Datasets:
mnsm92
/
article_summarization

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
1
text
listlengths
2
2
[ { "content": "gas in giant molecular clouds ( gmcs ) is distributed non - uniformly and appears to aggregate itself into isolated dense clumps or more contiguous and elongated , filament - like structures . \n detailed observations of potential star - forming clouds have demonstrated the ubiquitous nature of fi...
[ { "content": "shortly after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation ( cbr ) , it was shown that cosmic ray protons above @xmath160 eev ( @xmath2ev ) should be attenuated by photomeson interactions with cbr photons ( @xcite ) . \n it was later calculated that heavier cosmic ray nuclei with sim...
[ { "content": "any _ in vivo _ quantum system is in a contact with its environment . \n although typically weak , this interaction becomes relevant when studying the evolution of a system over long time scales . \n in particular , the asymptotic state of such an _ open _ system depends both on the unitary action...
[ { "content": "figure [ fig : figure1 ] shows the point set of an optimal ( crossing minimal ) rectilinear drawing of @xmath8 , with an evident partition of the @xmath9 vertices into @xmath1 highly structured clusters of @xmath1 vertices each : [ fig : figure1 ] are clustered into @xmath1 sets.,width=113...
[ { "content": "our bubble chambers are insensitive to minimum ionizing particles , allowing us to exploit a new calibration technique using charged pions as wimp surrogates to produce nuclear recoils by strong elastic scattering . \n we measure the pion scattering angle using silicon pixel detectors . \n the nuc...
[ { "content": "with the advent of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates and the possibility of exotic gap symmetry including nodal behavior , a renewed effort to find novel experimental probes of order parameter symmetry has ensued . \n one result of this effort was the proposal by sauls and co - wo...
[ { "content": "for proper , locally flat embeddings in @xmath1 , it is well - known that : 1 . \n [ rlt ] a ray (= copy of @xmath2 ) knots if and only if @xmath3 . \n [ hlt ] a hyperplane (= copy of @xmath4 ) knots if and only if @xmath3 . both facts hold in the smooth , piecewise linear , and topological ...
[ { "content": "theoretical descriptions of photonic crystal fibers ( pcfs ) have traditionally been restricted to numerical evaluation of maxwell s equations . in the most general case , a plane wave expansion method with periodic boundary conditions \n is employed @xcite while other methods , such as the multi...
[ { "content": "classification problem is one of the most important tasks in time series data mining . a well - known 1-nearest neighbor ( 1-nn ) with dynamic time warping ( dtw ) \n distance is one of the best classifier to classify time series data , among other approaches , such as support vector machine ( svm...
[ { "content": "matrices with random ( or pseudo - random ) elements appear naturally in many different problems and are well investigated in physical and mathematical literature ( see e.g. @xcite ) . in this note \n we consider a special class of sparse random matrices , namely , matrices associated with tree (...
[ { "content": "in the studies of spin glasses , much effort has been devoted either exprimentally or theoretically to the properties under magnetic fields . \n unfortunately , our understanding of them still has remained unsatisfactory@xcite . \n on theoretical side , most of the numerical studies have focused o...
[ { "content": "given competing mathematical models to describe a process , we wish to know whether our data is compatible with the candidate models . often comparing models requires optimization and fitting time course data to estimate parameter values and then applying an information criterion to select a ` bes...
[ { "content": "there is recent observational evidence that a significant fraction of massive evolved spheroidal stellar systems is already in place at redshift @xmath4 . \n however , only a small percentage of these galaxies is fully assembled @xcite . \n the galaxies are smaller by a factor of three to five com...
[ { "content": "there are basically two methods to determine the weak axial form factor of the nucleon . \n one set of experimental data comes from measurements of ( quasi)elastic ( anti)neutrino scattering on protons @xcite , deuterons @xcite and other nuclei ( al , fe ) @xcite or composite targets like freon @x...
[ { "content": "both cosmic star formation rate and active galactic nucleus ( agn ) density have been found to reach their peaks at @xmath32 @xcite . in the local universe , a supermassive black hole ( smbh ) \n generically exists in the center of early - type galaxies with the black hole mass tightly correlating...
[ { "content": "the photo - nuclear cross sections parameterized in the geant4 covers all incident photon energies from hadron production threshold up - wards . \n the parameterization is subdivided into five energy regions , each corresponding to the physical process that dominates . \n these are the giant dipol...
[ { "content": "believed to be the main origin of the jet quenching phenomena observed @xcite in nucleus \n nucleus collisions at rhic energy @xmath2@xmath3 , parton energy loss via gluon - radiation is expected to depend on the properties ( gluon density and volume ) of the ` medium ' formed in the collision an...
[ { "content": "frustration is one of the interesting subjects in statistical physics , mainly because it can induce additional symmetry and lead the system to display rich low - temperature structures . \n the so - called two - dimensional ( 2d ) fully frustrated xy models have attracted an extensive investigati...
[ { "content": "hamilton equations of motion constitute a system of ordinary first order differential equations , @xmath3 where the @xmath4 denotes differentiation with respect to time @xmath5 , and @xmath6 . \n they can be viewed as the characteristic equations of the partial differential equation @xmath7 with @...
[ { "content": "in our experiment , we begin with an optical characterization of the qds and observe a significantly reduced spectral linewidth of the emitted photons from a resonantly driven single qd compared with incoherent excitation methods including via above - bandgap and p - shell using cw lasers . \n fig...
[ { "content": "efficient mechanisms to generate coherent superpositions of quantum states are central to a rich variety of applications in modern quantum physics . quantum logic gates , \n i.e. the key components of a quantum computer @xcite , rely on superpositions of two degenerate quantum states as qubits @...
[ { "content": "we are interested in the transitions from a single - electron bound state @xmath0 ( with a wave function @xmath1 and energy @xmath2 ) to a continuum state @xmath3 ( with a wave function @xmath4 and energy @xmath5 ) ( fig . \n [ fig : sketch ] ) . \n ( a ) sketch of a qd chain , ( b ) energy diagra...
[ { "content": "the standard model of elementary particles ( sm ) has been very successful in describing the nature at the electroweak ( ew ) scale . \n recently , the atlas and cms collaborations at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) have discovered a new particle @xcite , which is consistent with the sm higgs b...
[ { "content": "let @xmath5 is an @xmath0-cobordism between smooth manifolds @xmath6 and @xmath7 . \n since pioneering work in the 1980 s it has been known that @xmath6 and @xmath7 are not necessarily diffeomorphic @xcite , but they are homeomorphic @xcite when the fundamental group is of a certain type , called ...
[ { "content": "competing electronic phases underlie a number of the most unconventional phenomena in condensed matter systems . when this competition is sufficiently strong , the usual outcome is a phase separation . \n one outstanding example of this situation is provided by materials showing colossal magnetore...
[ { "content": "these notes are an abbreviated version of lectures given at the 1997 zakopane school . \n they contain two topics . \n the first is a description in elementary terms of the basic ideas underlying the speculative hypothesis that pieces of strong - interaction vacuum with a rotated chiral order para...
[ { "content": "in 2011 , i described a timing sequencer and related laser lab instrumentation based on 16-bit microcontrollers and a homemade custom keypad / display unit.@xcite since then , two new developments have enabled a far more powerful approach : the availability of high - performance 32-bit microcontro...
[ { "content": "entanglement in quantum multipartite systems is a unique property in quantum world . \n it plays an important role in quantum information processing @xcite . \n therefore , the study of its essential features and dynamical behavior under the ubiquitous decoherence of relevant quantum system has at...
[ { "content": "herbig - haro ( hh ) objects immersed in an ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation field can be photoionized externally @xcite \n . the photoionized jets / outflows of hh objects become optically visible , and thus their detailed physical properties can be studied . \n such photoionized hh jet systems have ...
[ { "content": "molecules such as co or hcn have been commonly used as tracers of molecular gas in high - redshift galaxies . \n however , recent observations with the _ herschel space observatory _ @xcite have shown strong spectroscopic signatures from other light hydrides , such as water , h@xmath3o@xmath4 , or...
[ { "content": "where river water meets the sea , an enormous amount of energy is dissipated as a result of the irreversible mixing of fresh and salt water . \n the dissipated energy is about 2 kj per liter of river water , _ \n i.e. _ equivalent to a waterfall of 200 m @xcite . \n it is estimated that the combi...
[ { "content": "the problem of boundary lubrication is very interesting from the physical point of view and important for practical applications , but it is not fully understood yet @xcite . \n conventional lubricants belong to the type of liquid ( `` soft '' ) lubricants , where the amplitude of molecular intera...
[ { "content": "we consider the one dimensional semilinear wave equation : @xmath2 where @xmath3 and @xmath4 . \n we may also add more restriction on initial data by assuming that @xmath5 the cauchy problem for equation ( [ waveq ] ) in the space @xmath6 follows from fixed point techniques ( see section [ cauchy ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath0 denote a solution of the second painlev equation @xmath1 it is known that for special values of the parameter @xmath2 the equation admits rational solutions . in fact vorobev and yablonski @xcite showed that for @xmath3 , the equation has a unique rational solution of the form @xmath4 ...
[ { "content": "we consider the following sequence space model @xmath4 where @xmath5 are the coefficients of a signal and the noise @xmath6 has a diagonal covariance matrix @xmath7 . \n this heterogeneous model may appear in several frameworks where the variance is fluctuating , for example in heterogeneous regre...
[ { "content": "one of the most important astrophysical phenomena still lacking an explanation is the origin of the celestial gamma - ray bursts ( grb ) . \n these are powerful flashes of gamma - rays lasting from less than one second to tens of seconds , with isotropic distribution in the sky . \n they are obser...
[ { "content": "in order to formally handle ( specify and prove ) some properties of prolog execution , we needed above all a definition of a port . \n a port is perhaps the single most popular notion in prolog debugging , but theoretically it appears still rather elusive . \n the notion stems from the seminal ar...
[ { "content": "dissipationless n - body simulations of stellar systems indicate that scaling relations such as the so - called ` fundamental plane ' ( hereon , fp ) , that is , the systematic deviation from the expectations of the virial theorem applied to these systems , could be reproduced from the final produ...
[ { "content": "explosive nuclear burning in astrophysical environments produces unstable nuclei , which again can be targets for subsequent reactions . in addition , it involves a very large number of stable nuclei , which are not fully explored by experiments . \n thus , it is necessary to be able to predict re...
[ { "content": "today , with a vast amount of publications being produced in every discipline of scientific research , it can be rather overwhelming to select a good quality work ; that is enriched with original ideas and relevant to scientific community . \n more often this type of publications are discovered th...
[ { "content": "agn have first been discovered in the radio and soon after searched in the optical band . \n consequently , they have been classified using their optical characteristics and mainly divided into two categories : type 1 ( agn1 ) and 2 ( agn2 ) according to the presence or not of broad emission lines...
[ { "content": "the theoretical description of hadron production at large transverse momentum ( @xmath2 ) in either hadronic or nuclear collisions at high energies is traditionally framed in a two - step process that involves first a hard scattering of partons , followed by the fragmentation of the scattered part...
[ { "content": "a qn is the explosive transition of a massive neutron star ( ns ) to a quark star ( qs ; the compact remnant ) . \n it ejects the outermost layers of the ns as the relativistic qn ejecta with kinetic energy exceeding excess @xmath2 erg . \n the interaction of this ejecta with its surroundings lead...
[ { "content": "most fundamental physical stellar parameters of field white dwarfs , such as effective temperature , surface gravity , and magnetic field strength can directly be measured with high precision from spectroscopic observations . \n assuming a mass - radius relation , both mass and radius may be infer...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of huge quantities of dust ( @xmath5 ) in very high redshifted galaxies and quasars ( isaak et al . 2002 ; bertoldi et al . \n 2003 ) suggests that dust was produced efficiently in the first generation of supernovae ( sne ) . theoretical studies ( kozasa et al . \n 1991 ; tod...
[ { "content": "the impossibility of superluminal communication through the use of quantum entanglement has already been vividly discussed in the past , see for example @xcite . \n recently this topic has re - entered the stage of present research in the context of quantum cloning : the no - signalling constraint...
[ { "content": "one of the most important motivations of these series of conferences is to promote vigorous interaction between statisticians and astronomers . \n the organizers merit our admiration for bringing together such a stellar cast of colleagues from both fields . in this third edition , \n one of the ce...
[ { "content": "the identification of the higgs boson(s ) is one of the main goals of the large hadron collider ( lhc ) being built at cern . \n there are expectations that there exists a ` light ' higgs boson with mass @xmath3 gev . in this mass range \n , its detection at the lhc will be challenging . \n there...
[ { "content": "we are interested in the following nonconvex semidefinite programming problem : @xmath1 where @xmath2 is convex , @xmath3 is a nonempty , closed convex set in @xmath4 and @xmath5 ( @xmath6 ) are nonconvex matrix - valued mappings and smooth . \n the notation @xmath7 means that @xmath8 is a symmetr...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of fluids can exhibit hysteresis . \n for example , a flag - like object shows bistability between flapping and nonflapping states @xcite . \n hysteresis also exists in vortex shedding dynamics behind rigid objects , such as a vibrating cylinder @xcite , a multiple cylinder arrangem...
[ { "content": "a proper choice of order parameters is the most important perspective for building a sound model for liquid crystals . \n the order parameters should be simple and explanatory in terms of mathematics and physics , while efficient in computations . from the viewpoint of theoretical analysis \n , it...
[ { "content": "radio galaxies ( rgs ) represent the largest single objects in the universe . \n powered by an active galactic nucleus ( agn ) jets emerge from the central engine , which very likely is a super - massive black hole accreting matter surrounding it . \n there is a huge range of linear extent of the ...
[ { "content": "the unexpected behavior of some fusion - evaporation cross sections at energies far below the coulomb barrier , has challenged the theoretical models to explain the , so called , fusion hinderance phenomena in true coupled - channels calculations ( ccc ) for reactions such as @xmath4ni+@xmath4ni ,...
[ { "content": "in 1983 thouless @xcite proposed a simple pumping mechanism to produce , even in the absence of an external bias , a quantized electron current through a quantum conductor by an appropriate time - dependent variation of the system parameters . \n experimental realizations of quantum pumps using qu...
[ { "content": "the collective dynamics of complex distributed systems often can be usefully described in terms of a superposition of rate processes or frequencies which determine the changes in macroscopically measurable variables as energy flows through the system ; that is , a dynamical model expressed as a sy...
[ { "content": "the long - time dynamics of biological evolution have recently attracted considerable interest among statistical physicists @xcite , who find in this field new and challenging interacting nonequilibrium systems . \n an example is the bak - sneppen model @xcite , in which interacting species are th...
[ { "content": "the top quark is the heaviest known elementary particle , with a mass very close to the electroweak symmetry - breaking scale . as such \n , the top could be sensitive to physics beyond the standard model ( sm ) @xcite . \n new particles decaying to @xmath1 pairs can be scalar or vector , color - ...
[ { "content": "the evidence for the existence of dark matter in various astrophysical systems has been gathering over the past three decades . \n it is now well - recognized that the presence of dark matter is required in order to explain the observations of galaxies and other astrophysical systems on larger sca...
[ { "content": "differential geometry has proven to be highly valuable in extracting the geometric meaning of continuum vector theories . \n of particular interest has been the dirac - khler formulation of fermionic field theory @xcite , which uses the antisymmetry inherent in the product between differential for...
[ { "content": "in the last few years a new phenomenon has attracted attention of the community of soft condensed matter physicists appearance of attraction between like charged macromolecules in solutions containing multivalent ions . \n the problem is particularly fascinating because it contradicts our well es...
[ { "content": "pulsars lose their spin energy via relativistic pulsar winds ( pws ) of charged particles . \n the pw shocks in the ambient medium and forms a pulsar wind nebula ( pwn ) whose synchrotron radiation can be observed in a very broad energy range , from the radio to tev @xmath8-rays ( see kaspi et al ...
[ { "content": "the need for the efficient use of the scarce spectrum in wireless applications has led to significant interest in the analysis of cognitive radio systems . \n one possible scheme for the operation of the cognitive radio network is to allow the secondary users to transmit concurrently on the same f...
[ { "content": "sigmoidal input - output response modules are very well - conserved in cell signaling networks that might be used to implement binary responses , a key element in cellular decision processes . \n additionally , sigmoidal modules might be part of more complex structures , where they can provide the...
[ { "content": "after carrying out a fourier transform and a multipole decomposition , the radial and time parts of the retarded green function for linear fields on a schwarzschild black hole can be written as @xmath15 where @xmath16 , @xmath17 is the multipole number , @xmath18 , @xmath19 and @xmath20 is the wro...
[ { "content": "observational manifestations of magnetic fields in intermediate- and high - mass stars with radiative envelopes differ considerably from the magnetism of solar - type and low - mass stars . \n as directly observed for the sun and inferred for many late - type stars , vigorous envelope convection a...
[ { "content": "generally , the observed radio spectra of most pulsars can be modelled as a power law with negative spectral indices of about -1.8 ( @xcite ) . \n if a pulsar can be observed at frequencies low enough ( i.e. ) , it may also show a low - frequency turnover in its spectrum ( @xcite ; @xci...
[ { "content": "an electron incident on a superconductor from a normal metal , with an energy smaller than the superconducting energy gap , can not propagate into the superconductor and thus should be perfectly reflected . \n however , andreev discovered a mechanism for transmission , in which an electron may for...
[ { "content": "the recent discovery of superconductivity in lafeas[o , f ] has intrigued tremendous interest in layered feas systems.@xcite intensive studies have revealed that , by substituting la with ce , sm , nd , pr , and gd , @xcite the superconducting temperature ( @xmath6 ) can be raised from 26 up to 53...
[ { "content": "the exponentially growing number of known extrasolar planets now enables statistical analyses to probe their formation mechanism . \n two theoretical frameworks have been proposed to account for the formation of gas giant planets : the slow and gradual core accretion model @xcite , and the fast an...
[ { "content": "the self - avoiding walk ( saw ) model is an important model in statistical physics @xcite . \n it models the excluded - volume effect observed in real polymers , and exactly captures universal features such as critical exponents and amplitude ratios . \n it is also an important model in the stud...
[ { "content": "let @xmath8 and @xmath1 be the space of @xmath2-frames in @xmath3 ( i.e. the space of @xmath2-tuples of linearly independent vectors in @xmath3 ) , @xmath9 . \n the group @xmath10 acts on this space as follows : @xmath11 the action is transitive for @xmath12 . let @xmath5 be a lattice in @xmath10 ...
[ { "content": "the casimir force , as exhibited between neutral metallic parallel plates , was discovered theoretically in 1948 @xcite . \n the casimir torque between asymmetric materials was first studied in 1973 @xcite . \n recently , theoretical study of the lateral casimir force between corrugated parallel...
[ { "content": "the @xmath0-invariance of the maxwell equation was discovered by cunningham and bateman a century ago . \n however in order to quantize the maxwell field and due to gauge freedom , a gauge fixing condition is necessary . \n the lorenz gauge is usually used , which breaks the @xmath0 invariance . \...
[ { "content": "the formation of jets is the most prominent feature of perturbative qcd in @xmath0 annihilation into hadrons . \n jets can be visualized as large portions of hadronic energy or , equivalently , as a set of hadrons confined to an angular region in the detector . in the past , this qualitative defin...
[ { "content": "the physical origin of spatially extended ( tens to hundreds of kiloparsecs ) luminous ( @xmath4erg / s ) ly@xmath0 sources , also known as ly@xmath0 blobs ( labs ) first discovered more than a decade ago ( e.g. , * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ) , remains a mystery . by...
[ { "content": "investigations of sheath formation in front of a floating plate have hitherto been restricted to fluid studies on the ion time scale [ 1 ] . by contrast , the response of the plasma in the very early stages of sheath formation is not well known . in this paper , we present pic simulations of the p...
[ { "content": "studies of nuclei far from stability have long been a goal of nuclear science . \n nuclei on either side of the stability region , either neutron - rich or deficient , are being produced at new radioactive beam facilities across the world . at these facilities , and with the help of advances in nu...
[ { "content": "recent advanced material technologies have made it possible to access low - dimensional quantum systems . \n furthermore , material synthesis has offered a great opportunity to explore more intriguing lower - dimensional spin systems rather than well - understood conventional spin systems @xcite ....
[ { "content": "it is now an established experimental fact that there are events with large rapidity gaps in the hadronic final state in which there is a large momentum transfer across the gap . \n such events have been observed at both the tevatron @xcite and hera @xcite in the rapidity gaps between jets process...
[ { "content": "one of the most basic questions that arises in trying to understand the nonperturbative structure of string theory concerns the classification of vector bundles over real and complex manifolds . in the presence of d - branes one encounters gauge theories in spacetime dimensionalities up to ten . \...
[ { "content": "it may be worth recalling some of the main properties of the milky way open cluster system . \n the census of open clusters is still highly incomplete beyond distances of a few kpc from the sun , although the situation is improving with new surveys such as 2mass ( see e.g. the contributions by ca...
[ { "content": "finite temperature instantons ( calorons ) have a rich structure if one allows the polyakov loop , @xmath1 in the periodic gauge @xmath2 , to be non - trivial at spatial infinity ( specifying the holonomy ) . \n it implies the spontaneous breakdown of gauge symmetry . for a charge one @xmath3 calo...
[ { "content": "bressan , granato & silva @xcite have suggested that the presence of dusty circumstellar envelopes around asymptotic giant branch(agb ) stars should leave a signature , a clear excess at 10 @xmath0 m , in the mid infrared ( mir ) spectral region of passively evolving stellar systems . \n early det...
[ { "content": "the identification of dark matter is one of the major open questions in physics , astrophysics , and cosmology . \n recent cosmological observations together with constraints from primordial nucleosynthesis point to the presence of non - baryonic dark matter in the universe . \n the nature of this...
[ { "content": "study of geodesics has been one of the main tools in the investigation of the physical properties of spacetimes since the very establishment of general relativity for a general review of both geodesics and electrogeodesics for the reissner - nordstrm as well as other spacetimes , see , for exampl...
[ { "content": "the parallel chip - firing game or candy - passing game is a periodic automaton on graphs in which vertices , each of which contains some nonnegative number of chips , `` fire '' exactly one chip to each of their neighbors if possible . \n formally , let @xmath4 be an undirected graph with vertex ...
[ { "content": "being able to read news from other countries and written in other languages allows readers to be better informed . \n it allows them to detect national news bias and thus improves transparency and democracy . \n existing online translation systems such as _ google translate _ and _ _ bing translat...
[ { "content": "the acceleration of charged particles to high energies in the solar corona is related to flares , which reveal the dissipation of magnetically stored energy in complex magnetic field structures of the low corona , and to coronal mass ejections ( cmes ) , which are large - scale , complex magnetic ...
[ { "content": "biometric authentication systems are becoming prevalent in access control and in consumer technology . \n in such systems , the user submits their user name and his / her biometric sample , which is compared to the stored biometric template associated with this user name ( one - to - one matching ...
[ { "content": "thanks to a fortunate coincidence of observations by agile , _ fermi _ , and _ swift _ satellites , together with the optical observations by the vlt / fors2 and the nordic optical telescope , it has been possible to obtain an unprecedented set of data , extending from the optical - uv , through t...
[ { "content": "measurements at lep , sld , and the tevatron have been used extensively to limit models with physics beyond that of the standard model ( sm)@xcite . by performing global fits to a series of precision measurements , information about the parameters of new models \n can be inferred@xcite . \n the si...
[ { "content": "atoms in highly excited rydberg states ( principal quantum number @xmath3 ) have large radii and electric - dipole transition matrix elements ( @xmath4 ) , large polarizabilities ( @xmath5 ) and strong van - der - waals interactions ( @xmath6 ) @xcite.these properties have led to a variety of int...
[ { "content": "granular crystals are material systems based on the assembly of particles in one- , two- and three - dimensions inside a matrix ( or a holder ) in ordered closely packed configurations in which the grains are in contact with each other @xcite \n . the fundamental building blocks constituting such ...
[ { "content": "j.y.o . thanks b. alver , a.h . mueller and d. schiff for helpful discussions . \n is supported through bmbf grant 05 cu5ri1/3 . \n j. y. ollitrault , phys . \n d * 46 * , 229 ( 1992 ) . \n k. h. ackermann _ et al . \n _ , phys . rev \n . lett . * 86 * , 402 ( 2001 ) . \n h. sorge , p...
[ { "content": "the rotor mechanism , firstly proposed in the theory of self - organized criticality @xcite under name `` eulerian walk '' @xcite , was rediscovered independently as a tool for a derandomization of the random walk @xcite . \n the subsequent studies were concerned with collective properties of the ...
[ { "content": "from the time of hawking s discovery that black holes radiate with the black - body radiation , the problem of information stored in a black hole @xcite attracted much attention . \n different ideas were discussed , in particular those of remnants @xcite , `` fuzziness '' of the black hole @xcite ...
[ { "content": "a choice of nonconstant meromorphic function @xmath28 on a compact riemann surface @xmath0 realizes @xmath0 as a finite sheeted branched covering of the riemann sphere @xmath29 . \n _ log - riemann surfaces of finite type _ \n are certain branched coverings , in a generalized sense , of @xmath30 b...
[ { "content": "in 1988 , a. barkai and c.d mcquaid reported a novel observation in population ecology while studying benthic fauna in south african shores @xcite : a predator - prey role reversal between a decapod crustacean and a marine snail . \n specifically , in malgas island , the rock lobster _ jasus lalan...
[ { "content": "starting from the first telescopic sunspot observations by david and johannes fabricius , galileo galilei , thomas harriot and christoph scheiner , the 400-year sunspot record is one of the longest directly recorded scientific data series , and forms the basis for numerous studies in a wide range ...
[ { "content": "this work was supported by gesellschaft fr schwerionenforschung , darmstadt ( gsi ) and by the loewe initiative of the state of hessen through the helmholtz international center for fair . \n s. a. bass , m. gyulassy , h. stoecker and w. greiner , j. phys . \n g * 25 * , r1 ( 1999 ) [ arxiv ...