes:
> –O __-__ > –NH2 > __–NHCOR > –OR__ > –OCOR > –Ph > –CH3 > –F > –Cl > –Br > –I
Now in every other website states tha... |
I've read in [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesomeric_effect&oldid=1011528450) about +M strength of groups which goes:
> –O __-__ > –NH2 > __–NHCOR > –OR__ > –OCOR > –Ph > –CH3 > –F > –Cl > –Br > –I
Now in every other website states that in terms of +M strength:
[![enter image description... |
If I had a theoretically perfect electrolytic cell, such as one with Copper anodes and cathodes, and a copper nitrate solution, over a given time period with a voltage applied, would the change in mass of the cathode be identical to the change in mass of the anode? |
How is the nucleophilicity of alkoxy groups related to acidity and +/- inductive effects due to substituents? |
In the following image:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
The oxygen's top pair of electrons forms a double bond.
But in a covalent bonds, aren't the electrons shared? So won't the oxygen still have these $2$ electrons (that it turned into a double bond) in its outer shell? Leaving its charge as $0$?
... |
According to my book,
> In the real world [...] it is unlikely that any reaction would have exactly equal concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium.
This was mentioned in context to the fact that it was an ideal situation for $K_\mathrm{eq}$, wherein $K_\mathrm{eq} = 1$
What confuses me is the ... |
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