instruction stringlengths 15 30k |
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In the first section of this answer I'll assume that through better hardware or algorithmic improvements, it has become routinely feasible to exhibit a collision for SHA-1 by a method similar to that of [Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu's attack][1], or [Marc Stevens's attack][2]. Neither has ever been achie... |
Let's say we have a feistel cipher with 8-bit function (S-box) similar to Treyfer, but with much bigger block size like 16MB.
extern const uint8_t s[256];
uint8_t x[16777216];
unsigned int r;
unsigned int i;
uint8_t t = x[0];
for (r = 0; r < 16; r++)
{
for (i = 1; i < 16... |
Is algorithm with more than $2^{word size}$ words secure? |
I've been thinking about a geometric picture for El-Gamal. The idea is to understand the set $\{(my^{x},g^x) \mid x \in Z_p\}$ (the set of encryption of $m$ for fixed $g$ and $y$) by taking the $\log_g$ and getting $\{(\log m + x\log y, x) \mid x \in Z_p\}$, which is a line on a plane. Decryption corresponds to finding... |
I've been thinking about a geometric picture for El-Gamal. The idea is to understand the set $\{(my^{x},g^x) \mid x \in Z_p\}$ (the set of encryption of $m$ for fixed $g$ and $y$) by taking the $\log_g$ and getting $\{(\log m + x\log y, x) \mid x \in Z_p\}$, which is a line on a plane. Decryption corresponds to finding... |
Let's say we have a feistel cipher or feistel pseudo-random permutation with 8-bit function (S-box) similar to Treyfer, but with much bigger block size like 16MB. Here is example of such pseudo-random permutation:
extern const uint8_t s[256];
uint8_t x[16777216];
unsigned int r;
unsigned int i;
... |
I need to establish some security on a network of 8 bit microcontrollers. very limited RAM, CPU and packet sizes.
I have zeroed in on a shared secret based scheme. Setting up shared secret is out of scope. Encryption is AES128.
To securely create and share an encryption key between two nodes, A and B, I cooked up... |
Let's say we have a feistel cipher or feistel pseudo-random permutation with 8-bit function (S-box) similar to Treyfer, but with much bigger block size like 16MB. Here is example of such pseudo-random permutation:
extern const uint8_t s[256];
uint8_t x[16777216];
unsigned int r;
unsigned int i;
... |
So, they both have a 16 byte shared secret, and you want to create a shared 16 byte (=128 bit) AES key...am I missing something here? Why not just use the secret as the key!
Just plug it into CBC or CTR or GCM or something, and you'll be good.
If you'll be running this for a large number of messages, then the sch... |
In the first section of this answer I'll assume that through better hardware or algorithmic improvements, it has become routinely feasible to exhibit a collision for SHA-1 by a method similar to that of [Xiaoyun Wang, Yiqun Lisa Yin, and Hongbo Yu's attack][1], or [Marc Stevens's attack][2]. Neither has ever been achie... |
It is said that cipher IV does not have to be secret and the only secret component of the encryption scheme should be a cipher key.
**Question:** is it safe to generate IV using PBKDF2 function, which takes password and randomly generated salt as input (Scheme 2)? Or do I have to use only **completely** random IV wh... |
Derive cipher IV and cipher Key using PBKDF2 with random salt? |
It is said that cipher IV does not have to be secret and the only secret component of the encryption scheme should be a cipher key.
**Question:** is it safe to generate IV using PBKDF2 function, which takes password and randomly generated salt as input (Scheme 2)? Or do I have to use only **completely** random IV wh... |
It is said that cipher IV does not have to be secret and the only secret component of the encryption scheme should be a cipher key.
**Question:** is it safe to generate IV using PBKDF2 function, which takes password and randomly generated salt as input (Scheme 2)? Or do I have to use only **completely** random IV wh... |
It is said that cipher IV does not have to be secret and the only secret component of the encryption scheme should be a cipher key.
**Question:** is it safe to generate IV using PBKDF2 function, which takes password and randomly generated salt as input (Scheme 2)? Or do I have to use only **completely** random IV wh... |
There's a new really simple OT protocol based on DH. It's even practical. Watch this [video][1].
For the paper and source code, go [here][2].
[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIi-YTBBolU
[2]: http://users-cs.au.dk/orlandi/simpleOT/ |
As I understand, ECB should not be used as encryption mode unless you are encrypting single blocks of data which are always unique and only are encrypted once.
I have a collection of ids represented by integers that I encrypt and transmit (individually) with the same public key using RSA/ECB/PKCS1PADDING. Sometimes ... |
The aim is to check if it is possible to break the ECDSA cryptosystem under the following criteria.
- Suppose that the **ECDSA signature** is generated by using the **GLV method** for point multiplication (the random nonce $k$ used in each signature is decomposed into $k_1$and $k_2$).
- For every ECDSA signatu... |
How can a lattice attack be applied to ECDSA signatures? |
The aim is to check if it is possible to break the ECDSA cryptosystem under the following criteria.
- Suppose that each **ECDSA signature** is generated by using the **GLV method** for point multiplication (the random nonce $k$ used in each signature is decomposed into $k_1$and $k_2$).
- For every ECDSA signat... |
There is an [article][1] about the provided security of the CryptDB.
The simple questions that challenge the security
1. Where is the row integrity?
2. Where is the completeness of the query results?
3. Where is the freshness of the data?
4. Where is the Authentication of the data?
5. What is the cost o... |
In the web application I use 10,000+ iterations for hashing passwords stored in database (random salt and all). Password-related operations are not frequent enough to create a noticeable performance hit. Signing authentication tokens is a different story. This happens on every token renewal which may happen on every re... |
The answer to the original question would have been: **Yes**, it would be impossibly difficult to exhibit `workfactor`, `salt`, `password0`, `password1` such that `bcrypt(workfactor, salt, password0) = bcrypt(workfactor, salt, password1)`; but even if that was feasible, it would <strike>not matter much, because in norm... |
> What is the largest integer that can be factored in 5 hours with a
> normal computer?
That depends on a number of points.
**What do you consider a "normal" computer?**<br> A 2015 Gamer-PC with a high-end quad (4) or octo (8) core CPU and more than one graphics card?<br>
A 2010 Gamer-PC with a back-then modern... |
Can someone tell me which mode out of **ECB** and **CBC** is better, and how to decide which mode to use? Are there any other modes which are better?
Edit: This question was asked long back when I was working on a Flex application to enrypt/decrypt files. |
Hello guys I have backed up my modem configuration file and check the username and password if in clear text
the files shows the username and the password is :
password=_DEV_4FC6EA6A****************************
how do I get which encryption or hash algorithm is used to generate the given string and how strong it ... |
Hello guys I have backed up my modem configuration file and found the username and password is in clear text; the files shows the username and the password is :
password=_DEV_4FC6EA6A****************************
how do I get which encryption or hash algorithm is used to generate the given string and how stro... |
Hello guys I have backed up my modem configuration file and found the username and password is in clear text; the files shows the username and the password is :
password=_DEV_4FC6EA6A****************************
how do I get which encryption or hash algorithm is used to generate the given string and how stro... |
> What is the largest integer that can be factored in 5 hours with a
> normal computer?
That depends on a number of points.
**What do you consider a "normal" computer?**<br> A 2015 Gamer-PC with a high-end quad (4) or octo (8) core CPU and more than one graphics card?<br>
A 2010 Gamer-PC with a back-then modern... |
> What is the largest integer that can be factored in 5 hours with a
> normal computer?
That depends on a number of points.
**What do you consider a "normal" computer?**<br> A 2015 Gamer-PC with a high-end quad (4) or octo (8) core CPU and more than one graphics card?<br>
A 2010 Gamer-PC with a back-then modern... |
I need to establish some security on a network of 8 bit microcontrollers. very limited RAM, CPU and packet sizes.
I have zeroed in on a shared secret based scheme. Setting up shared secret is out of scope. Encryption is AES128.
To securely create and share an encryption key between two nodes, A and B, I cooked up... |
We're all aware of the [Logjam attack][1], which is known as "FREAK on discrete logarithms".
Now the attack works by doing a large pre-computation step, which needs only to be done once per field and then quickly computes discrete logarithms. As this seems to be a special property of the GNFS version for discrete lo... |
Logjam-style attack on Factoring? |
We all know that x509 certificates carry a signature that represents the certificate digest encrypted by the private key of the issuer.
I believe that the digest is encrypted only providing one block, so it will represent an unique congruence in the multiplicative group space. It doesn't matter if two digest are ver... |
I am writing a framework which encrypts/decrypts files (or streams, in general) with symmetric key using block cipher (for example, AES). To authenticate encrypted file, I use HMAC, which is initialized with a key derived from supplied password (using PBKDF2 and then HKDF function). It is calculated during encryption p... |
Can I use HKDF to improve security of HMAC used with weak hash function? |
I am writing a framework which encrypts/decrypts files (or streams, in general) with symmetric key using block cipher (for example, AES). To authenticate encrypted file, I use HMAC, which is initialized with a key derived from supplied password (using PBKDF2 and then HKDF function). It is calculated during encryption p... |
I am writing a framework which encrypts/decrypts files (or streams, in general) with symmetric key using block cipher (for example, AES). To authenticate encrypted file, I use HMAC, which is initialized with a key derived from supplied password (using PBKDF2 and then HKDF function). It is calculated during encryption p... |
Good Evening.
I'm sorry for taking your time, but i have searched for an answer about block ciphers.
If i need to use AES-128 to encrypt a plain text about 720 bits.
Is the bellow description correct?
In this case, plain text will be divided in 5 blocks of 128. The result will be equal 640 bits.
The othe... |
I need to use AES-128 to encrypt a plain text about 720 bits.
Is it correct to say that – in this case – the plain text will be divided in 5 blocks of 128, the result will be equal 640 bits, and the other 80 bits would be expanded to 128 bits?
The total result would be 6 cryptograms( 5 - 128 bits, 1 - 80 bits exp... |
I would like to know why the sender and receiver must be synchronized in synchronous stream ciphers as said in [synchronous stream cipher][1]. Why is there no synchronization between the sender and receiver in asynchronous stream ciphers?
I'm thinking that a plain text is first encrypted and then decrypted. I can't ... |
I am trying to interpret the formula for index of coincidence from [here][1]…
> ![Index of coincidence][2]
I am not understanding $f_i$. How can I calculate $f_i$ in this context? Is this the appearance of single word like (`a`) in the whole sentence or what ? I am trying to solve it manually without using the me... |
How can we find the key used with a Vigenère cipher in small number of steps?
If we have text like:
Peit Wokm! Mhfa fepatgb ets bvvrvxmea ebte bae twkd qiqi
and we have key information like `Key = ‘ ? a ? i ’`, then how I can understand this and solve this to make the complete key? |
Will adding space to the Vigenère block make it truly unbreakable? |
I just have gotten into cryptography and learned about the Vigenère block. I think it's a very good idea because, if used correctly, it is unbreakable. But the only downsite is, the key must be the same length as the message. Well, can't you just simply make the block 27x27 big by adding the space into it. That way you... |
I have started reading about the Merkle Signature Scheme. I am a little confused about why it is believed to be secure against quantum attacks, couldn't the hash function be attacked? What would make hash functions immune to quantum attacks? In addition doesn't the security also depend on the randomness of the private ... |
> I am a little confused about why it is believed to be secure against quantum attacks, couldn't the hash function be attacked?
Yes, the attacker could attack the hash function, for example, by trying to find a second preimage (and there are known Merkle Signature Schemes where we can show that forging a signature c... |
Question is a follow-up to [this one][1]. The question was about accelerating SHA1. I am writing an application, where I do have a choice of hash algorithm, as long as it's a strong one. I want to be able to use the one which could be CPU-accelerated on consumer grade AMD and/or Intel processors. Which one should I tak... |
As far as I know, all attacks against RSA PKCS1 v1.5 require an oracle; is that true? Or are there any other attacks against it which are able to break it without an oracle?
Background: I need to support PKCS1 v1.5 because most crypto-devices sadly don't support OAEP. However, the software is only used for manual fi... |
You *cannot* encrypt 720 bits plaintext using just AES-128. [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) is a 128 bit block cipher. Such a block cipher has an input of 128 bits of plaintext and an output of 128 bits ciphertext; *and that's it*. You need some kind of construction to make block ciphe... |
ElGamal works for any group. What is badly specified is the glue between the protocols (some network packets) and the exact implementation variants in the math library.
C25519 use arithmetic over Montgomery curves.
Ed25519 use arithmetic over twisted Edwards curves.
Huff curves implementations can be "faster... |
You *cannot* encrypt 720 bits plaintext using just AES-128. [AES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard) is a 128 bit block cipher. Such a block cipher has an input of 128 bits of plaintext and an output of 128 bits ciphertext; *and that's it*. You need some kind of construction to make block ciphe... |
Assuming in the future there was a functioning 1024 qubit quantum supercomputer and it could run [Shor's algorithm][1] or [Grover's algorithm][2] to crack encryption very quickly. I'm interested in how the number of qubits translates to performance improvement over a regular 2 bit computer.
For example, if I used Sh... |
There are some questions here concerning lattice based cryptography and this kind of cryptography seems to be espacially useful if quantum computers are assumed to be existant.
When reading such questions I always asked myself: "What is a lattice?"
And now I'm asking here:
- How is a lattice defined?
- What... |
What is a "lattice" in cryptography? |
There are some questions here concerning lattice-based cryptography and this kind of cryptography seems to be especially useful if quantum computers are assumed to exist.
When reading such questions I always asked myself: "What is a lattice?"
And now I'm asking here:
- How is a lattice defined?
- What's the... |
I'll answer your "detailed questions", I'm sure the "main security issues" will become obvious afterwards.
**How does asymmetric encryption work in bitmessage?**<br>
The [bitmessage wiki][1] explains how the encryption takes place. I'll quickly explain the basics.<br>
For each message, generate a secure 128-bit IV... |
> How is a lattice defined?
A lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is the set of all integer combinations of the basis $B = \{b_1, ..., b_n\}$ of $n$ linearly independent vectors. That is, lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal L(B) = \{ B \cdot z \;: \; z \in \mathbb Z^n\}
\end{equation}
In crypt... |
> How is a lattice defined?
A lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is the set of all integer combinations of the basis $B = \{b_1, ..., b_n\}$ of $n$ linearly independent vectors. That is, lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal L(B) = \{ B \cdot z \;: \; z \in \mathbb Z^n\}
\end{equation}
In crypt... |
Given:
an AES-128 secret key (ASecKey) encrypts a file (CBC mode).
(Assume good random)
Is is insecure to append (include) an HMAC-SHA1 of ASecKey to file?
Purpose:
The receiver can then quickly verify if the shared secret key was used to encrypt. |
> How is a lattice defined?
A lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is the set of all integer combinations of the basis $B = \{b_1, ..., b_n\}$ of $n$ linearly independent vectors. That is, lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal L(B) = \{ B \cdot z \;: \; z \in \mathbb Z^n\}
\end{equation}
In crypt... |
> How is a lattice defined?
A lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is the set of all integer combinations of the basis $B = \{b_1, ..., b_n\}$ of $n$ linearly independent vectors. That is, lattice $\mathcal L(B)$ is defined as:
\begin{equation}
\mathcal L(B) = \{ B \cdot z \;: \; z \in \mathbb Z^n\}
\end{equation}
In crypt... |
When using same nonce in OCB mode of authenticated encryption, how forgery attack can be done? |
I have an original file and anonther winrar password protected rar file containing that original file, than can i extract password ?<br/>
|
If I have an original file and another winrar password protected rar file containing that original file, than can I extract password?
|
I'm looking for a convenient way to share a set of public keys across multiple services, while preserving privacy by preventing these services from tying the identity of these public key sets together across services.
E.g. If I share my public key set with both Service 1 and Service 2, Service 1 and Service 2 should... |
I'm having a hard time understanding the elliptic curve encryption. One thing thing I don't understand is listing all the points on the curve mod p. Suppose I have the following elliptic curve: $y^2 = x^3 + 2x + 3 \pmod 5$. To find the list of all the points you run through $0 < x \leq 4$ and solve for $y$.
I know... |
I want to enable TLS encryption with a custom / self-signed PKI for
a self-contained distributed system built with Python 3’s asyncio.
I’ve read Python’s [ssl docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/ssl.html) as
well as several tutorials:
- http://www.area536.com/projects/be-your-own-certificate-authority-with... |
Assume than you have a block cipher $E(k,m)$ for which the only attack exists has complexity of $2^{64}$. You consider to double the key size by either:
$E'_1(k_1,k_2) := k_1 \oplus E(k_2,m)$
$E'_2(k_1,k_2) := E(k_1\oplus k_2,m)$
Analyze which approach is better. What is the complexity of attacks on both new ... |
Double the key in block cipher - which approach is better? |
I'm doing Montgomery arithmetic modulo $N = 2^{255}-19$ for the Curve25519.
After multiplying two numbers $0 <= A,B < N$ in the Montgomery representation using `MonMul`, I would normally obtain the result $0 <= C < N$ also in the Montgomery representation.
However, if I forget the conditional subtraction in `Mon... |
What happens if no final subtraction is done in Montgomery multiplication? |
I'm doing Montgomery arithmetic modulo $N = 2^{255}-19$ for the Curve25519.
After multiplying two numbers $0 <= A,B < N$ in the Montgomery representation using `MonMul`, I would normally obtain the result $0 <= C < N$ also in the Montgomery representation.
However, if I forget the conditional subtraction in `Mon... |
I'm doing Montgomery arithmetic modulo $N = 2^{255}-19$ for the Curve25519, picking $R = 2^{256}$ for Montgomery.
After multiplying two numbers $0 <= A,B < N$ in the Montgomery representation using `MonMul`, I would normally obtain the result $0 <= C < N$ also in the Montgomery representation.
However, if I forg... |
Assume than you have a block cipher $E(k,m)$ for which the only attack exists has complexity of $2^{64}$. You consider to double the key size by either:
$E'_1(k_1,k_2) := k_1 \oplus E(k_2,m)$
$E'_2(k_1,k_2) := E(k_1,k_2 \oplus m)$
Analyze which approach is better. What is the complexity of attacks on both new... |
Assume than you have a block cipher $E(k,m)$ for which the only attack exists has complexity of $2^{64}$. You consider to double the key size by either:
$E'_1(k_1,k_2) := k_1 \oplus E(k_2,m)$
$E'_2(k_1,k_2) := E(k_1,k_2 \oplus m)$
Analyze which approach is better. What is the complexity of attacks on both new... |
Let $G$ be a finite cyclic group of order $p$ and let $pk = (g, h=g^a)$ and $sk=(g,a)$ be Bob's ElGamal public/secret key pair in $G$. To encrypt a message $m$, a random number $r$ is selected and a ciphertext is set to: $Enc(m):=(g^r,mh^r)$.
ALice uses an PRNG which generates outputs: $r_i$ and encrypts messages $m... |
RSA function is defined over $Z_N^{*}$ where $N=pq$ with $p,q$ primes. A public key is a pair $(N,e)$ and a private key is $(N,d)$ where $d=e^{-1} \mod \phi(N)$.
Assume that RSA function is defined over $Z_t^{*}$ where $t$ is prime (instead of $t$ being composite). Show how one can compute $d$ from a public key $(t,... |
My Boss asked me this today. I am not a math major. He needs to generate 50 billion non-sequential non-duplicate (no collisions) cryptographically secure random numbers. I work in GO. Any ideas? |
Let $G$ be a finite cyclic group of order $p$ and let $pk = (g, h=g^a)$ and $sk=(g,a)$ be Bob's ElGamal public/secret key pair in $G$. To encrypt a message $m$, a random number $r$ is selected and a ciphertext is set to: $Enc(m):=(g^r,mh^r)$.
ALice uses an PRNG which generates outputs: $r_i$ and encrypts messages $m... |
Let $G$ be a finite cyclic group of order $p$ and let $pk = (g, h=g^a)$ and $sk=(g,a)$ be Bob's ElGamal public/secret key pair in $G$. To encrypt a message $m$, a random number $r$ is selected and a ciphertext is set to: $Enc(m):=(g^r,mh^r)$.
ALice uses an PRNG which generates outputs: $r_i$ and encrypts messages $m... |
Is there a known authoritative source for the ANSI C header files for PKCS#11 Cryptoki? Specifically, I am having trouble locating pkcs11.h, pkcs11t.h, and pkcs11f.h for v2.30 and v2.40. Are there known MD5 or SHA hashes for these files? |
As mentioned in [wikipedia][1] there are many Partial Homomorphic Encryption(PHE) scheme like RSA, Elgamal, Pailler etc.
But most of them seems to be deterministic and only Pailler encryption scheme seems to be probabilistic
Are there any other PHE schemes that are probabilistic in nature ?
[1]: http://en... |
As mentioned in [wikipedia][1] there are many Partial Homomorphic Encryption(PHE) scheme like RSA, Elgamal, Pailler etc.
Pailler encryption scheme seems to be probabilistic
Are there any other PHE schemes that are probabilistic in nature ?
[1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption#Partially... |
Why does EdDSA use the (SHA512) hash of the secret key as the exponent for the public key rather than using the secret key value directly? This seems inefficient and I can't see how it adds any extra security. |
I'm trying to construct a proof for an encryption scheme in the Random Oracle model. This encryption scheme is like a PKE scheme but with an additional function that kind of "alters" ciphertexts without changing the underlying message using some special keys (I don't want to go into the scheme details for not diverting... |
I'm trying to construct a proof for an encryption scheme in the Random Oracle model. This encryption scheme is like a PKE scheme but with an additional function that kind of "alters" ciphertexts without changing the underlying message using some special keys (I don't want to go into the scheme details for not diverting... |
I have an interesting problem for which I've failed, so far, to find an elegant solution.
Imagine that a user needs to repeatedly prove to public observers that they are a member of a trusted set but the proof needs to be different each time so that they can't be tracked.
My initial thought was that the set own... |
Are there any algorithms that exist to encode messages written with pen and paper such that the messages can be encrypted/decrypted mentally? For example, Bob thinks of the text *"This is my plaintext"*, writes down *"siht si ym txetnialp"*, and then Larry (who knows the cipher) is able to understand the message *"This... |
Fast mental encryption algorithm? |
If I have an original file and a WinRAR password protected .rar file containing that file, than can I extract the password?
|
Your proof certainly has to work even if the adversary doesn't use the random oracle. One technique that you can try is to begin by proving a separate lemma that if the adversary doesn't ask a certain query, then it definitely cannot succeed in distinguishing. Then, you proceed to prove the simulation conditioned on it... |
The stanford [license for SRP][1] says:
Broader use of the SRP authentication technology, such as variants
incorporating the use of an explicit server secret (SRP-Z), may
require a license;
yet I cannot find a succinct description of the SRP-Z protocol and why it might be useful. As a follow up que... |
What is SRP-Z form? |
Not a crypto guy -
I know that when we encrypt, we use standard encryption technologies and to store data it's often stored as a hash.
By encrypting a common password, for example
> "password"
using MadeUpHashingTechnology it will always equate to
> "awregk;4"
this becomes a standard to use in i... |
I know that when we encrypt, we use standard encryption technologies and to store data it's often stored as a hash.
By encrypting a common password, for example
> "password"
using MadeUpHashingTechnology it will always equate to
> "awregk;4"
this becomes a standard to use in identifying my hash. Now... |
- [How broken is a xor of two LCGs?](http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/10526/how-broken-is-a-xor-of-two-lcgs)
- [How Brittle Are LCG-Cracking Techniques?](http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/20495/how-brittle-are-lcg-cracking-techniques)
Based on the above two questions, I have simply one additional... |
I'm new here so I'm not sure about the best way to hold this discussion. So, I am adding a different answer to relate to why my proof sketch showing the impossibility of the problem in this question, versus Ricky's proof above that the protocol in this [paper][1] (page 16) is impossible.
The answer is very connected... |
I'm new here so I'm not sure about the best way to hold this discussion. So, I am adding a different answer to relate to why my proof sketch showing the impossibility of the problem in this question, versus Ricky's proof above that the protocol in this [paper][1] (page 16) is impossible.
The answer is very connected... |
The general scenario of hybrid encryption is to use public key cryptography for the exchange of a one time *session key* that can be used for the encryption of the plaintext with a symmetric encryption algorithm. A digital signature attached to that structure what I know as a *digital envelope*. Furthermore, some resou... |
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