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what is an offering memorandum
an offering memorandum is a legal document that states the objectives risks and terms of an investment involved with a private placement this document includes items such as a company s financial statements management biographies a detailed description of the business operations and more an offering memorandum serves t...
what is an offering price
an offering price generally is the price at which something is offered for sale in finance and investments the offering price most often refers to the per share value at which publicly issued securities are made available for purchase by the investment bank during an initial public offering ipo underwriters analyze num...
what is the office of foreign assets control ofac
the office of foreign assets control ofac is a department of the u s treasury that is charged with enforcing economic and trade sanctions imposed by the u s against countries and groups of individuals 1sanctions have been imposed on those involved in foreign aggression terrorist activities and narcotics sales among oth...
how ofac works
ofac enforces sanctions that were imposed by the u s government based on its foreign policy and national security objectives according to this federal agency those policies are aimed at foreign nations terrorists and narcotics traffickers who pose a threat to the national security or economy of the u s this includes en...
what is the office of the comptroller of the currency
the office of the comptroller of the currency occ is a federal agency that oversees the execution of laws relating to national banks specifically it charters regulates and supervises national banks federally chartered savings associations and federal branches and agencies of foreign banks in the u s the comptroller of ...
how the office of the comptroller of the currency occ works
founded through the national currency act of 1863 the occ monitors banks to guarantee they operate safely and meet all requirements the occ oversees several areas including capital asset quality management earnings liquidity sensitivity to market risk information technology compliance and community reinvestment the occ...
what is the office of the superintendent of financial institutions osfi
the office of the superintendent of financial institutions osfi is an independent agency of the government of canada that is responsible for the supervision and regulation of banks insurance companies and trust and loan companies the agency also regulates private pension plans which are subject to federal oversight 1th...
definition of the office of thrift supervision ots
the office of thrift supervision was a bureau of the u s treasury department that was responsible for issuing and enforcing regulations governing the nation s savings and loan industry in 2011 the ots was merged with other agencies including the office of the comptroller of the currency the federal deposit insurance co...
how the ots worked
the office of thrift supervision ots the successor to the federal home loan bank board was established by congress in 1989 as the primary federal regulator of all federal and state chartered savings institutions across the nation that belong to the savings association insurance fund saif 2 ots issued federal charters f...
what is an official settlement account
an official settlement account osa is a special type of account used in international balance of payments bop accounting to keep track of central banks reserve asset transactions with one other the official settlement account keeps track of transactions involving gold foreign exchange reserves bank deposits and special...
what types of transactions are recorded in an official settlement account
osas record a wide range of international transactions including imports and exports foreign debt payments foreign exchange market interventions and investments in foreign assets note that any given osa may include any single specific type of transaction above can a country have multiple official settlement accounts in...
what is the relationship between the official settlement account and a country s exchange rate policy
osas play a key role in implementing a country s exchange rate policy if the national currency is depreciating the central bank can use foreign currency reserves to purchase its own currency which increases demand and can help strengthen the exchange rate conversely if the currency is appreciating too much and impactin...
what is an official strike
an official strike is a work stoppage by union members that is endorsed by the union and that follows the legal requirements for striking such as being voted on by a majority of union members workers engaging in official strikes have better protections against being fired as opposed to an unofficial strike an official ...
what is an offline debit card
an offline debit card is a type of automated payment card similar to a traditional online debit card that allows a cardholder to pay for goods and services directly from their bank account as it is not online there is a delay before the incurred cost is debited from the account and it does not require a pin for use it ...
how an offline debit card works
offline debit cards work in a similar way as traditional debit cards but can also be compared to the process of writing a check an offline debit card transaction creates a debit against the cardholder s bank account with delayed processing and only requires a signature rather than a pin number offline debit cards are i...
what is an offset
an offset is a financial market strategy that requires a trader to take an opening position and then take a directly opposite position for example if you are long 100 shares of xyz selling 100 shares of xyz would be the offsetting position an offsetting position can also be generated through hedging instruments such as...
how an offset works
offsetting is used in several types of businesses its effect is to remove or limit liabilities businesses may offset losses in one business division by reallocating gains from another this allows the profitability of one activity to support the other activity for example a business that is successful in the smartphone ...
why would i take an offset position
one definition of the word offset is something that serves to counterbalance or to compensate for something else in all of the businesses in which offsets are used they are employed to eliminate a loss or some other downside risk inherent in a previous decision 1
what does it mean to offset a payment
an offset in a payment is a reduction in the total amount owed it occurs when one party successfully argues that the amount due should be reduced due to some compensation owed to the payer
what is a tax refund offset
if your tax refund is offset the federal government has seized a portion of your refund to put towards a state or federal debt you owe unpaid child support is an example 2the bottom lineif the initial investment was a purchase a sale in the same amount is made to neutralize the position to offset an initial sale a purc...
what is an offset mortgage
an offset mortgage is a type of home loan that involves blending a traditional mortgage with one or more deposit accounts held by the same financial institution the savings balance maintained in the deposit account may then be used to offset the mortgage balance lowering interest payments due 1offset mortgages are stan...
what is an offsetting transaction
an offsetting transaction cancels out the effects of another transaction offsetting transactions can occur in any market but typically offsetting transactions refer to the options futures and exotic instrument markets an offsetting transaction can mean closing a transaction or taking another position in the opposite di...
what is offshore
the term offshore refers to a location outside of one s home country the term is commonly used in the banking and financial sectors to describe areas where regulations are different from the home country offshore locations are generally island nations where entities set up corporations investments and deposits companie...
what does it mean to work offshore
working offshore means that you have a job outside your home country you may get paid in the local currency and are usually subject to local labor laws for instance you are considered to be working offshore if your company opens an office in another country and moves you to that location
what is onshore and offshore
onshore means that business activity whether that s running a company or holding assets and investments takes place in your home country going offshore on the other hand means these activities take place in another country location or jurisdiction
are offshore accounts legal
offshore accounts are perfectly legal as long as they are not used for illicit purposes but keep in mind though that hiding your offshore assets is illegal this means you must report any and all offshore accounts you hold to your country s taxing authority
what is meant by offshore banking
offshore banking describes a relationship that a company or individual has with a financial institution outside the country of their residence this requires opening a bank account and making deposits withdrawals and transfers from that account the exact same way you would with a bank account at home
what is offshore trading
offshore trading involves opening and maintaining a brokerage or trading account with an offshore investment firm these accounts are generally opened in the name of a holding company rather than an individual trading this way provides investors with favorable tax treatment which puts more money back into their pockets ...
what is an offshore banking unit obu
an offshore banking unit obu is a bank shell branch located in another international financial center for instance an offshore banking unit could be a london based bank with a branch located in delhi offshore banking units make loans in the eurocurrency market when they accept deposits from foreign banks and other obus...
how offshore banking units work
there are several steps for a client to get involved in depositing and transacting with an offshore banking unit broadly speaking the offshore banking unit process starts based on an investor s specific needs investors choose an offshore jurisdiction based on factors such as its legal framework tax advantages political...
how do offshore banking units ensure privacy and confidentiality
offshore banking units ensure privacy and confidentiality through strict regulations and robust legal frameworks offshore jurisdictions often have stringent penalties for breaching confidentiality discouraging unauthorized disclosures however it s essential to note that privacy should not be confused with secrecy as of...
what types of banking services are offered by offshore banking units
offshore banking units offer a range of banking services similar to those provided by traditional banks these services include deposit accounts international wire transfers foreign currency exchange investment products loans credit cards and wealth management services additionally offshore banking units may assist with...
what are the risks and challenges associated with offshore banking units
offshore banking units come with certain risks and challenges these include potential reputational risks associated with using offshore jurisdictions increased scrutiny from regulatory authorities and compliance risks investors should be aware of the legal regulatory and reputational risks associated with offshore bank...
an offshore mutual fund is an investment vehicle based in an offshore location outside the jurisdiction of the united states often used as a tax haven
understanding offshore mutual fundsoffshore mutual funds are domiciled internationally they may provide investment exposure to international markets they are known to offer some cost benefits such as lower taxes as well internationally domiciled funds are obligated to follow the laws and regulations of the country wher...
what was the offshore portfolio investment strategy opis
the offshore portfolio investment strategy opis was an abusive tax avoidance scheme sold by kpmg one of the big four accounting firms between 1997 to 2001 this was a time when fraudulent tax shelters had proliferated across the global financial services industry opis was one of many tax avoidance products offered by ac...
what is an offtake agreement
the term offtake agreement refers to an arrangement between a producer and buyer to purchase or sell portions of the producer s upcoming goods offtake agreements often help selling companies acquire project financing for future construction expansion projects or new equipment through the promise of future income and pr...
what is a supply chain
the term supply chain refers to a network of entities involved in the creation and delivery of a product or service this chain begins with those who produce and supply raw materials to producers and ends with the entities who deliver goods to the end user or consumer the supply chain includes producers suppliers and re...
what is a force majeure clause
a force majeure clause is a provision included in many contracts that absolves one or more parties of their liability in the event of an unforeseen circumstance these acts which are commonly referred to as acts of god including natural disasters earthquakes floods hurricanes and wildfires conflicts war and terrorist at...
what is an ohlc chart
an ohlc chart is a type of bar chart that shows open high low and closing prices for each period ohlc charts are useful since they show the four major data points over a period with the closing price being considered the most important by many traders 1the chart type is useful because it can show increasing or decreasi...
when the price rises over a period the right line will be above the left since the close is above the open often times these bars are colored either black or green if the price falls during a period the right line will be below the left since the close is below the open these bars are typically colored red 2
ohlc charts can be applied to any time frame 3 if applied to a 5 minute chart it will show the open high low and close price for each 5 minute period if applied to a daily chart it will show the open high low and close price for each day ohlc charts show more information than line charts which only show closing prices ...
what is an oil etf
an oil etf is an exchange traded fund etf which invests in companies engaged in the oil and gas industry companies featured in the etf basket include discovery production distribution and retail businesses as well as the commodity itself some oil etfs may be commodity pools with limited partnership interests instead of...
what are the biggest oil etfs
united states oil fund lp uso is the largest oil etf with 1 6 billion in assets under management according to etf database the next biggest proshares ultra bloomberg crude oil etf uco with 675 million under management 10
what are the top performing etfs
in 2023 the top performing oil etf was the brent oil fund lp bno however the united states oil fund uso had the lowest fees and the highest liquidity
how do i invest in oil etfs
the easiest way to invest in an oil etf is through a brokerage like fidelity or td ameritrade search for the ticker symbol of the etf you want or use the brokerage s screener to search for oil etfs the bottom lineoil etfs are exchange traded investments that a basket of oil related instruments such as securities in oil...
what is an oil field
an oil field is a tract of land used for the purpose of extracting petroleum such as natural gas or crude oil from the ground although some contest the exact origins of oil most consider petroleum to be a fossil fuel created from dead organic material often found in ancient seabeds thousands of meters below the surface...
what does oil initially in place mean
oil initially in place oiip is the amount of crude oil first estimated to be in a reservoir oil initially in place differs from oil reserves as oiip refers to the total amount of oil that is potentially in a reservoir and not the amount of oil that can be recovered calculating oiip requires engineers to determine how p...
what is the oil pollution act of 1990
the u s congress enacted the oil pollution act of 1990 opa to streamline and strengthen the environmental protection agency s epa power to prevent oil spills it was passed as an amendment to the clean water act of 1972 following the exxon valdez oil spill of 1989 the oil pollution act of 1990 is one of the most wide re...
what is the oil price to natural gas ratio
as its name suggests the oil price to natural gas ratio is a ratio in which the price of oil is the numerator and the price of natural gas is the denominator the purpose of the oil price to natural gas ratio is to capture the relative valuation of these two important energy commodities it is widely used by commodities ...
what is an oil refinery
an oil refinery is an industrial plant that transforms or refines crude oil into various usable petroleum products such as diesel gasoline and heating oils like kerosene oil refineries essentially serve as the second stage in the crude oil production process following the actual extraction of crude oil up stream and re...
how many oil refineries are there in the united states
as of jan 1 2021 there were 129 operable petroleum refineries in the united states 3 the last refinery to enter operation was in 2019 in texas
how much crude oil does it take to make a gallon of gasoline
one barrel of oil 42 gallons produces 19 to 20 gallons of gasoline and 11 to 12 gallons of diesel fuel 4
what is the crack spread
in commodities trading the crack spread is the differences in price between a barrel of unrefined crude oil and the refined products such as gasoline that are derived from it traders look to changes in the crack spread as a market signal for price movements in oil and refined products
what are oil reserves
oil reserves are an estimate of the amount of crude oil located in a particular economic region with the potential of being extracted reserves are calculated based on a proven probable basis and oil pools situated in unattainable depths are not considered part of a nation s reserves 1understanding oil reservesin its 20...
what are the components of an oil reserve
petroleum reserves and resources are hydrocarbon deposits predominantly occurring in subsurface geologic formations reserves can be reported in the context of a reservoir field petroleum basin or country as a whole 12
why are oil reserves important to the united states
the strategic petroleum reserve spr is an emergency supply of crude oil that can be used to offset a severe oil supply shortage the spr was created to provide the united states with crude oil in the event of a severe oil supply or economic disruption only the president of the united states can give permission to use it...
what are oil sands
oil sands or tar sands are sand and rock material that contain crude bitumen a dense viscous form of crude oil bitumen is too thick to flow on its own so extraction methods are necessary bitumen is extracted and processed using two methods mining and in situ recovery oil sands are found primarily in the athabasca cold ...
what is okun s law
okun s law is an empirically observed relationship between unemployment and losses in a country s production it predicts that a 1 increase in unemployment will usually be associated with a 2 drop in gross domestic product gdp
when economists are studying the economy they tend to hone in on two factors output and jobs because there is a relationship between these two elements of an economy many economists study the relationship between output or more specifically gross domestic product and unemployment levels
okun s law looks at the statistical relationship between gdp and unemployment okun s law can also be used to estimate gross national product gnp
what is the old age survivors and disability insurance oasdi program
the old age survivors and disability insurance oasdi program is the official name for social security in the united states the federal oasdi tax noted on your paycheck funds this program that provides benefits to retired adults and people with disabilities and to their spouses dependents and survivors the goal of the p...
is oasdi tax mandatory
yes federal law requires that workers and employers contribute to the oasdi fund through social security taxation on income of up to 160 200 for 2023 and 168 600 in 2024 19at what age are social security payments no longer taxed a portion of your social security benefits is taxable regardless of your age unless your in...
how can i avoid paying oasdi tax
there are very rare exceptions and exemptions to oasdi taxes including clergy of certain religious groups and some types of nonresident aliens note however that these individuals are also ineligible to receive social security payments 2223the bottom linethe oasdi program is the federal benefits program better known as ...
what is old economy
old economy is a term used to describe the blue chip sector that enjoyed substantial growth during the early parts of the last century as industrialization expanded around the world these sectors do not rely heavily on technology or technological advancement but use processes that have been around for hundreds of years...
what is the old lady
the old lady is an eighteenth century nickname for the bank of england it is a short version of the old lady of threadneedle street a reference to the bank s address in the middle of london understanding the old ladythe old lady as a nickname for the bank of england originates in a james gillray political cartoon from ...
what is an oligopoly
an oligopoly is a type of market structure in which a small number of firms control the market where oligopolies exists producers can indirectly or directly restrict output or prices to achieve higher returns a key characteristic of an oligopoly is that no one firm can keep the others from having significant influence ...
what are some negative effects of an oligopoly
an oligopoly is when a few companies exert significant control over a given market together these companies may control prices by colluding with each other ultimately providing uncompetitive prices in the market among other detrimental effects of an oligopoly include limiting new entrants in the market and decreased in...
what is an example of a current oligopoly
one measure that shows if an oligopoly is present is the concentration ratio which calculates the size of companies in comparison to their industry instances where a high concentration ratio is present include mass media in the u s for example the sector is dominated by just five companies nbc universal walt disney tim...
is the u s airline industry an oligopoly
with just four companies controlling nearly two thirds of all domestic flights in the u s as of 2021 it has been purported that the airline industry is an oligopoly these four companies are delta airlines united airlines holdings southwest airlines and american airlines according to a report compiled by the white house...
oligopsony an overview
an oligopsony is a market for a product or service which is dominated by a few large buyers the concentration of demand in just a few parties gives each substantial power over the sellers and can effectively keep prices down the opposite effect can be seen in an oligopoly it is a market that is dominated by a few selle...
what is an ombudsman
an ombudsman is an official usually appointed by the government who investigates complaints usually lodged by private citizens against businesses financial institutions universities government departments or other public entities and attempts to resolve the conflicts or concerns raised either by mediation or by making ...
how an ombudsman works
an ombudsman typically has a broad mandate that allows them to address overarching concerns in the public and sometimes the private sector that said sometimes an ombudsman s mandate extends over only a specific sector of society for example a children s ombudsman may be tasked with protecting the rights of the young pe...
where corruption is present ombudsmen can investigate expose and help correct illegal behaviors ombudsmen help prevent governments from abusing their power such as imposing unfair laws and exerting controls over their citizens without constraints they also help restore confidence in the system and its ability to fairly...
in addition to investigating and providing resolutions ombudsmen serve as a source of information about policies and procedures serving as an unbiased party they are able to promote communication between parties and clarify issues that stifle progress on the other hand an ombudsman offers no benefit when their work pro...
what is the role of an ombudsman
an ombudsman is someone appointed to investigate complaints against an institution and seek resolutions to those complaints some have full authority to investigate and resolve issues and some have limited capacity to only investigate and provide suggested resolutions to a governing authority or the institution subject ...
which type of ombudsman do i need
if seeking the services of an ombudsman the type you need is dependent on the nature of your grievance and the institution which has aggrieved you if the complainee is a member of an organization seek an ombudsman dedicated to resolving issues for that organization and likewise for other entities if in the uk ireland o...
how long does an ombudsman investigation take
investigations conducted by ombudsmen vary the length is determined by the type and complexity of the complaint available resources to resolve the complaint as well as other factors if simple it could be six to eight weeks 5
what powers does an ombudsman have
an ombudsman has the power to investigate and file complaints against otherwise influential organizations or high ranking officials they often have the power to request key documents interview individuals and order a legal investigation if necessary if agreed to ombudsmen rulings are legally binding the bottom linean o...
what is omega
omega is a measure of options pricing similar to the option greeks that measure various characteristics of the option itself omega measures the percentage change in an option s value with respect to the percentage change in the underlying price in this way it measures the leverage of an options position understanding o...
what is an omnibus account
an omnibus account allows for managed trades of more than one person and allows for anonymity of the persons in the account omnibus accounts are used by futures commission merchants transactions within the account are carried out in the name of the broker protecting the individual identities of the two or more people i...
what is the omani rial
the currency of oman the omani rial is broken into smaller units called baisa and is found in both coin and banknote form it is managed by the central bank of oman 1understanding the omani rial omr the omani rial was created during the early 1970s as a replacement to the indian rupee and maria teresa thaler 2 it was pa...
what is on account
on account is an accounting term that denotes partial payment of an amount owed on account is also used to denote the purchase sale of goods or services on credit on account can also be referred to as on credit
how on account works
on account can refer to purchases on account but there are also other ways to use this notation
when a customer or business makes a purchase on credit a general ledger account known as accounts payable is created or the current one is increased accounts payable refers to the short term debt that a company owes another entity during conducting business operations as the company purchases more goods on credit this ...
any purchases made with credit can be referred to as purchased on account a business that owes another entity for goods or services rendered will record the total amount as a credit entry to increase accounts payable the outstanding balance remains until cash is paid in full to the entity owed
when payment is made against an account such that the entry in the accounts payable of a company s books is no longer outstanding it is referred to as paid on account payments made on account decrease accounts payable as a debit entry to the account most lenders will accept payments on account
for example if a business purchases 5 000 worth of merchandise on account this refers to the purchase of the goods on credit and deferral of payment the business will have an increase in its accounts payable of 5 000 this means that the business will owe 5 000 for the purchase of the merchandise since they have not ren...
what is on balance volume obv
on balance volume obv is a technical trading momentum indicator that uses volume flow to predict changes in stock price joseph granville first developed the obv metric in the 1963 book granville s new key to stock market profits 1granville believed that volume was the key force behind markets and designed obv to projec...
what is on chain governance
on chain governance is a system for managing and implementing changes to cryptocurrency blockchains in this type of governance voting systems for instituting changes are programmed into the blockchain developers propose changes and each stakeholder votes on whether to accept or reject the proposed change blockchain sta...
what is on chain governance
on chain governance is a blockchain voting system that grants stakeholders the ability and right to vote on and affect the outcomes of decisions about a blockchain s future
does ethereum have on chain governance
the main ethereum blockchain does not use on chain governance but there are governance tokens created using the ethereum blockchain for other projects
what is the difference between on chain and off chain governance
on chain governance gives token holders the decentralized right to vote on and implement changes in a blockchain off chain governance refers to changes proposed and implemented by a select group of individuals centralized the bottom lineon chain governance blockchains use systems that let token holders or others with r...
what are on the run treasuries
on the run treasuries are the most recently issued u s treasury bonds or notes of a particular maturity on the run treasuries are the opposite of off the run treasuries which refer to treasury securities that have been issued before the most recent issue and are still outstanding media mentions about treasury yields an...
how on the run treasuries work
the on the run bond or note is the most frequently traded treasury security of its maturity because on the run issues are the most liquid they typically trade at a slight premium and thus yield a little less than their off the run counterparts some traders successfully exploit this price differential through an arbitra...
what is on the run treasury yield curve
the on the run treasury yield curve graphically shows the current yields versus maturities of the most recently sold u s treasury securities and is the primary benchmark used in pricing fixed income securities understanding on the run treasury yield curvesimply put the on the run treasury yield curve is the u s treasur...
what is an on us item
an on us item is a check or draft that is presented to the bank where the check writer has the funds on deposit as opposed to the depositor s bank although in some cases both check writer and depositor may happen to use the same bank the check can then be cashed or deposited into another account of course the drawing a...
what is a bank holding company
a bank holding company is a corporation that owns a controlling interest in one or more banks but does not itself offer banking services holding companies do not run the day to day operations of the banks they own however they exercise control over management and company policies they can hire and fire managers set and...
what is one belt one road obor
one belt one road obor the brainchild of chinese president xi jinping is an ambitious economic development and commercial project that focuses on improving connectivity and cooperation among multiple countries spread across the continents of asia africa and europe dubbed as the project of the century by the chinese aut...
how one belt one road works
initially announced in the year 2013 with the purpose of restoring the ancient silk route that connected asia and europe the project s scope has been expanded over the years to include new territories and development initiatives also called the belt and road initiative bri the project involves building a big network of...
a one cancels the other oco order is a pair of conditional orders stipulating that if one order executes then the other order is automatically canceled an oco order often combines a stop order with a limit order on an automated trading platform when either the stop or limit price is reached and the order is executed th...
oco orders may contrast with order sends order oso conditions that trigger rather than cancel a second order basics of a one cancels the other ordertraders can use oco orders to trade retracements and breakouts if a trader wanted to trade a break above resistance or below support they could place an oco order that uses...
the chinese government implemented the one child policy mandating that the vast majority of couples in the country could only have one child the phrase one child policy used often outside china can be a bit misleading the one child rule didn t apply to all exceptions were frequently made and local officials had discret...
understanding china s one child policythe one child policy refers to a set of laws implemented beginning in 1979 in response to explosive population growth that government officials feared would lead to a demographic disaster china has a long history of encouraging birth control and family planning in the 1950s when po...
does china still have the one child policy
no china reverted to a two child policy after its one child policy ended in 2015 and the restrictions were gradually loosened before its official end 3did china s one child policy increase its economic growth there s a chicken or egg quality to any answer china s one child policy by initially reducing population growth...
is china encouraging the birthrate today
yes china has implemented or increased parental tax deductions family leave housing subsidies for families and spending on reproductive health and child care services to increase the national birthrate since ending the one child policy formally in 2015 the chinese government also promotes flexible work hours and work f...
what happened if you broke the one child policy
violators of china s one child policy could be fined forced to have abortions or sterilizations or lose their jobs 5the bottom linechina s one child policy a phrase used for a set of laws related to population growth implemented starting in 1979 represented one of the more draconian modern attempts to intervene in a co...
what is the one percent rule
the one percent rule sometimes stylized as the 1 rule is used to determine if the monthly rent earned from a piece of investment property will exceed that property s monthly mortgage payment the goal of the rule is to ensure that the rent will be greater than or at worst equal to the mortgage payment so the investor at...