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[ { "content": "in cells , a small variety of expression of some protein may influence cell metabolism seriously . in synthetic biology , many models have been presented to describe the metabolic network @xcite . according to these models , it often needs to express a certain kind of protein ( especially enzyme )...
[ { "content": "meshless methods have recently emerged as numerical techniques for electromagnetic modelling @xcite . \n these methods do not require a predefined mesh , and use points scattered in the problem domain avoiding the need of information on the position among them . \n one of the most popular meshless...
[ { "content": "spin effects in high energy fragmentation processes have attracted much attention@xcite recently . \n study of such effects provide useful information for the spin structure of hadron and spin dependence of high energy reactions . there \n exist now two distinctively different pictures for the spi...
[ { "content": "despite their apparently separated application areas , general relativity and quantum information are not disjoint research fields . on the contrary , following the pioneering work of alsing and milburn @xcite a wealth of works \n @xcite has considered different situations in which entanglement wa...
[ { "content": "[ h ] [ 0.26 ] + [ h ] [ 0.26 ] + the development of novel mobility technologies for cleaner vehicle emissions is essential to mitigate the current high levels of pollution seen on internal combustion engines . \n one foreseeable technology involves the electrochemical conversion o...
[ { "content": "it is known that various instabilities occur in very luminous stars . \n most luminous stars called luminous blue variables ( lbvs or s dor variables ) show major events ( sd(s dor)-eruptions and sd - phases ) with which mass loss from the star is thought to be enhanced greatly ( see e.g. , * ? ? ...
[ { "content": "it is lyapunov instability which makes statistical mechanics possible@xcite . for stationary boundary conditions , either equilibrium or nonequilibrium , the _ exponential growth _ , @xmath0 , of small phase - space perturbations @xmath1 or @xmath2 , `` sensitive dependence on initial conditions '...
[ { "content": "the x - ray source 4u 2206 + 54 has been studied with numerous ground and space - based observations , but the nature of this source and origins of its variability patten are still unclear . \n 4u 2206 + 54 was identified with an optical counterpart bd + 53 2790 by steiner et al . \n ( 1984 ) whic...
[ { "content": "for integers @xmath5 fixed , we are considering the `` non - standard '' non - self - adjoint eigenvalue problems @xmath9u(z,\\lambda)=\\lambda u(z,\\lambda),\\quad\\text{for some $ \\lambda\\in{\\mathbb c}$},\\ ] ] with the boundary condition that @xmath10 where @xmath8 is a polynomial of degree ...
[ { "content": "flows of gas play a crucial role in galaxy formation both the infalling primordial gas from which galaxies ultimately form , and outflows which enrich the intergalactic medium and regulate galaxy formation . \n much attention has recently been placed on one possible way of directly observing th...
[ { "content": "in early 80 s , chinese government decided to build an @xmath0 collider running at the tau - charm energy region , called bepc , which is completed in 1989 . \n the only detector at the machine is called beijing spectrometer(bes ) . in mid 90 s , \n there has been a minor upgrade of the detector ,...
[ { "content": "the compas group was supported in part by the russian foundation for basic research grants rfbr-98 - 07 - 90381 and rfbr-01 - 07 - 90392 . \n k.k . is in part supported by the u.s . \n contract de - fg-02 - 91er40688-task a. we thank professor jean - eudes augustin for the hospitality at lpnhe - u...
[ { "content": "massive stars ( @xmath0@xmath18 m@xmath2 , @xmath3@xmath110@xmath4 l@xmath2 ) play a fundamental role in many areas of astrophysics . \n they are the principal source of uv radiation and heavy elements in galaxies , and are responsible for injecting huge amounts of kinetic energy into the ism th...
[ { "content": "considerable progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the mechanism of prestin - based somatic motility , or `` electromotility , '' of outer hair cells ( ohcs ) in the cochlea , both on cellular- @xcite and the molecular levels @xcite , as well as clarifying its physical ba...
[ { "content": "the laboratory realization of ultracold neutral atomic gases such as bose - einstein condensates @xcite and degenerate fermi gases @xcite quantum gases delivered remarkably versatile experimental systems that can realize physical effects with analogues throughout physics . \n the coherence pro...
[ { "content": "we consider principal component analysis ( pca ) in gaussian graphical models . \n pca is a classical dimensionality reduction method which is frequently used in statistics and machine learning @xcite . \n the first principal components of a multivariate are its orthogonal linear combinations whic...
[ { "content": "event shapes and jet - rates are infrared and collinear ( irc ) safe observables , which describe the energy and momentum flow of the final state . they constitute an ideal compromise between simplicity and sensitivity to properties of qcd radiation . \n they provide then a wealth of information ,...
[ { "content": "recently , there has been a surge of interest in the properties of pyrochlore compound dy@xmath3ti@xmath3o@xmath4 , which is considered to be a model system of `` spin ice '' materials . \n `` spin ice '' materials governed by the same statistical mechanics of so - called `` ice rule '' as the hyd...
[ { "content": "the detailed comparison of quasar absorption spectra with the predictions of cosmological hydrodynamic simulations has established that the ly@xmath8 absorption ` forest ' is caused by a smoothly - fluctuating neutral component of the intergalactic medium ( igm ) ( e.g. , cen et al . \n 1994 ; zha...
[ { "content": "most stars are expected to form in young star clusters ( yscs , @xcite ; @xcite ; @xcite ) . like globular clusters ( gcs ) , \n the densest yscs are collisional systems : their two - body relaxation timescale is shorter than their lifetime , and they undergo intense dynamical evolution . on the o...
[ { "content": "electrons in a t - shaped structure with three terminals opening , i.e. , three terminals extending to infinity , are classically extended . however , numerical study for the t - shaped structure by lin _ \n et al_. showed the existence of a localized state trapped at the intersection.@xcite after...
[ { "content": "recently , a new subdiscipline of condensed matter physics , spintronics , is emerging rapidly and generating great interests@xmath2}$ ] . \n much attention has been focused , especially , on the spin - dependent transport dominated by the spin - orbit interaction ( soi)@xmath3}$ ] in the low dime...
[ { "content": "since their beginnings about half a century ago @xcite , bayesian optimization algorithms have been increasingly used for derivative - free global minimization of expensive to evaluate functions . typically assuming a continuous objective function @xmath0 , single - objective bayesian optimization...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of a bow shock in the periphery of the bullet cluster 1e 0657 - 558 @xcite , it has been well established that shock waves exist in and around galaxy clusters . \n using cosmological hydrodynamic simulations for the large - scale structure ( lss ) formation of the universe , th...
[ { "content": "the starting up of the large hadron collider ( lhc ) operating in an energy range far above the electroweak scale , offers a possibility to reveal new phenomena and to explore the phenomenology extracted from the expected huge amount of experimental data . in this way \n , it is expected new physi...
[ { "content": "the birman - murakami - wenzl algebras are deformations of the brauer centralizer algebras @xcite . \n they are quotients of the artin braid groups algebras , and have appeared in connection with the kauffman link invariant and the quantum groups of types b , c and d. the birman - murakami - wenzl...
[ { "content": "mass predictions for scalar @xmath0 glueballs extracted from qcd sum - rules have been problematic mainly due to discrepancies between analyses which are sensitive to the low - energy theorem for gluonic correlation functions and those which are insensitive to this quantity @xcite . \n such a di...
[ { "content": "the question of non - local quantum correlations versus local realism , first raised in the famous epr paper @xcite , has held the interest of the physics community since . \n j. s. bell @xcite showed that the predictions of quantum mechanics are incompatible with any model based on local realism ...
[ { "content": "we thank d.m . brink for useful discussions . this research was supported by the monbusho scholarship and the international scientific research program : joint research : contract number 09044051 from the japanese ministry of education , science and culture , and by the u.s . \n department of ener...
[ { "content": "for a function @xmath12 and a subset @xmath13 , we write @xmath14 to denote @xmath15 . \n the _ incidence vector _ of @xmath16 in @xmath17 is denoted by @xmath18 , i.e. @xmath19 is 1 for @xmath20 and 0 for @xmath21 ( usually @xmath22 will be clear from the context ) . \n when @xmath16 is a multis...
[ { "content": "the derivation of semiclassical periodic orbit formulas for the trace of the quantum green function led to a deeper understanding of the influence of classical dynamics on quantum spectra . \n closed periodic orbit expressions have been given by gutzwiller @xcite and balian and bloch @xcite for ``...
[ { "content": "the dynamics of random walkers diffusing in the presence of a finite density of perfect absorbers is a rich problem which has been widely discussed in the physical and mathematical literature @xcite . at very large times \n , the density of surviving walkers does not decay exponentially as a simpl...
[ { "content": "during its first six years in orbit , the _ fermi_large area telescope ( lat ; * ? ? ? \n * ) has detected @xmath030 mev gamma - ray emission from more than 40 solar flares , nearly 10 times more than egret @xcite onboard the _ compton gamma - ray observatory _ \n , grs @xcite onboard the _ sol...
[ { "content": "lagrangian lattice field theory has been for the last three decades the most successful non - perturbative technique to compute properties of elementary particles and to solve @xmath1 . \n however , some problems have resisted to a solution even by this powerful technique . \n for example , it is ...
[ { "content": "markarian 421 ( mrk 421 , j1104 + 3812 ) is a nearby bl lacertae object ( @xmath7 ) and was the first extragalactic tev gamma - ray source discovered @xcite . \n the tev gamma - ray flux is variable , with flaring behavior observed on time - scales of less than an hour @xcite . \n extensive meas...
[ { "content": "the discovery of the top quark one of the basic components of the standard model \n is one of the most important goals for present and future experiments . \n indirect evidence for the existence of top is very strong , see for example @xcite , and the chances that it will be detected at the fermi...
[ { "content": "recent precise measurement of the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) anisotropies by the wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe ( wmap ) @xcite has provided detailed informations about the mechanism of generating the cosmic density fluctuations . \n importantly , observed cmb anisotropies are highl...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensates of dilute vapors of atoms offer a very promising testing ground for questions associated with superfluidity for a number of reasons . \n firstly , these gases are dilute as opposed , for example , to the `` traditional '' superfluid liquid helium . furthermore , the ato...
[ { "content": "studies of rr lyrae stars in the milky way globular clusters reveal what is traditionally known as the oosterhoff dichotomy ; the tendency for these clusters to be either oosterhoff i ( oo - i ) or oosterhoff ii ( oo - ii ) objects with a relatively clear zone of avoidance between these two groups...
[ { "content": "semiflexible polymers such as filamentous proteins resemble elastic rods on a molecular scale , while exhibiting significant thermal fluctuations on the scale of micrometers or even less . \n this has made them useful as model systems allowing for direct visualization via optical microscopy . \n b...
[ { "content": "in the past decade , there has been a number of studies on dissipative processes associated with the inflaton decay during its evolution . \n these studies have shed light into the possible effects of the dissipative processes . \n for instance , it was realized that dissipation effectively slows ...
[ { "content": "one of the fundamental parameters characterising any stellar population is its mass function , and in particular its _ initial _ mass function ( imf ) , defined simply as the number of stars per unit mass that are actually formed in any system . determining the form of the imf is vital to our unde...
[ { "content": "we have recently @xcite proposed a new form of nonextensive entropy which depends on a parameter similar to tsallis entropy @xcite , and in a similar limit approaches shannon s classical extensive entropy . \n we have shown how the definition for this new form of entropy can arise naturally in ter...
[ { "content": "it has been discovered that the edge mode of a fractional quantum hall ( fqh ) system is described as a chiral tomonaga - luttinger ( tl ) liquid @xcite . \n when one makes a point contact between the edges , backward scatterings become possible only near that point contact . \n such a system is ...
[ { "content": "b0540 - 69 is a young , rotationally powered pulsar in the large magellanic cloud ( lmc ) that is similar to the crab pulsar in many ways . with a rotation frequency @xmath2 of almost 20 hz , \n it is one of the most rapidly rotating young pulsars known . \n its spin - down luminosity ( @xmath3 ) ...
[ { "content": "baados , silk and west pointed out that a rapidly rotating black hole may act as a particle accelerator to arbitrarily high energy @xcite . \n we call this acceleration mechanism the baados - silk - west ( bsw ) mechanism or bsw process . \n there are several discussions on the bsw process @xci...
[ { "content": "the ability to controllably fabricate , manipulate and examine structures on the sub - micrometer scale has let to the observation of quantum phenomena in electron transport such as , e.g. , universal conductance fluctuations ( ucf ) in chaotic billiards and weak localization ( wl ) , which domina...
[ { "content": "nucleation is a fluctuation - driven process that initiates the decay of a metastable state into a more stable one @xcite . \n it is usually involved in first - order phase transitions and along with growth of a new phase @xcite . \n many important phenomena in nature , including crystallization @...
[ { "content": "it is well known that there is an intimate connection between the shell structure in quantum systems like nuclei and metallic clusters and the properties of classical trajectories within these systems ( see e.g. , p. 579 ) . in particular , for nuclei it has been argued that closed orbits of trian...
[ { "content": "the top quark , with a mass of @xmath1 gev @xcite , is the most massive of the elementary particles of the standard model ( sm ) . in proton - antiproton collisions , \n top quarks can be produced singly through electroweak interactions and this process provides a unique opportunity to test the ...
[ { "content": "a partition @xmath6 is a nonincreasing sequence of non - negative integers : @xmath46 . \n partitions are often identified with the young diagrams . \n take a box @xmath47 and let @xmath48 be the hook . \n @xmath49 the arm length , the leg length and the hook length are @xmath50 where @xmath51 is ...
[ { "content": "numerical relativistic hydrodynamics ( rhd ) has experienced an important step forward in recent years when modern high resolution shock capturing ( hrsc ) techniques began to be applied to solve the equations of rhd in conservation form . \n prior to the advent of hrsc techniques the field was ...
[ { "content": "one of the testing grounds for various models of grand unification is calculating the strong coupling constant @xmath6 using , as input , the experimental values of the electromagnetic coupling constant @xmath7 and @xmath8 , where @xmath9 is the weinberg angle . \n these calculations have been rep...
[ { "content": "the quantized hall effect@xcite provides particularly interesting tests of our understanding of electrical transport . \n application of a resistance formula which treats all contacts to a two - dimensional electron gas on equal footing@xcite has considerably revised the traditional picture of the...
[ { "content": "in order to find a clue on the quantum gravity problem in spacetime for which @xmath0 , a very rich model of different lower dimensional gravity has been developed . in the particular case of @xmath1 , it is well known that the einstein - hilbert action has been used as the gravity sector . howeve...
[ { "content": "heavy elements ( or metals ) in the universe are created in stars and supernovae ( sne ) . \n these metals enrich the interstellar medium and are recycled into generations of stars . \n some part of these should have been transported into intergalactic space via galactic winds or ram pressure stri...
[ { "content": "questions about the nature of chemical reactions , why and how they proceed and how this can be used to form certain desired chemical products are already very old . \n in fact they are older than most other of the current research topics in atomic and molecular physics or physical chemistry . \n ...
[ { "content": "let @xmath2 , be a configuration of lattice points spanning @xmath3 . \n we also denote by @xmath0 the @xmath4 integer matrix with columns @xmath5 . \n we say that the configuration @xmath0 is _ regular _ if the points of @xmath0 lie in a hyperplane off the origin . \n the _ dimension _ of @xmath0...
[ { "content": "despite the fact that ultra - high energy ( uhe ) cosmic rays are known for decades , their sources and the acceleration mechanisms are still under debate . \n sources are only detectable by @xmath1-rays produced in interactions near the sources . in the very - high energy ( vhe ) \n range near 1t...
[ { "content": "quantum technology protocols exploit the unique properties of quantum systems to achieve communication , computing and metrology tasks that are impossible , inefficient or intractable for classical systems @xcite . in many cases the distribution of entanglement , \n correlations between subsystems...
[ { "content": "according to theoretical suggestions , a regular secular decrease in the pulsar rotation frequency can be described by the relation @xmath2 , where @xmath3 is the braking index @xcite . for the vacuum dipole model , when the secular spin - down is due to magnetic dipole radiation , @xmath4 . \n th...
[ { "content": "in this appendix we obtain the scattering probability @xmath162 in eq . \n ( [ eq : w_kk ] ) that gives rise to anomalous transport properties . for simplicity \n we consider point - like impurities whose scattering matrix elements are independent of momentum , @xmath163 . \n skew scattering appea...
[ { "content": "cycling can play an important role in creating sustainable and equitable transport systems . \n cycling already provides reliable , healthy , affordable , and convenient mobility to millions of people each day ( komanoff , 2004 ) and is one of the fastest growing modes of transport in cities such ...
[ { "content": "the radiation from the innermost regions of active galactic nuclei ( agn ) is primarily emitted in the x - ray band , making x - ray spectroscopy a prime tool for studying this region . \n moreover , the variability of the radiation can provide additional diagnostics . \n flux and spectral variati...
[ { "content": "theoretical interest in spherical gravitational wave ( gw ) antennas dates back to the 1970s . \n spherical antennas have a greater cross - section than a bar detectors of similar dimensions . \n more importantly , they have both omnidirectional and omnipolarization sensitivity , and also the pote...
[ { "content": "quantum key distribution ( qkd ) @xcite allows two remote parties to share an unconditional secret key , which has been proven in theory @xcite and demonstrated in experiment @xcite . \n however , the imperfections of practical devices will compromise the security of qkd systems @xcite . \n so far...
[ { "content": "in this appendix , we begin by discussing the transformation of the driven bhm from the lab frame to the rotating frame , before doing a bogoliubov stability analysis . \n the rotating frame is defined by the unitary transformation @xmath88\\cdot \\sum_j { \\bf r}_j n_j \\right),\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \n ...
[ { "content": "the standard model and most of its supersymmetric extensions suffer from being a theory of massless particles . \n therefore a mechanism that would provide masses is required . among several possibilities the higgs mechanism plays a major role . \n it assumes the existence of an additional scal...
[ { "content": "the way people are thinking about neutrino oscillations and how a neutrino factory fits into a program of measurements has changed dramatically between previous nufact workshops and this one . \n although we still consider a neutrino factory the ultimate facility to do precision oscillation measur...
[ { "content": "topological properties of fermion band theory have dominated research in condensed matter physics and other areas over the past decade or so @xcite . recently , it has been shown that the magnon bulk bands of heisenberg ( anti)ferromagnet on the honeycomb lattice exhibit dirac points at the corner...
[ { "content": "the discovery of high - temperature superconductivity in rare earth ( r ) oxypnictides , rofeas @xcite , has initiated extensive research activities in this class of compounds @xcite . \n the main structural building block of the feas - based superconductors is the fe@xmath2as@xmath2 layer with te...
[ { "content": "magnetic helicity is a measure of twists , kinks , and inter - linkages of magnetic field lines ( berger & field 1984 ) and has been an important parameter in solar dynamo theories ( parker 1955 ) . \n while the source of the magnetic helicity lies below the surface of the sun , it was recently re...
[ { "content": "recent years have seen an increasing interest in the spin properties of nanostructures @xcite . \n manipulation and readout of spins in solids could open the way to the development of a generation of electronic devices such as spin transistors , spin filters , and spin memory devices . \n in addit...
[ { "content": "bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) with attractive two - body interaction are dynamically unstable in a trap if the number of condensed atoms reaches a critical value @xcite . \n generally , hefty becs will collapse following a switch of the s - wave scattering length from a positive value ( or ...
[ { "content": "the kondo problem the question of how an impurity local moment becomes screened at low temperatures by the conduction electrons of a host metal was highly influential in stimulating the development of theoretical and numerical methods for treating strongly correlated condensed matter @xcite . \n...
[ { "content": "oort ( 1950 ) postulated the existence of a cloud of comets orbiting the sun with typical semi - major axes , @xmath2 , of @xmath3au . \n this cloud is required to explain the existence of long period comets and the fact that a considerable fraction of these comets have orbital energies concentrat...
[ { "content": "the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleons , @xmath5 and @xmath6 , depend on @xmath7 . in the space - like region \n they are relatively real . \n they have been measured using @xmath8 elastic scattering where @xmath9 is the is the absolute value of the four - momentum transfer from the i...
[ { "content": "spintronics and graphene are exciting , vigorous , and rather new areas of research with a rapid pace of new discoveries \n . books and a multitude of review articles are available for those that want to learn about one of these fields [ ] . \n the intersection of both provides fertile soil for an...
[ { "content": "let @xmath1 , @xmath2 or @xmath3 be a bounded connected open set whose boundary @xmath4 is lipschitz . \n let @xmath5 be a ( small ) nonempty open subset , and assume that @xmath6 . \n we use the notation @xmath7 , @xmath8 and we denote by @xmath9 the outward unit normal to @xmath10 at any point @...
[ { "content": "since the discovery of @xmath4 lyman break galaxies ( lbgs @xcite ) , many efforts are being made to select the whole population of star - forming galaxies at the highest possible redshifts ( see @xcite for a review ) , and to constrain the star formation history of the universe ( e.g. @xcite )...
[ { "content": "recent years , an increasing number of geosynchronous satellites are being planned to cope with the need of providing regional navigation services or augmentation to global systems like the gps . from various announcements made by the indian space research organization ( isro ) \n , one can expect...
[ { "content": "the fact that gauge coupling unification is a `` near - miss '' within the standard model ( sm ) provides an indication in favor of the idea of unification @xcite . \n likewise , the existence of neutrino masses , required to account for neutrino oscillation data @xcite , also provides another m...
[ { "content": "most stars are born spinning rapidly . observations of young clusters reveal a wide range of rotation rates , with some stars spinning more than 100 times faster than the sun ( e.g. * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n * ; * ? ? ? \n this scatter is generally attributed to the vortical nature of the turbulen...
[ { "content": "observations are a central source of knowledge on almost any entity in astrophysics . over several centuries of intense research \n , several principal observational techniques have been developed that are now routinely used to study stars and stellar populations in the milky way and other galaxie...
[ { "content": "the confinement of color in quantum chromodynamics is explained if color electric fields form flux tubes . \n these flux tubes appear readily in the bag model @xcite , but this is a geometric picture rather than a dynamical one . \n hooft @xcite and mandelstam @xcite proposed that , just as magnet...
[ { "content": "the use of idempotents in the construction of cyclic error correcting codes is well established and the resulting literature is extensive ( for example , see @xcite,@xcite,@xcite ) . \n the basic building blocks for this theory are the primitive idempotents . \n any cyclic code may be described by...
[ { "content": "the heavy ion collision experiments at rhic and lhc are designed with a hope to explore the existence of a new form of matter known as quark gluon plasma ( qgp ) and to explore its properties . \n the estimation for the energy density @xcite attained in these collisions using the bjorken formula ...
[ { "content": "the copula provides an elegant margin - free description of the dependence structure of a random variable . by the famous theorem of @xcite \n , it follows that the distribution function @xmath4 of a bivariate random variable @xmath5 can be represented in terms of the marginal distributions @xmath...
[ { "content": "excess infrared ( ir ) emission from t tauri stars is thought to originate from circumstellar disks ( mendoza 1968 ; shu , adams , & lizano 1987 ; and references therein ) . \n passive disks are the simplest to consider . by definition , \n they lack intrinsic luminosity and reradiate the energy t...
[ { "content": "the _ spitzer _ space telescope opens a unique mid- and far - infrared window to the exploration of massive star formation not only in our galaxy but also in our neighboring dwarf galaxies , the large and small magellanic cloud ( lmc , smc ) . \n stellar associations in both the magellanic clouds ...
[ { "content": "accelerator based x - ray sources produce nowadays very intense radiation in a broad spectral range @xcite . \n third generation synchrotron radiation light sources , with reduced emittance and large use of insertion devices provide a high brilliance with partial transverse coherence for users , e...
[ { "content": "high resistive ( @xmath0 @xmath1 10@xmath2 - 10@xmath3 @xmath4 cm ) bakelite rpcs @xcite , prepared with a silicone compound coating on the inner electrode surfaces , were studied in a cosmic ray test bench to characterize its long term stability of operation @xcite . \n need for the silicone comp...
[ { "content": "many galaxies at @xmath5 have morphologies that are very different from the galaxy population at @xmath7 ( lotz et al . 2004 ; \n lotz et al . 2006 ; law et al . 2007 ; scarlata et al . 2007 ; elmegreen et al . 2007 \n ; pannella et al . \n however , the morphologies of these obje...
[ { "content": "the femtoscopic correlation function , @xmath3 , is defined as a ratio of the probability to observe a correlated pair of particles at a given relative momentum in the same event ( numerator ) , @xmath4 , to the probability to observe such a pair in an uncorrelated state ( denominator ) , @xmath5 ...
[ { "content": "our quest for understanding the origin and evolution of galaxies and larger \n scale structures is based on the exploration of large volumes of space through redshift surveys of luminous objects . \n this short review concentrates on using clusters of galaxies as the basic bricks by which to study...
[ { "content": "distance estimates to celestial objects are one of the most fundamental measurements in astronomy and astrophysics . \n knowledge of the distance to astronomical sources in the sky are needed in order to estimate their physical properties , such as luminosities , masses , kinematics , and dynamics...
[ { "content": "most of the dense molecular gas in galaxies is assembled into giant molecular clouds ( gmcs ) with masses from 10@xmath15 m@xmath6 to 10@xmath16 m@xmath6 and radii from 50 pc to a few hundred pc ( e.g. , fukui & kawamura 2010 ) . \n as stars , the `` atoms '' of galaxies , are exclusively formed i...
[ { "content": "the boundary between classical planets ( e.g. , jupiter ) and stars has been blurred by the discovery of brown dwarfs , objects which presumably form like stars but lack sufficient mass to sustain core hydrogen fusion @xcite . \n known brown dwarfs exhibit a number of features similar to those of ...
[ { "content": "it has recently become accepted that quasar activity and black hole growth are an integral part of galaxy evolution , however a detailed understanding of what triggers quasar activity and how they are fueled still eludes us . the leading contender for the identity of luminous \n , high redshift qs...
[ { "content": "a part of this work was done at the department of physics engineering , mie university , tsu , japan . \n the authors are grateful to professor y. abe and assistant professor m. matsunaga for their hospitality . \n one of the authors ( t. m. ) is supported in part by a grant - in - aid for scienti...