instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
|---|
In the above-mentioned species, the $\ce{Cu^{2+}}$ ion has 9 electrons in the $\mathrm{3d}$ orbital with only one unpaired electron. How is it a square planar geometry? Where is that unpaired electron going? |
In the above-mentioned species, the $\ce{Cu^2+}$ ion has 9 electrons in the $\mathrm{3d}$ orbital with only one unpaired electron. How is it a square planar geometry? Where is that unpaired electron going? |
Orbital hybridization is mostly useful in the explanation of *molecular geometry*. In fact it was invented by Linus Pauling for this purpose: to explain the structure of organic molecules using the language of atomic orbitals. Yes, hybridization is also used to explain bonding properties, as well as acidity or basicity... |
> Does $\ce{Ne}$ atom absorb some kind of photon by some mechanism?
You do *not* need to absorb the photon to excite an electron. What you need is to provide some portion of *energy*. It can be done by means of a photon which is absorbed by an atom, of course, but it is not the only way. Alternatively, you could col... |
I have this question for a long time that in LASER when we do the pumping by heating how does molecular collision causes the atoms(molecules) to reach in excited state. E.g. in $\ce{He-Ne}$ laser when the excited $\ce{He}$ atom collides with the $\ce{Ne}$ atom the $\ce{Ne}$ atom gets excited and $\ce{He}$ atom reaches ... |
Orbital hybridization is mostly useful in the explanation of *molecular geometry*. In fact it was invented by Linus Pauling for this purpose: to explain the structure of organic molecules using the language of atomic orbitals. Yes, hybridization is also used to explain bonding properties, as well as acidity or basicity... |
I'm not entirely clear on what you want - I guess a database of a bunch of 3D coordinates for many organic compounds?
By far the largest such database is [NIH PubChem](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) with over 30 million compounds - mostly organic. You can [search](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/search.c... |
I am trying to understand more about the period of vibrational nodes. Currently, I am interested in Si-O bond stretching in silica. I think this value is about 1000 cm^-1
I am somewhat confuse on how to find the period of vibrational modes. I am new to this subject. When I look up the frequency, like I said, I get u... |
I am trying to understand more about the period of vibrational nodes. Currently, I am interested in Si-O bond stretching in silica. I think this value is about 1000 cm^-1
I am somewhat confuse on how to find the period of vibrational modes. I am new to this subject. When I look up the frequency, like I said, I get u... |
The answer has to do with [pi-backbonding][1].
In essence, the CO molecule has a negative formal charge on the carbon (it's neutral because of the oxygen having a positive formal charge). However, C is quite electropositive, and would like to relieve the stress caused by the negative formal charge. To relieve the s... |
I am trying to understand more about the period of vibrational nodes. Currently, I am interested in Si-O bond stretching in silica. I think this value is about 1000 cm^-1
I am somewhat confuse on how to find the period of vibrational modes. I am new to this subject. When I look up the frequency, like I said, I get u... |
I am layman of chemistry. Latterly, I am asked to do an mathematical optimization task for a bio-chemical process, which contains a conditioning step to neutralize the sulfuric acid using ammonia hydroxide. I am trying to use the mathematical model of the reaction (kinetic model) to optimize the reaction time/energy/ef... |
Is there a way to find the kinetics data for the strong acid weak base reaction? |
Suppose $\ce{Na^+}$ and $\ce{Cl^-}$ form an ionic bond. In doing so they will come closer by attraction. Now as they come closer their speed will increase and hence the kinetic energy increases. So basically the electrostatic potential energy will be controverted into kinetic energy.
>- My question is why do these p... |
Why does attraction always cause release of energy making the system more stable? |
It has been a long time since I studied organic chemistry, but one thing I do remember is that when we needed cyanide salts we were told not to bother keeping any remaining solution because the salts hydrolyze very quickly.
But can't hydrolyzed salts be fully recovered by simply evaporating the water?
E.g., we do... |
Does evaporation reverse salt hydrolysis? |
For 10 minutes each, from two identical holes, nitrogen and an unknown gas is leaked into a common vessel of 3L capacity at 300K. The resulting pressure is 4.15 bar. If the gaseous mixture contains 0.4 moles of nitrogen, then molecular mass of the unknown gas is?
attempt: According to Graham's law of effusion, $$\fr... |
Nitrogen and an unknown gas is leaked into a common vessel... The gaseous mixture contains 0.4 moles of nitrogen. Molecular mass of the other gas is? |
How would I go about determining whether a sample of an unknown substance is either potassium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate (given that the sample is one or the other)? |
I'm currently studying about the hydrogen bond's Potential Energy Surface (PES) pattern.
As per literature, single point energy obtained from Density Functional Theory (DFT) using MP2 approximation performed with Gaussian software (www.gaussian.com) showed the pattern of Lennard Jones Potential (LJ-potential). A Le... |
### Simple cyanide salts
In aqueous solution, simple cyanide salts more or less completely dissociate into their constituent ions. E.g. for potassium cyanide:
$\ce{{KCN}(s) + H2O(l) -> K+(aq) + CN- (aq)}$
Those solutions are relatively stable. There is an acid-base equilibrium between $\cf{CN-}$ and $\cf{HCN... |
When determining the number of electrons transferred in a redox reaction is it the total in both half equations?
For example:
2I- + Zn2+ -> I2 + Zn
First we split it up into the two half-reactions and get the following
2I -> I2 + 2e
Zn2+ + 2e -> Zn
So would the number of electrons transferred i... |
When determining the number of electrons transferred in a redox reaction is it the total in both half equations?
For example:
$$\ce{2I- + Zn^2+ -> I2 + Zn}$$
First we split it up into the two half-reactions and get the following
$$\ce{2I -> I2 + 2e-}$$
$$\ce{Zn^2+ + 2e- -> Zn}$$
So would the number... |
An experiment in my lab was about the Belousev Zhabotinsky reaction and we measured 2 times - the induction period, which was the amount of time it took for the solution to change color and back for the first time, and the oscillation period, which was the period of color change cycles after that. The lab manual says t... |
I googled it for a while and this was the best thing I found ([Source](https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100525170905AA9PDiD)):
> This is a tough question, that is probably not known with any certainty.
Even Jerry March (Adv Organic Chem, 4th ed, page 1219) doesn't commit himself to a mechanism.
> Y... |
I teach Biochemistry and know that heating water can break weak bonds like hydrogen bond or ionic interaction, but not disulfide bond (without reducing agent). The bond energy of hydrogen bond in water is about 12-30 kJ/mol, while the disulfide bond is 251 kJ/mol. I initially thought the heated water would have the e... |
Why can't hot water break disulfide bonds when the energy storage in hot water exceeds the bond energy? |
I teach Biochemistry and know that heating water can break weak bonds like hydrogen bond or ionic interaction, but not disulfide bond (without reducing agent). The bond energy of hydrogen bond in water is about 12–30 kJ/mol, while the disulfide bond is 251 kJ/mol. I initially thought the heated water would have the ene... |
An experiment in my lab was about the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction and we measured 2 times - the induction period, which was the amount of time it took for the solution to change color and back for the first time, and the oscillation period, which was the period of color change cycles after that. The lab manual says t... |
A video in youtube shows the thermal decomposition of mercury thiocyanate. A strange thing I've observed is that since Hg(SCN)2 which is the reactant is a white powder, the product is a yellow-brown solid serpent like structure. How is this possible? What is the chemical reaction for this decomposition?
video link ... |
Problem 3.6 (c) from my book is as follows:
**How many isomers are there for:**
Thioesters with the formula C4H8OS
The solution for the aforementioned question is **FOUR**.
I can see that the following two are possible constitutional isomers:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
But what are the ot... |
Problem 3.6 (c) from my book is as follows:
> How many isomers are there for Thioesters with the formula $\ce{C4H8OS}$?
The solution for the aforementioned question is **FOUR**.
I can see that the following two are possible constitutional isomers:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
But what are the ... |
I read the paper http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja035001g and I'm curious why in Scheme 5 (with 5a) the phenyl group is placed axial for R1=Me, R2=H.
(In other words I would rather take into account the allylic A13 Ph//H plus gauche Me//Ph than the diaxial Ph//Cl interaction)
It's probably, because the the epi... |
How big is the gauche interaction of methyl with phenyl? |
The reaction is the decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate:
> 2Hg(SCN)2 → 2HgS + CS2 + C3N4
Where C3N4 is the compound that makes up the "snakes," and grow due to the evolution of gases produced by the decomposition of the other products:
> CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO22C3N4 → 3(CN)2 + N2HgS + O2 → Hg + SO2
This is also ... |
Several sources ([1][1], [2][2]) suggest that charging Li-ion batteries in low temperature conditions result in Lithium plating. This seems pretty logical since low temperature reduces ion mobility, and provided a high enough charge current Li ions don't have time to intercalate into carbon layers of the anode and are ... |
Why is lithium plating irreversible in li-ion cells? |
The reaction is the decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate:
> $\ce{2Hg(SCN)2 → 2HgS + CS2 + C3N4}$
Where C3N4 is the compound that makes up the "snakes," and grow due to the evolution of gases produced by the decomposition of the other products:
> $\ce{CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO22C3N4 → 3(CN)2 + N2HgS + O2 → Hg + S... |
>When determining the number of electrons transferred in a redox reaction is it the total in both half equations?
In the total redox reaction *that is properly balanced*, the number of electrons transferred is equal to the stoichiometric coefficient of the $\ce{e-}$ species in either *balanced* half-reaction.
>So... |
The reaction is the decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate:
> $\ce{2Hg(SCN)2 → 2HgS + CS2 + C3N4}$
Where C3N4 is the compound that makes up the "snakes," and grow due to the evolution of gases produced by the decomposition of the other products:
> $\ce{CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO22C3N4 → 3(CN)2 + N2HgS + O2 → Hg + S... |
A video on YouTube shows the thermal decomposition of mercury thiocyanate. A strange thing I've observed is that $\ce{Hg(SCN)2}$, which is the reactant, is a white powder and the product is a yellow-brown solid serpent-like structure. How is this possible? What is the chemical reaction for this decomposition?
video ... |
The reaction is the decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate:
> $\ce{2Hg(SCN)2 → 2HgS + CS2 + C3N4}$
Where C3N4 is the compound that makes up the "snakes," and grow due to the evolution of gases produced by the decomposition of the other products:
> $\ce{CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO2} $
> $\ce {2C3N4 → 3(CN)2 + N2} $
> ... |
We know that the Organic compounds are the compounds which contain carbon atoms , so I want to know if all the biological macromolecules ( proteins , lipids , carbohydrates , nucleic acids ) are Organic compounds or Not all of them ?? |
Are the biological macromolecules Organic compounds or Non Organic ? |
We know that organic compounds are compounds which contain carbon atoms. I want to know if all the biological macromolecules (such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) are organic compounds, or are just some of them? |
Are the biological macromolecules Organic compounds or Non Organic? |
Lowering of the freezing point on adding a solute is a colligative property of solutions, it doesn't matter what the nature of the solute is (of course we have to assume ideal solutions). So when it is required to use an antifreeze - why are glycerol, glycol, methanol, etc. commonly used? For a given decrease in freezi... |
Why is glycol used as an antifreeze? |
I want to draw a sketch of my apparatus for my report. I am conversant with the AutoCAD drafting software. Where can I download CAD blocks for commonly used labware items (like round bottom flask, allihn condensor, drying tube, heating mantle, retort stand, etc.)?
Thanks,
Abhishek |
Where can I find CAD blocks for lab glassware? |
I want to draw a sketch of my apparatus for my report. I am conversant with the AutoCAD drafting software. Where can I download CAD blocks for commonly used labware items (like round bottom flask, allihn condensor, drying tube, heating mantle, retort stand, etc.)? |
I carry around a toiletries bag. I put my toothbrush there right after brushing in a restaurant or some public area.
These strangely similar articles([1][1], [2][2]) suggest toothbrushes have to be aired. Why exactly? What harm does the wetness on the bristles cause?
[1]: http://www.carydental.com/blog/air-dr... |
Why do toothbrushes have to be dried? |
I'm trying to create a high school level lab in which we separate the metals in an alloy. The objective is to understand and apply standard reduction potentials, and also to do some extra redox reactions to reclaim solid metals. Plus I think it might be fun!
My plan was to simply submerge nickels in an acidic soluti... |
I'd like to compare the equatorial 1-Methyl-2-phenyl-cyclohexane conformation of with axial conformation of 1-Methyl-3-**chloro**-cyclohexane conformation. **In which molecule there is less steric repulsion?**
In general, I know the following values:
- gauche Me//Me: about 0.9 kcal/mol
- diaxial Ph//H: about... |
I'd like to compare the equatorial 1-Methyl-2-phenyl-cyclohexane conformation of with axial conformation of 1-Methyl-3-**chloro**-cyclohexane conformation. **In which molecule there is less steric repulsion?**
In other words: **Do you know a guess of energy in kcal/mol for a gauche Ph//Me interaction and for an axia... |
How big is the gauche interaction of methyl with phenyl in a disubstituted cyclohexane? |
What to topics to review before starting O-chem? |
My name is Ines and I am from Uruguay. I work in a winery making wines and we have here in Uruguay some problems about a new process involving phlorizin. We know that phlorizin is the major dihydrochalcone found in apples, but I have been reading that this compound is also found in a grape named Albariño, a white vari... |
I work in a winery and we have some problems about a new process involving phlorizin. We know that phlorizin is the major dihydrochalcone found in apples, but I have been reading that this compound is also found in a grape named Albariño, a white variety of grape. What else is known about the phlorizin content in grape... |
Problem 3.6 (c) from my book is as follows:
> How many isomers are there for `Thioesters` with the formula $\ce{C4H8OS}$?
The solution for the aforementioned question is **FOUR**.
I can see that the following two are possible constitutional isomers:
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
But what are th... |
On page 88 and 98 of [this document][1], the author laments that OClF5 has still not been discovered. He says it would be "just about the ultimate possible
storable oxidizer" (for rockets).
(Note: it's pages 88 and 89 as labeled by the writing on the page, not the pdf metadata.)
**The text seems a little dated. ... |
Is OClF5 theoretically possible? |
The question is to compare the SN1 reactivity for the following compounds. According to me it should be like R>S>Q>P.
But the correct answer is Q>P>R>S. How can a lone pair donating into a vacant p be more stable than allyl/ benzyl carbocation ?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.s... |
I completely undetstand how phenyl group 'releases' or 'donates' electron through resonance, but how is that a phenyl group shows a weak -I effect, despite having electrons literally smeared on itself? |
I appreciate above answer by BreakingBioinformatics. However I have been looking for the oxidation reactions involving Fe in this case. [Found some useful material here.](http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/?title=Textbook_Maps/General_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map:_Averill_%26_Eldredge_%22Chemistry%22/23:_The_d-Block_Elements/2... |
Is there any gas that contains oxygen in itself so that it doesn't require oxygen from environment for burning?
What I'm actually trying to achieve is to use LPG gas and attach a burner to it through a pipe and then put the burner in an environment that has no air, somewhat like vacuum. Is there still any way to lit... |
How can I lit fire in an environment with no oxygen? |
How can I lit fire in this case? |
The reaction is the decomposition of mercury(II) thiocyanate:
> $\ce{2Hg(SCN)2 → 2HgS + CS2 + C3N4}$
Where $\ce {C3N4} $ is the compound that makes up the "snakes," and grow due to the evolution of gases produced by the decomposition of the other products:
> $\ce{CS2 + 3O2 → CO2 + 2SO2} $
> $\ce {2C3N4 → 3(CN)2 + ... |
I have a model railway in which I use pure copper on the tracks and on the engine to power the train with electricity.
Is there a solution to prevent the copper surfaces from corrision, and maybe improve the conductivity? |
I have a model railway in which I use pure copper on the tracks and in the engine to power the train with electricity.
Is there any solution to prevent the copper surfaces from corrosion, and maybe improve the conductivity? |
So basically, the whole point of this process is to extract elemental sulfur from underground deposits. Is this process essentially correct or am I missing out certain details?
1. Firstly, three concentric pipes are placed into the underground sulfur deposit
2. Then, water that has been superheated is pressurised... |
Is my understanding of the Frasch Process correct? |
On page 88 and 98 of [this document][1], the author laments that OClF5 has still not been discovered. He says it would be "just about the ultimate possible storable oxidizer" (for rockets).
(Note: it's pages 88 and 89 as labeled by the writing on the page, not the pdf metadata.)
**The text seems a little dated. H... |
On page 88 and 98 of [this document][1], the author laments that $\ce{OClF5}$ has still not been discovered. He says it would be "just about the ultimate possible storable oxidizer" (for rockets).
(Note: it's pages 88 and 89 as labeled by the writing on the page, not the pdf metadata.)
**The text seems a little d... |
I mean in principle, in general.
How can we tell if some phenomena was a chemical reaction(s)? Change in physical properties cannot be since larger-scale structural change can change physical properties aswell, like heat treatment of steel. And what about changing diamond into graphite by heating. Hence, assuming th... |
How can we tell whether a phenomena was a chemical reaction or not? |
I mean in principle, in general.
How can we tell if some phenomena was a chemical reaction(s)? Change in physical properties cannot be since larger-scale structural change can change physical properties aswell, like heat treatment of steel. And what about changing diamond into graphite by heating. Hence, assuming th... |
What topics to review before starting organic chemistry? |
So I'm trying to figure out how to titrate the reducing sugars on honey without generating Iodine.
The reaction so far I think I could do is do a Fehling reaction with $Cu^{2+}$and then backtitrate the remaing with EDTA, but I'm not sure that the EDTA wouldn't solublize the $Cu_2O$, or be able to displace the tartar... |
So I'm trying to figure out how to titrate the reducing sugars on honey without generating iodine.
The reaction so far I think I could do is do a Fehling reaction with $\ce{Cu}^{2+}$and then back-titrate the remaining with EDTA, but I'm not sure that the EDTA wouldn't solubilize the $\ce{Cu2O}$, or be able to displa... |
On page 88 and 89 of [this document][1], the author laments that $\ce{OClF5}$ has still not been discovered. He says it would be "just about the ultimate possible storable oxidizer" (for rockets).
(Note: it's pages 88 and 89 as labeled by the writing on the page, not the pdf metadata.)
**The text seems a little d... |
I was so intrigued by the reported observation that sunlight precipitates the iron from $\cf{K4Fe(CN)6}$ ([originally attributed to Matuschek, 1901](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Matuschek#v=onepage&q=Matuschek&f=false)) that I wanted to see it myself. I put a saturated aqueous s... |
Why can't I reproduce this photolytic reaction? |
What are the non aqueous solvents for Sodium Polyacrylate? |
I have been synthesizing TCPO (for homemade chemiluminescent reactions) using trichlorophenol and oxalyl chloride.
Since I am tired of paying for oxalyl chloride (and hazard class 3 shipping), I wish to find a synthetic route to produce my own stock.
The most common synthesis of oxalyl chloride uses oxalic acid a... |
(Clarification: this is a question about terminology, not so much about when to use different concepts. I think I do understand which characteristics of a species to use when trying to determine something about a reaction in some circumstances. I just don't know what word to call it.)
When someone on the internet ... |
What is the relationship between the two definitions of the difference between basicity and nucleophilicity? |
My question is: what is the primary reason that bicarbonate ($\ce{HCO3^-}$) can act as a buffer in a solution? The two (possibly) relevant equations that I can think of are
$$ \ce {H2CO3 + H2O <=>HCO3- + H3O+ }$$
$$ \ce {HCO3- + H2O <=> CO3^{2-} + H3O+} $$
Using these two equations, I can come up with two 'rea... |
Well, this looks a pretty straight forward question. But I am getting stuck at the point when preferrence is being given to the less stable 1°carbocation to form the product. Or am I writing an incorrect mchanism ?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nlbJu.jpg |
The question is as mentioned in the title. Take for example the interaction between $Ar^+$ and $Ar^+$. In general, is there an acceptable potential which can represent the interaction between $X^{m+}$ and $X^{n+}$, where $X$ is a given element and $m,n=0, \cdots, Z$, where $Z$ is the atomic number of the element $X$?
... |
Is There an Acceptable Potential Which Can Represent the Interaction between Finite-sized Ions? |
The question is as mentioned in the title. Take for example the interaction between $\ce{Ar^+}$ and $\ce{Ar^+}$. In general, is there an acceptable potential which can represent the interaction between $\ce{X^{m+}}$ and $\ce{X^{n+}}$, where $\ce{X}$ is a given element and $m,n=0, \cdots, Z$, where $Z$ is the atomic num... |
If I were to put a can of liquid butane which is under pressure (eg. Lighter refill) in a freezer to get it below its boiling point of $-1\ \mathrm{^\circ C}$,
If it were released in an also frozen container would it remain in a liquid state without boiling off (until it reaches its boiling point), or will it boil off... |
OK, this can't be unique to me and would apply to anybody who has to use equipment in other departments has had departments move etc.
*What Free Open Source packages exist to read and potentially manipulate SEM EDX (electron dispersive x-ray elemental analysis) after the data has been collected?*
(In my case I ha... |
This can't be unique to me and would apply to anybody who has to use equipment in other departments has had departments move etc.
*What open source packages exist to read and potentially manipulate SEM EDX (electron dispersive x-ray elemental analysis) after the data has been collected?*
(In my case I have data f... |
Is there open source software for SEM EDX data analysis? |
This can't be unique to me and would apply to anybody who has to use equipment in other departments has had departments move etc.
*What open source packages exist to read and potentially manipulate SEM EDX (electron dispersive x-ray elemental analysis) data after the data has been collected?*
(In my case I have d... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.