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how a senior bank loan works | loans are often used to provide a business with cash to continue its daily operations or any other capital needs that it may have the loans are generally backed by the company s inventory property equipment or real estate as collateral banks often take the multiple loans they make repackage them into one debt obligatio... | |
what is the sensex | the sensex is the benchmark index of the bse in india the sensex comprises 30 of the largest and most actively traded stocks on the bse and provides a gauge of india s economy it is float adjusted and market capitalization weighted the sensex is reviewed semiannually each year in june and december created in 1986 the s... | |
how does the sensex work | the s p bse sensex index colloquially known as the sensex or sensex index is a benchmark index of 30 of india s largest and most liquid public companies the companies that make up the sensex are drawn from bse which is one of india s main stock markets many investors throughout the world use the sensex as a barometer o... | |
how is the sensex calculated | the sensex is calculated using a free float capitalization method this method is similar to the market capitalization weighting method in which companies are weighted according to their share of the total market capitalization of the index as such the sensex gives more weight to the largest companies within its index b... | |
how has the sensex performed | as of dec 29 2023 the 10 year annualized return for the sensex is 14 52 its five year annualized return is 16 28 9the bottom linethe sensex allows investors to gain exposure to the indian stock market which may otherwise prove difficult given the requirements india places on foreign investors for investors looking for ... | |
what is sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis shows how different values of an independent variable affect a dependent variable under a given set of assumptions companies use sensitivity analysis to identify opportunities mitigate risk and communicate decisions to upper management sensitivity analysis is deployed in business and economics by f... | |
how it works | sensitivity analysis is a financial model that determines how target variables are affected based on changes in input variables by creating a given set of variables an analyst can determine how changes in one variable affect the outcome the independent and dependent variables are fully analyzed when sensitivity analysi... | |
how businesses use sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis can provide management feedback useful in many different scenarios including because sensitivity analysis answers questions such as what if xyz happens this type of analysis is also called what if analysis examplea sales manager wants to understand the impact of customer traffic on total sales the ... | |
what is sensitivity analysis in npv | sensitivity analysis in npv analysis is a technique to evaluate how the profitability of a specific project will change based on changes to underlying input variables though a company may have calculated the net present value npv it may want to understand how better or worse conditions will impact the return the compan... | |
how do businesses calculate sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis is often performed in analysis software and excel has functions to perform the analysis in general sensitivity analysis is calculated using formulas with different input cells for example a company may perform npv analysis using a discount rate of 6 sensitivity analysis can be performed by analyzin... | |
what is the difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis | a sensitivity analysis is not the same as a scenario analysis assume an equity analyst wants to do a sensitivity analysis and a scenario analysis around the impact of earnings per share eps on a company s relative valuation by using the price to earnings p e multiple the sensitivity analysis is based on the variables t... | |
what is sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis shows how different values of an independent variable affect a dependent variable under a given set of assumptions companies use sensitivity analysis to identify opportunities mitigate risk and communicate decisions to upper management sensitivity analysis is deployed in business and economics by f... | |
how it works | sensitivity analysis is a financial model that determines how target variables are affected based on changes in input variables by creating a given set of variables an analyst can determine how changes in one variable affect the outcome the independent and dependent variables are fully analyzed when sensitivity analysi... | |
how businesses use sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis can provide management feedback useful in many different scenarios including because sensitivity analysis answers questions such as what if xyz happens this type of analysis is also called what if analysis examplea sales manager wants to understand the impact of customer traffic on total sales the ... | |
what is sensitivity analysis in npv | sensitivity analysis in npv analysis is a technique to evaluate how the profitability of a specific project will change based on changes to underlying input variables though a company may have calculated the net present value npv it may want to understand how better or worse conditions will impact the return the compan... | |
how do businesses calculate sensitivity analysis | sensitivity analysis is often performed in analysis software and excel has functions to perform the analysis in general sensitivity analysis is calculated using formulas with different input cells for example a company may perform npv analysis using a discount rate of 6 sensitivity analysis can be performed by analyzin... | |
what is the difference between sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis | a sensitivity analysis is not the same as a scenario analysis assume an equity analyst wants to do a sensitivity analysis and a scenario analysis around the impact of earnings per share eps on a company s relative valuation by using the price to earnings p e multiple the sensitivity analysis is based on the variables t... | |
what is a series i bond | series i bonds also known as i bonds are a type of savings bond issued by the u s treasury that offer investors a unique combination of safety and protection against inflation these bonds are considered among the most low risk investments available as they are backed by the full faith and credit of the united states go... | |
how to calculate series i bonds | the actual rate on the bond known as the composite rate is calculated by combining the fixed and inflation rates the inflation rate impacts the fixed rate set on the bond however the minimum level that the interest rate on a series i bond can fall to is zero which is the floor placed on the bond by the treasury if the ... | |
are i bonds good investments | essentially risk freeinflation protectioninterest is exempt from state and local taxesinterest can be tax free if used for educationcannot be bought and sold on secondary marketlimited dollar cap per person per yearmust be held for at least 1 yearforfeit 3 months interest if redeemed within 5 yearscomparatively low int... | |
when considering investing in u s savings bonds investors often compare series i bonds and series ee bonds while both bond types are backed by the full faith and credit of the u s government and offer a safe low risk investment option there are several key differences between the two | one of the most significant differences between i bonds and ee bonds lies in how their interest rates are determined i bonds earn a combination of a fixed rate which remains constant throughout the life of the bond and a variable inflation rate that is adjusted twice a year based on changes in the consumer price index ... | |
where can i buy series i savings bonds | u s savings bonds including series i bonds can only be purchased online from the u s treasury using the treasurydirect website you can also use your federal tax refund to purchase series i bonds 1 | |
how much money can i make with an i bond | suppose an investor purchases 10 000 worth of i bonds when the composite rate is 5 27 this rate includes both the fixed rate and the variable inflation rate if the composite rate remains at 5 27 for the entire year and the interest is compounded semiannually the investor would earn year 1 interest 10 000 1 0 0527 2 2 1... | |
what tax form do i need to fill out if i purchase u s series i savings bonds with my tax refund | if you use your income tax refund to purchase u s savings bonds complete and file irs form 8888 with your tax return 9 the irs will arrange for your u s savings bonds to be mailed to you | |
what has been the historical interest rates for series i u s savings bonds | the composite rate for i bonds will depend on when they were issued and the inflation rates that they have experienced 10 therefore you will need to consult a table showing the historical fixed and variable components depending on the issue date 11 | |
how long does it take for a series i bond to mature | these bonds are issued at face value with a 30 year final maturity a 20 year original maturity period immediately followed by a 10 year extended maturity period 1the bottom lineseries i bonds offer a unique investment opportunity for those seeking a low risk inflation protected investment backed by the u s government w... | |
what is the series 3 | the series 3 is an exam also known as the national commodities futures examination administered by the financial industry regulatory authority finra on behalf of the national futures association nfa candidates who pass the exam are eligible to register with the nfa and sell commodity futures contracts and options on co... | |
how the series 3 works | the series 3 exam covers topics that commodities brokers need to know such as options futures hedging and margin requirements as well as market and regulatory rules the exam consists of 120 multiple choice questions in two parts and candidates have two hours and 30 minutes to complete it unlike the series 7 exam candid... | |
what is the series 6 | the series 6 is a securities license entitling the holder to register as a company s representative and sell certain types of mutual funds variable securities and insurance holders of the series 6 license are not authorized to sell corporate or municipal securities direct participation programs and options with a serie... | |
what does the series 6 allow you to do | the finra series 6 license allows an individual to act as a registered representative and sell mutual funds variable annuities and unit investment trusts uits these types of investment products are considered to be relatively simple and are often suitable for individual investors who are looking for a way to diversify ... | |
is series 6 or 7 exam harder | the finra series 7 exam is generally considered to be more difficult than the series 6 exam the series 7 exam covers a broader range of topics and requires a deeper understanding of the securities industry and financial markets | |
how much does the series 6 exam cost | as of 2022 the series 6 exam costs 75 2 | |
how long is a series 6 good for | the finra series 6 license is valid for the duration of your employment with a finra member firm as long as you remain registered and in good standing with finra if you leave the firm or your registration lapses your series 6 license will no longer be valid after two years an individual who holds a series 6 license mus... | |
the series 7 exam licenses the holder to sell all types of securities products except commodities and futures known formally as the general securities representative qualification examination the series 7 exam and its licensing is administered by the financial industry regulatory authority finra 1 | stockbrokers in the united states need to pass the series 7 exam to obtain a license to trade the series 7 exam focuses on investment risk taxation equity and debt instruments packaged securities options retirement plans and interactions with clients for prospective securities industry professionals 2 this introductory... | |
what is series 9 10 | series 9 10 refers to a two part securities exam and license entitling the holder to supervise sales activities at a general securities oriented branch office before taking the series 9 10 exams also known as the general securities sales supervisor qualification exams a candidate must have a series 7 license 1the serie... | |
what is the series 24 | the series 24 is an exam and license entitling the holder to supervise and manage branch activities at a broker dealer it is also known as the general securities principal qualification examination and was designed to test the knowledge and competency of candidates aiming to become entry level securities principals sup... | |
how the series 24 works | the series 24 exam is administered by the financial industry regulatory authority finra and covers topics such as corporate securities real estate investment trusts reits trading customer accounts and regulatory guidelines in order to be eligible for a principal registration a candidate must pass the series 24 exam the... | |
how hard is the series 24 exam | the series 24 is a very hard exam although there are no official pass rates or figures a quick search will bring up forums of those who have taken and the general consensus is that it is one of the hardest financial exams and requires a serious time commitment to studying and a deep understanding on the knowledge requi... | |
what is the series 24 pass rate | the pass rate for the series 24 is not published however many who sit for the exam consider it very difficult compared to the prerequisite exams this is why study prep courses and finra itself recommend an extended period of time to prepare for the intense exam | |
what are the requirements to get additional time on the series 24 exam | there is no information on the finra website regarding extra time for the series 24 exam however it is designed and structured in a way that exam takers should have plenty of time to answer all the questions and return to ones that they missed or had reservations about | |
do i need a series 79 if i have a series 24 | yes a series 79 exam is one of the prerequisites that must be taken before passing a series 24 exam you could also obtain an sie and a series 7 an sie and a series 57 an sie and a series 82 and an sie and a series 86 and 87 you could also forgo the sie and a complement and sit for the series 16 as a standalone prerequi... | |
what is series 57 | series 57 also known as the securities trader representative exam is an examination administered by the financial industry regulatory authority finra passing the series 57 exam is a requirement for those who wish to become professional traders of either equities or convertible debt securities | |
how series 57 works | the purpose of the series 57 exam is to protect the public by ensuring that professional traders meet a required standard of professional knowledge and competency in addition to the series 57 exam would be traders must also pass the securities industry essentials sie exam once both are completed entry level traders are... | |
what is the series 63 | the series 63 is a securities exam and license entitling the holder to solicit orders for any type of security in a particular state to obtain a series 63 license the applicant must pass an exam and possess knowledge of ethical practices and fiduciary obligations understanding series 63as of dec 2018 the north american... | |
what is the series 65 exam | designed by the north american securities administrators association nasaa and administered by the financial industry regulatory authority finra the series 65 is an exam and securities license required for individuals to act as investment advisers in the us the series 65 exam known formally as the uniform investment ad... | |
does the series 65 license expire | no the series 65 license does not expire as long as you are actively working in the financial services industry if you leave the industry for more than two years your new employer may require you to pass the series 65 exam again | |
do i need a sponsor to take the series 65 | no to sit for the series 65 exam a candidate does not require sponsorship by a member firm | |
how much does the series 65 exam cost | the cost of taking the series 65 exam is 187 you ll need a passing score of 70 but if you fail you can pay the exam fee again and retake the test after 30 days 15can i become an iar without taking the series 65 yes but you will instead need to take the series 7 and series 66 exams | |
is the series 65 a hard exam | the nasaa does not release official pass rates however test preparation programs estimate that the pass rate is around 65 to 70 of test takers 6the bottom linethe series 65 officially known as the uniform investment adviser law exam is designed to test an individual s knowledge and ability to advise clients in the area... | |
what is series 66 | series 66 the nasaa uniform combined state law examination is an exam and license that is meant to qualify individuals as investment advisor representatives iars or securities agents the series 66 covers topics relevant to providing investment advice and effecting securities transactions for clients once licensed iars ... | |
what does the series 66 allow you to do | passing the series 66 exam licenses financial professionals to carry out work as an investment advisor representative iar or securities agent with state level authority with the series 66 license financial professionals can legally act in the capacity of investment advisors or wealth asset managers | |
is the series 65 harder than the series 66 | the series 65 is another iar licensing credential offered by the north american securities administrators association nasaa the series 66 exam is relatively new it was created by nasaa in response to requests from broker dealers and other financial services firms it is essentially a combination of series 63 and series ... | |
how difficult is the series 66 exam | the series 66 is difficult since it covers a wide breadth of detailed material the official pass rates for the series 66 exam are not officially published however test prep programs estimate the pass rate to be around 65 to 70 of test takers 5 if you fail the exam you must wait at least 30 days before attempting it aga... | |
how much does the series 66 cost | taking the series 66 exam costs 177 as of 2022 6 if you work for a financial firm they may cover the exam cost on your behalf the bottom linethose who want to become professional investment advisors or money managers need to pass both the finra series 7 and nasaa series 66 exams although you can also take both the seri... | |
what is series b financing | series b financing is the second round of funding for a business through investment including private equity investors and venture capitalists successive rounds of financing a business are consecutively termed series a series b and series c financing the series b round generally takes place when the company has accompl... | |
how series b financing works | in a series b financing round companies have advanced their business resulting in a higher valuation by this time companies can seek various ways to raise funds in a series b financing round series b investors usually pay a higher share price for investing in the company than the earlier investors through the series a ... | |
when does a series b financing round happen | for the average company it takes from 10 to 18 months to get from the series a round to the series b round according to data from arc ventures however only 66 of companies that complete a series a round will make it to series b the rest either fail or do not raise further capital 5 | |
how much equity does a typical company offer during series b financing | during the series b and c rounds most companies sell about 15 of their total equity according to figures from equidam 6 | |
how much do most companies raise in series b | in 2021 the average series b financing round raised 45 million in the united states according to data from crunchbase that s up nearly 50 from the prior year 7the bottom lineseries b financing is the third round of equity financing for new companies most startups are already well established by the time they look for s... | |
what is a series ee bond | the series ee bond often referred to as a patriot bond is a non marketable interest bearing u s government savings bond these bonds are guaranteed to at least double in value over the typical 20 year initial term some series ee bonds have total interest paying lives that extend beyond the original maturity date up to 3... | |
how a series ee bond works | along with the series i bond the series ee bond is one of the two types of savings bonds issued by the us treasury series ee bonds cannot be bought or sold in the open market and are hence classified as non marketable securities series ee bonds issued after may 2005 are assigned semi annual fixed coupon rates on may 1 ... | |
what is a service charge | a service charge is a fee collected to pay for services related to the primary product or service being purchased the charge is usually added at the time of the transaction many industries collect service charges including restaurants banking and travel and tourism when collected these charges may cover services render... | |
what is the service sector | the service sector produces intangible goods more precisely services instead of goods and according to the u s census bureau it comprises various service industries including warehousing and transportation services information services securities and other investment services professional services waste management heal... | |
what is severance pay | severance pay is the compensation and or benefits an employer provides to an employee after employment is over severance packages may include extended benefits such as health insurance and outplacement assistance to help an employee secure a new position employers offer packages to employees who are laid off whose jobs... | |
why offer severance pay | businesses are not required to pay severance although most offer packages on a case by case basis and as dictated by employment contracts when businesses fail to offer severance packages it can upset staff and create negative public relations the main goals are to soften the impact of an abrupt termination as well as t... | |
do businesses have to offer severance pay | according to the u s department of labor no law requires employers to provide severance pay however if an employee s contract stipulates that they receive severance pay upon dismissal or if the employee handbook promises severance pay the company is legally obligated to follow through with those pledges additionally if... | |
what is severance pay taxed at | severance pay is taxed at the same tax bracket as when you were fully employed and earning the same salary this is the case if the severance payment is equal to what your salary was if it is less then you will be taxed at the appropriate tax bracket the bottom lineseverance pay is offered to employees of a company who ... | |
what is the shadow banking system | the shadow banking system describes financial intermediaries that participate in creating credit but are not subject to regulatory oversight banks play a key role in the economy underpinning the credit system by taking money from depositors and creating new credit to make loans banks usually have to operate with plenty... | |
what are examples of shadow banks | plenty of well known companies are counted as shadow banks these include | |
what are the benefits of shadow banking | its supporters argue that an advantage of shadow banking is that it reduces the dependency on traditional banks as a source of credit this is a positive benefit for the economy because it acts as an additional source of lending and provides diversification in the financial system | |
should shadow banks be regulated | many institutions including the european commission argue that they should they argue that the shadow banking sector requires regulation because of its size its close links to the regulated financial sector and the systemic risks that it poses there is also a need they claim to prevent the shadow banking system from be... | |
what is shadow pricing | the term shadow pricing is used to refer to either one of two things the latter instance is more common and involves a shadow price that is assigned to goods that are not generally bought and sold as separate assets in a marketplace such as production costs or intangible assets | |
how shadow pricing works | shadow pricing as it relates to money market funds refers to the practice of accounting the price of securities based on amortized costs rather than on their assigned market value money market fund shares are always assigned a nominal net asset value nav of 1 even though the actual nav falls slightly above or below thi... | |
when is shadow pricing used | shadow pricing is an incredibly useful tool when evaluating a project even though shadow pricing only provides a rough estimate it helps management assess the value of certain operations and attempts to place a monetary value on the different tasks associated with the project furthermore when a company wants to run a c... | |
when faced with a tough business decision using a cost benefit analysis that employs shadow pricing to determine the monetary value of production costs and intangible assets should give you a clearer picture of which course of action will make the most financial sense | shadow pricing quantifies production actions and abstract commodities that aren t normally assigned a numerical value one common example of an abstract commodity is a public park shadow pricing assigns a monetary value to the benefit of a park in order to decide how or if to pursue the project | |
what is a share certificate | a share certificate is a written document signed on behalf of a corporation that serves as legal proof of ownership of the indicated number of shares it is also referred to as a stock certificate understanding share certificates | |
when companies issue shares in the market shareholders who buy in are issued a share certificate the share certificate basically acts as a receipt for the purchase and ownership of shares in the company the document certifies registered ownership of shares from a particular date | key information on a share certificate includes in the u k the companies act 2006 directs that a company must issue a share certificate when any shares are allotted issued the company must issue a share certificate within two months of the issue or transfer of any shares companies may issue just one certificate for all... | |
what are share certificates faqs | never just throw away your old share certificates they can still be worth something here are a few steps you can do to help determine their value even without the physical share certificate you are still the rightful owner of the stock and have a claim to all of the rights of being a shareholder if your share certifica... | |
what is a share class | a share class is a designation applied to a specified type of security such as common stock or mutual fund unit companies that have more than one class of common stock usually identify a given class with alphabetic markers such as class a shares and class b shares these carry different rights and privileges mutual fund... | |
what is share of wallet sow | share of wallet sow is the dollar amount an average customer regularly devotes to a particular brand rather than to competing brands in the same product category companies try to maximize an existing customer s share of wallet by introducing multiple products and services to generate as much revenue as possible from ea... | |
what is a share repurchase | a share repurchase is a transaction whereby a company buys back its own shares from the marketplace a company might buy back its shares because management considers them undervalued the company buys shares directly from the market or offers its shareholders the option of tendering their shares directly to the company a... | |
how share repurchases work | share repurchases take place when companies decide to buy back their stock companies that repurchase their stock from the open market or directly from investors also known as a share buyback it is commonly done to achieve 1because a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding it increases earnings per sha... | |
is there a tax on stock buybacks | the inflation reduction act ira of 2022 introduced a 1 excise tax on share repurchases of over 1 million of any us corporation trading on an established exchange the tax applies if more than 1 million of stock is purchased over the course of the tax year 3 | |
which us corporation had the largest buyback of 2022 | apple aapl at 83 9 billion in stock buybacks in 2023 6 | |
do i have to sell my shares during a buyback | no you are not required to sell your share back to the company the bottom linecorporations often buyback their shares there are many reasons they will do this there is debate about whether stock buybacks are the best use of a corporations excess capital like most other practices there are pros and cons as this article ... | |
what is a shareholder | a shareholder is a person company or institution that owns at least one share of a company s stock or a share of a mutual fund shareholders essentially own the company which comes with the right to share in the profits if a company is successful shareholders benefit from increased stock valuations or profits distribute... | |
what are the main types of shareholders | a majority shareholder owns and controls more than 50 of a company s outstanding shares this type of shareholder is often company founders or their descendants minority shareholders hold less than 50 of a company s stock even as little as one share | |
what are some key shareholder rights | shareholders have the right to inspect the company s books and records the power to sue the corporation for the misdeeds of its directors and or officers and the right to vote on critical corporate matters such as naming board directors in addition they have the right to decide whether or not to green light potential m... | |
what is the difference between preferred and common shareholders | the main difference between preferred and common shareholders is that the former typically has no voting rights while the latter does however preferred shareholders have a priority claim to income meaning that they are paid dividends before common shareholders common shareholders are last in line regarding company asse... | |
what is a shareholder activist | a shareholder activist is a person who attempts to use their rights as a shareholder of a publicly traded corporation to bring about change within or for the corporation understanding a shareholder activistshareholder activism is a way that shareholders can influence a corporation s behavior by exercising their rights ... | |
what is shareholder equity se | shareholder equity se is a company s net worth and it is equal to the total dollar amount that would be returned to the shareholders if the company must be liquidated and all its debts are paid off thus shareholder equity is equal to a company s total assets minus its total liabilities se is a number that stock investo... | |
what can shareholder equity tell you | savvy investors look beyond today s market prices when they consider buying or selling stock shareholder equity helps them determine the real return that a company is generating for its investors versus the total amount that those investors have paid for its stock for example a ratio like return on equity roe which is ... | |
what are the components of shareholder equity | aside from stock common preferred and treasury components the se statement includes retained earnings unrealized gains and losses and contributed additional paid up capital the retained earnings portion reflects the percentage of net earnings that were not paid to shareholders as dividends and should not be confused wi... | |
how is shareholder equity calculated | shareholder equity is the difference between a firm s total assets and total liabilities this equation is known as a balance sheet equation because all of the relevant information can be gleaned from the balance sheet take the equity at the onset of the accounting period add or subtract any equity infusions such as add... | |
what is the shareholder equity ratio | the shareholder equity ratio indicates how much of a company s assets have been generated by issuing equity shares rather than by taking on debt the lower the ratio result the more debt a company has used to pay for its assets it also shows how much shareholders might receive in the event that the company is forced int... | |
what does the shareholder equity ratio tell you | if a company sold all of its assets for cash and paid off all of its liabilities any remaining cash equals the firm s equity a company s shareholders equity is the sum of its common stock value additional paid in capital and retained earnings the sum of these parts is considered to be the true value of a business | |
when a company s shareholder equity ratio approaches 100 it means that the company has financed almost all of its assets with equity capital instead of taking on debt equity capital however has some drawbacks in comparison with debt financing it tends to be more expensive than debt and it requires some dilution of owne... | the shareholder equity ratio is most meaningful in comparison with the company s peers or competitors in the same sector each industry has its own standard or normal level of shareholders equity to assets example of the shareholder equity ratiosay that you re considering investing in abc widgets inc and want to underst... | |
when a company liquidates | if a business chooses to liquidate all of the company assets are sold and its creditors and shareholders have claims on its assets secured creditors have the first priority because their debts were collateralized with assets that can now be sold in order to repay them other creditors including suppliers bondholders and... | |
what is shareholder value | shareholder value is the value delivered to the equity owners of a corporation thanks to management s ability to increase sales earnings and free cash flow which leads to an increase in dividends and capital gains for shareholders a company s shareholder value depends on strategic decisions that its board of directors ... | |
how asset use drives value | companies raise capital to buy assets and use those assets to generate sales or invest in new projects while expecting a positive return a well managed company maximizes the use of its assets so that the firm can operate with a smaller investment in assets assume for example that a plumbing company uses a truck and equ... |
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