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if full long smooth diaphragmatic belly breathing does not resume then your muscles wont
let it go and your mind will continue to relive the tribulation What traumatic episodes are
you prolonging
A Heightened Stress System
As discussed in Chapters and sustained stress changes the bodys life strategy It convinces
the body that the environment it was born into is particularly lifethreatening Scientists refer
to such environments as high in extrinsic mortality This kind of environment communicates
to the organism on a cellular level that the probability of it being able to live a long and happy
life is low The genes then reprogram the body to deal with a short and grisly one This changes
your mortal shell from a slowburning candle into a firecracker Your body expends all its energy
upfront because it doesnt expect to live for long This happens at the expense of longterm
energetic investments such as healing the immune system learning reproductive functioning
affiliation and investing time and energy in offspringt For example chronic anxiety inhibits
your bodys ability to protect itself from oxidation which is a process that acts on your cells in
the same way that rust acts on metal It also contributes to aging by keeping the body from
repairing its telomeres the protective caps at the end of your chromosomes reducing the
number of times your cells can divide
As you know when stress goes on for too long it results in a chronically heightened fear
and startle response The brain is retuned to enhance performance during lifethreatening
situations and facilitate cautiousness and hypervigilance traits that would have been highly
adaptive during extended periods of dire stress in prehistoric environments These changes
cause the stress response to become more pronounced and more easily triggered The brain
center that triggers stress the amygdala has its own innate response pattern to chronic stress
Lets learn more about this almondsized nucleus that acts as yet another biological repository
of trauma
The Amygdala Recognizes Threats
As we learned in Chapter threats are recognized by the amygdala This unconscious
subcortical area becomes active once it perceives a stimulus or a group of stimuli together as
dangerous The amygdala responds quickly and automatically to the inputs it receives from the
eyes ears and other sense organs If the threat is sufficient it broadcasts the fear signal to the
rest of the brain It can do this unconsciously a glimpse of a looming object or visually the
view of a bus barreling toward you The recognition of an abstract stressor knowledge that
Chapter The Amygdala Cortisol and Chronic Stress
you missed your bus involves the prefrontal cortex which indirectly alerts the amygdala
Either way once the amygdala is activated it will signal the hypothalamus which initiates fight
or flight
Thalamus
Prefrontal
Cortex Visual Cortex
Eye
Hypothalamus
Amygdala To Heart Lungs
Adrenals
Illustration A Cross section of the brain with amygdala revealed You actually have two amygdalae one in
each cerebral hemisphere B Three fear pathways to the amygdala The unconscious pathway travels from the
eye to the thalamus to the amygdala The visual pathway travels from the eye to the thalamus to the visual
cortex to the amygdala The thinking pathway travels from the prefrontal cortex to the amygdala
Amygdala
If the amygdala is strongly and repeatedly activated over the course of several weeks its
default level of activity will increase Over months of repeated activation the amygdala
develops stronger connections with other brain areas intensifying its influence It also increases
in overall size This enhanced priority given to the amygdala causes the animal to react to
every seemingly threatening stimulus as if it were a full threat
The amygdalas job is to decide whether a pattern of inputs looks like something that
turned out badly in the past However it does not use reason or conscious deliberation to do
this Rather it engages in simple pattern matching in which it adds up seemingly bad inputs to
see if they sum to a threshold If the inputs surpass this threshold the amygdala triggers the
sympathetic nervous system Thus our feelings of dread are not prompted by logical thinking
Instead they are initiated by the amygdalas eccentric way of determining statistics and
probability For example an offenders voice clothes name or cologne could subliminally
reinstate an amygdala highjack
Allow me to provide an example of how the amygdalas form of logic is susceptible to
mistakes One day when was in a lousy mood picked up the phone and the caller asked to
speak to my roommate The next day when heard their voice again it made me angry and
realized my prior bad mood had biased me against the caller for no good reason Because my
brain made this unconscious negative association hearing the voice later triggered the same
negative emotions It was illogical and unfair to the caller But my first impulse was to trust it
unquestioningly We accept the amygdalas alarm bells as a type of foreboding intuition
Negative emotions usually feel valid and impelling but they are often invalid and illusory
This is why we should question them rather than act on them impulsively Especially after
you experience a series of stressors the amygdala will influence your thinking to be
delusionally negative
PROGRAM PEACE Self Care Exercises to Reprogram Your Mind and Body
When activity in the amygdala surges the brain is temporarily retuned to perceive
everything as troublesome For instance it increases the tendency to perceive ambiguous
events as bad such as criticism when none is intended or hostility from a neutral face This is
the opposite of a manic episode which causes people to perceive everything as a gleeful lucky
coincidence People with mania often feel like cars on the freeway move to let them through
everyone is their best friend and everything goes their way On the other hand chronic stress
makes us more likely to succumb to road rage and the feeling that everyone and everything is
against us Whenever start to feel disheartened try to remember that neurochemicals can
paint over reality
You may have noticed that after one negative interaction you are much more likely to get
stressed out about other completely unrelated things With the exception of living in a
warzone this displaced negative thinking is irrational in the modern world Interestingly though
it may not be irrational from an ecological standpoint It was beneficial for mammals to be
prepared for the worst during bad times Just imagine what life would have been like for early
mammals in the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods
When there are predators on the loose or natural catastrophes strike they are rarely
quickly resolved For furry varmints from possums to porcupines to panthers it makes sense to
become scared and remain paranoid From a modern perspective however it is preposterous
to generalize anxiety to whatever your mind turns to Dont let one unfortunate scenario lead
to a domino effect of suspicion and dismay Notice when you carry negative emotions from one
thought over to another When you realize it try to tell yourself that the negativity may feel
compelling but that it is probably just residual and misattributed emotion
Stress and Cortisol The MindBody Connection
Stand porter at the door of thought Admitting only such conclusions as you wish realized in bodily results you will
control yourself harmoniously Mary Baker Eddy
When the amygdala decides it has perceived a stressful stimulus it triggers the hypothalamus
The hypothalamus mobilizes the sympathetic nervous system leading to rapid breathing