instruction stringlengths 15 21.8k |
|---|
I have tried to apply the rules and basics that I learnt so far. But I am confused about the hybridization of oxygen atoms which are making the single bond in nitrate ion.
Following are the steps I used. The average bond order of 4/3 makes the molecule unstable.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Based on... |
> However, there is now that remaining unhybridized p orbital of
> nitrogen, which has 2 electrons, so how can it be involved in π
> bonding?
Everything is more-or-less "right" up to these point. The thing you're missing is that there is only one electron in the unhybridized $\mathrm{p}$ orbital of $\ce{N}$ atom s... |
> However, there is now that remaining unhybridized p orbital of
> nitrogen, which has 2 electrons, so how can it be involved in π
> bonding?
Everything is more-or-less "right" up to these point. The thing you're missing is that there is only one electron in the unhybridized $\mathrm{p}$ orbital of $\ce{N}$ atom s... |
I am so sorry if my question seems to be stupid but unfortunately I don't have a good knowledge about Chemistry. I am going to know what is the name of the bellow structure in Chemistry? (This looks like a pyramid with 4 molecules in each edge). Whether they are all the same or they are different molecules, will the de... |
Orbital hybridization is mostly useful in the *rationalisation* of *molecular geometry*. In fact it was invented by Linus Pauling for this purpose: to rationalise structures of organic molecules using the language of atomic orbitals. Yes, hybridization is also used to rationalise bonding properties, as well as acidity ... |
Orbital hybridization is mostly useful in the *rationalisation* of *molecular geometry*. In fact it was invented by Linus Pauling for this purpose: to rationalise structures of organic molecules using the language of atomic orbitals. Yes, hybridization is also used to rationalise bonding properties, as well as acidity ... |
I would like to know what the name is for the structure drawn below. This looks like a pyramid with 4 atoms at each vertex. Does the name of the structure depend on whether the atoms are all the same or if they are a combination of different ones?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.i... |
Well, this looks like a pretty straight forward question. But I am getting stuck at the point when preference is being given to the less stable 1° carbocation to form the product. Or am I writing an incorrect mechanism ?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/nlbJu.jpg |
How can I predict the product of the reaction of a substituted tetrahydrofuran with HI? |
Why 4s lose electron to 3d? |
I was so intrigued by the reported observation that sunlight precipitates the iron from $\cf{K4Fe(CN)6}$ ([originally attributed to Matuschek, 1901](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Matuschek#v=onepage&q=Matuschek&f=false)) that I wanted to see it myself. I put a saturated aqueous s... |
Does the sulfur also oxidize the OH- radicals after the Na2S4 chains form? Something like this:
9S + 4NaOH ---> 2Na2S4 + SO3 + H2O |
Orbital hybridization is mostly useful in the *rationalisation* of *molecular geometry*. In fact it was invented by Linus Pauling for this purpose: to rationalise structures of organic molecules using the language of atomic orbitals. Yes, hybridization is also used to rationalise bonding properties, as well as acidity ... |
I was so intrigued by the reported observation that sunlight precipitates the iron from $\cf{K4Fe(CN)6}$ ([originally attributed to Matuschek, 1901](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Matuschek#v=onepage&q=Matuschek&f=false)) that I wanted to see it myself. I put a saturated aqueous s... |
I was so intrigued by the reported observation that sunlight precipitates the iron from $\cf{K4Fe(CN)6}$ ([originally attributed to Matuschek, 1901](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Matuschek#v=onepage&q=Matuschek&f=false)) that I wanted to see it myself. I put a saturated aqueous s... |
I was so intrigued by the reported observation that sunlight precipitates the iron from $\cf{K4Fe(CN)6}$ ([originally attributed to Matuschek, 1901](https://books.google.com/books?id=q3PLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Matuschek#v=onepage&q=Matuschek&f=false)) that I wanted to see it myself. I put a saturated aqueous s... |
Does the sulfur also oxidize the $\ce{OH-}$ radicals after the $\ce{Na2S4}$ chains form? Something like this:
$$\ce{9S + 4NaOH -> 2Na2S4 + SO3 + H2O}$$ |
My background: I've read several books and articles on electrochemistry and even do photoelectrochemical research in a lab, so I'm somewhat familiar with the concepts and techniques.
In texts on electrochemistry, the standard reduction potential and its meaning is usually axiomatically presented early on and everyt... |
How are the chemical reactions of the table of standard reduction potentials experimentally determined? |
Here is my problem. The mechanism seems pretty straightforward, but I am having trouble converting the cyclopentane to a cyclohexane. During a ... |
How to synthesize cyclohexane from cyclopentane? |
Are they the same thing? I'm just getting back into relearning Chemistry, so a more in-depth answer about how electricity works in general would be wonderful.
Thank you! :) |
What is the difference between electric current and electric charge? |
Here is my problem. The mechanism seems pretty straightforward, but I am having trouble converting the cyclopentane to a cyclohexane. During a ... |
Are they the same thing? I'm just getting back into relearning Chemistry, so a more in-depth answer about how electricity works in general would be wonderful.
Thank you! :)
Edit: Thank you all for clarifying that this belongs to the Physics SE. That being said, I guess this question doesn't have much relevance to m... |
my roommate often uses tigerbalm and sometimes he browse through my collection (I have quite a few of vintage star wars figures) ,could the residue on his fingers cause harm to the pvc figures or cause their paint to cracked or chipped?
thanks |
can ingredients in tigerbalm cause any harmful effects on PVC figures? |
In Haem synthesis porphyrinogens are colorless but on their oxidation (removing 6 hydrogen atoms) they become colored porphyrins ,also, is red the only color the turn into or it depends ? |
Why are porphyrins colored when porphyrinogens are colorless? |
In one of our lab courses, we performed a variation of the BZ reaction, the experimental procedure is outlined below:
Experimental Procedure
1. 10 mL of 3.0 M H2SO4 was added to test tube T1.
2. Test tube T1 was placed on a stand and immersed in the water bath maintained at 35 °C
3. 5.0 mL of 0.25 M KBrO3 was ... |
My roommate often uses tigerbalm and sometimes browses through my collection of vintage Star Wars figures. Can the residue on his fingers cause harm to the PVC figures or cause the paint to crack or chip? |
In one of our lab courses, we performed a variation of the BZ reaction, the experimental procedure is outlined below:
Experimental Procedure
1. 10 mL of 3.0 M $\ce{H2SO4}$ was added to test tube T1.
2. Test tube T1 was placed on a stand and immersed in the water bath maintained at 35 °C
3. 5.0 mL of 0.25 M $\c... |
My roommate often uses Tiger Balm and sometimes browses through my collection of vintage Star Wars figures. Can the residue on his fingers cause harm to the PVC figures or cause the paint to crack or chip? |
Can ingredients in Tiger Balm cause any harmful effects on PVC figures? |
In heme synthesis, porphyrinogens are colorless but upon their oxidation (from removing 6 hydrogen atoms), they become colored porphyrins. Why does the change in color occur? Is red the only color it can turn into or are there others (if so, what does that depend on)? |
Are electric current and electric charge the same thing? I'm just getting back into relearning chemistry, so a more in-depth answer about how electricity works in general would be wonderful.
Edit: Thank you all for clarifying that this belongs to the Physics SE. That being said, I guess this question doesn't have mu... |
Potassium iodide crystals are place in the middle of filter paper soaked with potassium sulphate and phenolphthalein. Two electrodes are placed on the filter on two opposite sides. The electrodes are connected to a battery. The objective of this experiment is to see the movement of ions
Why soak the filter paper is po... |
why soak filter paper in K2SO4? |
From a description of my experiment:
> Potassium iodide crystals are place in the middle of filter paper soaked with potassium sulphate and phenolphthalein. Two electrodes are placed on the filter on two opposite sides. The electrodes are connected to a battery. The objective of this experiment is to see the movemen... |
Why soak filter paper in K2SO4? |
Well, that's the question.
Why does mixing water with eg. HCl heat up the solution? |
Why is disolving acid exothermic? |
I have a PVA bottle, which says that the molecular weight (Mw) of PVA is between 85000 - 124000. I know that this means that there are repeated chains of the PVA monomer, but what are the units to the molecular weight (of PVA). Is it g/mol? I am having trouble grasping this concept. Or does 85000 - 124000 mean the numb... |
I have seen two electron configurations for $_{28}Ni$ in my chemistry textbook:
$$[Ar]~3d^8~4s^2$$
$$[Ar]~3d^9~4s^1$$
Which of those is **ACTUALLY** the correct one (in real life, reality)? Why **exactly**? |
I have a PVA bottle, which says that the molecular weight (Mw) of PVA is between 85000 - 124000.
I know that this means that there are repeated chains of the PVA monomer, but what are the units to the molecular weight (of PVA). Is it $\frac{\mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{mol}}$? I am having trouble grasping this concept. Or d... |
I know it's possible to capture $\ce{CO2}$ with various chemical reactions. For example NASA's space shuttle had some kind [regenerative $\ce{CO2}$ scrubber][1]. But how expensive is it? Could a huge number of these devices, or something like it, significantly reduce the atmosphere's $\ce{CO2}$ level?
I realize this... |
Theoretically, could we spend trillions and remove significant $\ce{CO2}$ from atmosphere? |
Theoretically, could we spend trillions and remove significant CO2 from atmosphere? |
I have seen two electron configurations for $\ce{_{28}Ni}$ in my chemistry textbook:
$$\mathrm{[Ar]~3d^8~4s^2}$$
$$\mathrm{[Ar]~3d^9~4s^1}$$
Which of those is **ACTUALLY** the correct one (in real life, reality)? Why **exactly**? |
I have seen two electron configurations for $_{28}Ni$ in my chemistry textbook:
$$[Ar]~3d^8~4s^2$$
$$[Ar]~3d^9~4s^1$$
Which of those is **ACTUALLY** the correct one (in real life, reality)? Why **exactly**? |
I have seen two electron configurations for $\ce{_{28}Ni}$ in my chemistry textbook:
$$[\ce{Ar}]~3d^8~4s^2$$
$$[\ce{Ar}]~3d^9~4s^1$$
Which of those is **ACTUALLY** the correct one (in real life, reality)? Why **exactly**? |
Why does water volume decrease when salt is added? Our teacher asks us in the class but I don't find any strong reason. |
This is very hard to answer precisely, as there are many different carbon capture strategies, and economics at the scale required is quite different from our normal understanding. However, I'd love to see some attempts to get at least get order of magnitude estimates, or sources with more in-depth analyses.
Here is ... |
This is very hard to answer precisely, as there are many different carbon capture strategies, and economics at the scale required is quite different from our normal understanding. However, I'd love to see some attempts to get at least get order of magnitude estimates, or sources with more in-depth analyses.
Here is ... |
According to the definition of dative bonding electrons are shared which are given by one of the atoms, so if the electrons are shared so how come there is charge on the elements in the dative bonding? |
Why there is charge on the elements, in the dative bonding? |
Much of this answer is based on a document available from NIST at [Properties of Ternary Copper-Silver Systems][1] [originally J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6(3) 621-673 (1977)] - this has an equivalent to the diagram in the question (which is just the surface of the liquidus). Now, since you are talking about balances of ... |
How to convert ethanal to 2-hydroxy-3 butenoic acid?
I tried crossed aldol condensation with formaldehyde followed by acid addition.After that how should I proceed ?Help please ! |
How to convert ethanal to 2-hydroxy-3 butenoic acid? |
How to convert ethanal to 2-hydroxy-3 butenoic acid?
I tried crossed aldol condensation with formaldehyde followed by acid addition.After that how should I proceed ? |
In the fantastic TV series Breaking Bad, Walter White, the dying chemistry teacher, takes to making crystal meth (d-methamphetamine) by several routes.
Initially, he uses the common small-scale route starting with pseudo-ephedrine which uses a stereospecific starring material to make a stereospecific end product (d-... |
So say that I have a normal hydrogen atom (not an isotope, just regular normal hydrogen atom) and I want to make it into an ion $\text{H}^+$. Since to make an ion of that formula I need to take away an electron, it is just the same as giving the electron energy for it to transition from quantum energy level 1 to level ... |
How much energy is required to make an ion? |
Following image shows my attempt to answer the question. But I am not sure if I am correct. Any help?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Thanks
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/cs2OX.png |
> "Give me a half a tanker of iron and I will give you another ice age"
That's the claim of people who believe in [iron seeding][1] the ocean. The link claims that "the addition of silicic acid or choosing the proper location could, at least theoretically, eliminate and exceed all man-made CO2", but no citation is g... |
In one of our lab courses, we performed a variation of the BZ reaction, the experimental procedure is outlined below:
Experimental Procedure
1. 10 mL of 3.0 M $\ce{H2SO4}$ was added to test tube T1.
2. Test tube T1 was placed on a stand and immersed in the water bath maintained at 35 °C
3. 5.0 mL of 0.25 M $\c... |
Shouldn't the N pointed to by the red arrow also be a stereocenter? I am asking this because I think it's lone pair cannot take part in Nitrogen inversion.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVUQy.png |
That is, is there a chemical or enzymatic reaction with capsaicin that break it down into other food-safe chemicals? Or alternatively, bind to capsaicin such that it doesn't trigger the same spicy receptors in our mouths.
I know about how casein can be used to wash capsaicin away, but it doesn't actually change it i... |
Is there any food-safe way to break down capsaicin (chilli) so food is less spicy? |
What are all the stereoisomers of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane? The following image shows my attempt to answer the question. But I am not sure if I am correct.
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
Note: I am treating this cyclohexane as flat since it's confomers interconvert rapidly.
[1]: https://i.stack.... |
What are all the stereoisomers of 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane? |
Shouldn't the N pointed to by the red arrow also be a stereocenter? I am asking this because I think it's lone pair cannot take part in nitrogen inversion.
[![ampicillin][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/dVUQy.png |
Whether dissolving acids and salts is exothermic or endothermic, depends on the lattice and solvation energy. Breaking bonds in the lattice requires energy and is endothermic - that is clear. However, I do not see how solvation would release energy. I do understand that solvation is a type of creating new bonds (and cr... |
Why does solvation release energy? |
Most of the elements have isotopes, so the atomic masses are calculated depending on the percentage of the existing isotopes. That is clear. However, what about elements that have only one isotope (monoisotopic) - like fluorine? Shouldn't the atomic mass for it be a whole number and not 18.9984? |
Why atomic masses aren't integers? |
I think my prof made a mistake. Shouldn't the answer be 1, 4 and 5 instead of 2 and 3?
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
[1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/w0yvF.png |
The short answer is [nuclear binding energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy), which is the energy needed to disassemble an atom into its subatomic parts (or in some cases the energy released when this happens). The binding energy is a consequence of the strong and weak nuclear forces that hold ato... |
Basically I want to know what does the question mean when it says "***taking into consideration conformational interconversions.***"
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I assume it means, when I draw the mirror image of the given compound, the mirror image can be same as the compound itself (the case with opt... |
Is there a way to maximize van der Waals forces between two materials, by electrifying one material, thus creating dipoles/instantaneous dipoles and thus creating stronger van der Waals forces? has this been documented?
|
Basically I want to know what does the question mean when it says "***taking into consideration conformational interconversions.***"
[![enter image description here][1]][1]
I assume it means, when I draw the mirror image of the given compound, the mirror image can be same as the compound itself (the case with opt... |
Perhaps an example of what you mean can be seen with the noble gases. As you go from helium to neon to argon, etc. you are adding inner electron shells and making the electron cloud around each atom more polarizable. That in turn increases the van der Waals attraction between atoms, resulting in a dramatic increase in ... |
I apologize in advance if this is too lamen...
When getting nitrogen from distilling air, what is involved in combining that nitrogen back together with the oxygen to get nitrous oxide N2O? I see N2O available in different purities from various suppliers, but how is that different from just distilling air? when dist... |
After producing nitrogen by distilling air, how is that nitrogen used with the oxygen to yield nitrous oxide $\ce{N2O}$? I see $\ce{N2O}$ available in different purities from various suppliers, but how is that different from just distilling air? When distilling nitrogen from air, once both gasses have reached the right... |
Using a weak acid as an example:
HAc <-> Ac- + H+
The position of this equilibrium shifts to the right with increasing dilution. I have found textbooks that say this, but do not provide an explanation. Why is there increasing ionization with increasing dilution. I was wondering if it is to do with the free energy a... |
Using a weak acid as an example:
$$\ce{HOAc <=> AcO- + H+}$$
The position of this equilibrium shifts to the right with increasing dilution.
I have found textbooks that say this, but do not provide an explanation. Why is there increasing ionization with increasing dilution?
I was wondering if it has to do with... |
I'm familiar with [infrared spectroscopy][1] generally, which probes mainly the vibrational behavior of molecules under study. However, I'm seeing in numerous literature references to 'infrared action spectroscopy' (e.g., [here][2]), which I'm having a hard time finding information about.
So, the title question: Wh... |
What is the difference between infrared action spectroscopy and conventional IR spectroscopy? |
I'm familiar with [infrared spectroscopy][1] generally, which probes mainly the vibrational behavior of molecules under study. However, I'm seeing references in various literature to 'infrared action spectroscopy' (e.g., [here][2]), which I'm having a hard time finding information about.
So, the title question: Wha... |
This is very hard to answer precisely, as there are many different carbon capture strategies, and economics at the scale required is quite different from our normal understanding. However, I'd love to see some attempts to at least get order of magnitude estimates, or sources with more in-depth analyses.
Here is an i... |
After producing nitrogen by distilling air, how is that nitrogen used with the oxygen to yield nitrous oxide ($\ce{N2O}$)? I see $\ce{N2O}$ available in different purities from various suppliers, but how is that different from just distilling air? When distilling nitrogen from air, once both gasses have reached the rig... |
>After producing nitrogen by distilling air, how is that nitrogen used with the oxygen to yield nitrous oxide ($\ce{N2O}$)?
It's not clear to me that $\ce{N2O}$ is produced from $\ce{N2}$: Rather, it appears that commercial quantities of $\ce{N2O}$ are produced by thermally decomposing ammonium nitrate:
$$\ce{NH4NO... |
Perhaps an example of what you mean can be seen with the noble gases. As you go from helium to neon to argon, etc. you are adding inner electron shells and making the electron cloud around each atom more polarizable. That in turn increases the van der Waals attraction between atoms, resulting in a dramatic increase in ... |
Does the secondary quantum number tell how many subshells a specific principal quantum number shell has? Like if it has principal quantum number n then it has n-1 subshells? |
Does the secondary quantum number tell how many subshells a specific principal quantum number shell has? |
Does the secondary quantum number tell how many subshells a specific principal quantum number shell has?
E.g., if the principal quantum number is $n$, there are ($n-1$) subshells. |
I am building a set-up to produce a controlled flow of dry hydrogen. I'm aiming for around 99.5 percent purity.
Am I right in thinking a PEM cell and Deterite drying tube should be fine for this? Or will I need a condenser of some kind?
Any tips? |
I am trying to develop precipitation diagrams for an Ag-Cu-Sn alloy to figure out the kinetics involved using the CompuTherm Pandat Software (Demo Version). The precipitation diagrams need the thermodynamics / mobility database & it further needs the kinetics database as well. The software I have installed comes only w... |
I am trying to develop precipitation diagrams for an Ag-Cu-Sn alloy to figure out the kinetics involved using the CompuTherm Pandat Software (Demo Version).
The precipitation diagrams need the thermodynamics/mobility database and it further needs the kinetics database as well. The software I have installed comes onl... |
I am trying to find a way to keep milk from spoiling/turning yellow. Apparently there is a process for this, as there is a lady who creates milk beads for resin jewelry, & she claims that she is able to prevent the milk from spoiling/yellowing over time, so that it remains the original white color that it started out. ... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.