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[ { "content": "additive models @xcite provide an important family of models for semiparametric regression or classification . some reasons for the success of additive models are their increased flexibility when compared to linear or generalized linear models and their increased interpretability when compared to ...
[ { "content": "the leptonic decays of a charged pseudoscalar meson @xmath7 are processes of the type @xmath8 , where @xmath9 , @xmath10 , or @xmath11 . because no strong interactions are present in the leptonic final state @xmath12 , such decays provide a clean way to probe the complex , strong interactions that...
[ { "content": "the transport properties of nonlinear non - equilibrium dynamical systems are far from well - understood@xcite . \n consider in particular so - called ratchet systems which are asymmetric periodic potentials where an ensemble of particles experience directed transport@xcite . \n the origins of the...
[ { "content": "studies of laser beams propagating through turbulent atmospheres are important for many applications such as remote sensing , tracking , and long - distance optical communications . \n howerver , fully coherent laser beams are very sensitive to fluctuations of the atmospheric refractive index . \n...
[ { "content": "the so - called `` nucleon spin crisis '' raised by the european muon collaboration ( emc ) measurement in 1988 is one of the most outstanding findings in the field of hadron physics @xcite,@xcite . \n the renaissance of the physics of high energy deep inelastic scatterings is greatly indebted to ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 . let @xmath2\\longrightarrow [ \n 0,\\pi_{p , q}/2]$ ] be the integral @xmath3 where @xmath4 . the @xmath0-_sine functions _ \n , @xmath5 , $ ] are defined to be the inverses of @xmath6 , @xmath7\\ ] ] extended to @xmath8 by the rules @xmath9 which make them periodic , continuous , od...
[ { "content": "the simulations we discuss here allowed us to obtain spectra of the shg response . \n we employed comsol multiphysics software ( www.comsol.com ) in order to perform simulations of the linear optical response as described in ref . \n @xcite . a unit cell containing a single sic pillar attached to ...
[ { "content": "with significant research efforts being directed to the development of neurocomputers based on the functionalities of the brain , a seismic shift is expected in the domain of computing based on the traditional von - neumann model . \n the @xmath0 @xcite , @xmath1 @xcite and the ibm @xmath2 @xcite ...
[ { "content": "the segmentation process as a whole can be thought of as consisting of two tasks : recognition and delineation . \n recognition is to determine roughly `` where '' the object is and to distinguish it from other object - like entities . \n although delineation is the final step for defining the spa...
[ { "content": "one surprising result that has come out of the more than 200 extrasolar planet discoveries to date is the wide range of eccentricities observed . unlike our own solar system \n , many of the extrasolar planets which are not tidally locked to their host stars have moderate eccentricities ( @xmath1 ...
[ { "content": "biological aggregations such as fish schools , bird flocks , bacterial colonies , and insect swarms @xcite have characteristic morphologies governed by the group members interactions with each other and with their environment . \n the _ endogenous _ interactions , _ \n i.e. _ , those between indiv...
[ { "content": "studies of charm decays are pursued for several different reasons . \n first of all , there is the possibility of directly observing new physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) , since the effects of cp violation due to sm processes is highly suppressed allowing new physics contributions to be mo...
[ { "content": "quantum - mechanical fluctuations during an early epoch of inflation provide a plausible mechanism to generate the energy - density perturbations responsible for observed cosmological structure . while it has been known for quite some time that inflation is consistent with open spatial hypersurfac...
[ { "content": "formation and bose - einstein condensation ( bec ) of molecules @xcite have recently been achieved based on ultracold atoms with magnetically - tuned feshbach resonances @xcite . in these experiments , \n feshbach coupling is induced by tuning a foreign molecular state near the scattering continuu...
[ { "content": "the study of supernovae ( sne ) has greatly advanced in the last few years . \n intensive and highly automated monitoring of nearby galaxies ( e.g. , li et al . \n 1996 ; treffers et al . \n 1997 ; filippenko et al . \n 2001 ; dimai 2001 ; qiu & hu 2001 ) , wide - field , moderately deep surveys (...
[ { "content": "the time varying stern - gerlach , sg , interaction of a relativistic fermion with an e.m . \n wave has been proposed to separate beams of particles with opposite spin states corresponding to different energies@xcite . \n we will show how spin polarized particle will exchange energy with the elect...
[ { "content": "excitons in semiconductors have been the subject of many experimental and theoretical investigations of bose condensation . \n low - energy exciton - exciton interactions are characterized by the exciton - exciton scattering length , @xmath5 , which determines the thermodynamics of a low density g...
[ { "content": "inflation generically predicts a primordial spectrum of density perturbations which is almost precisely gaussian @xcite . in recent years \n the small non - gaussian component @xcite has emerged as an important observable @xcite , and will be measured with good precision by the _ \n planck surveyo...
[ { "content": "for fixed integers @xmath0 and @xmath1 , we consider the admissible sequences of @xmath2 lattice paths in a colored @xmath3 square given in @xcite . each admissible sequence of paths can be associated with a partition @xmath10 of @xmath4 . in section \n [ paths ] , we show that the number of self ...
[ { "content": "the lep experiments at the resonance of @xmath1-boson have tested the standard model ( sm ) at quantum level , measuring the @xmath1-decay into fermion pairs with an accuracy of one part in ten thousands . \n the good agreement of the lep data with the sm predictions have severely constrained the ...
[ { "content": "it is well known that the classical magnetoresistance ( mr ) in metals or semiconductors with a closed free electron fermi surface increases quadratically with increasing magnetic field @xmath2 for @xmath3 and saturates when @xmath4 . here \n @xmath5 is the zero - magnetic - field mobility . \n he...
[ { "content": "a magnitude limited complete census of variable stars in nearby dwarf galaxies allows important contributions to the star formation history of these systems . measurements of some variable stars can supply improved distance determinations for the host galaxies , others will provide important const...
[ { "content": "in 1957 g.a . askaryan pointed out that ionisation and cavitation along a track of an ionising particle through a liquid leads to hydrodynamic radiation @xcite . in the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s , \n theoretical and experimental studies have been performed on the hydrodynamic radiation of beams and...
[ { "content": "the epoch of reionization signified the appearance of the first stars and galaxies within the first billion years after the big bang , and the transformation of the intergalactic medium ( igm ) from opaque to transparent . despite recent progress , however , it is not yet fully understood . \n it ...
[ { "content": "invariants are a popular concept in object recognition and image retrieval @xcite . \n they aim to provide descriptions that remain constant under certain geometric or radiometric transformations of the scene , thereby reducing the search space . \n they can be classified into global invariants ,...
[ { "content": "it is believed that solar magnetic fields are created in the tachocline , the interface between the convection zone and the radiative interior . due to buoyancy instabilities , \n they move upward and emerge into the solar atmosphere in the form of @xmath0-shaped flux tubes @xcite . \n the largest...
[ { "content": "the current observations , such as sneia ( supernovae type ia ) , cmb ( cosmic microwave background ) and large scale structure , converge on the fact that a spatially homogeneous and gravitationally repulsive energy component , referred as dark energy , accounts for about @xmath1 % of the energy ...
[ { "content": "developments are currently underway to promote the sensitivity of ligo and to improve its prospect for detecting gravitational waves emitted by compact object binaries @xcite . of particular interest \n are the detection of gravitational waves released during the inspiral and merger of binary blac...
[ { "content": "in quantum information processing , information is stored and processed with a quantum system . \n a quantum system is always in contact with its surrounding environment , which leads to decoherence in the quantum system . \n decoherence must be suppressed for quantum information stored in qubits ...
[ { "content": "it has become a generally agreed concept that the euv dimming observed during the onset of a _ coronal mass ejection ( cme ) _ manifests the coronal mass loss of the cme , and thus we basically expect a one - to - one correlation between the detections of cmes and euv dimmings , unless there exist...
[ { "content": "one of the fundamental problems in the classification of complex surfaces is to find a new family of complex surfaces of general type with @xmath0 . in this paper \n we construct new simply connected _ numerical campedelli surfaces _ with an involution , i.e. simply connected minimal complex surfa...
[ { "content": "supersymmetry ( susy ) is one of the most attractive extensions of the standard model . \n this symmetry solves the naturalness problem and predicts gauge coupling unification at the gut scale @xmath1 . \n it also predicts the existence of superpartner of the standard model ( sm ) particles . from...
[ { "content": "the origin - destination ( od ) matrix is important in transportation analysis . \n the matrix contains information on the number of travellers that commute or the amount of freight shipped between different zones of a region . \n the od matrix is difficult and often costly to obtain by direct mea...
[ { "content": "high q cavities such as whispering gallery mode ( wgm ) cavities have recently demonstrated quality factors ( @xmath0 ) as high as @xmath3 and have shown the potential to reach even higher q values @xcite . \n however , there are difficulties in measurement of the linewidth and q of such high q ca...
[ { "content": "to enhance chemical reactivity of cu surfaces with nitrogen oxides ( no@xmath0 ) is an important issue for development of new catalytic materials effective in the no@xmath0 reduction process @xcite . \n the dissociative adsorption of no@xmath0 , for example , was found to be less expected on cu , ...
[ { "content": "there are reasons to believe that cosmic rays ( crs ) around the ankle at @xmath0 gev are dominated by extragalactic protons @xcite . \n scattering processes in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) limit the propagation of ultra high energy ( uhe ) charged particles in our universe . \n a cont...
[ { "content": "a multistable system is one that possesses a large number of coexisting attractors for a fixed set of parameters . \n there is ample evidence for such phenomena in the natural sciences , with examples coming from neurosciences and neural dynamics @xcite - @xcite , optics @xcite @xcite , chemistry ...
[ { "content": "in solid - core photonic crystal fibers ( pcf ) the air - silica microstructured cladding ( see fig . [ fig1 ] ) gives rise to a variety of novel phenomena @xcite including large - mode area ( lma ) endlessly - single mode operation @xcite . \n though pcfs typically have optical properties very ...
[ { "content": "among the great variety of the works devoted to random motions at finite speed in the euclidean spaces @xmath8 ( see @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite for the markovian case and @xcite , @xcite for different non - markovian cases ) , the markov random flight in the three - dimensional euclidean sp...
[ { "content": "multiscale dynamics is present in many phenomena , e.g. , turbulence @xcite , finance @xcite , geosciences @xcite , etc , to quote a few \n . it has been found in many multiscale dynamics systems that the self - similarity is broken , in which the concept of multiscaling or multifractal is relevan...
[ { "content": "a fair number of astronomers and astronomy students have a physical challenge . \n it is our responsibility to learn the basics of accessibility to be able to help our library patrons to gain access to things that they need for their studies and work . \n astronomy is often seen as a very visual s...
[ { "content": "polluted white dwarfs ( typed with a suffix `` z '' ) provide an opportunity to investigate the ultimate fate of planetary systems . \n although planets have not yet been detected around white dwarfs , the evidence for the presence of planetary debris around these objects lies in their polluted at...
[ { "content": "the transformation , upon charge doping , of an antiferromagnetic ( af ) mott insulator into a superconducting ( sc ) metal and the role of af correlations in the appearance of superconductivity have challenged researchers since the discovery of high-@xmath12 superconductivity in cuprates . \n is ...
[ { "content": "massimo capone is thanked for useful discussions . \n the sezione infn di pavia is acknowledged for granting the computing time necessary to perform dft calculations . \n this work was supported by miur - prin2012 project no . \n 2012x3yfz2 . 99 n. f. mott , proc . phys \n london , sect . \n...
[ { "content": "the statistical mechanics of pure systems \n most prominently the topic of phase transitions and their associated surface phenomena has been a subject of fairly intensive research in recent years . \n several physical principles for pure systems ( the gibbs phase rule , wulff construction , etc ....
[ { "content": "compact symmetric objects ( csos ) are a family of extragalactic radio sources comprising roughly 3% of flux - limited samples selected at high frequencies ( taylor , readhead , & pearson 1996 ; peck & taylor 2001 ) . \n their defining characteristic is the presence of high luminosity radio compon...
[ { "content": "in @xcite the problem of how to give an explicit combinatorial definition of weak higher categories was solved , and the development of a conceptual framework for their further analysis was begun . in the aftermath of this , the expository work of other authors , most notably street @xcite and lei...
[ { "content": "cp violation , initially observed @xcite only in the @xmath7@xmath8 system , is one feature of the standard model ( sm ) that still defies clear theoretical understanding . the ckm picture , which describes _ all _ the _ observed _ cp violation in terms of a single phase in the quark - mixing mat...
[ { "content": "the variability of ex lup was discovered by miss e. janssen in 1944 while examining spectral plates at the harvard observatory ( mclaughlin 1946 ) . \n herbig ( 1950 ) first pointed out the similarity of ex lupi s spectral characteristics and t tauri stars with strong emission lines of h , caii , ...
[ { "content": "the liquid - gas ( lg ) phase transition in nuclear matter remains illusive and a hot research topic despite of the great efforts devoted to understanding its nature and experimental manifestations by the nuclear physics community over many years@xcite . \n for a recent review , see , e.g. , refs....
[ { "content": "the study of the phase transition of frustrated spin systems on two - dimensional ( 2d ) lattices is a central problem in modern condensed mater physics . \n a competition of exchange interaction can lead to frustration , where spatial arrangement of magnetic ions in a crystal for which a simultan...
[ { "content": "the entanglement entropy , as a tool to detect and classify quantum phase transitions , has been playing an important role in the last fifteen years ( see @xcite and references therein ) . in one dimension , where most of the critical quantum chains are conformal invariant , the entanglement entro...
[ { "content": "it has been known for a long time that owing to planar property and mutual focussing , colliding plane waves ( cpw ) result in spacelike singularities [ 1 ] . \n these singularities are somewhat weakened when the waves are endowed with a relative cross polarization prior to the collision . a solut...
[ { "content": "in adaptive control and recursive parameter estimation one often needs to adjust recursively an estimate @xmath0 of a vector @xmath1 , which comprises @xmath2 constant but unknown parameters , using measurements of a quantity @xmath3 here @xmath4 is a vector of known data , often called the regres...
[ { "content": "the construction of background field formalism for n=2 super - yang - mills theory ( sym ) in projective hyperspace ( @xmath0 ) @xcite is an open problem . \n such a formalism is desirable for any ( non-)supersymmetric theory as it simplifies ( loop ) calculations and even intermediate steps respe...
[ { "content": "the experimental data used in this paper were collected by the forward looking radar of the us army research laboratory @xcite . that radar was built for detection and possible identification of shallow explosive - like targets . \n since targets are three dimensional objects , one needs to measu...
[ { "content": "the @xmath3-transformation has been extensively studied since the seminal paper of rnyi in 1957 . \n there is a huge amount of literature on the map itself and on the associated symbolic dynamics . over the past decade \n , people became interested in the @xmath2-transformation , changing the slop...
[ { "content": "although the sunspot number varies periodically with time with an average period of 11 year , the individual cycle period ( length ) and also the strength ( amplitude ) vary in a random way . \n it is observed that the stronger cycles have shorter periods and vice versa . \n this leads to an impor...
[ { "content": "reticulation processes refer to the transfer of genetic material between living organisms in a non - reproduction manner . \n horizontal gene transfer is believed to be a highly significant reticulation process occurring between single - cell organisms ( doolittle and bapteste 2007 ; treangen and ...
[ { "content": "in @xcite a database containing a solution of the 3d incompressible navier - stokes ( ns ) equations is presented . \n the equations were solved numerically with a standard pseudo - spectral simulation in a periodic domain , using a real space grid of @xmath0 grid points . \n a large - scale body ...
[ { "content": "in recent years electron transfer ( et ) between molecular adsorbates and semiconductor nanomaterials and surfaces has been subject of much research @xcite . \n the injection of an electron into the conduction band is a prototype reaction for a lot of electrochemical and photoelectrochemical inter...
[ { "content": "compact x - ray sources exhibit a wide range of temporal variabilities ( from milliseconds to years ) . \n perhaps none of these is as exotic and diverse as the x - ray temporal variability observed from the black hole microquasar grs 1915 + 105 ( castro - tirado , brandt , & lund 1992 ; greiner ...
[ { "content": "galaxy clusters , the largest gravitationally - bound structures in the universe , are ideal cosmological tools . \n accurate measurements of their masses provide a crucial observational constraint on cosmological models . \n several dynamical methods have been available to estimate cluster masses...
[ { "content": "we study the problem to find solutions of _ non - homogeneous _ \n double - confluent heun equations that are monodromy eigenfunctions . \n our study is motivated by applications to nonlinear equations modeling the josephson effect in superconductivity . \n the main results , their existence and u...
[ { "content": "nuclear fragmentation resulting from heavy ion collsions is a complex phenomenon . \n the role of equilibration and dynamics has not yet been determined as a plethora of approaches have been investigated . \n examples of approaches are evaporative pictures@xcite , percolation models@xcite , lattic...
[ { "content": "in the standard model ( sm ) , the only source of cp violation is the kobayashi - maskawa phase @xcite , localized in the unitarity triangle ( ut ) of the cabibbo - kobayashi - maskawa ( ckm ) matrix @xcite . \n thanks to the precise measurements at the current @xmath3-factories , cp violation cou...
[ { "content": "the natural shape of an isolated self - gravitating fluid is axially symmetric . \n for this reason , exact axial symmetric solutions of einstein field equations are good candidates to model astrophysical bodies in general relativity . in the last decades \n , several exact solutions were studied ...
[ { "content": "the open connectome project ( located at http://openconnecto.me ) aims to annotate all the features in a 3d volume of neural em data , connect these features , and compute a high resolution wiring diagram of the brain , known as a connectome . \n it is hoped that such work will help elucidate the ...
[ { "content": "the cdf collaboration has reported an excess in the production of two jets in association with a @xmath1 boson production @xcite from data collected at the tevatron with a center - of - mass energy of 1.96 tev and an integrated luminosity of 4.3 fb@xmath6 . \n the @xmath1 boson is identified th...
[ { "content": "x - ray studies of fairly normal \" galaxies , with high - energy emission not obviously dominated by a luminous active galactic nucleus ( agn ) , have recently been extended to cosmologically interesting distances in the deep field ( cdf ) surveys , which have now reached 1 ms of exposure ( cd...
[ { "content": "topological phase of condensed matter systems is a quantum many - body state with nontrivial momentum or real space topology in the hilbert spaces @xcite . \n recent newly discovered topological superconductor ( tsc ) has spawned considerable interests since this kind of topological phase supports...
[ { "content": "the discovery of topological insulators in 2d and 3d has recently attracted a great deal of attention @xcite ( reference therein ) . the appearance of the gapless edge states within the bulk gap is generally believed to be a signature of the topological insulator . \n generally speaking , a topolo...
[ { "content": "in the past decade , observations of type ia supernovae ( sne ia ; riess et al . \n 1998 ; schmidt et al . 1998 ; perlmutter et al . 1999 ) , cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) fluctuations ( bennett et al . 2003 ; spergel et al . 2003 , 2007 ) , and large - scale structures ( lss ; tegmark et al...
[ { "content": "quantum systems can be correlated in ways that supersede classical descriptions . \n however , there are degrees of non - classicality for quantum correlations . for simplicity , we consider only bipartite correlations , with the two , spatially separated , parties being named alice and bob as usu...
[ { "content": "almost forty years ago exotic , apparently hybrid and unexpected events , dubbed centauros , were observed in cosmic ray ( cr ) experiments in emulsion chambers in chacaltaya by lattes and collaborators @xcite . \n those events were very different from what is commonly observed in crs , exhibiting...
[ { "content": "several decades ago , @xcite postulated that the absorption lines observed in the spectra of distant qsos are due to the extended gaseous halos of intervening galaxies . since that time \n , astronomers have identified the galaxies associated with the observed absorption ( e.g. , * ? ? ? * ; * ? ?...
[ { "content": "superconducting josephson junction qubit is one of the most promising candidates for implementing quantum computation @xcite . \n single qubit coherent oscillations in superconducting qubits have been demonstrated experimentally @xcite and furthermore two qubit coupling and entanglement have been ...
[ { "content": "in 1985 , hoare s paper _ a couple of novelties in the propositional calculus _ @xcite was published . in this paper \n the ternary connective @xmath0 is introduced as the _ \n conditional_. with @xmath1 and @xmath2 denoting programs and @xmath3 a boolean expression . ] a more common expression f...
[ { "content": "the presence of a surfactant film at a fluid - fluid interface alters the dynamics of the interface . \n this is manifested in behavior of the interfacial waves , induced either externally or by thermal fluctuations @xcite . \n the interfacial dynamics can be probed by measuring the light scattere...
[ { "content": "one of the most interesting topic of quantum physics in recent days is the characterization of universal properties of bosonic many - body system in the unitary regime @xcite . by using the feshbach resonance the two - body scattering length @xmath1 \n is tuned to very large values . \n the unita...
[ { "content": "the visionary who first thought of using the spin polarization of a single electron to encode a binary bit of information has never been identified conclusively . \n folklore has it that feynman mentioned this notion in casual conversations ( circa 1985 ) , but to this author s knowledge there did...
[ { "content": "circumstellar material holds clues about the mass - loss history of massive stars . indeed , \n as the winds interact with the interstellar medium ( wind - blown bubbles , bow shocks ) , they leave a characteristic signature that depends on the wind properties . moreover , the material ejected dur...
[ { "content": "this paper presents data for the last two patches ( c and d ) of the sky observed by the public eso imaging survey ( eis ) , being carried out in preparation for the first year of regular operation of vlt . \n the i - band data reported here covers a total area of 12 square degrees , down to @xmat...
[ { "content": "over the past 70 years , there have been multiple attempts to dynamically model the movement of polymer chains with brownian dynamics @xcite , which have more recently been used as a model for dna filament dynamics @xcite . \n one of the first and simplest descriptions was given as the rouse mod...
[ { "content": "a geodesic flow in a given direction on a translation surface induces on a transverse segment an interval exchange map . \n dynamic of such transformations has been extensively studied during these last thirty years providing applications to billiards in rational polygons , to measured foliations ...
[ { "content": "cataclysmic variables ( cvs ) are short - period binaries containing a white dwarf ( wd ) primary ( with mass @xmath2 ) and a low mass main sequence secondary ( with mass @xmath3 ) . \n the secondary fills its roche lobe and transfers mass to the wd through the inner lagrangian ( @xmath4 ) point ....
[ { "content": "we first classify the multiplicity - free permutation characters given by the actions of symmetric groups on their conjugacy classes . \n for this we shall need the following lemma , ultimately due to frobenius , which implies that multiplicity - free permutation characters only come from permutat...
[ { "content": "having been discovered more than a century ago @xcite , whistler waves become one of the most important waves in plasmas . such waves ( also known as helicons in solid state plasmas ) are low - frequency ( lf ) ( in comparison with the electron - cyclotron frequency , @xmath0 ) right - hand circu...
[ { "content": "since its discovery , in 1980 , the quantum hall ( qh ) effect @xcite has been a very rich source of interesting problems related to topological and correlation effects in condensed matter systems . \n the qh effect is observed in two - dimensional electron gases@xcite ( 2deg ) exposed to a strong...
[ { "content": "the increasing ability of the direct @xmath0-body method to provide reliable models of the dynamical evolution of star clusters has closely mirrored increases in computing power ( heggie 2011 ) . \n the community has progressed from small-@xmath0 models performed on workstations ( e.g. von hoerner...
[ { "content": "cross sections of high - energy nuclear reactions are expressed in terms of nuclear parton distribution functions ( npdfs ) , so that precise npdfs are essential for finding any new phenomena in the high - energy reactions . \n recently , this topic is becoming important in heavy - ion collisions ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 be an oriented surface of finite type , i.e. @xmath0 is a closed surface of genus @xmath1 from which @xmath2 points , so - called _ punctures _ , have been deleted . \n we assume that @xmath3 , i.e. that @xmath0 is not a sphere with at most @xmath7 punctures or a torus with at most @xm...
[ { "content": "general relativity in spacetime dimension @xmath3 larger than four supports black brane solutions that , unlike in lower dimensions , are not uniquely characterized by their asymptotic charges ( mass , spin , gauge charges ) . \n an example of this situation is the kaluza - klein black hole , a so...
[ { "content": "the mauritius radio telescope ( mrt ) @xcite is a fourier synthesis , t - shaped non - coplanar array operating at 151.5 mhz . \n the telescope was built to fill the gap in the availability of deep sky surveys at low radio frequencies in the southern hemisphere . \n the aim of the survey with mr...
[ { "content": "the properties of the relativistic fermi gas ( rfg ) model of the nucleus @xcite have inspired the idea of superscaling . in the rfg model , the responses of the system to an external perturbation \n are related to a universal function of a properly defined scaling variable which depends upon the ...
[ { "content": "one of the oldest problems of algebra is the equation solvability problem over a given algebraic structure . nowadays , \n many such classical problems arise in a new perspective , namely to consider their computational complexity . in this paper \n we investigate the complexity of the equation so...
[ { "content": "gliese 229b is not only the first brown dwarf recognized as genuine @xcite , but it is also the brightest and best - studied t dwarf known . with an effective temperature of @xmath5k , it lies squarely between the latest l dwarfs ( @xmath6k , @xcite ) and the giant planets of the solar system ( @x...
[ { "content": "densely - grafted chains on nonadsorbing substrate surfaces form the so - called `` polymer brush''@xcite . \n these systems find various important applications @xcite , e.g. as lubricants @xcite , for colloid stabilization @xcite , for tuning of adhesion and wetting properties @xcite , for improv...
[ { "content": "systems of interacting open- and closed - strings play important roles in several aspects of string theory . \n it has been found out that theories even formulated as pure closed - strings have open - string sectors when they are accompanied by d - branes @xcite . \n one of the most important feat...
[ { "content": "in the last years wireless communication systems coped with the problem of delivering reliable information while granting high throughput . this problem has often been faced resorting to channel codes able to correct errors even at low signal to noise ratios . \n as pointed out in table i in @xcit...