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334675_2 | Marion Cunningham found that cooking times have changed dramatically over the decade since the previous edition was published. ''Our basic foodstuff has been altered genetically,'' she said. ''Meats and produce have different weight distribution and density, and the old-fashioned cooking instructions just don't work anymore.'' Chickens, for instance, were once raised to a standard three-pound market weight in 90 days; today the birds reach that weight in about 56 days. ''The cooking time has been reduced in proportion to the growing time,'' Mrs. Cunningham said. In 1979 it took 70 minutes in a 400-degree oven to roast the same size chicken; today's less-dense birds require 50 minutes. In addition to adjusting cooking times, chicken lovers have moved to compensate for the milder flavor of modern birds. At Zuni, Ms. Rogers slips garlic and fresh herbs under the skin and sprinkles the birds thoroughly with kosher salt or French sea salt four to eight hours before cooking them. The herbs perfume the meat and the salt helps draw out the excess moisture that can dilute the flavor. Lynne Tolley, the proprietor of Miss Mary Bobo's Boarding House, a restaurant in Lynchburg, Tenn., uses rendered chicken fat to baste birds as they roast. Leery of the cholesterol that comes with the flavor of chicken fat, David Liederman, the owner of Chez Louis in Manhattan, uses infused oils - basil, rosemary, thyme, roasted red pepper, chili pepper or tomato oils - for basting. ''It adds enough flavor so that you are distracted from the fact that the birds don't have much flavor,'' he said. Miss Tolley said some Southern cooks compensate for fading flavor by soaking chicken in buttermilk spiked with chili pepper sauce. On the West Coast, vinegars steeped with herbs are increasingly being used as marinades to enhance the flavor of chicken. Around the country ethnic pastes like Chinese black bean sauce, Haitian chili sauce, Italian anchovy paste and sesame paste from the Middle East are being used to heighten flavor. Vegetable purees, and savory marmalades and confitures are favored on the East Coast. ''If you simmer two pounds of tomatoes down to a cup of tomato confiture you are going to get an intense flavor whether the tomatoes were grown in a hothouse or not,'' said Paula Wolfert, author of ''Paula Wolfert's World of Food'' (Harper & Row, 1988). Minced oil-cured black olives, as well as confitures of tomato, leek | Rejuvenating Faded Flavor Of 1990's Food |
336629_0 | LEAD: The case of Joseph Hazelwood went to the jury today after a prosecutor portrayed him as a reckless drunk and a defense attorney called the Exxon Valdez skipper a scapegoat of political powers. The case of Joseph Hazelwood went to the jury today after a prosecutor portrayed him as a reckless drunk and a defense attorney called the Exxon Valdez skipper a scapegoat of political powers. The prosecutor, Brent Cole, an assistant district attorney, condemned Captain Hazelwood's former employer, the Exxon Corporation, suggesting that the company had pressured members of the skipper's crew to give testimony favorable to him. But a defense lawyer replied that the crew members were not the only ones who saw that Captain Hazelwood was suffering from no alcohol-related impairment aboard the Exxon Valdez on the night of the spill. The lawyer, Dick Madson, pointed to 21 witnesses who testified that Captain Hazelwood had appeared absolutely sober. Following arguments, Superior Court Judge Karl Johnstone instructed jurors on the law for about an hour, then told them to select a foreman and begin their deliberations. They spent about 10 minutes behind closed doors, then retired for the day. They were to resume Wednesday morning. A Two-Month Trial Captain Hazelwood, a 43-year-old merchant marine veteran from Huntington, L.I., was the master of the Exxon Valdez when she ran aground on a reef in Prince William Sound early last March 24 and spewed nearly 11 million gallons of crude oil. For the last two months the skipper has been on trial in Anchorage Superior Court, accused of criminal mischief, which is a felony, and three misdemeanors: reckless endangerment, the negligent discharge of oil and operating a vessel while intoxicated. If convicted on all counts, he could face as much as seven years and three months in prison and fines of up to $61,000. In addressing the question whether Captain Hazelwood was impaired on the night of the spill, Mr. Cole said it was not necessary for the state to show that the captain had looked intoxicated. ''The state has to prove he was under the influence of intoxicating liquor,'' Mr. Cole said. He said this did not mean that ''a person is stumbling, falling down and needs support.'' Instead, he argued, impairment is present ''when your physical and mental abilities are impaired.'' Mr. Cole asked the jurors to determine impairment not only from Captain Hazelwood's actions but also | Jury Gets Valdez Spill Case After Opposite Portraits of Hazelwood |
336068_1 | chief economist at the World Bank. ''It would show that the industrialized world is just not serious about these trade issues.'' Curbs on Third-World Imports For 25 years, under the Multi-Fiber Arrangement of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the United States and other developed countries have taken special measures to curb imports of textiles and apparel from third-world countries. To persuade developing countries to participate in the new round of talks, which are sponsored by the GATT, the countries were promised that the extensive network of bilateral textile quotas that are renegotiated every five years would be phased out by the end of the century. For many third-world countries, where labor is in far greater supply than capital, garments are among the few products they have to sell. In impoverished Bangladesh, for example, apparel products account for 40 percent of exports. ''We are strong in labor-intensive industries, but under the M.F.A. we cannot even use our competitive advantage,'' said Akbar Ali Khan, an economics specialist at the Bangladesh Embassy here. Yet even with the arrangement, Bangladesh has not done badly. Over the last decade, its apparel exports have risen almost tenfold, to $450 million last year. A Potential $8 Billion Boon According to studies done by the World Bank, the phase-out of the arrangement could add $8 billion to the $43 billion in textile and clothing export sales third-world countries enjoy now. For Uruguay Round negotiators, the critical issue is the transition period until the projected termination of the arrangement, in 10 years. Countries like Bangladesh want liberalization to begin now, with generous import growth rates built into any transitional quota system. But the domestic textile and apparel industry, which employs two million Americans, has told the Administration that if it is to give up protection, it wants more, not fewer, restrictions now. ''There has to be a transition mechanism that would truly slow import growth to provide a more certain investment environment, so that our members can undertake investments needed to increase their competitiveness,'' said Carlos Moore, executive vice president of the American Textile Manufacturers Association, one of the principal lobbying groups. The industry also wants to keep its tariff protection. Last lowered under the Tokyo Round in the 1970's, American tariffs are 20 percent on apparel, 15 percent on fabrics and 10 percent on yarn. A Test for the Textile Industry It is not the first | New Bid for Protection By U.S. Textile Lobby |
336110_4 | director, who wore a ponytail and a white spencer jacket. ''This is the opening night,'' Ipojuca Pontes, the secretary of culture in Brazil's new Government, said as liveried waiters circulated during intermission with trays of chilled Champagne and white wine. ''We plan to democratize cultural access.'' Inside, the only raucous noises were the bravos that followed the opera pieces: a soprano solo from ''The Slave'' sung by Celine Imbert, and a duet from ''Guarany'' sung by the tenor Raimundo Mettre and the soprano Adelia Issa. In keeping with the night's all-Brazilian program, the composer was Carlos Gomes. Next came a ballet, ''Amazon Forest,'' with music by Villa-Lobos and choreography by Dalal Achcar, who directed her Ballet of Rio de Janeiro. With gossamer costumes and flower garlands suggesting a ''Midsummer's Night Dream'' in the Amazon, the ballet was staged with a upward sweeping set that conveyed an image of the forest as a cathedral. ''Manaus now has one of the top five stages in Brazil,'' the choreographer said during the intermission. She praised the behind-the-scenes renovations: a new lighting system, a new sound system and new dressing rooms. 'A Very Specific Personality' Christiane Torloni, an actress who presided over the evening, noted that she needed no microphone. ''The stage has a very specific personality - it's at once majestic and welcoming,'' said the actress, who has performed on most of Brazil's major stages. ''Here in the heart of Brazil, a new cultural center is emerging.'' After lights under the Eiffel Tower ceiling fresco dimmed again, Nelson Freire played a piano solo by Villa-Lobos, ''Momoprecoce,'' and Silvio Barbato conducted the Brasilia Symphony Orchestra through ''Statutes of Man,'' a piece set to music by Claudio Santoro. The Amazonian poet Thiago de Mello declaimed verses he wrote for the piece. The program moved smoothly, marred only by a few opening-night glitches - the tail ends of the ballet sets were visible above the symphony orchestra, a workman once ambled in full view through the ballet and, a few minutes into the ballet, the soundtrack unexpectedly broke with a loud pop. On the audience side, a few stragglers marched determinedly to their seats after pieces started, and traffic through halls with uncarpeted wood floors seemed like the distant thunder of tropical rains. But it is not surprising that municipal opera manners have grown a little rusty. The last full opera was performed here in 1907. | New and Renewed: Opera Houses Open in Paris and Brazil; Arias Grace the Amazon Once Again |
336032_1 | rejects and that Davidoff's real motive in shifting production is to gain broader access to the United States market. Because of the American embargo on Cuban goods, Davidoff has not been able to sell its Cuban cigars in the United States since 1961. So the shift to the Dominican Republic will let the company sell luxury cigars in the American market. Davidoff began making cigars in Cuba just after World War II. In 1970, the company was sold to Oettinger Imex S.A., a marketing company also based in Basel, although Zino Davidoff, whose father founded the company, is involved in the company. Chris Kull, president of Davidoff of Geneva, which is based in Stamford, Conn., and is a subsidiary of Davidoff International, said Davidoff had a three-year supply of Cuban cigars in 1988 when it stopped buying them. Looking elsewhere in the Caribbean for a producer, it turned to Hendrik Kelner, who owns the Tobacos Dominicanos cigar plant on the outskirts of this mountain city. Mr. Kelner, who is 44 years old, said his family had been in the Latin American tobacco business since 1920. He said that his 59-acre farm and 150-worker factory produce about four million cigars yearly, and that half the production will be in various Davidoff shapes. His plant uses mostly Dominican tobacco. For the Davidoff cigars, he imports the cigar wrappers - the outer leaf - from Connecticut. Mr. Kelner said most of his cigars are made by hand. He pays workers $27 for each 1,000 cigars wrapped. The average worker, he said, can wrap around 1,250 cigars weekly, making average pay about $34 a week, high by Dominican standards. The Dominican Republic currently provides about 50 million premium-quality cigars annually to the United States. It is the largest supplier to the American market. In 1983, Davidoff, with an eye on the United States market, began producing in Honduras the Zino brand of cigars, which sell for $2.75 to $6. The company would not disclose how many Zinos were sold; one cigar expert, who asked not to be identified, said 800,000 to a million were sold in the United States last year. George Brightman, the manager of the Davidoff retail shop at 535 Madison Avenue in New York City, said said the Davidoffs coming to the United States would be aged six months, reinspected and repacked at Stamford and introduced in August. Most of the | Setback for the Cubans Benefits the Dominicans |
334401_0 | LEAD: The first large study of women and heart disease is being undertaken by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and six other medical centers after decades of research devoted solely to heart disease in men. The first large study of women and heart disease is being undertaken by the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions and six other medical centers after decades of research devoted solely to heart disease in men. The $10 million, four-year study is designed to determine whether three different hormones can help reduce heart disease in post-menopausal women. In the study, 840 women will be assigned at random to receive one of the three medications - estrogen and two types of progesterone - or a placebo. Estrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones. Cholesterol levels, blood pressure and levels of a blood-clotting factor will be studied. The new study, called Post-Menopausal Estrogen and Progestin Intervention, reflects a belief that women have been denied equal time in health studies, as well as a growing emphasis on the health of older people. Menopause and Heart Attack Estrogen, a hormone needed for normal female sexual development, is believed to protect younger women against heart disease. Researchers also suspect that the threat of a heart attack increases during menopause, when estrogen production drops off. The study will try to determine whether hormone drugs take the place of natural estrogen in protecting the hearts of older women. The study will answer the question of whether estrogen protects against heart disease only indirectly because it will not continue long enough to look for differences in heart attacksand heart disease deaths in those taking hormones compared with those who do not. But the results could prompt doctors to prescribe hormone therapy for post-menopausal women, said Dr. Trudy Bush, an epidemiologist at the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health. ''In my opinion, there is good evidence at this time that women who use estrogens probably have about half the risk of heart disease compared to women who don't,'' she said. Estrogen hormones will be part of the study. Dr. Bush is leading the study at Hopkins along with Dr. David Foster and Dr. Howard Zacur. Heart disease kills more Americans than any other disease. In the past, major studies of heart disease in the United States have involved men because the ailment tends to strike men at a younger age than women, and younger | Heart Tests To Focus On Women |
331594_2 | car or by cog-wheel train through thick forest. Standing on a rocky peak 2,329 feet above Rio's Atlantic beaches, the statue's 75-foot wide embrace is visible day and night from most points of Rio's heavily populated Southern Zone. Public-opinion surveys have confirmed a general perception that the statue is this city's symbol. In typical use, a cartoonist recently drew the statue shielding its eyes during the pre-Lenten carnival excesses that swirled around its feet earlier this week. But Rio's love for the Art Deco landmark rarely translated into upkeep. Only once, in 1980, the city steam-cleaned the statue shortly before Pope John Paul II said a Mass at the statue's pedestal. ''It has mostly suffered from the weather - strong winds, ocean salts, high humidity, half the year in the clouds, and brusque temperature changes,'' said Mr. Ghivelder before pausing to take a photograph for two honeymooning Argentines. In one day, he continued, the temperature can rise from 50 degrees to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. The essence of the restoration will be to extend the life of the statue's internal shell of mortar and iron, a combination that was seen as virtually indestructible in the 1920's, when the statue was designed in Paris. In recent years, the statue's soapstone mosaic shell developed water leaks in 26 places. A Coat of Silicone The statue will be surveyed by soundings - a trained worker will tap the exterior with a small hammer. That survey is expected to reveal the need for removing about 10 percent of the exterior soapstone to repair the reinforced concrete, Mr. Ghivelder said. After repairs have been made, the mosaic will be replaced, partly with new soapstone from the original quarry in Brazil. Finally, the exterior will be covered with a water-repellent silicone. The monument's inner core of steel-reinforced concrete is believed to be solid. The architect said there was no danger that the statue would lose its 35-ton head or one of its 9-ton hands. The renovation will also include a face lift for the statue's environs, a hodgepodge of snack bars and souvenir stands lining the 220 access steps. In another aesthetic improvement, workers will clear away 42 radio antennas that have sprouted over the years at the edge of monument's viewing balcony. ''The Mayor's office, the police, everyone thought they had the right to put an antenna up here,'' said Mr. Ghivelder, who works for Globo. | With Repairs, Rio Shows It Loves Its Symbol |
331760_0 | LEAD: Walter McCarthy's article on social skills for the retarded as the key to advancement from sheltered workshop to successful supported employment in the public sector was a well considered one, raising the questions we need to ask about how retarded children and young adults gain these skills. The relationship with the job trainer, a coach who is eventually faded out as the retarded young adult becomes more able to do his/her job, is vital in training both the employee and the supervisor. Walter McCarthy's article on social skills for the retarded as the key to advancement from sheltered workshop to successful supported employment in the public sector was a well considered one, raising the questions we need to ask about how retarded children and young adults gain these skills. The relationship with the job trainer, a coach who is eventually faded out as the retarded young adult becomes more able to do his/her job, is vital in training both the employee and the supervisor. Additionally important to success of mainstreamed employment is the attitude of fellow employees. In the Syosset public schools, we began to employ our first retarded young adult in 1984 on a part time work-study program in concert with his education at the Boces Rosemary Kennedy Center. Upon his completion of the Rosemary Kennedy program at age 21, this young man's hours on the job were increased. Since that time, five young adults have been added to the list of district employees, three of whom successfully continue to be employed today. Teacher, custodians, office staff, administrators, parents and psychologists have all worked with Phil Forgash, the vocational coordinator at Rosemary Kennedy, and his staff of job coaches, to keep the work situation smooth. Occasional problems which arise are brought to Mr. Forgash's attention and often can be worked through before they reach the pitch where termination of employment needs to be considered. This program has served not only the retarded young adults, who have grown in abilities and self-esteem through their employment, but the children and staff, who have learned to live more comfortably with their handicapped community members. I have only one concern with Dr. McCarthy's article, the classification of I.Q.'s from 60-80 as mildly retarded. While many psychologists find numbers on I.Q. tests as the only defining factor a poor way of judging retardation, we do generally accept a set of numbers that is | Synopsis Of the Plight of the Handicapped |
331626_0 | LEAD: Composites combine the properties of two or more materials to accomplish tasks beyond the capabilities of homogeneous substances. An early example was the addition of straw to bricks to resist breakage. Currently, carbon-reinforced plastics produce lighter, stiffer golf clubs and tennis rackets, and designers are looking at exotic metal-ceramic combinations for high-performance aerospace applications. Composites combine the properties of two or more materials to accomplish tasks beyond the capabilities of homogeneous substances. An early example was the addition of straw to bricks to resist breakage. Currently, carbon-reinforced plastics produce lighter, stiffer golf clubs and tennis rackets, and designers are looking at exotic metal-ceramic combinations for high-performance aerospace applications. Closer to earth, the Budd Company has used two traditional materials, steel and cast iron, to produce a new truck-brake drum. The company, which is based in Troy, Mich., expects the new drum to last 30 percent longer than conventional cast-iron drums. When brakes are applied, the force of the pads on the drum acts to expand it, forming tiny cracks, called checks, in the braking surface. Over time, the checks grow into larger cracks that spread through the drum, causing it to fail. The composite drum has a cage of steel wires inside the iron casting. Since the steel is stiffer than iron, it absorbs most of the force of braking, reducing cracking. But the iron matrix enveloping the steel absorbs and dissipates most of the heat of braking, retaining that material's advantage. Budd engineers say the current composite brake drum, which is intended for the largest over-the-road trucks, weighs about the same as preceding homogeneous models. But subsequent designs will probably grow lighter as the strength of the steel's reinforcement permits thinner castings. TECH NOTES | The Budd Company's Different Drum |
331483_0 | LEAD: COSMOPOLIS The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. By Stephen Toulmin. 228 pp. New York: The Free Press. $22.95. THE LYOTARD READER By Jean-Fran,cois Lyotard. Edited by Andrew Benjamin. Illustrated. 425 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell. Cloth, $49.95. Paper, $16.95. COSMOPOLIS The Hidden Agenda of Modernity. By Stephen Toulmin. 228 pp. New York: The Free Press. $22.95. THE LYOTARD READER By Jean-Fran,cois Lyotard. Edited by Andrew Benjamin. Illustrated. 425 pp. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell. Cloth, $49.95. Paper, $16.95. It is hard to imagine two more different manifestations of post-modernism than Stephen Toulmin's ''Cosmopolis'' and the Jean-Francois Lyotard ''Reader.'' The analytic philosopher turned historian of ideas and the nouveau philosophe both examine the shift away from modernism. But whereas Mr. Lyotard explores ''the great narrative of the decline of great narratives'' through eloquent delvings and sightings, Mr. Toulmin, like a professorial Cecil B. De Mille, telescopes the past 400 years of intellectual history into a whopper of a story. ''Cosmopolis'' is a popularization. Without proper footnotes, quotations or detailed research, it risks everything on its argument, and that argument, coming from such a respected scholar, is surprisingly naive. Mr. Toulmin, the Avalon Foundation Professor in the Humanities at Northwestern University, tilts at what he terms the ''standard account,'' which fixes the origin of modernity in the 17th century with Descartes and Galileo. His radical counterclaim is that modernity begins with the Renaissance. Those of us who have always assumed that the Renaissance and the advent of modernity were synonymous - that is, most humanists above the freshman level - will be surprised to find that it is not the triumph of the European vernaculars, the revival of classical learning, the rise of centralized monarchies or the instituting of such devices of realism as the perspective established by Leon Battista Alberti that characterizes Renaissance modernism. Mr. Toulmin instead finds in the Renaissance a political moderation and a relaxed acceptance of diversity, indeterminacy and difference of opinion. His chief exhibits are Montaigne, who wrote with equal passion about digestive noises, sex and God, and Henry of Navarre (King Henry IV of France), who advocated religious tolerance and was assassinated by an extremist for his trouble. Though the persecution of Roman Catholics and Protestants in England during the supposedly tolerant 16th century escapes Mr. Toulmin's contextualist scrutiny, he is at pains to describe the importance of Henry's murder. He compares this symbolic defeat of moderation | THE POST-MODERN IN NOW |
331728_0 | LEAD: Walter McCarthy gives a good synopsis of the plight moderately handicapped people face in their efforts to break from the stereotypical vocational situations. Walter McCarthy gives a good synopsis of the plight moderately handicapped people face in their efforts to break from the stereotypical vocational situations. Mr. McCarthy points to the growing acceptance of supportive employment at community-based jobs through the use of one-to-one job trainers. Previously this population had little, if any, vocational options other than sheltered workshops. Mr. McCarthy, while attesting to the benefits of supportive employment, raised many unresolved issues; eligibility, responsibility for implementation of job trainers and the acquisition of social skills that are necessary in order for mentally handicapped people to be successful in their employment situations. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act, Public Law 94-142, guarantees every handicapped child ''a free and appropriate education.'' What is a more appropriate education for a moderately mentally handicapped student than to learn those social and vocational skills necessary to enable him/her meaningful employment while living within the community? The student's school district should be the responsible party in facilitating this concept through the youngster's Individual Educational Plan. There should be no predetermined age at which this training starts. Districts should not be allowed to only begin this process when a student reaches late teens. (How is this individualized?) Presently, some districts have created segregated, simulated work environments. Very often students are relegated to these prevocational classes for up to five years before any real job situations occur. Students in these programs have no opportunity for the necessary acquisition of social skills because there is no contact with the mainstream population. As the parent of one such handicapped child, I have sought to enlighten my district as to my daughter's needs and its obligation. (Unfortunately this has to be accomplished through a long administrative hearing that will ultimately lead to Federal court.) My district's version of an appropriate IEP for my 15-year-old daughter contains no mainstreaming and no vocational training, in spite of the fact that she was successfully employed at the local Y.M.C.A. for the entire summer! This supportive employment was planned and implemented by a privately hired psychologist, job trainer, the enthusiastic staff of the Y and myself. The very institution (the public school) that should have provided this vital service played no role in this success story. Mr. McCarthy asked parents to help | Synopsis of the Plight Of the Handicapped |
331560_10 | that in any other city its designer would have been locked up instead of being allowed to bring his extraordinary ideas to life and scatter them across the avenues and parks. Although the church of the Sagrada Familia still has no roof, more than a century after construction started, it is already, with its eight spires and three exterior walls, one of the most prominent structures in the city. It stands outside the old city in the 19th-century extension known as the Eixample, not far from the Monumental bull ring. One's first impression on walking through the southwest doorway, which is framed by enormous stone bones that suggest a dinosaur's ossuary, is that one has stepped into a medieval ruin; then one realizes that it is actually a half-abandoned building site. Many people believe that the neo-Gothic structure will never be completed; it is already longer than Canterbury Cathedral, and its central tower is intended to be 500 feet high, considerably taller than St. Peter's in Rome. In the Middle Ages, architects and workmen frequently spent several hundred years completing a large church - but they took the precaution of putting the roof on first. Here, however, the pigeons roost on the interior ledges, and the brickwork round the raised high altar is already crumbling away. The open space of what may one day be the nave is occupied by a tall, rusting crane from which the grass has started to sprout. Beside it a taller, younger crane just reaches above the intricately carved stonework of the southwest spires. It is these two machines that are, very, very slowly, preparing the foundations for the central tower. The site is scattered with half-derelict engines that seem not to have been used for years. Even the scale model in the entrance porch looks unfinished. Bus loads of architects from as far away as Japan arrive to pay their respects, and one has the comforting impression that their grandchildren will be coming in 50 years' time and will still find the building largely incomplete. Despite its fame, many Barcelonans are deeply embarrassed by the Sagrada Familia. They see the church in terms of politics or utility, and regard it as evidence of its architect's final decline. ''The project has fallen into the hands of right-wing Catholics,'' complained one left-wing resident. ''When you ask them why they go on struggling to finish it they | GAUDY, BAWDY BARCELONA |
331564_5 | in surprising ways, as dye trace studies have shown. The karst structure, with the water slipping easily from one place to another, has worried local people since they learned last year that Doe Run, a major mining company, hadbought up the mineral rights to much of the area and had gained permission from the United States Forest Service to run sample drills for lead in nearby Mark Twain National Forest. Local environmentalists fear that if lead mining is permitted, the leach from tailings may contaminate Greer Spring as well as other Ozark waters. I found a fallen log as a perch and sat watching the water hurtling downstream to join the Eleven Point River, a mile and a quarter away, more than doubling the size of the river in the process. One of the liveliest canoeing streams in southern Missouri, it is quiet above Greer but famous for the tricky currents that are a gift of the spring. The Eleven Point is part of the protected National Wild and Scenic Rivers System, but Greer Spring has always stayed in private hands. Just before the turn of the century, engineers wanted to dam its gorge. Of that project a Miss Owen wrote in 1898: ''The high walls of Greer Spring gorge will, of course, far more than double the value it would otherwise possess, when it becomes desirable to control and turn to practical account the power now going so cheerily to waste, but the artistic loss will be proportionately severe.'' Small mills have several times been built using its water for power, and today the derelict Greer Roller Mills, completed in 1899, still stands near the gate at the top of the hill, its clapboards gray and somber. In 1915, Louis E. Dennig bought the spring and 7,000 acres surrounding it; his family kept the parcel intact, preserving what may be much of the spring's watershed from development until 1987, when his heirs decided they had to sell the land to pay estate taxes. Anheuser-Busch, the St. Louis brewery, worked out a deal with the family to buy the spring (in company with the Nature Conservancy, which would manage the surrounding land) to bottle the spring water. By and large the people of Alton, the small town nearby, where the biggest employer is a feed store with a work force of 10, liked the idea. They viewed the 40 jobs | OZARKS: SPRING OF BRIGHT WATER |
331734_6 | new types of big passenger airplanes, principally the MD-80 and the MD-11 on the way, must use passenger seats that can withstand an impact 16 times stronger than the force of gravity, rather than 9 times the force of gravity, the previous requirement. For airplanes certified for passenger use before 1988, meaning almost everything you ride, the rule takes effect in 1995. However, perhaps because a requirement on fire resistance of cabin materials takes effect in August 1990 for all new planes, regardless of design, and for all major refurbishments, the seats coming off the assembly lines these days, five years before the requirement, are 16-gravity seats. At the PTC Aerospace factory in Bantam, Conn., they had a hard time finding any 9G seats for comparison with its model XL-940, the fireblocked 16G seat that is being turned out for Northwest, American, Pan American, United and others. X-Shaped Legs The 16G seats are lighter in weight and an inch higher off the ground, and an inch or so thinner in the back. The main thing you notice is the X-shaped legs, which are designed to absorb impact better than straight legs. Frank Keller, a marketing official at PTC Aerospace, said his company's customers, which include most of the major United States airlines, were sending in specifications for seats installed at a 31-inch pitch. But, Mr. Keller said, the design of the new seats gains some space for the passenger over the 9G seat at the same pitch. There is an extra inch for legs or luggage under the seat in front; it measured 12 inches as against the 11 inches on the 9G model. The armrest is more tapered, and you can slide your thigh partly under it. The X-shaped legs allow you to slide your feet part of the way under in the leg area. The back of the seat is thinner, which allows you to sit back further. It turns the world on its head, but if you want spacious seating, take a flight to Asia. The 747's and DC-10's that fly the Pacific almost all offer seat pitch of 34 inches for comfort on longer flights. Craig Martin of Boeing said that the 747-400's, the newest version of this plane, were being prepared for seats to be installed with a pitch of 34 inches, but not all of them stay that way, as United demonstrates. PRACTICAL TRAVELER | You Can't Be Too Thin in Economy Class |
331473_0 | LEAD: Top tax professionals work with their clients year round to draw up financial plans tailored to their goals and means, taking advantage of whatever deductions and opportunities are allowed under the nation's tax laws. Thus, studying an expertly prepared return can help taxpayers understand tax strategies, as well as aid in organizing records, even if they, too, turn to a professional to fill out the forms. Top tax professionals work with their clients year round to draw up financial plans tailored to their goals and means, taking advantage of whatever deductions and opportunities are allowed under the nation's tax laws. Thus, studying an expertly prepared return can help taxpayers understand tax strategies, as well as aid in organizing records, even if they, too, turn to a professional to fill out the forms. Larry B. Scheinfeld, a partner in KPMG Peat Marwick, certified public accountants, and Richard M. Cayne, a senior manager with the firm, prepared this return for a two-income couple who were not liable for the alternative minimum tax. Key points of the return and the tax and financial planning it reflects are explained in the accompanying commentary. Filling Out the 1040 The top of the 1040 is easy enough - name, address, Social Security number(s). Use the printed address label sent by the I.R.S. for a speedier refund. Next, check the applicable filing status. Like most married couples, these taxpayers are filing jointly, which generally results in a lower rate than married filing separately. Single persons with dependents may qualify for head of household status, which has more favorable rates than those for a single person. Next, list all sources of taxable income. The husband here, a physician, had wage and salary income from his part-time teaching position, which the university reported on a Form W-2. He also had partnership income from his medical practice. The wife, an illustrator, had self-employment income. They also had dividends, interest and bingo winnings. The other income and losses are reported in detail on attached schedules and statements and brought forward to the front of the 1040. Be warned: banks, brokerage firms and others that send taxpayers a Form 1099 reporting income, must also send a copy to the I.R.S., and the agency's computers are likely to trap taxpayers who fail to report that income. ''Above the line'' adjustments to income are even better than deductions because they bring gross income | Through the Form 1040 Step by Step |
331910_3 | in Lima. And, even as construction continues at the base in Santa Lucia, the United States is planning to build several more just like it. ''The Upper Huallaga Valley is going to be the model for the world,'' says an American official helping to implement the program. ''We're slowly developing a package that can be used anywhere, whether it's opium, poppy or coca fields we're trying to get rid of.'' The United States is embarked on a five-year, $2.2 billion aid program for the Andean region, which may include more than $600 million for Peru alone. President Bush's visit last month to Cartagena, Colombia, to meet with Andean leaders was a sign of just how much importance the Administration attaches to the region. Coming not quite two months after the invasion of Panama, the Cartagena meeting marks the start of an era of heightened United States involvement in Latin America to fight drugs. United States efforts in the Upper Huallaga Valley provide an indication of what - if anything - the country can hope to achieve in halting the flow of cocaine at its source. FOR JOURNALISTS INTENT on visiting the base in Santa Lucia, there's only one way to go - the United States Embassy's one-day, no-nights group tour. The package includes transportation from Lima (a C-130 cargo plane), guest lectures (featuring the head of the embassy's narcotics assistance unit), and plenty of good photo opportunities. A tireless tour guide, supplied by the United States Information Service, helpfully corrects any misapprehensions a visitor might form. As we step off the C-130, ominous, low-lying clouds are rolling in, darkening the surrounding vegetation and lending the base itself an eerie, spectral cast. Clumps of Peruvian anti-narcotics policemen emerge from the mist, their AK-47 rifles perched on their shoulders. We're packed into trucks and whisked to the end of the runway, where we suddenly find ourselves on the banks of the sluggish, muddy Huallaga. In a big hollowed-out pit stands a pick-up truck, loading up with earth. The Huallaga, we're told, has been diverted in order to create a source of gravel for the runway. In waging the drug war, the United States has altered the river's very course. We climb back into the trucks and are driven to a small patch of coca - all that remains of the coca farms that flourished here before 1987, when the Government began operation | In the Cocaine War ... The Jungle Is Winning |
335419_1 | today that Latin American markets could make up for the loss of trading partners in Eastern Europe. Cheered by his first visit to Brazil in 30 years, Fidel Castro said today that Latin American markets could make up for the loss of trading partners in Eastern Europe. ''If the problems with Eastern Europe get more serious, if they continue to adopt anti-Cuban stands,'' Latin American markets could be the solution, Mr. Castro said in his first news conference since arriving here on Wednesday. Citing meetings he has had here with a series of Latin American heads of state, Mr. Castro said, ''How nice it is to talk within family.'' ''First Ecuador, then Mexico, then Venezuela and now Brazil - this is all very positive,'' he said, recounting trips he has made to Latin America in recent years to break out of a continental isolation that began in the early 1960's. Petition Urges Cuban Elections In their trade with Cuba, the Communist governments of Eastern Europe took their cue from the Soviet Union, selling goods at subsidized prices. Much of Latin America is heavily in debt and trade with Cuba is almost universally negotiated at world prices. Dressed in his customary army uniform, the gray-bearded Cuban leader was greeted with applause at a news conference at Brazil's Senate here. Mr. Castro has received a welcome varying from polite to warm. ''Fidel, the most awaited leader arrives for the inauguration,'' Jornal do Brasil, a Rio newspaper, announced in a banner headline today. But on Thursday, a petition was made public urging Mr. Castro to ''call with all speed, free and direct elections in Cuba, for all levels including the Presidency of the republic.'' Castro Pressed by Leaders Signed by 332 Brazilian congressmen - or 59 percent of Congress - the petition also called for a ''wide, general and unrestricted amnesty for everyone who suffers restriction of freedom for political reasons.'' At the inauguration of President Fernando Collor de Mello, Mr. Castro stood out as the only head of state in a military uniform. After the ceremonies, Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez of Spain and President Carlos Andres Perez of Venezuela reportedly urged Mr. Castro to join Latin America's move toward democracy. Mr. Gonzalez ''asked him to do whatever possible so that Cuba not remain on side of the democratic wave that is washing over the subcontinent,'' the Madrid newspaper El Pais reported today. | Castro Says He May Trade More in Latin America |
337563_3 | but the publicity has put the sleepy town on the map. Xapuri is one of the best places to see what the struggle over preserving the forest is really about. Near the town, there are modern ranches and forest reserves that can be visited by arrangement with the rubber tappers' union, which has an office on the main square. I have been to some of these forest reserves by launch on the Acre River or by vehicle when the dirt roads were passable. Under the shade of the closed forest canopy, the tappers collect the latex that oozes from fishbone incisions in the rubber trees. Always accompanied by dogs and carrying shotguns, they hunt for deer and fowl that are part of their simple diet. The tappers like company on their long treks, and visitors wishing to go along should get in touch with them and make arrangements. There are three major gateways into the Brazilian Amazon, which occupies 80 percent of this continental basin: Belem, the port at the mouth of the Amazon River; Manaus, 1,000 miles inland, where the Negro, Madeira and Solimoes join to form the great river, and Cuiaba, the capital of Mato Grosso, where some of the great southern tributaries of the Amazon begin. Belem, a market city older than New York, dominates the eastern Amazon where dams, railroads and mines have industrialized the tropics. Manaus, a free port and electronic industrial center, is the natural route to the upper Negro River and the falls at Sao Gabriel, the most intact, accessible forest area left in Amazonia. Both cities have major hotels that specialize in foreign tour groups: the Belem Hilton and the Tropical in Manaus. The gateway that I prefer is Cuiaba, which was founded by gold prospectors in the 18th century and is now a city of a million people. It is the commercial hinge between the central plateau of Brazil, now entirely devoted to soybeans, corn and cattle, and the forests of Amazonia. Cuiaba is a booming commercial city, with high concrete buildings rising over the red-tile roofs of the old houses, and good highways make it the hub for the western Amazon. Here, along the banks of the Cuiaba River, migrants from all over Brazil have followed the wave of agricultural expansion through Mato Grosso. Nearby are rocky hills that contain the Chapada de Guimaraes National Park, a botanical site. The | Brazil's Wild West |
337816_0 | LEAD: FROM its beginning almost four years ago, the story of the Iroquois pipeline has not been pleasant. In meeting after meeting with residents of the towns along its proposed route, the company planning it has encountered a loud and long barrage of verbal and legal opposition. Nevertheless, the project's propects became stronger. FROM its beginning almost four years ago, the story of the Iroquois pipeline has not been pleasant. In meeting after meeting with residents of the towns along its proposed route, the company planning it has encountered a loud and long barrage of verbal and legal opposition. Nevertheless, the project's propects became stronger. The 369-mile, $523.7 million underground gas pipeline, which would run from Waddington, N.Y., on the St. Lawrence River, through the southwest quarter of Connecticut and from Milford across Long Island Sound to Huntington, L.I., has won approval from some major regulatory agencies, including the New York State Public Service Commission. The New York Power Authority endorsed it, and it has been tentatively approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, one of several Federal agencies whose approval is required before the pipeline could be built. Environmental Objections But last week, opponents of the project found new hope that it can be blocked. A letter to the Energy Regulatory Commission and the Army Corps of Engineers from the New York area administrator of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency raised several objections. The commission and the corps are expected to act on the pipeline proposal this summer, but the environmental agency could overrule them. Among the E.P.A. official's concerns were ''impacts to approximately 440 acres of wetlands.'' In addition, ''the sediments at the proposed St. Lawrence, Mohawk, Hudson and Housatonic river crossings have been identified as being contaminated with heavy metals,'' wrote the official, Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff. The river crossings would involve burying the pipeline, which will vary from 24 to 30 inches in diameter, 10 feet below the riverbeds. Mr. Sidamon-Eristoff said the sediments dredged up to make way for the pipeline should be further tested and, if found to be contaminated, should be disposed of rather than used as backfill. He also objected to the lack of any discussion of alternatives to the pipeline in a recent report by the Energy Regulatory Commission. Mr. Sidamon-Eristoff said alternatives that would not involve new construction should be considered in greater detail. ''Based on our review, we believe that the | E.P.A.'s Objections Give Hope to Critics Of Planned Pipeline |
337647_0 | LEAD: The Food and Drug Administration has approved what it says is the first genetically engineered food product for humans, an enzyme used in making cheese. The Food and Drug Administration has approved what it says is the first genetically engineered food product for humans, an enzyme used in making cheese. The agency announced the landmark decision on Friday, saying that the enzyme, renin, was safe for humans. Renin is now extracted from calves' stomachs as part of a mixture called rennet and is widely used to clot milk, forming it into curds and whey, the agency said. Scientists identified the gene in the calves that produced the enzyme and placed it in the harmless bacteria E. coli, where it directed the production of renin. Cheaper Supplies Are Seen ''The real advantage is that it is probably a much cheaper way of producing this substance than to grow calves,'' said William Grigg, a spokesman for the F.D.A. The new product is also expected to assure a purer supply of the needed enzyme, because it is not extracted from a calf's stomach along with other proteins that cannot be filtered out. The enzyme is consumed along with the cheese. ''The market must be in the tens of millions of dollars.'' said Tony Biesada, a spokesman for Pfizer Inc., the drug company that developed the product. ''It's a big product for our specialty chemicals group,'' he said, ''but it's not in the same ball park as a blockbuster drug.'' The first genetically engineered products approved for humans were nonfood products like insulin and human growth hormones, Mr. Grigg said. The F.D.A. is also considering approval of an engineered enzyme that retards the softening of tomatoes, he said. Mr. Grigg and Mr. Biesada said they were unaware of any opposition to the developoment of the new Pfizer product. Products Changing Medicine When genetic engineering was developed in 1973, it was recognized as a more efficient method of replacing an array of industrial processes, from plant breeding to animal husbandry to the development of new pharmaceutical products and bulk foods. Innovations in biotechnology are changing modern medicine. Genentech Inc., the leading American company in the field, developed a human growth hormone, Protropin, which is used to treat children with dwarfism. The company also developed Tissue Plasminogen Activator, which dissolves blood clots after a heart attack. A new class of antibodies produced in mice by | GENE-ALTERED ITEM APPROVED BY F.D.A. |
337749_4 | from other subjects, the high school students were ''caught up short,'' Ms. Kava said. This ''took some of the ''mistique away from the 11th grade'' in the eyes of the fourth graders, she noted. At the reception, several 11th graders commented on how ''intelligent'' and how ''much more easy going'' than the high schoolers the fourth graders were. Christian del Capio, an 11th grader, said that the younger students ''taught us that we could relate to kids.'' ''We got along great,'' he said. ''It was like I was talking to any of my friends.'' One reason for the eventual closeness, Ms. Kava suggested, was that in discussing questions about goals and what it means to be an ''important'' person, the fourth graders said ''as many profound meaningful things as the high school kids did, only differently.'' A common issue, the importance of their mothers or other women in their lives, also bound the students together as they edited and re-edtied each other's writing, several of the teachers observed. Alison Bryant, a fourth grader, had thought a lot about the nature of the interaction. ''At first, the high school kids thought it would be a cinch. We had to tape it, write it, put it in sections, write it over again, put it in order, draw it and color it,'' she daid. ''Once they realized we could do it, it helped them understand it really meant something,'' Alison added. One Ongoing Goal Collaboration is an ongoing goal in the White Plains public shcools. A ''Philosophy for Children'' program, begun by Ms. Letts and also involving fourth graders and high school students, had been especially successful and has drawn national attention. In that ongoing program at Montclair State College in New Jersey in the 1960's - questions regarding ''truth,'' ''beauty'' and ''knowledge'' itself are discussed in the context of children's literature as well as daily school subjects. Lies and friendship and other everyday topics also arise. ''We talk not just about the issues but also about our thinking about the issues,'' Ms. Letts explained. The biography project was financed by a grant from the state's Magnet School Assistance Program. Saul Yanofsky, the new Superintendent of Schools for White Plains - whose first official appearance, he noted was at the library event - said that the magnet shcool program provided for ''marginal expenses that in most school districts get in the way of | A Writing Project Spans the Age Gap |
337828_0 | LEAD: MATTHEW MURPHY, a 24-year-old a page at the Scarsdale Library, recently bought a bicycle with his own money. ''He is so proud of it,'' said his mother, Helen F. Murphy. ''His wheels have made him even more independent. And knowing that he earned the money himself gives him such satisfaction.'' MATTHEW MURPHY, a 24-year-old a page at the Scarsdale Library, recently bought a bicycle with his own money. ''He is so proud of it,'' said his mother, Helen F. Murphy. ''His wheels have made him even more independent. And knowing that he earned the money himself gives him such satisfaction.'' Matthew, one of seven children, was born with the Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare congenital disorder marked by some degree of mental retardation. He is an alumnus of the experimental learning program that was formed by the Board of Cooperative Educational Services three years ago to prepare severely handicapped young people for the job market. Recently, the program won a national award from the Sears Roebuck Foundation for its ''extraordinary success in training young handicapped people for employment.'' Preparation for a 'Real Job' Mrs. Murphy said her son ''has never been a problem, but more of a pleasure,'' and added that she and her late husband, John, ''always tried to encourage him to be independent.'' ''But it was the Boces program that prepared him for a real job, which he loves,'' she said. ''He can't wait to get to work in the morning.'' Yet, when the program was first conceived, it was greeted with skepticism, recalled John McKay, who is the supervisor of special education for Boces Southern Westchester. ''The common practice has long been either to institutionalize or keep young people with severe mental retardation at home,'' Mr. McKay said. ''But several years ago, when I was working with mildly retarded students, the success we were able to achieve in their ability to function in real jobs made me think that the same techniques would work for the more severely handicapped, even autistic students.'' 'Into the Real World' Most people did not agree, Mr. McKay said. ''The 'let's leave well enough alone' approach was popular. It was through the efforts of our former director, Dr. Robert Hanson, who was committed to bringing people with severe debilities into the real world, that the program got off the ground.'' Mr. McKay also credited the current director, L. James Stowell, for ''the | Matching the Handicapped With Jobs |
337679_2 | 30 to 50 metric tons a year and rising. Cocaine production worldwide is estimated at 776 metric tons a year. Chemical Imports Are Up The increase in chemicals smuggled through Ecuador for the processing of cocaine is more difficult to estimate, officials said. But Ecuadorean Government figures show that chemical imports into Ecuador increased by 29 percent in the first half of 1989 over the comparable period a year earlier. John P. Walters, chief of staff to William J. Bennett, the national drug control policy director, said Ecuador was ''the logical next target of the traffickers'' and posed a greater threat than other countries in the region where traffickers are expected to turn, like Venezuela, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile and Brazil. Mr. Walters praised Ecuador for being ''very sensitive to attempts by Colombia traffickers to move in,'' and noted that the country has already succeeded in wiping out almost all of its coca cultivation. Even so, it is not clear how committed Ecuador is to cracking down on smugglers. A spokesman for the Ecuadorean Embassy here, speaking on the condition that he not be identified, acknowledged that there was a growing problem, but he emphasized that the demand for cocaine was fueled by the United States. ''We don't have the problem of drug use,'' the spokesman said. ''We don't have to deal with the problems of other countries.'' Banking Controls Enacted Some steps have been taken by Ecuador, like the recent establishment of a Government panel there to investigate the source and destination of chemical imports. The Government has also enacted new controls on transferring bank shares to suspected trafficker and has proposed other measures to tighten restrictions on the drug trade. . Administration officials and intelligence reports say chemicals are imported to major ports in Ecuador. While some cocaine laboratories have been set up in Ecuador to process the chemicals, production there is negligible and the chemicals are usually smuggled to Colombia or Peru by land or sometimes by river routes. Chemicals are easier to take into Ecuador, American authorities said, because unlike its neighbors, it has not imposed strict controls on the import of chemicals. These authorities also said that Ecuador, a country about the size of Colorado, lacks adequate automation to track the import of chemicals or the export of drugs. The risk of prosecution in Ecuador is also lower than in nearby countries, American officials said, because | Latin Drug Cartels, Squeezed, Are Turning to Ecuador |
337398_4 | crew of 20 for composites. But new manufacturing processes are being developed. Composite-making machinery is ''probably the fastest-growing industry in the country,'' said W. Brandt Goldsworthy, president of Alcoa/Goldsworthy Engineering, which has developed machinery to assemble composite plies and shape them automatically. The company can build a composite airplane wing with a single equipment operator. Mr. Goldsworthy urges composite makers to adopt the sort of automation common with other materials. ''Then labor costs will shift,'' he said. FUTURE USES From Bridges to the Roof Over Your Head For some researchers delving into the uses of composite materials, all-composite autos are only the beginnings of their ambitions. Why not have composite-car commuters drive over composite bridges to reach their composite homes? First, the bridges. Some experts predict that composites will be used to string cables and lay decks across bridges, perhaps even by the year 2000. Joseph M. Plecnik, a professor at California State University at Long Beach, is already studying the idea of using composites in bridges on a grant from the Federal Highway Administration. ''A composite bridge would not have the corrosion problem you find with other materials,'' he said. Professor Vinson of the University of Delaware said that the housing industry is likely to use composites for walls and roofs. He foresees plants that could turn out such pieces of homes, complete with insulation and wiring, for assembly on the site. No carpenters, no high labor costs. ''I think we're on the verge of a revolution in the use of composite materials,'' the professor said. FIRST CHOICE IN ARTIFICIAL LIMBS Again and again, amputees had the same complaint, John A. Sabolich said. Their artificial limbs, aluminum or plastic, were stiff and inflexible, giving them jolts with every motion or step. Mr. Sabolich, president of the Sabolich Prosthetics Research Center of Oklahoma City, decided to develop limbs made from composites - strong, lightweight, durable and springy. ''So in, say, an articial foot, it returns all the energy that the patient puts into the step,'' Mr. Sabolich said. ''It produces a step that our patients say feels more natural.'' The advantages of composites are so great that they have quickly become the first choice for artificial limbs. ''Five years ago we were not making any prosthetic devices using composites,'' Mr. Sabolich said. ''Today, 6 of every 10 patients have artificial limbs that use composite materials.'' The skin-like shells on the | All About/Composite Materials; Light and Tough, New Materials Head for the Mass Marketing Stage |
336978_5 | I play a lot of tennis and sometimes jog,'' she said. ''We'd like for Sonya to go with us, but if she doesn't want to, we don't push.'' Fitness professionals acknowledge that changing family habits will not be easy. ''The first focus for parents is to see that their kids get A's, and if they do have spare time, it's usually devoted to religious instruction, dance or gymnastics,'' said Cindy Cohen, an exercise physiologist who runs the fitness programs at the 92d Street Y in Manhattan. The Y began offering aerobics classes for children and teen-agers two years ago, but they have never been filled, Ms. Cohen said. ''I've had parents say that their kids need to unwind after school, so they should be allowed to watch television,'' said Dr. Damon of Brown University. ''They feel it's a psychological necessity. Kids used to unwind through physical activity.'' One approach now being tested to change youthful habits is establishing a link between physical fitness and nutrition. ''Parents and educators must show youths why things they may view as mundane, such as healthy eating habits and exercise, are important to their daily lives as well as their emotional and mental well being,'' Dr. Wynder said. The trick, he added, is to start teaching good nutritional habits when children are very young. Take the students in Helen Mendell's first-grade class at School No. 3 in Fort Lee, for example. One recent afternoon, they didn't seem to realize that they were being subjected to some benevolent brainwashing, masquerading as a lesson in health and nutrition. ''I want you all to tell me which is the good food and which is the bad food,'' Ms. Mendell said as the 21 students, age 6 and 7, pulled out paper traffic lights colored red and green. ''Potato chips?'' Up went all 21 red lights. ''Carrots?'' Green lights flashed; not a red in sight. ''Milk?'' Again, green lights were waved - all but one. ''Dean,'' Ms. Mendell said to a perky brown-haired child in the front. ''Explain why you held up the red light.'' ''Because if it's whole milk, it's not good for you,'' he answered. ''It should be low-fat or skim milk.'' ''Is it brainwashing?'' asked Dr. Alan W. Sugarman, the schools superintendent in Fort Lee. ''If it is and it results in a more physically fit, more healthy, happier and longer-living person, let it be brainwashing.'' | Growing Up Flabby in America |
336999_3 | ''The Misunderstood Child: A Guide for Parents of Learning-Disabled Children'' (McGraw-Hill, 1988; $8.95). ''They're required to evaluate the child, even if he attends a private or parochial school,'' Dr. Silver said. But such specialized teams are expensive. Depending upon a school's budget, it may share an evaluation team with several other schools or even several other school districts. ''In some school districts, especially in rural areas and even in some urban schools, it can sometimes take almost an entire school year for a child to receive an assessment,'' said Dr. Jane C. Conoley, the chairman of the educational psychology department at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. The long wait can leave a child frustrated and without special help for months, and may lead to the child's repeating that year of school. BETTER HELPFUL THAN GUILTY Parents who think their child may have a learning disability, or who have been told by the child's school that there may be a problem, should keep several things in mind throughout the evaluation process. Don't blame yourself if your child has a learning disability. ''It's very easy for parents to become defensive because they view it as a reflection on themselves,'' said Dr. Robert C. Colligan, the head of psychology at the Mayo Clinic. Such defensiveness can interfere with helping a child overcome the problem. Be assertive. ''The technical language and jargon that the team doing the evaluation uses can be confusing,'' said Dr. Joan Silverstein, the director of school psychology at Montclair (N.J.) State College. For the past few years she has studied how parents react when their children are found to have a learning disability. ''Parents sometimes feel they'll look stupid if they question what's being said, but parents should question the things they don't understand,'' Dr. Silverstein said. ''That's very important.'' Talk with a parent advocate if you are uncomfortable with or confused by the evaluation process. Many organizations for learning-disabled children and their parents offer advice at regular meetings or over the telephone. Some offer to have an advocate accompany you to school meetings to help explain your choices and to insure that you are treated according to the Federal law. Ask about your child's eligibility for support services. Not all children with learning disabilities are eligible for special tutoring and other help. ''Eligibility varies from state to state,'' said Dr. Larry B. Silver, the director of training in | PARENT & CHILD |
336796_3 | the new drugs have an ''excellent safety record.'' Still, he said: ''No antihistamine works for everyone. Different drugs are more or less effective in different people, and they produce different side effects.'' Dr. Michael Sly, pediatric allergist at the Children's National Medical Center in Washington, said the non-sedating antihistamines were effective and safe for use in children. But since they are available only in tablet form, children under the age of 6 may be unable to swallow them. Intranasal Medications ''Antihistamines are not the whole answer to seasonal allergies,'' Dr. Norman said. At least two types of medications administered through the nose have proved helpful and safe: steroids and cromolyn sodium. Steroids can be applied into the nose through a freon-propelled aerosol or a pump-activated water-based spray. When used locally, the drugs have few if any side effects and little risk of a steroid overdose, even when used steadily for weeks at a time. But the steroids slowly reduce swelling of tissues, and it may take a day or two to experience the benefits of intranasal steroids. Cromolyn sodium (marketed as Nasalcrom) also has a delayed effect because its action is preventive, not curative. It also has an excellent safety record, and can be used as often as five times a day without untoward effects. An inhaled form of cromolyn has revolutionized the treatment of asthma by blocking the effects of allergic triggers. Decongestants Decongestants, which relieve nasal and sinus congestion by narrowing blood vessels, are marketed separately (for example, Sudafed or pseudoephedrine) or in combination with antihistamines (Actifed, Sinutab, Drixoral, Dimetapp and Sudafed Plus, among others). Most decongestants are stimulants, and many people incorrectly assume that when taking a combination drug, the stimulating effect of the decongestant will counteract the sedation produced by the antihistamine. Tests have shown that even if a person taking antihistamines is wide awake, mental and physical performance may be impaired. Because of their stimulating properties, decongestants can cause sleeplessness, nervousness, hyperactivity and depressed appetite. The drugs can also raise blood pressure and are not recommended for people being treated for high blood pressure. They may also cause excessive dryness of the mouth, vagina and other mucus-secreting tissues. Nondrug Remedies The ideal approach to allergies is to avoid the allergens, the substances to which you are allergic. This can be quite a challenge for people with seasonal allergies to substances that blow around in the | Health: Personal Health |
336809_0 | LEAD: Fred Lebow, the director of the New York City Marathon and the president of the New York Road Runners Club, was told yesterday that he has brain cancer. Lebow, who was to begin radiation treatments immediately, underwent extensive testing after being admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center on Feb. 14 with a growth in his skull that was detected by a neurological examination. Fred Lebow, the director of the New York City Marathon and the president of the New York Road Runners Club, was told yesterday that he has brain cancer. Lebow, who was to begin radiation treatments immediately, underwent extensive testing after being admitted to Mount Sinai Medical Center on Feb. 14 with a growth in his skull that was detected by a neurological examination. Lebow has been the director of the marathon since 1970 and president of the Road Runners Club since 1972. The number of finishers in the marathon has soared from 55 in 1970 to 24,996 last year. The Road Runners Club membership has grown from 270 in 1972 to 29,800. Associates of the 52-year-old Lebow, who underwent the neurological examination to find the reason for memory lapses he was experiencing, said he was eager to return to work and to resume his normal routines and responsibilities as soon as possible. TRACK AND FIELD | Lebow Treated For Brain Cancer |
338657_3 | ''light'' ketchup cuts the calories and sodium in half, and nutrition information is provided on the label. ''You can find ketchup that has no salt in it, and it tastes much better because you really taste the tomato instead of the salt,'' said Layne Liebman, a registered dietitian and the director of Nutrition Learning Centers, a nutrition counseling service in Cedarhurst, L.I. Barbecue sauce is similar to ketchup in nutritional content. And as in ketchup, Ms. Liebman said, the biggest culprits are salt and sugar. Soy sauce, a standard seasoning in Japanese and Chinese food, is the worst sodium offender among the condiments, and though ''light'' versions have 30 to 40 percent less sodium, a tablespoon can still have about 600 milligrams of sodium. Ms. Liebman suggested adding water to a light version, to cut the sodium further, and using only small amounts along with grated fresh ginger to add flavor in cooking. Mustard is sometimes used on sandwiches in place of mayonnaise to avoid the fat. Anyone concerned about sodium, however, should be aware that some specialty mustards may contain as much as six times the amount of sodium as regular mayonnaise. But as Ms. Liebman pointed out, ''People use less mustard because it has a strong flavor.'' Some no-salt mustards are hard to distinguish from the real thing, she added. In the search for more healthful condiments, Ms. Liebman recommended going to health-food stores for specialty products that do not contain salt and sugar. Although supermarkets are starting to carry some of the more healthful products, she said, they are generally easier to find in specialty shops. Though the fat, calories and sodium that condiments contribute shouldn't be ignored, neither should they be overemphasized. ''Once food gets boring or tastes bland people are going to turn to highly flavored or highly sweetened things just to get a chance to sink their teeth into something,'' said Robyn Flipse, a New Jersey consulting dietitian. And Gail Levey, a dietitian in New York City, said there are worse dietary evils. ''If I see someone putting ketchup and mustard on their hot dog, I'd be much more worried about the hot dog than the ketchup and mustard,'' she said. Correction: March 30, 1990, Friday, Late Edition - Final The Eating Well column in The Living Section on Wednesday misidentified the director of Nutrition Learning Centers in Cedarhurst, L.I. She is Layne Lieberman-Anapol. | EATING WELL |
338651_2 | than traditional oil-popped popcorn. Some commercial popcorns consist of 50 percent or more fat and have as much as 200 calories in three cups. Al Rickard, director of communications for the Snack Food Association, predicts that more flavors will be introduced in light microwave popcorns in the coming months. ''The interest in flavors is growing,'' he said. The flavor news now is in white cheddar cheese. Prepopped white cheddar popcorn is the fastest-growing segment of the market, up an estimated 30 percent in 1989 over 1988, Mr. Rickard said. Smartfood, the first white cheddar cheese popcorn, came on the market in Massachusetts five years ago. Smartfoods Inc., now a $12 million concern, is making the popcorn available nationwide this week. ''I can't believe how well the white cheddar category has done,'' Mr. Rickard said. Ann Whithey first concocted a batch of the white cheddar popcorn on her kitchen stove in Boston as a product to fill reclosable packages that her husband, Andrew, and his partner, Ken Meyers, were trying to market. ''The popcorn turned out better than the package,'' said Mr. Meyers, president of the company, which was sold to Frito-Lay a little more than a year ago. ''Unlike the cheese popcorn already on the market, ours was made with real cheese and it didn't glow in the dark,'' Mr. Meyers said. ''We wanted quality and we were up against the negative consumer image, because prepopped popcorn in a bag was considered garbage, not worth the money because it's not fresh and you can make it better and cheaper at home.'' Smartfood, sold in distinctive black bags, is tender air-popped popcorn tossed with what is essentially a cheese sauce made with a mixture of white cheddar cheese, corn oil, buttermilk, whey and salt. Mr. Meyers said there are now about two dozen imitators on the market. Specialty popcorns like Smartfood have sold well in America since the first one, Cracker Jack, a combination of caramel corn and peanuts, came on the market nearly 100 years ago. If all the boxes of Cracker Jack sold since then were stacked end to end they would reach halfway to the moon. Sales of Cracker Jack are still strong, according to Borden Inc., which has owned it since 1964. The company, the world's largest user of popcorn, pops 18 to 20 tons a day. When the Orville Redenbacher brand was introduced in 1970, it | The Din Of Popcorn Fills the Land |
338454_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: The dreadful ceiling collapse, which killed a woman at New York City's once-elegant Ansonia Hotel (news article, March 13), illustrates the lack of training for those who do building conservation as a profession. Schools of architecture, engineering, contracting and trades are simply not providing the curriculums and work experience for graduates to handle maintenance, retrofitting and restoration that are cost-effective and sympathetic to the original design. This is a global problem. The United Nations International Council on Monuments and Sites has recently set up national committees to survey the situation and suggest solutions. With 75 percent of construction involved in the more than 1.2 million structurally sound, well-sited commercial-institutional properties built before 1940 in this country, this major segment of the market cannot be ignored. GERSIL NEWMARK KAY Philadelphia, March 13, 1990 The writer is an electrical contractor. | Restoring Old Buildings Takes Special Skills |
338483_0 | LEAD: New ways of packaging consumer goods are being developed and some old ones revived as environmental concerns grow, the cost of disposing solid waste rises and state and local governments adopt measures to promote recycling and degradability. New ways of packaging consumer goods are being developed and some old ones revived as environmental concerns grow, the cost of disposing solid waste rises and state and local governments adopt measures to promote recycling and degradability. Flex Products Inc., based in Santa Rosa, Calif., has developed a container for perishable foods that is less complex and more recyclable than existing competitors. Flexel Inc. of Atlanta is marketing an old standby, cellophane, as a more degradable alternative to existing wrapping. And the Canadian subsidiary of Du Pont is selling, as a container for milk and other foods, a flexible pouch that consumes much less space in a landfill than existing containers. Packaging accounts for about 30 percent of all solid waste by weight and even more - about 34 percent -by volume. because hollow containers retain some of their volume after compression. And many environmental groups complain that some modern packages, like square juice boxes that incorporate distinct layers of paper, metal foil and plastic, are too complicated to be recycled or composted. To meet the needs of consumer goods manufacturers who fear the effect of increasing regulation and a backlash from environmentally sensitive consumers, packaging suppliers are offering a variety of alternatives: Glass-Coated Plastic To prevent spoilage of products like tomato-based foods, many plastic containers have used a special layer to keep out oxygen. This can lead to very complex packages, because the oxygen barrier must often be protected by additional layers from the contents inside the package and the environment outside. Adhesives are required between each layer. As a result, a squeezable plastic ketchup bottle, as one example, has six layers. Other multilayered packages include juice boxes and microwavable food containers. Such multilayered plastics are very difficult to recycle and are generally not recycled. Flex Productsis taking a different approach to applying an oxygen barrier. Instead of using a plastic like ethyl vinyl alcohol that requires special adhesives to cling to structural layers, it uses only two layers - a very thin coat of a glassy material, silicon dioxide, on a flexible-plastic base. The company uses an electron beam to vaporize the silicon dioxide in a vacuum chamber. The plastic | New Packaging That Spared the Environment |
333392_0 | LEAD: World exports of coffee jumped by nearly 25 percent last year after international controls on sales were abolished in July, the International Coffee Organization said this week. Exports to all destinations in the last half of 1989 totaled 39.6 million bags, compared with 31.9 million in the comparable period of 1988, the organization reported. World exports of coffee jumped by nearly 25 percent last year after international controls on sales were abolished in July, the International Coffee Organization said this week. Exports to all destinations in the last half of 1989 totaled 39.6 million bags, compared with 31.9 million in the comparable period of 1988, the organization reported. One bag equals 132 pounds. The quota system was abandoned July 4, when member governments failed to agree on terms for its continuation. | Coffee Exports Spurt |
333542_0 | LEAD: Smoke-free air in the cabin of an airliner may be better for the health of passengers, but Federal officials have determined that it is safer to let the pilots keep smoking. Smoke-free air in the cabin of an airliner may be better for the health of passengers, but Federal officials have determined that it is safer to let the pilots keep smoking. In an effort to avoid withdrawal symptoms that could affect the performance of cigarette-smoking pilots, a Federal ban on cigarettes that took effect on all airlines last month made an exception for flight crews. All but unnoticed in the publicity over the new law was wording applying the ban to the passenger cabin and toilets, but not to the flight deck. The exception, reported Friday in The Washington Post, was based on a 1978 study by the National Institutes of Health finding that possible withdrawal symptoms would pose a potential risk to the pilots' performance, said Dr. Andrew Horne, an official of the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Aviation medicine. ''The effects of withdrawal in a habitual smoker are associated with decrements in vigilance, in concentration, and with increased irritability, anxiety and aggression,'' Dr. Horne quoted the report as saying. These symptoms are becoming familiar to many smokers who are not allowed to light up on most domestic flights. Since Feb. 25, smoking has been banned on all but about two dozen of the 18,000 domestic flights daily in this country. Before then, the Government had banned smoking on flights of two hours or less. Members of smokers' rights groups said today that they sympathized with smoking pilots but were still unhappy about restrictions in the rest of the plane. ''If, in fact, a cigarette is helpful to the pilot and co-pilot in a stressful situation, let them have it,'' said Dave Brenton, president of Smoker's Rights Alliance, a lobbying group. ''I just wish people were as sympathetic with airline passengers who find the flying experience a stressful one.'' Dr. Horne voiced little sympathy. ''There's a lot of difference,'' he said. ''A smoker in the back of the plane is not instrumental to the safety of the flight, and the pilot certainly is. For instance, if you have a guy who is in a stressful situation shooting an instrument approach and he begins to have his withdrawal effects, then that is not a good situation.'' Walt Coleman, | Ban on Smoking in Airliners Doesn't Apply to the Cockpit |
339305_0 | LEAD: Leading members of Congress said today that the nation should adopt a simpler, more secure method of identifying citizens and legal aliens in an effort to prevent job discrimination against Hispanic and other minority workers. Leading members of Congress said today that the nation should adopt a simpler, more secure method of identifying citizens and legal aliens in an effort to prevent job discrimination against Hispanic and other minority workers. But whether the lawmakers' search for such a method will result in adoption of a standard worker identification card, a step long opposed by civil libertarians, is uncertain. Federal immigration law provides for penalties against employers who hire illegal aliens. The General Accounting Office, the investigative and auditing arm of Congress, reported Thursday that those provisions, and the counterfeiting of documents that are supposed to prove worker eligibility, had produced widespread hiring discrimination against people with a ''foreign appearance or accent.'' In the Senate, at least, there appears to be some sentiment in favor of a worker card for all citizens and others legally eligible to work. Supporters of the idea said such a document would make it easier for employers to verify the eligibility of job applicants and would thereby help to reduce discrimination in hiring. Opposition Expected to Stiffen But there is no agreement on details of such a card: whether, for example, it would be mandatory or merely be carried as a convenience, allowing job applicants to prove their work eligibility quickly. Even supporters of the card said resistance to the idea was likely to stiffen as these details were debated. There is also support in the House of Representatives for new, more reliable means of personal identification, but not necessarily for the mandatory use of a worker card. Under the Immigration Reform and Control Act, the landmark 1986 law intended to curb illegal immigration, employers must ask all job applicants for documents to verify that they are either American citizens or aliens authorized to work. Any of 17 documents may be used, and many, like Social Security cards and birth certificates, have been widely counterfeited. Today, at a hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Senators Alan K. Simpson of Wyoming and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, both Republicans, and Paul Simon of Illinois, a Democrat, said there was a need for a simpler, more secure method of identification so employers could verify that job applicants | Simpler Plan Sought in Congress To Identify All Eligible for Work |
331298_4 | 20 to 22 percent sugar, often corn syrup and the like. Rapid Expansion By the end of 1989, Uncle Dave's sales had reached $100,000, Mr. Lyon said. It is now sold in 1,000 markets, primarily in the Northeast and Canada, but is rapidly expanding. Neither Uncle Dave's nor most of the other new brands have cornered much space on supermarket shelves. Some of the ketchup makers, like Carol Tanner of Mother's Mountain, say they are content simply to sell their ketchup through specialty food stores and by mail order. But Mr. Lyon is pressing the supermarket chains, and Uncle Dave's can now be found in some Waldbaum's Food Marts and Shop Rite supermarkets. Gourmet ketchup, he says, ''is a product that will sell.'' Others are less optimistic. ''Ketchup is ketchup,'' said Joel Dee, president of the Edward & Sons Trading Company. The Union, N.J., food company introduced Wizard's Spicy Catchup two years ago, but discontinued it in December after poor sales. ''No one has found a new ketchup yet that can do as well as Grey Poupon mustard,'' he said. An Old French Recipe Grey Poupon, a 200-year-old French recipe using white wine, was first shipped to the United States in 1946. It was relatively obscure until its success in the early 1980's, said Caroline Fee, a spokeswoman for RJR Nabisco, which now owns the brand. Other mustards followed Grey Poupon's success, tapping a growing consumer hunger for anything labeled ''gourmet'' and associated with new styles of cooking. By contrast, there was ''virtually no velocity in ketchup,'' said Gary Russell of the Specialty Food Tracking Index in Florham Park, N.J., because ketchup does not lend itself as readily to specialization or wide use in home recipes. That did not stop the industry giants from trying. In 1969, Hunt-Wesson introduced different-flavored ketchups: steakhouse, chili pepper, hickory and pizza flavor. In 1971, the company pulled them from the shelves. ''People were just not that interested,'' said Kay Carpenter, a company spokeswoman. ''People grow up with ketchup. They have pretty well discovered how to use it.'' Heinz has experimented, too, but the new recipes got no further than in-house testing, said Jeff Connors, Heinz's product manager for grocery ketchup. ''We would love to introduce 12 new ketchups,'' he said, ''but ketchup is what ketchup is. We don't want to end up on the same page of the textbook as the New Coke people.'' | For Specialty Ketchups, A Battle With the Giants |
330924_0 | LEAD: The Government newspaper Izvestia has confirmed Western news reports of an attempted mutiny aboard a Soviet naval vessel in 1975 that Tom Clancy used as the basis of his bestseller, ''The Hunt for Red October.'' The Government newspaper Izvestia has confirmed Western news reports of an attempted mutiny aboard a Soviet naval vessel in 1975 that Tom Clancy used as the basis of his bestseller, ''The Hunt for Red October.'' The book is about an officer aboard a Soviet nuclear submarine on a secret mission who decides to defect to the West, taking the vessel with him. In the book, which was made into a movie to be released next month, Soviet naval forces chase the submarine and American forces try to give it safe passage to the United States. In Washington, Mr. Clancy said today he was reached by an Izvestia reporter who told him that the imminent release of the ''Red October'' film gave the Soviet Government an opportunity to acknowledge that ''the incident really did take place.'' On Tuesday, a military prosecutor's office admitted that the anti-submarine ship Storozhevoy tried to escape to Sweden in November 1975, the official press agency, Tass, quoted Izvestia as saying. According to the office, the ship's deputy commanding officer, Capt. Valery Sablin, led the attempted mutiny, the newspaper said. His plan was to commandeer the Storozhevoy after isolating the commanding officer and other officers and deceiving the crew into obeying his orders, Izvestia said. The newspaper said Captain Sablin was able to get the ship across the Soviet border in the Baltic Sea 21 miles toward Swedish territorial waters. But his plan fell through when the Storozhevoy was intercepted and returned to base, the newspaper said. Captain Sablin was tried by the Supreme Court's military wing, found guilty and sentenced to death by firing squad, according to Isvestia. The report did not specify whether the sentence was carried out. | Upheaval in the East; How the Mutiny on 'Red October' Sub Really Happened |
330910_2 | began to flow to many countries in the region. Senator Bob Graham, Democrat of Florida and a sponsor of a bill to extend the program, said, ''The impact of C.B.I. has been significant but diluted by other events, like the declining quota of sugar entering the U.S. from C.B.I. nations, which occurred around and independent of it.'' Three Products Excluded The mixed appraisals reflect the frustrations of the officials of many Caribbean countries that the initiative's potential to help them has been greatly tempered by the exclusion of three of the region's most important products: sugar, textiles and petroleum products. Despite wider doors for the bulk of the region's exports, tariffs and quotas on these products and falling commodity prices combined to cause an annual drop of $2.3 billion since 1983 in the total value of United States imports from the Caribbean Basin countries, according to a recent State Department report. In defense of the program, United States officials say the main cause of the Caribbean countries' deteriorating balance of trade with this country is the $4 billion drop in the value of oil exports from three countries, Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas and the Netherlands Antilles. The officials say that since the Caribbean initiative began, exports of products exempted from duties have grown more than 46 percent, or at an average annual rate of 5.2 percent. The Major Gains The most significant export gains for the Caribbean region during the last six years have been in apparel, electrical equipment, fruit, flowers, winter vegetables and shellfish - all defined under the program as non-traditional exports. Traditional exports include sugar, coffee, bauxite, bananas, cocoa and rum. Testifying in February before the Senate Finance Committee's Subcommittee on International Trade, Carla A. Hills, the United States trade representative, said the region's nontraditional exports to the United States ''have been increasing so fast that for the first time in 1988 they exceeded the value of traditional exports, compared to representing under one-quarter of our total imports from the region in 1983.'' Mrs. Hills cited the growth of the nontraditional goods, as opposed to the region's mainstays, as ''concrete evidence that the C.B.I. is making progress in helping the economies in the region diversify and achieve self-sustaining growth.'' U.S. Companies Active A number of American companies have reacted enthusiastically to the program, taking advantage of the region's low labor costs and the initiative's tax exemptions | Shifts in U.S. Policy Sought To Spur Caribbean Trade |
336261_7 | programs run, and a host of other factors used to analyze the data, so the tapes will be preserved in their full context. Easy-to-Store Disks To begin the project, four researchers are poring over 135,000 old magnetic tapes saved from lunar and planetary missions throughout the 1960's and 1970's. Another 50,000 tapes from the more recent Voyager missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are in the process of being transferred onto special laser disks that are easy to store and copy and are virtually indestructable. The older tapes are being sorted into data sets, with each set representing a separate space flight, said Amy Hochstettler, the researcher in charge. Some of the earliest missions produced only one tape, she said, whereas later sets have at least 50,000 tapes. Special Programs Needed Once full data sets of each mission have been compiled, Ms. Hochstettler said, the researchers will transfer the old data, bit by bit, onto new tape. This is a tricky business, she said. Older tapes are in a seven-track format and cannot be run on modern nine-track machines. So researchers must write special computer programs to copy the data onto modern tapes. But the biggest problem, said Ms. Hochstettler, is that some of the original tapes are so fragile that the layer of oxidized fiber that contains the data flakes off as the tape is read. These tapes are destroyed in the copying process and if something goes wrong the data they contain are lost forever. Ultimately, the laboratory hopes to have a collection of 10,000 to 15,000 tapes representing the core of its planetary missions, said Mr. Sanders. But, he said, the tapes will not be useful to future scientists without vast amounts of ancillary data. This includes computer instructions for running the programs to process the data, spacecraft specifications and a great many details about the instruments flown on each mission. Sometimes, Mr. Sanders said, researchers must find the people who built each instrument, if they are still alive, to learn the details of their design. Finally, scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are developing new technologies to make better use of archived data. More data are being made available to scientists on compact disks as well as through a special computer network associated with six universities. Without new tools, Mr. Sanders said, NASA scientists will not be able to cope with the flood of data. | Lost on Earth: Wealth of Data Found in Space |
334035_0 | LEAD: For the opening of the opulent Teatro Amazonas in the heart of the Amazon rain forest, MARCIA HAYDEE, the Brazilian ballerina and director of the Stuttgart Ballet, will dance in ''Amazon Forest.'' The Villa-Lobos ballet, along with excerpts from a Brazilian opera and a symphonic work written by CLAUDIO SANTORO, an Amazonian composer, make up the program on March 17 for the re-opening of the theater, built in 1896 by For the opening of the opulent Teatro Amazonas in the heart of the Amazon rain forest, MARCIA HAYDEE, the Brazilian ballerina and director of the Stuttgart Ballet, will dance in ''Amazon Forest.'' The Villa-Lobos ballet, along with excerpts from a Brazilian opera and a symphonic work written by CLAUDIO SANTORO, an Amazonian composer, make up the program on March 17 for the re-opening of the theater, built in 1896 by Brazil's rubber barons. The theater is in Manaus, where it rains 165 days a year. A new Steinway piano was treated for nine months to endure the humidity. It took 14 months and more than 4,000 gallons of insecticide to combat termite infestation in the theater. Brazil's new president, FERNANDO COLLOR de MELLO will attend the opening, two days after his inauguration as the nation's first civilian president in 29 years. | Chronicle |
335567_2 | about one-sixth. Southeast has had to push for efficiency to survive. (About 40 percent of Southeast's output goes to its three owners, Media General Inc., Knight-Ridder Inc. and Cox Enterprises Inc.) Environmental considerations, not economics, are driving recycling today. Every ton of old newspapers taken out of the waste stream saves 3.3 cubic yards of critical landfill space. Which is why many companies are planning new paper-recycling mills. Last year about 5.3 million short tons of old newspapers, or about 35 percent of all newsprint, were collected for recycling. About 2 million tons were recycled into fresh newsprint by one of the nine North American recycling plants; the rest was either exported or turned into paperboard. Mr. Edwards predicts that by 1995, 7 million tons, or half of all the newsprint used, will be recycled. In moving from yesterday's trash to tomorrow's newspaper, that newsprint will likely follow the path that Southeast uses today. Each day, old newspapers are moved from Southeast's 17 acres of warehouses to the mill. A worker shovels the newsprint onto a continuous conveyor, which feeds it into the pulping machine. In the pulper - a machine that works like a kitchen blender - large contaminants like cans are mechanically filtered out, and the paper is mixed with water and chemicals. As the pulp flows out of the pulper, electronic sensors check its consistency. If it is too thick, the conveyor belt feeding the raw newsprint slows down; if it is too thin, the belt speeds up. Computers also control the flow of chemicals into the pulper. The pulp next moves through a centrifugal cleaner and through mechanical screens designed to remove progressively finer contaminants. The final cleaning is through machines with slots eight one-thousandths of an inch wide that remove ''stickies'' - globules of pressure-sensitive glue. Southeast is the first recycling plant to use these machines. By this time the pulp is free of mechanically filterable items, but it is by no means ''clean.'' For that, it needs de-inking. At Southeast, the pulp is run through rotating hollow cylinders that have fine-mesh screens for walls. Water and ink push through the screens to the center of the cylinders; the de-inked pulp clings to the outsides. At this stage the pulp could be turned into paper. But the paper would register no higher than 52 on a brightness scale of 100 (magazine paper registers at least | Technology; A State-of-the-Art Plant Refines Newspaper Recycling |
335555_2 | on Thursday that the company he founded has ended relations with Cuba. Davidoff International plans to produce cigars elsewhere. Mr. Davidoff said that the quality of Cuban cigars had fallen off. Some blame Castro's decision to quit smoking. Davidoff's Havanas, costing as much as $60 each, are forbidden in the United States; Geneva's cigar merchants have become specialists at rapidly removing the incriminating cigar bands for the benefit of American tourists. With the Cuban Government still licensed to market cigars under the Davidoff name, the company plans to certify its own products by labeling them, ''Qualite Controlee par Davidoff & Cie., Geneve.'' Mr. Davidoff's motto, after all, has been, ''In Zino Veritas.'' In Brief The Norton Company, a maker of abrasives, received an unsolicited, $1.64 billion takeover offer from BTR P.L.C. on Friday. THE ECONOMY Facing Limits on Aid Control The United States wants to make sure a Marshall Plan for Eastern Europe doesn't aid the Soviet Union as well. Last Wednesday, Nicholas F. Brady, the Secretary of the Treasury, threatened not to join a new development bank for Eastern Europe if the Soviet Union stood to benefit. Under pressure from Western Europe, the United States dropped its opposition to Soviet participation in the bank. Mr. Brady's latest remarks are likely to ignite another feud over limits on Soviet borrowing. But it should be understood in Washington that, in contrast to the confident years after World War II, the flow of international aid is now beyond American control. Sales, Output and Housing Retail sales were down nine-tenths of 1 percent in February after a 2.8 percent gain the month before. Industrial production moved in the opposite direction - up six-tenths of 1 percent in February after dropping 1.0 percent the month before. Economists say these figures, released last week, reflected higher production but lower sales of cars. As Neal Soss, chief economist at First Boston, said, ''The auto cycle is the theme.'' * Housing starts declined 7 percent in February, the Commerce Department reported on Friday. They had risen 24.7 percent in January as warm weather allowed more building. Trade: Deadlocked on Deadline Talks aimed at solving nearly all the trade problems between the United States and Japan appeared likely by last week to solve none. Meetings since September seem to be making tensions worse. The United States has asked Japan to stimulate consumer spending, break up huge business combines, | Business Diary: March 11-16 |
335668_0 | LEAD: IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. The tomatoes are sliced very thin and placed on an oiled baking sheet in a low oven. They are then roasted for between 30 minutes to an hour, or however long it takes them to begin to shrivel and get a little charred round the edges. Then they are scraped up with a spatula and used on top of fish, meat or vegetables, as a garnish. For people who are cutting down on salt or fat, they are a great way to add flavor to food. These tomatoes go very well with grilled fish such as salmon, swordfish, halibut or even tuna. They make a fine garnish for grilled chicken and are also good with mixed steamed vegetables such as cauliflower and string beans (omit the capers in the following recipe if you are cutting back on salt). They also add a special touch to dried beans, mashed potatoes, steamed okra or rice. This roasting method only works with ripe tomatoes. Unfortunately, nothing can be done for those perfectly shaped tasteless pale pink ones from Florida. As Calvin Trillin once pointed out, those are not even any good for politicians. They are so hard you'd be arrested for murder. Salmon Fillet With Thyme And Roasted Tomatoes Preparation time: 5 minutes Cooking time: 30 minutes to 1 hour 4 ripe tomatoes 1 salmon fillet (about 1 pound) Juice of 1/2 lemon 2 tablespoons olive oil Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves. 1. Preheat oven to 300 degrees. Slice the tomatoes very thin and place them on an oiled roasting dish. Roast for 30 minutes to an hour, | For an Off-Season Taste Treat, Roasted Tomatoes |
335667_0 | LEAD: IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. The tomatoes are sliced very thin and placed on an oiled baking sheet in a low oven. They are then roasted for between 30 minutes to an hour, or however long it takes them to begin to shrivel and get a little charred round the edges. Then they are scraped up with a spatula and used on top of fish, meat or vegetables, as a garnish. For people who are cutting down on salt or fat, they are a great way to add flavor to food. These tomatoes go very well with grilled fish such as salmon, swordfish, halibut or even tuna. They make a fine garnish for grilled chicken and are also good with mixed steamed vegetables such as cauliflower and string beans (omit the capers in the following recipe if you are cutting back on salt). They also add a special touch to dried beans, mashed potatoes, steamed okra or rice. This roasting method only works with ripe tomatoes. Unfortunately, nothing can be done for those perfectly shaped tasteless pale pink ones from Florida. As Calvin Trillin once pointed out, those are not even any good for politicians. They are so hard you'd be arrested for murder. Salmon Fillet With Thyme And Roasted Tomatoes Preparation time: 5 minutes Cooking time: 30 minutes to 1 hour 4 ripe tomatoes 1 salmon fillet (about 1 pound) Juice of 1/2 lemon 2 tablespoons olive oil Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves. 1. Preheat oven to 300 degrees. Slice the tomatoes very thin and place them on an oiled roasting dish. Roast for 30 minutes to an hour, | For an Off-Season Taste Treat, Roasted Tomatoes |
335669_0 | LEAD: IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. The tomatoes are sliced very thin and placed on an oiled baking sheet in a low oven. They are then roasted for between 30 minutes to an hour, or however long it takes them to begin to shrivel and get a little charred round the edges. Then they are scraped up with a spatula and used on top of fish, meat or vegetables, as a garnish. For people who are cutting down on salt or fat, they are a great way to add flavor to food. These tomatoes go very well with grilled fish such as salmon, swordfish, halibut or even tuna. They make a fine garnish for grilled chicken and are also good with mixed steamed vegetables such as cauliflower and string beans (omit the capers in the following recipe if you are cutting back on salt). They also add a special touch to dried beans, mashed potatoes, steamed okra or rice. This roasting method only works with ripe tomatoes. Unfortunately, nothing can be done for those perfectly shaped tasteless pale pink ones from Florida. As Calvin Trillin once pointed out, those are not even any good for politicians. They are so hard you'd be arrested for murder. Salmon Fillet With Thyme And Roasted Tomatoes Preparation time: 5 minutes Cooking time: 30 minutes to 1 hour 4 ripe tomatoes 1 salmon fillet (about 1 pound) Juice of 1/2 lemon 2 tablespoons olive oil Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves. 1. Preheat oven to 300 degrees. Slice the tomatoes very thin and place them on an oiled roasting dish. Roast for 30 minutes to an hour, | For an Off-Season Taste Treat, Roasted Tomatoes |
335505_0 | LEAD: IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. IF you yearn for the taste of tomatoes but are unimpressed by their quality at this time of year, try roasting them. Ripe hothouse or hydroponically grown tomatoes taste wonderful when cooked this way. They look a mess but they develop an intense flavor, sweet yet sharp, and almost carmelized. They are good with almost any food that likes the flavor of tomato. The tomatoes are sliced very thin and placed on an oiled baking sheet in a low oven. They are then roasted for between 30 minutes to an hour, or however long it takes them to begin to shrivel and get a little charred round the edges. Then they are scraped up with a spatula and used on top of fish, meat or vegetables, as a garnish. For people who are cutting down on salt or fat, they are a great way to add flavor to food. These tomatoes go very well with grilled fish such as salmon, swordfish, halibut or even tuna. They make a fine garnish for grilled chicken and are also good with mixed steamed vegetables such as cauliflower and string beans (omit the capers in the following recipe if you are cutting back on salt). They also add a special touch to dried beans, mashed potatoes, steamed okra or rice. This roasting method only works with ripe tomatoes. Unfortunately, nothing can be done for those perfectly shaped tasteless pale pink ones from Florida. As Calvin Trillin once pointed out, those are not even any good for politicians. They are so hard you'd be arrested for murder. Salmon Fillet With Thyme And Roasted Tomatoes Preparation time: 5 minutes Cooking time: 30 minutes to 1 hour 4 ripe tomatoes 1 salmon fillet (about 1 pound) Juice of 1/2 lemon 2 tablespoons olive oil Coarse salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 1 teaspoon fresh thyme leaves. 1. Preheat oven to 300 degrees. Slice the tomatoes very thin and place them on an oiled roasting dish. Roast for 30 minutes to an hour, | For an Off-Season Taste Treat, Roasted Tomatoes |
335908_4 | to reject this approach and to develop the alternative philosophy of monism, or immanentism. The Marrano environment and experience had very little to do with this. In the second volume of Mr. Yovel's study the focus shifts to the history of modern thought, especially the major figures from Kant through Freud. Mr. Yovel argues that these modern thinkers all share or reflect several important themes or projects drawn from Spinoza. In short, they are ''heretics'' or revealers of a ''dark enlightenment,'' according to which man is not a temporary citizen of this world to be transported eventually to a different domain where his true salvation lies; instead, the only world is this one. The major modern thinkers are disciples of Spinoza insofar as they advocate some form of ''secular salvation,'' or ''immanentism.'' Mr. Yovel's discussions of Nietzsche and Freud are most illuminating and stimulating. In an epilogue he presents his own version of the philosophy of immanence in which Spinoza's metaphysical moralism is tempered with Freud's more sober therapeutic approach. The ''dogmatic'' philosophy of Spinoza is replaced with a ''critical'' philosophy of immanence in which finitude, tolerance and pluralism are the main motifs. At the end of Volume One, Mr. Yovel raises the questions of Spinoza's Jewishness and his significance for Jewish history. Was Spinoza ''the first secular Jew''? Indeed, was he the first secularist? There is no doubt that secularism was an integral component of Spinoza's social philosophy. He advocated a society in which religion was to be a private matter and freedom of and from religion was guaranteed. But, Mr. Yovel reminds us, in that age Spinoza could not live as a secularist. He was a ''Marrano of reason,'' who lived in a society in which one was either a Christian or a Jew. He was neither and he cautiously taught a philosophy that undermined both. Society was not ready for him. There was no place for Spinoza as a secular Jew in 17th-century Amsterdam or in any other Jewish community. In this respect he had to be banned from the Jewish community. Yet, Spinoza's philosophy of secular salvation has become a main theme in modern Jewish thought and life, especially among the early Zionists, who saw in Spinoza their forerunner. Of course, Spinoza was not a Zionist, in spite of his admission that the revival of a Jewish state in their ancestral land would not be impossible, | A DURABLE HERESY |
335776_2 | was pulled apart by centripetal force. The Washington Post today quoted unidentified intelligence and Congressional officials who were briefed on the problem as saying the satellite malfunction was a ''serious setback'' and of ''major concern.'' But other experts said the problem was more serious from the standpoint of equipment and putting up a new generation of satellites than from the prospect of an immediate loss of intelligence. There are enough older spy satellites still functioning to minimize a loss in information now, they said. Military space experts and industry publications identified the craft put into orbit by the secret military flight of Atlantis as a $500 million satellite code-named AFP-731. The self-maneuvering satellite was said to be capable of taking high-resolution digital pictures and eavesdropping on communications. Some Functions May Be Possible John E. Pike, the director of space policy for the Federation of American Scientists, said that it was possible the satellite was not totally disabled by the apparent malfunction and could retain some function. The Novosti report said the Soviets were tracking four large pieces from the craft, but some of them could be shrouds or covers thrown off during normal deployment, he said. ''This is a new system,'' Mr. Pike said. ''Sometimes, if you've never seen it before, you can be fooled by what you think you see. ''The prototype satellite, for instance, tumbled for months and everyone thought it was gone,'' Mr. Pike continued, ''but it stablized and started maneuvering, clearly not out of control as everyone thought.'' Soviet experts estimated that pieces of the satellite would re-enter the atmosphere between Monday and April 10, possibly over Soviet territory, and criticized the United States for not warning other countries of the possible danger. Space debris re-enters the earth's atmosphere regularly and usually burns up from the heat of re-entry. When large pieces of debris fall from space and are not totally incinerated, trackers usually do not know until the last few days or hours where it likely to come down. Since most of the Earth is covered by water, most debris comes down in the oceans. The United States Solar Maximum scientific observatory, for instance, fell into the Indian Ocean last Dec. 2, but pieces of the Skylab space station came down in the wilderness of western Australia in 1981, and debris and radioactivity from a Soviet Cosmos satellite fell in the Canadian wilderness in 1978. | Problems Are Reported With New Spy Satellite |
335632_2 | about the expanded recycling program. A North Carolina recycling firm picks up the store's empties and delivers them to a plant that grinds them up into reusable chips. Other labs now in the recycling stream include Wal-Mart in Texas, Guardian Photo in Slippery Rock, Pa., Crest Photo in Elgin, Ill., Photo Service of Cincinnati and District Photo in Maryland. Most significantly, Qualex, Inc. plans to have all 37 of its labs participating by the end of the year. Qualex operates the megalabs that used to be solely owned by Kodak. One logistical problem remains. Large-volume processing labs can fill a trailer truck in a few days, but camera stores and one-hour labs don't offer recyclers the same economy of scale. As the program expands, the economic advantages may filter down to smaller and smaller businesses. And heaven knows, Americans will surely find new uses for all those tons of shredded film containers. Speaking of which, Kodak and Fuji came under criticism from environmentalists (including the New York City Commissioner of Sanitation) when they introduced so-called ''single use'' cameras. The criticism didn't seem to hurt the cameras' popularity; indeed, both companies have added to their single-use line. Kodak's Stretch 35 panorama model was one of 1989's unexpected marketing success stories. But some of us still worried about all the trash they generated. Well now we can worry a bit less about the environmental consequences of using Kodak's Fling, Stretch or Weekend 35 models. Beginning this year, Kodak is planning to reuse the pieces of its spent single-use cameras, incorporating some of the components into factory-fresh new ones. Once again, Kodak is working with the major labs that process the film inside the plastic-and-paper cameras to have the emptied-out bodies returned. The company hasn't announced how many of the parts inside each body will be re-manufactured, but it is demonstrating its desire to be seen as an environmentally responsible company. Soon, of course, photography may become a much cleaner preoccupation, without the chemistry, litter and assorted health hazards it has long entailed. The day when we all make pictures on palm-sized magnetic disks and play them on television sets is not too distant. Already Kodak is selling something called an ''image enhancement system'' that allows commercial users to retouch and revise photographs electronically. This brave-new-world device still depends on conventional film emulsions, but it makes a lot less mess than a single-use | Pastimes; Camera |
335673_0 | LEAD: Storm-Struck Forest Reopens In Puerto Rico Storm-Struck Forest Reopens In Puerto Rico The 28,000-acre Caribbean National Forest known as El Yunque in Puerto Rico has reopened for recreational use after repairs to roads, trails and visitor centers that were damaged when Hurricane Hugo pummeled the island last September. The storm severely defoliated some sections of the forest and forced the closure of Highway 191, the main access road to most trails, observation areas and other facilities. The highway was reopened Jan. 16. ''It will be many months before all signs of the hurricane are gone,'' said Miguel Domenech, director of the Puerto Rico Tourism Company, ''but nature has adapted tropical rain forests for survival and the growth of new vegetation will give added life and character to El Yunque.'' The only tropical rain forest in the United States National Forest system, El Yunque is home to 240 species of tropical trees, flowers and wildlife. Twenty varieties of orchids and 50 of ferns share the habitat with millions of tiny tree frogs, the melodious coqui. Tropical birds include the Puerto Rican parrot, once nearly extinct and now making a comeback. All 55 captive parrots, used to increase the population, survived Hugo. Dr. Ariel Lugo, director of the Federal Forest system, said: ''With the destruction of old trees making way for new growth, we estimate that El Yunque will now be able to support a larger number of species of plants and wildlife.'' The trails include the Toro, which passes through the area's four forest systems to 3,523-foot Pico El Toro, the highest peak in the forest. El Yunque is about 50 minutes from San Juan. Hotel Strike In Hawaii A strike that began March 3 at 11 major hotels in Hawaii has affected one out of every five hotel rooms in the state and two of every five in Waikiki, disrupting Hawaii's tourist industry. Seven thousand five hundred members of Local 5 of the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Union took to the picket lines when talks with a Federal mediator failed to work out agreement on a new contract. With a tight labor market and both sides predicting a long strike, hotel chains brought in catering and management staffs from mainland affiliates to assist at the affected hotels, which account for one-fourth of the 37,500 rooms in Waikiki. The hotels affected are the Hilton Hawaiian Village, Hyatt Regency Waikiki, | TRAVEL ADVISORY |
335707_0 | LEAD: Hearing loss is not a reportable disease. There are no official statistics. But doctors suspect that this incurable ailment is becoming epidemic and that the willful or ignorant misuse of audio equipment is a major cause. Hearing loss is not a reportable disease. There are no official statistics. But doctors suspect that this incurable ailment is becoming epidemic and that the willful or ignorant misuse of audio equipment is a major cause. Just how serious the situation has become is shown in a report to be published next month in the British Journal of Audiology. At the department of communications and neuroscience of the University of Keele in Staffordshire, Professors P. D. P West and E. F. Evans measured the hearing damage resulting from habitual exposure to loudness levels normally heard at rock concerts, in many electronically amplified musical theater presentations or through the earphones of personal cassette players turned up to - or near - their limit. The researchers decided on this project when they noticed widespread hearing impairment among graduate students at the university. Contrary to normal medical expectations, older members of the faculty generally had better hearing than their young students. The investigators suspected that the students' hearing may have been traumatized by the type of personal stereo equipment available since the introduction of Sony's Walkman in 1979. They were also aware of a test conducted earlier by the National Deaf Children's Society of Great Britain that showed that most Walkman-type stereo players can produce volume levels of 100 decibels, comparable to the noise heard close to a pneumatic drill. Having decided on a systematic study of hearing loss in a group of 60 young people aged 15 to 23 who had been attending rock concerts and listening regularly to popular music through earphones, they immediately encountered difficulties. They could not find a suitable control group of young people not exposed to these influences. They finally recruited some Chinese exchange students who had no pocket stereo equipment and little interest in rock, and they also found suitable subjects in religious communities disdaining rock. The results showed that more than one-third of earphone listeners and rock devotees had measurable hearing loss - more than twice the incidence of the control group. This confirms an epidemic whose full impact will become apparent when its young victims' handicap is compounded by age. Unlike others, this epidemic is self-inflicted and | LISTENERS PAY A HIGH PRICE FOR LOUD MUSIC |
335856_0 | LEAD: THE pictures were striking, just as they were intended to be: Children paralyzed from the waist down crawling up the steps of the Capitol, and more than 100 protesters, most in wheelchairs, being arrested by police officers in riot gear after a raucous demonstration in the Rotunda. THE pictures were striking, just as they were intended to be: Children paralyzed from the waist down crawling up the steps of the Capitol, and more than 100 protesters, most in wheelchairs, being arrested by police officers in riot gear after a raucous demonstration in the Rotunda. The aim of the demonstration was to press for enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act, a comprehensive civil rights bill that extends to physically and mentally disabled individuals the same protections against biased treatment in employment, transportation and public accommodations now accorded women and minorities. ''You can view disability rights as one of the latest chapters in the overall civil rights movement,'' said Wayne Sailor, a professor of special education at San Francisco State University. It was not always so. For years, the agenda for the disabled was set by organizations like the March of Dimes and the Easter Seals Foundation, which focused on providing services for the disabled and prying money loose from government and individuals to find cures for such illnesses as cerebral palsy. In the last two decades, however, the attitude of those with disabilities has shifted from being passive recipients of institutional largess and paternalism to demanding a full role in society. ''We're not Tiny Tims, or Jerry's kids,'' said Bob Kafka, a quadrapelegic from Austin, Tex., as he demonstrated outside the White House last week. The disability rights movement was shaped by a number of scientific, cultural and political forces. In many ways, it is a byproduct of the technological revolution. Breakthroughs in medicine, the development of computers that allow the hearing and speech impaired to use telephones, and advancements in motorized wheelchairs have meant more people with severe handicaps live longer, can do more for themselves and have the potential for enjoying fuller lives. Technology's Role ''There are people with serious spinal cord injuries who used to die within two weeks that now live 30 or 40 years,'' said Dr. Frank Bowe, a deaf scholar whose 1978 book ''Handicapping America'' is to the disability rights movement what Betty Friedan's ''The Feminist Mystique'' was to the women's movement. ''It's | The Disabled Find a Voice, And Make Sure It Is Heard |
335733_1 | of the Whitney Museum of Art. In all these instances, power was in the hands of board members, managers or moneymen. The same situation prevailed in Paris, where Dominique Bozo had no sooner made the Musee National d'Art Moderne in the Pompidou Center into one of the world's great modern museums than life there was made impossible for him. In London, equally, it was a group of inept and inexperienced trustees - governmental appointees - who brought the Victoria and Albert Museum, till recently one of the glories of Europe, to its present state of decay and demoralization. Worldwide, it is now the manager and the moneyman who rule, while the creative people - the editor in chief, the museum director and the curatorial staff - are discarded. Meanwhile, New York is the poorer for the loss of Mr. Schiffrin, a publisher whose discriminating and unmercenary list did honor to his profession. It is the poorer for the loss of Mr. Dobkin, who had given a due and unprecedented prominence to the Academy's own collections, while concurrently planning major exhibitions from France, Italy, Spain and Poland for what had been a little-frequented backwater at the north end of Fifth Avenue. And it is the poorer for the loss of Mr. Armstrong. His achievement as director of the Whitney has been bitterly and savagely contested, and never more so than when his future hung in the balance. It was said of him that he was ''trendy,'' that his exhibition program revealed a dependence upon powerful dealers, and that he played down the role of scholarship, preferring to concentrate on what amused him. It is one of life's ironies that at the very moment of Tom Armstrong's dismissal the Whitney should have opened a quite exceptionally thoughtful, compendious and uncompromising exhibition of post-World War II American art. ''The New Sculpture 1965-1975: Between Geometry and Gesture'' deals with a period in art, and with idioms and ambitions, that are as difficult for the casual visitor as ever they were. Anyone who believes what has been said about the Whitney will be surprised to find here two whole floors of work that was never in fashion, never made any money and was never the object of hyperbolical promotion. It is work that has minded its own business in secrecy and isolation and now looks all the better for it. It so happens that this | ADDING UP THE COSTS OF CHANGES AT THE TOP |
335511_9 | historic adobe structures have been catalogued, most in need of repair. The principal problem, she said, is that adobe, a mix of soil, sand, water and straw, disintegrates when left to the elements without routine maintenance. Since organizing a restoration campaign two years ago, she said, her group and others involved in the effort have had little trouble finding volunteer workers. She said hundreds of people with family roots in the rural towns had attended ''work weekends,'' some of them traveling hundreds of miles from their homes in larger Southwestern cities, to work on the churches of their ancestry. One of the churches that has been almost totally restored is La Capilla de San Antonio, built in 1865 in Chacon, a community with less than 40 families northwest of Santa Fe. ''Work on our church has been a tremendous point of pride for all of us,'' said Mary Romero, an accountant in Chacon who, with her husband, a firefighter, are caretakers of La Capilla de San Antonio. Last year they organized their community to provide food and lodging for dozens of people who visited on 10 work weekends and repaired the badly weathered adobe structure. THE ROCKY ROAD TO RESTORATION EVEN when religious institutions succeed in raising outside financial support, the process of restoring their buildings can be difficult. Take the case of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity, an Episcopal church in Brooklyn Heights. Renovation of the church, built in the Gothic Revival style in 1844 with the first detailed, large-scale stained-glass windows produced in the nation, has been going on slowly and erratically since 1979 when the New York Landmarks Conservancy began raising money for the work. It raised $300,000. In 1983, when it became clear that a much larger fund-raising campaign would be needed than was originally planned, the St. Ann Center for Restoration and the Arts was created and took over the project. The group's board includes the rector and members of the church, preservationists and an artistic director who books performances in the building. More than $1 million has so far been raised from individuals and foundations, including a $250,000 grant announced this month by the Getty Foundation of California. A stained-glass shop has been set up in the rectory, and 13 of the 66 badly deteriorated stained-glass windows have been cleaned and rebuilt. Lower portions of the church's facade have been restored. But much | The Struggle To Preserve Old Churches |
334948_0 | LEAD: The American paper industry has pledged to recycle 40 percent of its output by 1995 to reduce the amount of waste paper now being buried in landfills. But the president of a company specializing in selling recycled paper said much of what the industry calls recycled paper was mill scrap that had never been used by the public. The American paper industry has pledged to recycle 40 percent of its output by 1995 to reduce the amount of waste paper now being buried in landfills. But the president of a company specializing in selling recycled paper said much of what the industry calls recycled paper was mill scrap that had never been used by the public. The result, said Alan Davis of the Conservatree Paper Company, is that most paper used by businesses and households will continue to be thrown out rather than re-used. New Equipment Added The president of the American Paper Institute, Red Cavaney, acknowledged that the industry counted in its recycling statistics the paper wasted in mill and forming operations, like the scraps left after envelopes are formed. But he said the addition of de-inking equipment at many mills meant that newspapers, magazines and other paper that had been used by the public would be recycled as well. The quarrel over exactly what constitutes recycling may be an indication of disputes to come as producers of consumer products attempt to appear more environmentally sensitive. Federal and state regulators have warned companies about making false claims about environmental effects. Last week, Hubert H. Humphrey 3d, Minnesota's Attorney General, warned of a ''tidal wave of environmental hype.'' The most common image of recycling is collecting products, like newspapers or metal cans, after they have been used by consumers and reprocessing them for further use. But in making paper, wastes are re-used throughout the production process, including paper spoiled in the mill, cuttings from processing and overruns in printing plants. Uneven Definitions Different Government agencies have applied uneven definitions of what constitutes recycled paper in their preferential buying programs intended to promote recycling. Some have allowed paper made solely from mill waste to be labeled recycled, while others have insisted on a certain content of fibers from which ink has been removed. Mr. Davis said allowing mill waste and industrial cuttings to be included as recycled paper would let the industry approach the 40 percent goal without tackling the | Recycled Paper Spurs a New Debate: What Is It? |
334971_1 | Dawn Zarzano, a fourth grader, sits down with her crayons at Public School 95 in Brooklyn, chances are that she is not coloring the latest Smurf character. She is more likely to be coloring in a new book that deals with epilepsy, diabetes, mental illness and hypertension. The book, titled ''Helping Each Other,'' is being used at public schools in Manhattan and Brooklyn to teach third and fourth graders about health care and chronic illness. ''The coloring book format is one of the most effective ways to reach children with information of any kind,'' said James Filatro, the principal of P.S. 95, which is in the Gravesend neighborhood. ''It has enabled children to better understand several illnesses which they have encountered in their own personal lives with their family and friends.'' The fourth graders in Barbara Simons's class at P.S. 95 expressed a variety of opinions about illnesses and the coloring book. ''People think diseases are contagious, so by learning that they're not you know you can go near someone that has a disease,'' said Peter Mas, 10. Vincent DeBlasio, 9, said, ''I think it's scary to look at the coloring book because it makes you think you might get the disease when you get older or you might even have it now.'' ''Kids make fun of people who are different,'' said Melissa Nunziata, 10, ''but we should treat them normally just like any other kid.'' The book was co-sponsored by the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill and the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corporation. ''We are trying to reach young children before their attitudes are set about mental illness,'' said Laurie Flynn, executive director of the alliance, which is made up of 80,000 families who have mentally ill relatives. ''We want to normalize mental illness so that people can talk about it openly just as they would talk about any other health issue.'' This is the second book in a series created and illustrated by Betsey MacDonald, an artist and teacher who lives in Westport, Mass. Her first book, ''Helping Grandma,'' focused on Alzheimer's disease; the next will deal with bicycle safety. The health theme will be explored in a CBS-TV special, ''Why, Charlie Brown, Why?'' at 9 P.M. tomorrow. It deals with varying reactions of the ''Peanuts'' characters when they find out a friend has leukemia. Copies of the coloring book are available by calling 1-800-631-8184, extension 8544, or 703-524-7600. | Crayons Fill Gaps On Illness |
338363_3 | want Mr. Collor to revoke decrees issued by his predecessor, Jose Sarney, that permit miners to re-enter about 5 percent of the Yanomamis' 35,000-square-mile homeland. But Roraima's settler population, which depends on mining for its livelihood, is overwhelmingly opposed to further limitats on their access to the land. In last December's election, Roraima gave Mr. Collor his largest margin of victory of Brazil's 27 states and territories. Last Saturday, Mr. Collor indicated that he wanted to balance the needs of the Yanomamis with the needs of the territory's non-Indian population. 'Intelligence and Good Will' ''We can't separate the Indians' rights from the miners' rights,'' the President told 500 people gathered at a rally on Saturday in Boa Vista, the territory's capital. ''We are all Brazilians and we will have to find solutions with intelligence and good will.'' During his daylong tour, Mr. Collor visited Surucucus, an Indian village that has a Brazilian Air Force landing strip and a small Brazilian Army post. The development is part of a military program, Northern Headwaters, that was started in 1985. Opposed by many environmentalists, the program has spent $640 million to build small military outposts or installations in 26 locations along Brazil's 3,900-mile border from French Guiana to Colombia. The outposts were intended to serve as centers to attract settlers to the remote and thinly populated area. Last Wednesday, Brazil's military officials briefed Mr. Collor on the program. The President said the program would continue as long as ''absolute priority was given to the environmental and ecological question.'' Ecology to the Forefront Opening up what was always a military fief, Mr. Collor ordered that all Northern Headwaters planning meetings be attended by Mr. Lutzenberger and by Brazil's Secretary for Science and Technology, Jose Goldemberg. In addition, Mr. Collor ordered the two secretaries to work with his military advisers to produce a zoning map for the Amazon within a year. The map would show which areas were appropriate for forest reserves, farming or mining. In pressing its new environmental program, the Government also announced last week that ecology would be a required course at primary and high schools levels. Buckingham Palace announced that Prince Charles had accepted an invitation by Mr. Collor to visit Brazil in early November. Brazil's press reported that Prince Charles, known here as ''the green prince'' for his concern for rain forests, would tour the Amazon with the Brazilian President. | BRAZIL IS MOVING TO RESCUE TRIBE |
338272_4 | women's role in the church; he led efforts to remove what was considered sexist language in the liturgy. Six years ago, Archbishop Weakland headed the bishops' committee that drafted a pastoral letter on the moral strengths and shortcomings of the American economy. His influence in the church was on the rise. Then, in 1986, as the economics letter was working its way toward final approval in this country, Archbishop Weakland warned the Vatican in several strongly worded articles that heavy-handed policies toward liberal bishops and theologians would be counterproductive for the church in America. He was almost alone among leading American bishops in publicly criticizing Vatican actions against American dissidents like Archbishop Raymond G. Hunthausen of Seattle. Other liberal bishops seemed more ready to admire Bishop Weakland in private than follow his lead in public. The Issue of 'a Married Clergy' ''I'm moderately hopeful,'' Archbishop Weakland said of the Catholic Church's prospects, but he quickly listed problems. ''It will be difficult to maintain the present style of authority in a world that is everywhere - and I really mean everywhere - looking for more participatory structures,'' he said, adding that the church was an exception. He had just returned from a meeting with Russian Orthodox leaders struggling to adapt to a new religious pluralism in the Soviet Union, and impressions from the trip wove their way through his conversation. ''As the number of clergy decreases,'' he said, ''even the most conseverative parishioners are raising the question of a married clergy, and to a lesser extent of ordaining women. There is a frustration they feel that there is no forum in which this very basic question of access to sacraments versus the tradition of a celibate priesthood can really be discussed.'' While divisions in the church continue to grow, its leadership is becoming less effective, he said. ''As I see things evolving, the conference of bishops is going to become less and less important,'' the bishop said. ''I hate to see that happen, but that's what is down the road. Maybe bishops will cease to hold the kind of leadership we had in the past decade. It just might pass to other groups,'' he said, meaning, especially, lay groups emerging to fill a vacuum. Defending Work for the Poor When asked for a major influence on his life, he quickly replied, ''Growing up on welfare after my father died'' in the | Bishop Weakland, Critic of Vatican, Lends Women His Ear on Abortion |
338290_2 | demonstrated in protest. But these days, the passions have cooled somewhat as many Protestants in Northern Ireland have begun to despair that anything will be done about ending the continuing violence. They have turned their anger on the politicians they see as having done little or nothing to break the stalemate. After the signing of the agreement, both Protestant parties began a boycott of the British Cabinet ministers who have administered Northern Ireland for all intents and purposes since 1972, three years after the latest round of ''the troubles'' between Protestants and Catholics began. They also said that they would not participate in talks on a provincial government, one acceptable to them as well as to Catholics, most of whom want Northern Ireland to be united with Ireland. No Longer Adamant But in the last year, cracks have begun to appear in that resolve. Pushed by the likes of Mr. Robinson, the Unionist camp has even started to weaken in its insistence that the British-Irish agreement be scrapped as a condition for beginning talks. While Mr. Molyneaux and Mr. Paisley seem as intransigent as ever, they are increasingly looking like the ones out of step. A de facto suspension of the agreement - a pause of several months in the meetings between the Irish and British Governments and the secretariat that prepares the agenda for those meetings - might be sufficient to get him to the negotiating table, Mr. Robinson said. ''Instead of bringing it down on the streets, we're going to negotiate it out of existence.'' Mr. Robinson does not argue with those who say he is no visionary but rather an astute political animal. ''I don't think any politician with a head on his or her shoulders would find it prudent to be too far ahead of his or her community,'' he said. But it is also not too difficult to believe that he is as fed up as anyone with the tense life in Northern Ireland, which for him means living and working in a fortress-like office and home, riding in a police-escorted, bulletproof car and not being able to go out for a meal or drink without worrying about straying into the wrong area. Children Know Only Violence ''I have three children. Even the oldest, a boy of 17, has known nothing but Northern Ireland at war,'' said Mr. Robinson. He and his wife, Iris, his | Protestant Militant Seeks a Way Through Ulster Deadlock |
332214_0 | LEAD: President Bush's weekend talks with Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu produced yet another Japanese pledge of economic reforms that could ease the two nations' tension over trade. Previous Prime Ministers have been unable to deliver as much as they seemed to promise but Mr. Kaifu introduced a welcome new element. President Bush's weekend talks with Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu produced yet another Japanese pledge of economic reforms that could ease the two nations' tension over trade. Previous Prime Ministers have been unable to deliver as much as they seemed to promise but Mr. Kaifu introduced a welcome new element. His aim, he said, is to improve the quality of life in Japan - that is, to make changes because Japan needs them, not because America demands them. The bilateral friction turns on Japan's huge and seemingly intractable $50 billion surplus in trade with the United States. Removing Japanese barriers to imports won't remove the surplus but should reduce it. It is unrealistic for Washington to demand a revolution in Japan's consensus-bound society. But Japan's friends in America and Europe grow increasingly impatient with a supposed ''partner'' who exports aggressively while limiting imports. Mr. Bush proposed the meetings on the spur of the moment after Mr. Kaifu's re-election last month. If the President meant to convey frustration over the lack of progress in current trade negotiations between Washington and Tokyo, he surely made his point. If he sought an immediate breakthrough, he pounced too soon. Mr. Kaifu had barely patched together his Cabinet before he was off to California to discuss fundamental issues he hasn't yet resolved at home. As Prime Minister, he has much less governmental power than a U.S. President. And Mr. Kaifu is further handicapped by the lack of a political following. He was a compromise choice of the long-dominant Liberal Democratic Party when its leaders were disgraced by scandal. To make matters worse from the American perspective, all the major candidates took tough positions on trade issues. There are two negotiations under way, both forced on Japan by last year's U.S. trade legislation. In one, on specific products, Washington is pressing the Japanese to open their markets for supercomputers, communications satellites and wood products. In the other, broader talks, both governments seek basic changes. The U.S. wants Japan to open up its retail distribution system, to crack down harder on antitrust violations and to encourage consumption. Japan | Breaking the Ice With Japan, Again |
332285_2 | would be more recognition of the value of a multi-disciplined faculty. In the past, when he was dean of the Rutgers University Graduate School of Management, he hired psychologists, sociologists, philosophers of science and even an art historian. ''It forces faculty members to think more broadly and talk to each other,'' he explained. Dr. Blake, 49 years old, a Dartmouth College graduate who got his M.B.A. from the University of Pittsburgh and a Ph.D in international politics from Rutgers, was a professor at the Rutgers business school and later dean until his move to S.M.U., in Dallas. Since 1974, he said, S.M.U. has called upon top corporate executives to meet the students. Because executives are not expected to provide jobs, the relationship remains relaxed. The discussions concern job opportunities, company problems, international aspects and executive life. For example, a top executive of a Dallas company took a half-dozen students in the corporate jet to a New York securities analysts' meeting at which he spoke. In addition to its 11-month-long M.B.A. program with 160 students, S.M.U. offers the degree in evening classes for 350 students. In addition, 80 executive M.B.A. students are spending about two years in part-time studies to complete the program and take a trip abroad, this year to Britain. One interesting, and largely undocumented, change at graduate business schools, he said, involves the growing use of endowed chairs, both to attract new faculty members and to encourage those already on the staff. The chairs, usually named for a donor, enable schools to offer higher pay. S.M.U. has about a dozen business school chairs, he said. As a lure for younger faculty members, S.M.U. has ''named professorships,'' which last five years. One indication of this trend came last week when New York University's Stern School of Business named Dr. Richard Sylla, a leading economic historian, to its new professorship of the history of financial institutions and markets, endowed by the economist Henry Kaufman. Dr. Sylla was most recently a professor and associate head of the economics and business department at North Carolina State University. His history specialty is one that many graduate school deans like Dr. Blake say will have growing importance at a time when the nation faces crises like the failure of many savings and loan institutions, the overlending by major commercial banks to developing countries, and the collapse or near collapse of some large investment houses. | Careers; A New Look At M.B.A. Education |
332359_0 | LEAD: A pioneer conservationist is about to become Brazil's new Secretary of Environment. A pioneer conservationist is about to become Brazil's new Secretary of Environment. The official, Jose Antonio Lutzenberger, was named last Friday by Brazil's President-elect, Fernando Collor de Mello. He will assume his new duties when the government takes office here on March 15. Over the last two decades, Mr. Lutzenberger built a worldwide reputation by assailing Brazilian governments over the burning of the Amazon rain forest, uncontrolled use of pesticides and invasions of Indian lands. ''It's stupefyingly positive - no one has more consistently fought for environmental awareness and legislation in Brazil than Jose Lutzenberger,'' Stephan Schwartzman of the Environmental Defense Fund in Washington, a longtime critic of Brazil's environmental policies, said today. ''It is difficult to imagine someone with a more solid international and national reputation on the environment,'' said Mr. Schwartzman, who is an anthropologist. Repairing Brazil's Image Indeed, a desire to repair Brazil's international image on environmental issues undoubtedly pushed Mr. Collor in recent days to assiduously court Brazil's crusty, 63-year-old environmental pioneer. Mr. Lutzenberger, an agronomist who speaks fluent English, French, German and Portuguese, emerged in the 1980's as an international spokesman for Brazil's fledgling environmental movement. In 1984, he testified before the United States Congress against a World Bank loan for development of the Western Amazon. In 1988, the Swedish Parliament awarded him the ''Right Livelihood'' award, an environmental distinction billed by the parliamentarians as an ''alternative Nobel Prize.'' To win the support of the internationally respected environmentalist, Mr. Collor appears to have given ground on a key issue in the Amazon - the construction of a highway linking the untapped hardwood forests of the Western Amazon with Peru's Pacific Ocean ports. ''The private talks I had with Mr. Collor lead me to think that the road is not going to go forward,'' Mr. Lutzenberger said in a telephone interview today from his office in the southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre. ''The only people really interested in that road are the Japanese wood industry,'' said Mr. Lutzenberger. ''It would be disastrous for the Amazon.'' As Brazil's top environmental official, he will have authority over environmental units that Mr. Collor promises to create in each of Brazil's 12 ministries. Mr. Lutzenberger will also oversee the Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources, whose president, Fernando Cesar Mesquita, steps down in 10 days. | Defender of Rain Forest Is Named Secretary of Environment in Brazil |
330988_0 | LEAD: Women's History Month is being celebrated with a variety of events around New York City. Here is a sampling of events this weekend. For more information, consult the Women's History Month Calendar published by the New York City Commission on the Status of Women, 52 Chambers Street, Suite 207 (566-3832). Women's History Month is being celebrated with a variety of events around New York City. Here is a sampling of events this weekend. For more information, consult the Women's History Month Calendar published by the New York City Commission on the Status of Women, 52 Chambers Street, Suite 207 (566-3832). Today ''WOMEN + MEN,'' Snug Harbor Cultural Center for Contemporary Art, Snug Harbor, 1000 Richmond Terrace, Livingston, S.I. (718-448-2500). Wednesdays through Sundays, noon to 5 P.M., through April 15. Exhibition of works about sexuality. Suggested donation, $1. BARBARA ROUX, SoHo 20 Gallery, 496 Broome Street (226-4167). Tuesdays through Saturdays, noon to 6 P.M., through March 10. Sculpture. Free. ''WOMEN AND PEACE QUILT,'' St. Francis College, Founders Hall, 180 Remsen Street, facing Borough Hall, Downtown Brooklyn (718-522-2300, ext. 221). A quilt on women and peace, made by women at the college in honor of Women's History Month. An ongoing project, displayed Mondays through Fridays, 8 A.M. to 8 P.M., through March 31. Monday through Friday, 8 A.M. to 8 P.M. Free. ''WOMEN IN POLITICS,'' John Jay College, 899 10th Avenue at 59th Street, Room 630 (237-8070). Today, 4 to 6 P.M. Speaker, Ruth Messinger, Manhattan Borough President. Free. ''ISADORA DUNCAN: THE DANCE LEGACY,'' Triplex Two Theater, Borough of Manhattan Community College, 199 Chambers Street (618-1980). Tonight and tomorrow at 8. Tickets: $12; $9 for students and the elderly. SALLY GROSS, Warren Street Performance Loft, 46 Warren Street (732-3149). Tonight and tomorrow at 8. Dances. Tickets: $8; Theater Development Fund vouchers accepted. ''VIOLENT PEACE,'' Apple Corps Theater, 336 West 20th Street (382-2750). Tuesdays through Fridays, 8 P.M.; Saturdays, 2 and 8 P.M.; Sundays, 3 P.M.; through March 11. A play about a love affair between a general's daughter and her father's adjutant, by Lavonne Mueller. Tickets: $18; $9 for students and the elderly. Tomorrow ''MY DAY, THE DIARY: HISTORY AND PRACTICE,'' Val-Kill, Hyde Park, N.Y (737-7536).(Train to Poughkeepsie and taxi pickup will be arranged for New York City residents.) Tomorrow, 11 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. A house tour of Eleanor Roosevelt's home, film and video, diary readings and workshop, presented by | A Sampling of Events On Women's History |
331117_2 | testimony on the report to a House Foreign Affairs task force on drugs today, Melvin Levitsky, the Assistant Secretary of State for International Narcotics Matters, defended the Administration strategy against lawmakers' attacks and explained that it had only been in effect a ''very short time.'' He attributed the rise in drug production in part to the unwillingness of governments to ''go after the poor elements of the population growing opium or coca.'' ''The figures are not what we'd like to see,'' said John P. Walters, chief of staff to William J. Bennett, director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. ''We're disappointed but I'm not surprised. It reflects the fact that we are doing a better job at demand than supply. That is why we have proposed expanded programs in Latin America to begin to better stem the flow of drugs.'' Mr. Walters emphasized that that past figures have not been as accurate in ''presenting the level of the problem'' and that global drug production ''is not something that radically increased over the last year.'' But in light of the increased production figures, Representative Larry Smith, a Florida Democrat, criticized the Bush Administration for not being tough enough against governments that have failed to cooperate. ''We are slipping backward badly,'' he said. In one major shift in strategy, the Administration no longer considers aerial eradication of drug crops, especially coca, as the key to curbing production, as it has been in for a number of years. Last year's report, for example, called aerial spraying the only way to significantly curb cocaine production. But coca-producing countries have routinely opposed plans for eradication efforts largely because they would cause vast economic dislocation, political unrest by stripping peasants of their livelihood and severe environmental problems in the tropical forests. For example, Bolivia, second only to Peru in coca production, in 1989 eradicated only about 6,175 acres of coca, half of its own legal target and less than one percent of its total production. ''These countries are not our country,'' Mr. Levitsky said, acknowledging the limited influence of the United States in persuading countries to eradicte their drug crops. The report estimated that from 1988 to 1989, the production of opium increased by a staggering 47 percent. Coca production increased 12 percent among the four coca-producing countries: Peru, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador, while hashish rose 16 percent. Estimates of marijuana production were up | WORLD DRUG CROP UP SHARPLY IN 1989 DESPITE U.S. EFFORT |
330963_3 | 30's will be examining the effects of his great-grandfather, and he comes to understand that it was his great-grandfather who accomplished this. And he figures - he's living in America; he's American born - it's in the genes: If he could do it, why can't I? ''And we just do the whole story. Only trying to get the 'Mona Lisa' out of the Louvre is a little more difficult than it was in 1911.'' Mr. Wilson said he hopes to put the comedy caper based on the Seymour Reit novel ''The Day They Stole the 'Mona Lisa' '' before the cameras in the autumn. In a more serious vein, Mr. Wilson, in conjunction with Rick Stevenson, is planning ''Journey Into the Bomb,'' based on the story of David McTaggart as adapted for the screen by Rupert Walters. Mr. Wilson decribed Mr. McTaggart as a superb Canadian-born sailor whose involvement with a young woman active in the anti-nuclear movement in New Zealand led to his politicization. Learning that the French were cordoning off 250,000 square miles of the Pacific Ocean for an atomic test, Mr. Wilson said, Mr. McTaggart sailed 1,800 miles through storms to reach the test site. There, Mr. Wilson continued, Mr. McTaggart and his companions managed to forestall the testing but were ultimately rammed by French vessels, taken ashore and photographed with the French like visiting royalty, which tended to discredit them when the pictures were widely publicized. ''So they had been had,'' Mr. Wilson said. But a year later, Mr. McTaggart heard the French were planning to test again. Mr. Wilson said: ''He decided to nail them. He and three other people sailed into that testing zone. This time they prepared themselves with cameras when French commandos tried to board their 35-foot sailboat. They came on with rubber truncheons and beat the hell out of McTaggart. ''What they didn't know was that someone was taking pictures all the time. He kind of beat them at their own game. The pictures were smuggled out and released to the world. ''And ultimately, and this is what I think was fascinating, he took them to court in a French court of law and sued them and won. The damages were minimal. But what happened was that it discouraged the testing movement. This part of his life was what started the Greenpeace movement.'' Mr. Wilson said that what appealed to him | At the Movies |
331108_0 | LEAD: The largest tire fire ever in North America is serving as a reminder that one of the most significant waste disposal problems facing the United States and Canada is far from being solved. The largest tire fire ever in North America is serving as a reminder that one of the most significant waste disposal problems facing the United States and Canada is far from being solved. The fire, which was declared over today after burning for 17 days at a dump in Hagersville, Ontario, 80 miles west of Buffalo, melted acres of used tires stacked in piles 30 feet high, spewed thousands of pounds of chemicals and filled the skies with toxic smoke from the 14 million tires. It will be months before any damage to land and water quality can be fully assessed, officials said. The United States Environmental Protection Agency estimates that two billion to three billion used tires are in thousands of dumps around country and that the pile grows by 280 million tires a year. Although rubber and energy companies are trying to develop new ways to use old tires, fewer than 5 percent are recycled. Most become breeding grounds for mosquitoes and targets of arsonists. The agency said at least 87 significant tire fires occurred in the United States last year, double the number in 1987. In almost every case, fires were deliberately set, took days or weeks to extinguish, caused extensive pollution of air and streams, and resulted in evacuations and injuries to firefighters. The agency said 19 states had enacted regulations for storing used tires, and many now collected disposal fees intended to help entrepreneurs develop new products from the waste. Fleeing Toxic Smoke Stoked by a mountain of rubber and burning at temperatures that could easily melt steel, the Canadian inferno consumed most of the 14 million tires piled on the 11-acre storage site. At its worst early last week, the fire forced the evacuation of hundreds of people in the area because of suffocating clouds of toxic smoke. As firefighters doused the last hot pockets of melted rubber today, Canadian environmental officials worked to complete a system of basins and culverts to trap thousands of gallons of oil from melted tires and to assess how far chemical contamination has spread. It took four mechanical hoes, five bulldozers and a convoy of tanker trucks to fight the blaze at a cost | Worst Tire Inferno Has Put Focus on Disposal Problem |
332983_3 | in the United Kingdom, we have more than 1,000,'' she said. Results of Larger Study Dr. Hodgen said he was in Paris two weeks ago and saw a company presentation of 38,000 cases, confirming the drug's safety and giving even greater evidence that it was effective. In this much larger group of women, the drug caused abortions 98.5 percent of the time, he said, adding that only one woman suffered bleeding severe enough to require a transfusion. Dr. Louise B. Tyrer, vice president for medical affairs at Planned Parenthood International, said she felt enough data were available for obtaining approval of the drug by the Food and Drug Administration. Although no one has submitted data to the agency, Dr. Tyrer and others said they were confident that RU 486 would be available in the United States in a matter of years. ''We're going to get it,'' Dr. Tyrer said. ''It's just going to take time, People in this country are going to make a huge outcry.'' Donald McLaren, an F.D.A. spokesman, said the agency could not comment on whether there were adequate data on which to base a decision without receiving a new drug application. RU 486 is taken as a pill early in pregnancy and disrupts the pregnancy by blocking progesterone, a hormone that sustains pregnancy. Researchers have found that although RU 486 is effective by itself in inducing abortion, it works best when women take a second drug, a prostaglandin, shortly afterward. Prostaglandins induce the uterus to contract, expelling the embryo. In the new study by Dr. Silvestre and her colleagues at Roussell-Uclaf, women took prostaglandins as a vaginal suppository or by injection within 36 to 48 hours of taking RU 486. They said prostaglandins caused ''transient abdominal pain'' in most women, but few other side effects. Concern of Opponents After taking the two drugs, the women experienced what felt like a heavy menstrual period, lasting an average of nearly nine days. Only one woman in the study bled so heavily that she required a transfusion, the investigators said. Opponents of the drug say they fear that its ease of use will encourage women to have repeated abortions. But Dr. Tyrer said French doctors had told her that women who had an abortion with RU 486 were more likely subsequently to use contraceptives to avoid pregnancies because they were much more aware of what goes on in their | After Large Study of Abortion Pill, French Maker Considers Wider Sale |
338756_2 | experts from half a dozen countries gathered for a symposium in several halls in Rome. For a week in the rooms the people are coming and going, talking of Michelangelo. New Controls Are Considered Behind closed doors, they will examine technical and historical data related to the project, which the Nippon Television Network Corporation of Japan financed with a $4.2 million grant in exchange for exclusive photographic rights. According to symposium organizers, the discussions will also focus on environmental controls that are needed to keep the frescoes from deteriorating rapidly once again. There has been talk of limiting the number of visitors to the chapel -19,000 people filed through in just one day last July - but Mr. Pietrangeli said that would be ''almost impossible.'' Instead, Vatican officials are studying plans to close the Sistine's six high windows and to install air filters to deal with sudden changes in temperature and humidity. No significant dissent seems likely at this conference, judging from the healthy and sustained applause for Mr. Colalucci at the opening session on Monday. But that has not put an end to the controversy that has swirled around the project almost from the beginning. Glossier Than New Critics in Italy and abroad accuse the Vatican artisans of having removed not only layers of dirt and glue-varnishes that were added in previous restorations, but also materials and ''a secco''brush strokes applied by Michelangelo to the dry plaster to soften the brilliant colors and create shadows. Also stripped away, the opponents say, were protective coatings without which the frescoes are exposed to the punishing effects of modern Rome's polluted air. ''They have destroyed the very quality and thinking of Michelangelo,'' said Toti Scialoja, an artist and art professor in Rome. ''What's left are perverted and glossy holy-card figurines.'' Another prominent critic, Prof. Alessandro Conti of the University of Milan, accuses Mr. Colalucci's crew of having used corrosive chemicals that were discarded as unsafe in other restoration projects in Italy. Some warn that there is no way to predict the effects these chemicals may have as years go by. Yet another leading critic, Prof. James Beck, an art historian at Columbia University in New York City, insists that a major operation of this sort was not needed in the first place. ''They should have just done the parts that needed work,'' Professor Beck said in a telephone interview. ''My feeling,'' he | Cleansed of Centuries of Grime, Sistine Ceiling Shines Anew |
333637_5 | long overdue. But many developers believe that what the region needs now that there is a slump is not more, but fewer, planning constraints. ''The real estate sector has already been pummeled by public policy,'' said Pat O'Keefe, executive director of the New Jersey Builders Association. ''The question is no longer managing growth; the question confronting us now is getting some growth.'' Regional planners agree that many of the environmental quality-control laws that took effect in the 80's were enacted in response to the surge in development during the second half of the decade but were never fully integrated into local planning decisions because of the pace of work. By all accounts, New Jersey has now taken the lead from Connecticut in state efforts to coordinate economic development planning and rational growth management. Starting with the 1979 act to protect the state's 1.1 million acres of pinelands from overdevelopment, the country's most densely populated state has since enacted several further measures to protect the environment. These laws limit coastal development, set aside open space, regulate highway access, stringently protect wetlands and, under the 1985 State Planning Act, establish a ''cross-acceptance'' framework requiring municipalities, counties and state agencies to coordinate planning efforts. Hartford's planning law, the State Plan for the Conservation and Development of Connecticut, dates from the early 70's. Although its rules largely govern actions by state agencies, it has inspired broad regional planning alliances in the state's urbanized southwest. In New York, the State Environmental Quality Review Act, known as S.E.Q.R.A., was enacted in 1978. But it took full effect in the early 80's as a wetlands and water quality protection measure and has since been only modestly enlarged to cover historical and archeological sites. ''The thing about S.E.Q.R.A. is that its real potential is not really known yet, and this is true of all regulatory processes,'' said Hooper Brooks, who heads the environmental planning office at the Regional Plan Association, a nonprofit planning advisory group that covers the metropolitan region. ''You don't really get to see how good they are until you see what the courts do with them.'' In New Jersey, George Ververides, director of the Middlesex County Planning Board, recalled the economic slump, far more serious than today's, that followed the oil embargo of 1973 and 1974, prompting widespread predictions that suburban sprawl was at an end. At the depths of the slump, he said, developers | Development Slowdown Offers Planners a Breather |
333915_0 | LEAD: MORE than a decade after computer networks have become well traveled highways for data, deals, ideas and information, lawmakers and computer users are still trying to define the rules of the road. MORE than a decade after computer networks have become well traveled highways for data, deals, ideas and information, lawmakers and computer users are still trying to define the rules of the road. If, that is, they really are roads, where the state has the right to post speed limits and punish reckless drivers. Perhaps digital information is best thought of not as traffic but as electronic speech, protected by the First Amendment. Or perhaps computerized expression, like software, is intellectual property that can be guarded by copyright, or electronic broadcasting to be regulated by the Federal Communications Commission. Or since computer systems are generally privately owned, can the laws of trespass be invoked against those who violate decorum? Like Proteus, who changed shape to elude captors, computer communications are difficult to fit within existing legal and social frameworks. At the moment, the worries focus on the exchanges that take place over thousands of ''bulletin boards,'' computerized conferences that function as high-tech versions of -choose your analogy - Hyde Park Corner, an 18th-century French salon or talk radio. Whether operated by university students or entrepreneurs, these democratic data bases offer computer users the chance to meet people and trade information on subjects ranging from the ridiculous to the sublime. By dialing up a bulletin board, a computer user can post electronic messages, read replies, engage in debates or, in some cases, exchange insults, threats and obscene jokes. ''People should be providing an open forum,'' said Mark Rotenberg, director of the Washington office of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, a nonprofit advocacy group. ''Open and unstructured communication is important.'' So far, computer conversations seem to have eluded serious libel or slander actions. But people have been prosecuted for using the bulletin boards to post stolen credit card numbers, pirated software or, in one recent case, information traded among members of a pedophile ring. Some say that the bulletin board operators should be responsible for what appears in the systems, serving as editors and moderating the tone of the debate. Others say that sort of intrusion would be like a telephone operator's butting into a conversation. Mr. Rotenberg's group has vigorously opposed a report from the Congressional General Accounting Office, | Electronic Bulletin Boards Need Editing. No They Don't. |
333600_0 | LEAD: CONNECTIONS TO THE WORLD: The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, by Arthur C. Danto. (Perennial/Harper & Row, $7.95.) In a recasting of his book ''What Philosophy Is,'' Arthur C. Danto now proposes that it can be thought of as ''the effort to understand the relationships between subjects, representations, and reality. CONNECTIONS TO THE WORLD: The Basic Concepts of Philosophy, by Arthur C. Danto. (Perennial/Harper & Row, $7.95.) In a recasting of his book ''What Philosophy Is,'' Arthur C. Danto now proposes that it can be thought of as ''the effort to understand the relationships between subjects, representations, and reality.'' Last year our reviewer, Julia Annas, said he has written ''an elegant, unifying overview.'' THE NEXT NEW WORLD, by Bob Shacochis. (Penguin, $7.95.) ''Easy in the Islands,'' Bob Shacochis' 1985JU collection of short fiction about life in the Caribbean, won an American Book Award in 1985. In his later stories he has turned to new locales, including Elizabethan England, where Shakespeare plays the ghost in a production of ''Hamlet.'' ''These marvelously constructed stories show him to be capable of visiting any time, any place, any heart or mind,'' Richard Bausch said here last year. ''And the sureness with which he imbues his people and places with life - the virtuosity with which he moves from theme to theme, subject to subject, character to character - is impressive.'' MORE LIKE US: Making America Great Again, by James Fallows. (Houghton Mifflin, $8.95) After living in Asia for a few years, the Washington editor of The Atlantic Monthly warns that the United States should not try to imitate Japan - unless it wants to become a xenophobic, homogeneous society where the interests of the individual are subordinated to the corporate good. Last year our reviewer, Dennis H. Wrong, praised the book for its ''firm but low-keyed affirmation of American values, 'traditional' in their very repudiation of fixed traditions.'' In INSIDE THE ROBOT KINGDOM (Kodansha, $12.95), Frederik L. Schodt argues that Japan's strong cultural identity has equipped its citizens to embrace robots as helpers without feeling threatened. One reviewer called this a ''sharp, singular book,'' and Library Journal named it one of the best science and technology books of 1988. HENCE, by Brad Leithauser. (Penguin, $8.95.) In a novel embedded within a novel, a young chess prodigy tries to outwit the country's smartest game-playing computer. Last year our reviewer, Laura Shapiro, said that Brad Leithauser's | New & Noteworthy |
335110_1 | defective cigars. Cubatabaco has insisted that it has always been ready to replace defective cigars. Cuba exports 80 million to 100 million cigars a year and last year earned $75 million in hard currency through their sale, Roberto Yaech, the commercial director of Cubatabaco, told Agence France-Presse last month. Davidoff cigars represented only 4 to 5 percent of Cubatabaco's output. Under a 1970 contract with Davidoff, Cuba markets some high-quality cigars itself under the Davidoff name. Neither Davidoff nor Cubatabaco provides precise figures, but industry experts believe that about three million Davidoffs were sold in 1988. Of those, Cuba sold about 60 percent and the company the rest. ''We've broken with the Cubans completely, and we'll soon start producing a new line of cigars,'' said Zino Davidoff, 84 years old, the founder of the company, in a telephone interview from his home in Geneva. Some of those cigars will be produced in the Dominican Republic, where Davidoff began making cigars in 1988. Other Davidoff cigars are made in Honduras. Those cigars can be sold in the United States and are expected to be offered for $4 to $12 each, company officials said. The made-in-Cuba cigars have been banned by the United States Government since 1961 as part of its embargo of Cuba. Davidoff's Havana cigars are sold in many countries, and prices, which include local taxes, can be as high as $60. Arguing that the Cuban cigars did not meet its standards, Davidoff has sued in a number of countries, trying to force the Cubans to stop using its name. New Cigar Names The new cigars are to be called Les Grands Crus Davidoff, after fine French wines. In a dispute in 1988, Cuba stopped supplying Davidoff with a line of cigars named after expensive French wines, like Margaux, Mouton-Rothschild, Lafite, Haut-Brion, Latour and Dom Perignon. They will be introduced in September or October. In a statement issued today, Davidoff International said, ''For whatever reason, quality problems in Cuba are getting bigger and cannot be solved in the short term.'' The statement said that the company would be willing to resume cooperation with Cubatabaco if Cuba ''becomes able to deliver cigars which are up to Zino Davidoff's quality requirements.'' The statement said that shoppers could differentiate between the company's Davidoff cigars and the Cuban Government's Davidoff cigars by looking for the company's label, ''Qualite Controlee par Davidoff & Cie, Geneve.'' | Seller of Expensive Cigars Stops Buying From Cuba |
335095_0 | LEAD: Two scientists here have developed a technique to identify genetic traits in livestock in advance, making it possible to plan with unheard-of precision the milk or meat production of animals before they are born. Two scientists here have developed a technique to identify genetic traits in livestock in advance, making it possible to plan with unheard-of precision the milk or meat production of animals before they are born. The researchers, at the University of California at Davis, are now applying the technique in an effort aimed at producing more cows that give milk better suited for cheese production. In this new application of molecular biology in animal agriculture, the researchers are using a procedure nearly identical to the methods for identifying the genes that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle-cell anemia in human fetuses. No More Guesswork in Breeding The new gene identification technique takes the guesswork out of breeding, shortening the time needed to develop superior animals, so it is immediately useful to commercial breeders. Its use has vast ramifications. Breeders are being given the power to supplant nature and treat livestock as organisms to be custom-designed. When these tools are combined with existing reproductive technologies, like cloning, the time is not far off when American farms could be stocked with genetically identical animals whose precise capacity to produce milk or meat was planned in advance. The gene identification technique differs from a more widely known method of genetic engineering, in which genes are added to the embryo or removed. That technique is limited by its complexity and because the changes it produces are random and therefore unpredictable. The genetic engineering of animals is decades away from being commercially successful. Humane Society Is Critical The Humane Society of the United States and other critics say the movement to factory-like uniformity and efficiency could hurt the quality of farm products and cause animals to suffer needlessly by increasing the demands on them to produce. But researchers here say the new techniques lower costs, increase productivity and make it possible for a growing human population to be fed. Few centers of agricultural research believe in the promises of biotechnology as fervently as this campus does. The new gene identification technique was developed by Dr. Juan F. Medrano, an animal geneticist, and his colleague, Dr. Estuardo Aguilar-Cordova, a medical researcher who is now at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. The | Plan Milk Production, Then Make Cow |
335095_4 | in his laboratory here. ''They are very powerful tools that are changing how we view and apply breeding methods for production characteristics.'' Critics of such tools say decreasing the number of breeds and requiring maximum production put farm animals under a great amount of stress that causes illness and other physical problems. When this occurs, the critics say, farmers turn to toxic drugs to keep the animals alive, and residues of these drugs often appear in food. Dr. Medrano's work evolved from earlier techniques developed in molecular biology and biotechnology. The structure of the genes producing the kappa-BB casein had already been determined in a process known as gene sequencing. This allowed Dr. Medrano and others to develop ways of finding these genes in cattle chromosomes. The genetic material of a single gene is in quantities too small to be examined efficiently. Laboratory techniques have been developed that use an electric field to identify genetic properties visually if a large enough quantity of it can be produced. The Cetus Corporation, a biotechnology company in Emeryville, Calif., has developed equipment and chemical agents for reproducing billions of copies of a gene, and this made it possible for researchers to obtain large quantities of the desired gene. When the copies are treated with a dye and spread on an electrical field, they produce a pattern of black bands on photographic film, and these are as identifiable to trained technicians as a grocery bar code is to a computer. It is possible for Dr. Medrano to determine within a day whether an animal carries the traits for kappa-BB casein by evaluating the genetic structure of a single cell from a cow or a bull. ''It's a fantastic tool,'' he said while examining a cow at the university's dairy center. ''I can take a hair from an animal, an eyelash, and tell before the end of the day whether she has the genes we want.'' Once it is known that two adults carry the genes being sought, their eggs and sperm can be joined by artificial insemination. After conception, a single cell can be removed from the embryo and examined by the same technique to see if the pairing produced the desired result. If not, the embryo can be destroyed. His program for breeding Holsteins with the kappa-BB casein protein began in February. The first calves are expected by the end of the year. | Plan Milk Production, Then Make Cow |
335039_1 | Analysts linked some of the buying to rumors that President Fernando Collor de Mello of Brazil, who took office yesterday, planned to seek an export tax on soybeans and soy products as one of many measures aimed at stabilizing the country's foundering economy. Such a tax would put the cost of Brazilian soybeans closer to that of United States soybeans on the world market and could discourage Brazilian growers from marketing their crops quickly. The late rally in the soybean pit erased much of the losses registered earlier in the week and prompted speculation that prices may have to move even higher to persuade American farmers to market their soybean stocks. New Export Business Indicated Indications of new export business also supported the grain and soybean markets. The Soviet Union was believed to be in the market for American corn, while China was said to have bid for 300,000 metric tons of United States wheat at subsidized prices. Wheat futures settled 1 cent to 3 1/2 cents higher, with March at $3.84 1/2 a bushel; corn was 3/4 cent to 3 1/4 cents higher, with March at $2.47 a bushel, and oats were 1/2 cent lower to 3/4 cent higher, with March at $1.44 a bushel. Sugar futures made new eight-and-a-half-year highs on New York's Coffee, Sugar and Cocoa Exchange on rumors that Brazil may eliminate or reduce exports to divert more sugar to the country's fuel alcohol program. Sugar futures settled 0.23 to 0.39 cent higher, with May at 15.93 cents a pound, after trading as high as 16.02 cents during the session for the first time since mid-1981. Copper futures prices rose sharply on New York's Commodity Exchange on fears that the four-day-old strike at the Southern Peru Copper Corporation could force cancellation of copper shipments. Copper ended 0.05 cent to 3.05 cents higher, with March at $1.2805 a pound. Futures prices of refined oil products climbed sharply on the New York Mercantile Exchange, leading crude oil higher, on news of minor problems at two Exxon refineries and an ARCO oil pipeline shutdown in Texas caused by flooding. West Texas Intermediate crude oil settled 16 to 36 cents higher, with April at $20.38 a barrel; heating oil was 0.63 to 0.98 cent higher, with April at 54.98 cents a gallon, and unleaded gasoline was 1 cent to 2.09 cents higher, with April at 57.94 cents a gallon. FUTURES/OPTIONS | Soybean and Sugar Prices Rise on Rumor About Brazil |
337315_0 | LEAD: Days after winning a bitterly fought primary election here, Representative Gus Savage is back in the trenches, this time in a battle over remarks he made in the closing days of the campaign. Days after winning a bitterly fought primary election here, Representative Gus Savage is back in the trenches, this time in a battle over remarks he made in the closing days of the campaign. Mr. Savage, who is headed for a sixth term in Congress, spent nearly two hours early today on a black talk-radio station here, repeating his view that a white-controlled press in Chicago and groups of Jews who are ardent supporters of Israel had tried to defeat him in the Democratic primary on Tuesday. At least three Jewish groups and The Chicago Tribune have denounced recent comments by the flamboyant South Side Congressman. On election night, he said his victory represented a defeat for the city's ''white racist press'' and ''suburban Zionist lobby.'' As outrageous as Mr. Savage's behavior seems to many who live outside the district, political analysts here said the election underscored Mr. Savage's enduring appeal in many of the city's poorer South Side neighborhoods. Tactics of White Segregationists Just as George C. Wallace was able to play so successfully on the fear of poor whites in Alabama, who felt threatened by the specter of racial integration, Mr. Savage cultivates a strong following among blacks who feel dispossessed and powerless. His chief Democratic opponent in the primary, Mel Reynolds Jr., said that Mr. Savage, in his campaign strategy, had taken a page from white segregationists in the South. ''Andy Young used to say of the South that when it came time to pick a Congressman, they would get all the white people in a big room, and whoever yelled 'nigger' the loudest won,'' said Mr. Reynolds, who is black. ''Gus Savage's idea is to get all the black people in the same room, and whoever yells 'honky' the loudest wins.'' In addition to support from blacks in his district, however, Mr. Savage has received the support of the A.F.L.-C.I.O., and high ratings for his legislative record from such liberal organizations as Americans for Democratic Action, the American Civil Liberties Union and the Consumer Federation of America. The dispute over Mr. Savage's remarks has spilled over to embroil two of his Democratic colleagues in Congress, Charles B. Rangel of Manhattan and William H. | In Chicago, Renewed Uproar on Bigotry |
332098_3 | supports American exports, announced two loans totaling $32.85 million. Many foreign banking analysts and diplomats say the decision to halt lending to China was motivated more by political protest than by economic changes. In turn, the suspension of loans made China more cautious and less willing to discuss radical changes with the World Bank and other foreign institutions. ''The interest in the World Bank is still there,'' said one economist familiar with the bank's operations in China. ''But the World Bank is increasingly being viewed, at least at the top, as a lending institution rather than as a place that generates new ideas. China is still interested, but in the long run that sort of interest is not enough to make the World Bank's role in China grow.'' One American diplomat characterized the Chinese view of the World Bank loans approved in February as ''page one, paragraph one of negotiations with Americans'' in bilateral disputes. Little Impact Felt The suspension of new loans had little immediate impact on the economy. Of the World Bank's previously arranged loans of $8.5 billion, about half had not been completed, and these loans have continued to provide money to the Chinese without interruption. Because any new loans would have taken months to disburse, the suspension's impact was greater psychologically than economically. While the bank appears to have lost some influence, particularly at the top levels of China's Government, it will continue to have power simply because of its vast resources. And China's appetite, perhaps even desperation, for loans, is great, especially for loans to finance projects in basic infrastructure, like power and transportation. Money has already been earmarked for 78 projects that range from improving the life of the underfed in Gansu Province in western China to building hydroelectric plants in coastal Fujian Province to developing freshwater fish ponds in China's cities. The bank continues to have ties to all levels of Chinese economic life. Through links with thousands of provincial, local and midlevel officials with whom it collaborates on projects, the bank has helped raise China's understanding of modern methods of project design and feasibility, cost-benefit analysis and implementation. Since much of the advantage also goes to the regions where the project is carried out, local officials are still eager for World Bank involvement. ''You've got to distinguish between the decision makers, that is, the leaders, and the rank-and-file cadres in China,'' said | World Bank's Lesser Role in China |
340991_1 | a room. In his hand he has a horn to honk, and his teeth are party blowouts that roll out when he opens his mouth. Mr. Henson said: ''Meep was a fun solution. We loved his balloon. It was a good graphic design, well-rendered and well thought out.'' Debra Seddon, a sophomore at the Fashion Institute of Technology, won second place and $800 with her characters, Sofa Sloth and Lizard Lounge. The sofa is a pink Chippendale-style that metamorphoses into a green lizard lounge. Its companion, a hairy sloth, hangs out on the sofa. Miss Seddon submitted drawings in which the couch takes on three identities: the center of the party with ''party potatoes'' piled on top, the comfortable respite for a lazy day or an antagonistic creature that flips procrastinators off it. Andreas Engels, a sophomore at Parsons, won third prize and $600 for his puppets, King Gorge and Mr. Caw. ''King Gorge is a cat who lies in bed all day in his pajamas, and Mr. Caw is his butler, a bird who feeds him mice,'' Mr. Engels said. ''I started off with a drawing of a bird, then when I was making the puppet, his hair got slicked back by accident. I liked the way it looked so I transformed him into a butler. Mr. Henson judged the entries with his design team. ''We were looking for originality and a sense of humor, as well as a good graphic presentation,'' he said. He said there are no plans to use the designs in future Muppet capers. This year, 23 fourth-grade students also submitted drawings as a class project. Irene Toovey, who teaches a program for gifted and talented children in the Lakeland Central School District in northern Westchester County, N.Y., heard about the contest and asked if her students could enter. Although the children were not eligible for prizes, three received honorable mention: Lauren Cormier, Tara Doherty and Christopher Mooney. Christopher's character is a wild musician who loves to go to parties and eat. Tara drew a partygoing shark swimming in snazzy shorts, and Lauren drew two characters, Puff and Ruff. Puff, appropriately, looks like a lovable cotton ball in sweat pants and sneakers. Ruff, his companion, is a tough-looking girl in spandex shorts, high-top sneakers and punky purple hair. ''It's fun to get ideas from kids,'' Mr. Henson said. ''After all, they know what they like.'' | Miss Piggy, Kermit, Meet Meep |
340864_1 | baggage that was put aboard its flights from Frankfurt. Instead, the company examined such baggage using X-ray equipment. Pan Am officials, including the board chairman and chief executive, Thomas G. Plaskett, who testified today, have told the commission that the company had been given special permission by the agency's security officials to examine unaccompanied baggage by X-rays. But the F.A.A.'s director of security, Raymond A. Salazar, denied that any exemption was granted to rules requiring hand searches. The leading theory about the bombing holds that an explosive device inside a radio-cassette player was smuggled onto the flight inside an unaccompanied suitcase put aboard in Frankfurt. The device, resembling one that was described in security bulletins issued to airlines several weeks before the Pan Am bombing, is believed to have been designed to evade detection by X-rays. The company's security flaws have been the subject of intense examination ever since the bombing and are at the heart of a civil lawsuit being pressed by relatives of the 270 people who died when the jetliner exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland. The commission of investigation was created at the urging of the relatives, many of whom attended the hearing today. They heard James Weidner, the commission's counsel, read from a series of reports citing continuing violations of security rules at Frankfurt in the eight months after the bombing. One document, Mr. Weidner said, included the words: ''Totally unsatisfactory. Major violations in all areas. Posture considered unsafe. All passengers flying out of Frankfurt on Pan Am are at great risk.'' That description was written in June 1989. Today, said Monte Belger, a senior F.A.A. official who appeared at the hearing, Frankfurt is considered a model of adherence to F.A.A. rules. Pan Am has described the F.A.A's assertions that it had not taken adequate security measures as technicalities and has appealed the fine. When the F.A.A. imposed the fine, it said that none of the violations had been linked directly to the bombing of Flight 103. But its listing of the violations at that time did not include the fact that Pan Am had been inspecting with X-rays some bags that under regulations should have been searched by hand. Agency officials today said that that violation was not witnessed by inspectors from the agency, and that the agency's lawyers therefore recommended that it not be included in the accusations against the company. But they insisted that | U.S. Panel Is Told of Pan Am Security Flaws |
340757_0 | LEAD: The United States said Tuesday that it planned to restore preferential treatment for Nicaraguan exports, including a quota for sugar exports to the United States. The United States said Tuesday that it planned to restore preferential treatment for Nicaraguan exports, including a quota for sugar exports to the United States. The deputy United States trade representative, Rufus Yerxa, told a regular meeting of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that Washington would advise Nicaragua of procedures under which it would become eligible for preferential treatment. The Nicaraguan delegate, Alicia Pereira, told GATT that removal of the trade embargo was a first step in normalizing economic relations between the countries, diplomats said. After the defeat of the Sandinista Government in elections in February, President Bush lifted a trade embargo imposed by the United States on Nicaragua in 1985. The embargo had barred imports from Nicaragua and banned United States exports to the country, except to support rebels fighting the Sandinista administration. | A Sugar Quota For Nicaragua |
346682_10 | others, illustrate what Dr. Rossow of the Goddard Institute calls ''the variety of styles of cloudiness that occur on the globe.'' Dr. Rossow has been analyzing data from weather satellites as part of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. This variety has been underscored by the emerging research results, he said. Among the examples cited by Dr. Rossow are these: there is about 15 percent more cloudiness over water than over land. Cloud tops tend to be higher over land than water. There tend to be more clouds in the afternoon than in the morning over land, but over the ocean it is the reverse. They tend to be thicker when the temperature is warmer over land, but when it is cooler over the ocean. In the temperate latitudes, winter clouds tend to be somewhat thicker and higher than in other seasons, but the situation is reversed nearer the equator. What Is Ahead Putting New Data To Use in Models Scientists are just beginning to explore the issue of how these variations fit together to produce a global effect. They have much to learn about how clouds form, maintain themselves and dissipate, and how precipitation occurs. As part of the expanding research, a the Department of Energy is beginning a 10-year program, the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Project, that will establish four to six permanent observation sites. Their job, along with aircraft and balloon soundings, will be to measure cloud properties intensively. These efforts are all aimed at improving the prediction models. Cloud scientists are still some distance from incorporating the new knowledge into the models, partly because of the sheer complexity that is being discovered. But within that complexity, some scientists are beginning to believe, may lie a set of simple principles that explain how all the varying styles of cloud behavior take place. On the broad climatic scale, says Dr. Rossow, the small-scale phenomena may average out. ''It makes it look as if you can manage the problem,'' he said. ''It's still complex, but I think we're seeing the possibility we can describe it.'' In any case, he said, almost all the climate model specialists at some point ''will surely be competely redesigning their cloud prediction subroutines.'' Dr. Ramanathan said that in the next two or three years, it might be possible to identify the major flaws in the treatment of clouds in the models, and Dr. Rossow said | Clouds Are Yielding Clues to Changes in Climate |
346480_0 | LEAD: The Soviet Union and Cuba are trying to improve their economic relations and can expand them further despite the diverging economic and political paths taken by their Governments, the Soviet Deputy Prime Minister, Leonid Abalkin, said here last week. In a weeklong stay in Cuba, Mr. Abalkin, the Soviet Union's leading economic reformer, signed a $14 billion bilateral trade protocol for 1990 and helped to set up a commission to discuss future economic relations. The Soviet Union and Cuba are trying to improve their economic relations and can expand them further despite the diverging economic and political paths taken by their Governments, the Soviet Deputy Prime Minister, Leonid Abalkin, said here last week. In a weeklong stay in Cuba, Mr. Abalkin, the Soviet Union's leading economic reformer, signed a $14 billion bilateral trade protocol for 1990 and helped to set up a commission to discuss future economic relations. Soviet-Cuban trade is based mainly on an exchange of Cuban sugar, nickel and citrus for Soviet oil, machinery, cereals and food. | Soviet View on Cuba |
342807_5 | family left and friends begin to drop by the way,'' said Joan Elswit, 66, of Oakton, Va., a Seniornet user. ''There are all the contacts you want on the network.'' Computer use can be the ''basis for forging a lot of friendship ties,'' said Tora K. Bikson, a researcher at the Rand Corporation who did a yearlong study of two groups of employees of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power were asked to devise a company retirement plan. One group used computers and the other held meetings or telephone discussions. The group that could exchange messages on a computer network worked together more closely and became better friends than the group that could only meet in person or talk on the phone, Dr. Bikson said. Still, not all old people find computers enticing or unintimidating. On the Seniornet telecommunications hookup the discussions are dominated by a handful of active users. Ms. Furlong attributes this to shyness, saying many people are afraid to type comments that can be seen by everyone. Others say cost is a problem for old people on limited budgets. It costs $15 to join the network, plus telephone charges of $6.90 an hour evenings and weekends, or $16.70 on weekdays. Even more significant is the cost of a computer, which many people might not be able to justify. ''It's not necessarily that they're afraid,''said Robert Harootyan, an executive at the American Association of Retired Persons. ''It's just that a lot of people don't see any reason to have one.'' Many people have home computers for their jobs or for their children's school work. For most elderly people those reasons do not exist. Mr. Morrisett of the Markle Foundation said there is a lack of software tailored to the elderly, like tax preparation programs that deal specifically with pensions. Another important use could be to provide health-care information by letting older people communicate electronically with their doctors, said Dr. Gari Lesnoff-Caravaglia, executive director of the University Center on Aging at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center in Worcester. Back at the San Francisco computer class, Hugh Bell and a classmate sat in front of an Apple computer, struggling to put Mr. Bell's resume into the computer. ''Between the two of us, we're finally getting something on the board,'' said Mr. Bell. ''By the end of six weeks, I'll be able to punch out something.'' Seniornet headquarters | A New Generation Begins Computing |
342801_0 | LEAD: AT St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Hempstead, L.I., precisely at midnight on Saturday, all the lights will go out and members of the congregation, each holding a white candle, will watch in the darkness as the priest lifts one solitary flame and proclaims: ''Receive ye the light from the light that never wanes and glorify Christ, who has risen from the dead. AT St. Paul's Greek Orthodox Cathedral in Hempstead, L.I., precisely at midnight on Saturday, all the lights will go out and members of the congregation, each holding a white candle, will watch in the darkness as the priest lifts one solitary flame and proclaims: ''Receive ye the light from the light that never wanes and glorify Christ, who has risen from the dead.'' Then, in a tradition that has been repeated in churches throughout Greece for hundreds of years, the Rev. Nicholas J. Magoulias, Dean of St. Paul's, will slowly pass the flame to the candles of the altar boys, who in turn will pass it to the candles of every member of the congregation until the entire church is flooded with light. As this is done, the congregation will repeat ''Christos anesti, alithos anesti'' (Christ has risen, truly He has risen). Sunday is Easter, the celebration of the Resurrection of Christ. Once every four years Greek Orthodox Easter coincides with Easter celebrated by the rest of the Christian world, as it does this year. For the estimated 2.5 million Greek Orthodox in the United States, it is the culmination of 40 days of fasting and a solemn week of church rituals re-enacting the last days of Christ's life. Language and religion have proved to be a powerful bond among the 1,200 first-, second- and third-generation Greek families who live in suburban Long Island and belong to the beautiful Byzantine-style church. But if a group of 17 women in Hempstead have their way, Greek cuisine will be regarded as just as important. ''Greek food is good, simple fare,'' said Katherine Boulukos, chairwoman of the group, known as the Recipe Club. ''It may not be exotic, but we want people to appreciate it.'' The club, which was formed more than 30 years ago, is dedicated to preserving old Greek family recipes and updating them both for contemporary kitchens and for diets. The members have written three cookbooks, including ''The Complete Book of Greek Cooking,'' just published by | At Easter, Classic Greek Fare, Made Anew |
346364_2 | federation until they prove their loyalty to a new government. And he described the Babangida leadership as ''dictatorial, corrupt, drug-baronish, inhumane, sadistic, deceitful, homosexually centered and unpatriotic.'' Another radio broadcast from Lagos monitored here called on students, workers, lawyers and shopkeepers to take to the streets to support the coup. It also said military and police officers were confined to their bases and an overnight curfew was being imposed. But about noon, there was still another broadcast, this time from the Government, announcing that the rebels had been routed. Radio stations in the cities of Benin and Kaduna broadcast announcments by officers saying their troops remained loyal to the Babangida Government. The whereabouts of President Babangida remained uncertain tonight. In most of nothern Nigeria, Islam is the dominant religion, crossing tribal and linguistic boundaries. But across much of the south, from the eastern Ibo to the preserve of the Yoruba in and near big cities like Lagos and Ibadan, Christianity is dominant and Islam is regarded by many as a threat to secular government. Moreover, rivalries among the country's 250 ethnic groups often overlap religious rivalries. In the late 1960's, Nigeria was torn by a civil war that pitted Ibo separatists who attempted to set up an independent nation, Biafra, in the east, against the Yoruba in the south and a coalition of northerners dominated by the Hausa and the Fulani. If the coup had succeeded, it would have been the seventh since Nigeria, the most populous nation in Africa, obtained independence from Britain in 1960. The military has ruled for about 20 of the 30 years since independence. General Babangida himself took power in a coup, overthrowing the civilian Government of President Shehu Shagari in August 1985. Nigeria's Muslims say they constitute close to half the total population of more than 100 million, and Christians say they make up roughly one-third. But those estimates are open to doubt: a census has not been taken for more than 25 years. Of late, President Babangida has also been trying to shore up Nigeria's economy. A potentially wealthy country with the beginnings of a significant middle class in the 1970's, Nigeria, an oil producer, was especially hurt by the worldwide drop in crude-oil prices. Last month, several hundred students in Lagos and nearby cities rioted and set buildings and automobiles ablaze to protest hardships that they attributed to President Babangida's austerity measures. | Nigeria Reports It Foiled a Coup By Army Rebels |
346390_1 | Secretary Robert A. Mosbacher. Brach, which was taken over in 1986 by Jacobs Suchard, based in Zurich, has said that if it did not receive the exemption to buy the lower-cost sugar, it would move the Chicago operation, which employs up to 3,500 people, to either Canada or Mexico. The company's request was endorsed by Chicago civic officials and lawmakers, including Representative Dan Rostenkowski, the powerful chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. The difference between the world sugar price of 15 cents a pound, and the domestic price of 24 cents, would have saved the company $20 million a year. The company said that would be enough to maintain the 68-year-old factory on the economically depressed West Side of Chicago. Exemption Called Unfair But competitors threatened to seek similar exemptions, complaining that it would have given Brach an unfair advantage. Brach has been trying to capitalize on provisions of the Foreign Trade Zones Act of 1934 as amended in 1950. It sought special permission to import lower-cost foreign sugar and use it to make candy sold in the United States. The company contends that its effforts to preserve jobs in Chicago entitle it to an exemption from foreign trade zone restrictions. In a foreign trade zone, import fees and other forms of border protection are generally waived to reduce production costs. These products are then designated for export, and only in rare cases can they be sold domestically. As the Commerce Department action was disclosed, the House Agriculture Subcommittee on Cotton, Rice and Sugar agreed by a voice vote to raise domestic sugar subsidies as part of a five-year farm law it is writing. Fear of Trade War John B. Campbell, a deputy Under Secretary of Agriculture, said the Bush Administration opposed the proposals and would seek legislative changes. ''Sugar dynamics are about to explode,'' Mr. Campbell told the lawmakers, warning that the proposals could result in a trade war over sugar ''that could have been avoided.'' Brach executives could not be reached for comment over the weekend. A Commerce Department official said no final decision had been taken, but confirmed that a report by the department's examiner, was ''in the final stages.'' The official also said there had been discussions with Brach. Other officials said the talks had been to inform the company that its petition was being rejected. Frank R. Samolis, a partner in Patton, Boggs | Candy Maker Dealt Blow on Sugar Quotas |
346466_1 | run an auto rally through South America, the organizers went broke before the race ever began. But it took more than that to stop the intrepid drivers in the Trans-Amazon Rally of 1988. THE last time anyone tried to run an auto rally through South America, the organizers went broke before the race ever began. But it took more than that to stop the intrepid drivers in the Trans-Amazon Rally of 1988. They came from around the world, attracted by the prospect of driving through the jungles, over the mountains and across the wastelands of South America on roads that would lead to the impeachment of any county highway superintendent in the United States. So the Trans-Amazon competitors simply organized and paid for the event themselves. But starting last Sunday, another organizer took a crack at running a South American rally. That event, the Esso South American Marathon Raid '90, began in Lima, Peru, on Easter Sunday with 11 motorcycles and 40 cars and trucks. It is scheduled to end, also in Lima, on May 5 after a 10,000-kilometer run through Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia. Along the way, the competitors will be traversing deserts, equatorial jungles, Andean mountain passes and the icy tundra surrounding Ushuaia, Argentina, the southernmost city in the world. ''The biggest strain in a race like this is the lack of sleep,'' said Javier Sacio Jr. before he left his home in San Diego to compete in the race. ''You can go weeks with four hours' sleep a night or less.'' The organizers provide nightly breaks for sleep, but very often much of that time is taken up with repairs. On a multiday rally, little things like broken springs or shock absorbers are taken in stride. The better teams have support crews that follow them to stop and make repairs in the field (or jungle). The rally also demonstrates the growing influence of the Japanese in international motor sports. The main sponsors are the Japanese affiliate of Exxon, and NHK, the national television network of Japan. A Japanese tire and automobile company are also chipping in. If all this seems like a frivolous way to break up some cars, trucks and motorcycles, there is at least one serious purpose to the South American Raid. Proceeds from the rally will be donated to groups dedicated to preserving the South American rain forests. SPORTS WORLD SPECIALS: AUTO RACING | Tough Going |
346449_8 | cocaine were tossed aboard, and the Naut-For-Fun headed for Fort Lauderdale. But the drug transporters had unwittingly hired a crew made up of F.B.I. agents. The agency's plan was to intercept the craft at sea, making the Colombians think the seizure was just bad luck. But three days out of Panama, the Naut-For-Fun ran into a storm and 15-foot seas that destroyed its sails and ruptured its fuel tanks. The crew sent out distress signals, which were monitored not only by the Coast Guard but also by the Colombians, using high-frequency band radios. These signals, a fabricated accident report later supplied by the F.B.I., and the opinion of Javier Mendez's personal palm reader all led Mr. Escobar and the other Colombians to believe that the boat and crew had been lost at sea. The boat had sunk. But the crew had been rescued by the Coast Guard and taken to the naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for medical treatment. By the first week of December 1988, the F.B.I. thought it had as much information about Colombian drug operations as it could get from its operation, and agents moved in to make arrests. The first two suspects were seized at gunpoint at a shopping mall. Eventually , the F.B.I. made 68 arrests. Almost all of these people have pleaded guilty, rather than face trial. In addition, the F.B.I. seized several million dollars in cash and property and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of cocaine and other drugs. Finally, as the bureau was closing out its project, it partly broke up what it believed to be plans by the groups being watched to smuggle another seven tons of cocaine into the United States. Reflecting in Washington A New View Of Drug World The F.B.I. says the 200 or more Colombian groups operating in or near the United States are generally small and work in independent units ultimately tied to the two major Colombian organizations, the Medellin and the Cali. Before the Hialeah-based operation, the Federal Government had sparse intelligence on the structure of the Colombian organizations, except for their leadership. The bureau has now put together its organizational picture essentially from interviews with defendants from the project and other similar cases, from its many surveillances, recorded phone calls and other sources. The groups, which for the most part range in size from a few dozen members to three or four, | Colombian Cocaine: Tracking Down Dealers - A special report.; A Covert and Major Victory Is Reported in the Drug War |
348598_3 | landmarks commission since 1975. ''Their acceptance helps their clients accept it. And the general support from the architectural community has been very impressive.'' Acceptance would have been hard to predict in 1965. At the time, the Real Estate Board of New York adamantly opposed the commission, saying it would ''seriously impede the modern expansion and progress of the city.'' ''We certainly don't feel that way now,'' said Warren Wechsler, first senior vice president of the board, whose more than 5,500 members include owners, developers, brokers, architects and lawyers. ''We think that in many instances properties have ascended in value because more attention has been focused on their architectural merits.'' Concerns About Delays ''We do have concerns about a misuse of the law to thwart needed development,'' Mr. Wechsler said. ''We also have concerns that in some instances, the time that elapses between a public hearing and the commission's decision casts an unnecessarily long shadow of uncertainty.'' David F. M. Todd, whose term as commission chairman ends Tuesday, said that ''by and large, the backlogs are fairly well dealt with'' and expressed hope that in the future, a vote on an individual designation could come 12 to 18 months after the public hearing was closed. But he also said he was concerned about the commission's increasing regulatory burden. He acknowledged the animosity in some quarters toward the commission, whose procedures have been criticized as cumbersome, costly and time consuming. ''The bigger we get,'' Mr. Todd said, ''and the more we take under our wing for regulatory control, the more the problems are likely to grow.'' In the 12-month period ending March 30, the commission received 3,819 applications for work permits, an increase of 17 percent over the previous year. The Review of the Council Ms. Beckelman shares Mr. Todd's concern. ''If we can't regulate,'' she said, ''can you imagine the pressure we're going to be under from the Council not to designate?'' Beginning May 1 under the revised City Charter, commission designations will be subject to review by the City Council rather than the Board of Estimate, meaning that as many as 35 elected officials will be involved in the process. No one can tell yet what effect the Council will have on the landmarks process, although Jerry L. Crispino, the Bronx Democrat who heads the Council's Land Use Committee, said, ''I don't anticipate any great differences, in that there should | Change on the Horizon for Landmarks |
348292_0 | LEAD: NO problem facing the earth looms larger than the growth in the reproductive rate of the human species. Virtually all degradation of the environment, all exhaustion of natural resources and substantial human suffering can be attributed to the crushing effect of a population that is too numerous for our planet. NO problem facing the earth looms larger than the growth in the reproductive rate of the human species. Virtually all degradation of the environment, all exhaustion of natural resources and substantial human suffering can be attributed to the crushing effect of a population that is too numerous for our planet. The belief among many cultures that children are the equivalent of wealth is a bankrupt social and economic theory. In the last decade of the 20th century, fewer children mean a better life and a healthier environment. Consider pollution. It is but one strand in a Gordian knot involving industry, demand for consumer goods, petrochemical use, energy consumption and waste disposal. It knows no national or geographic boundries. Human effluence despoils the beaches of Cannes as well as those of Niantic. The skies are fouled with noxious gasses that haunt us in the form of health-harming particulates, acid rain and ozone depletion. Increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide contribute to global warming. Landfills spill over with toxic chemicals contaminating water supplies. Nuclear-waste stores are time bombs waiting to detonate. Like it or not, the nations of the northern hemisphere must assume most responsibility for worldwide pollution. To a large degree, third world people suffer the consequences of first world gluttony. What about the depletion of natural resources? All people shoulder some blame. The industrialized nations gobble more than their fair share of irreplaceable fossil fuels and mineral resources, but poorer nations, too, are guilty of clearcutting rain forests, overfishing the seas, stripping the hillsides for firewood and exhausting the soil. Perhaps the most valuable commodity of all, fresh water, is being reduced at an alarming rate. In short, the resources essential for sustaining life - food, clean water, energy, shelter and a safe environment - are in imminent peril of becoming eroded beyond repair. The number of humans is astonishing. World population stands at 5.3 billion in 1990, and will double to 10 billion in 40 years. The earth's population is growing by 90 million a year, the equivalent of the entire population of Mexico. Many nations, especially in | Is Overpopulation Too Grim a Tale? |
348688_0 | LEAD: EXPERTS IN AERONAUTICS WILL recognize the shape on the computer screen at right as that of an L-1011 aircraft. The image was generated as the plane approached Philadelphia International Airport by the radar dish shown above, more than a mile and a half away, at the University of Pennsylvania's Valley Forge Research Center, evidence that radar is now capable of identifying objects as more than blips. EXPERTS IN AERONAUTICS WILL recognize the shape on the computer screen at right as that of an L-1011 aircraft. The image was generated as the plane approached Philadelphia International Airport by the radar dish shown above, more than a mile and a half away, at the University of Pennsylvania's Valley Forge Research Center, evidence that radar is now capable of identifying objects as more than blips. ''We've succeeded in demonstrating that we can distinguish between types of aircraft,'' says the director of the research center, Bernard D. Steinberg, who has developed the new technology, known as microwave imaging radar, over nearly two decades. Radar, which works by bouncing radio waves off a target, is used to locate objects by measuring their distance from the transmitter. Owing to the length of radio waves - more than 10,000 times longer than optic waves - a conventional radar system with the resolving power capable of distinguishing two dimensions needs a prohibitively large dish. Steinberg came up with a system consisting essentially of ''a floppy wire strung between towers 83 meters apart.'' It was large enough for two-dimensional imaging but its flexibility yielded distortions in the received impulses. ''What we've learned to do,'' he says, ''is build a low-order intelligence into the signal processor, which makes it smart enough to compensate for the distortions in the antenna.'' That self-calibration procedure can now be incorporated into a conventional system, like the one above. Development continues: ''Is that plane ours or theirs? Are the wheels down? We want to answer those kinds of questions,'' Steinberg says. But Defense Department funding is threatened by the prospect of a dwindling research budget - which, ironically, also finances Stealth aircraft. WORKS IN PROGRESS | A Better Blip |
348475_4 | bloodstream, turning the flow into a turbulent whoosh, just as a kink in a garden hose can do. The bruit is a warning signal that blood flow through a carotid artery may be partially blocked. In time, the mound may thicken and completely cut off blood flow to a part of the brain, causing a stroke. Or a small piece of atherosclerotic debris, called an embolus, may break loose and travel to the brain, where it can become lodged in a narrow vessel, blocking blood flow to the tissue beyond. People with a bruit in a carotid artery may also have atherosclerosis elsewhere in the body, including the points where long, slender arteries that penetrate deep into the brain branch off from larger vessels. When one of these narrow vessels becomes blocked, the brain tissue that it supplied with blood may wither, creating a small hole called a lacune. (Diabetes and hypertension may also lead to lacunes.) Over the years, many of these ''little strokes'' can add up, causing symptoms similar to Alzheimer's disease. When a bruit is detected, doctors frequently use a device called a duplex scanner to assess the extent of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. The scanner, which is analogous to radar, painlessly bounces ultrasonic waves off the walls of the carotids and the red blood cells that are whisking through them. Then it analyzes the returning waves and produces a picture on a video screen of any blockages that may have formed and any turbulence they may be causing in the blood flow. Some physicians use the duplex scan when it is not really warranted for what they call general stroke screening. But the chance of finding an arterial narrowing that's great enough to justify concern is quite remote in people without pronounced risk factors or a bruit. Moreover, a duplex scan can't detect all the different causes of strokes. For example, heart disease can cause blood clots to form in one of the heart's chambers; if a clot winds up in the brain, it can block blood flow. And high blood pressure can weaken arteries deep in the brain, causing a potentially devastating intracerebral hemorrhage. EVEN THOUGH STEVE WAS EXPERIENCING no symptoms, the duplex scan showed a 90 percent narrowing in the right carotid, at the location of the bruit. Since there was nothing else Steve could do to reduce his risk of stroke, his | The Medical Assault on Stroke |
348303_0 | LEAD: In the March 25 Westchester Weekly there was an article entitled ''Matching the Handicapped With Jobs.'' This piece seemed to portray a positive idea about persons with disabilities. Throughout the article, however, terms such as ''the autistic'' and ''the more severely handicapped'' were used to describe the students. In the March 25 Westchester Weekly there was an article entitled ''Matching the Handicapped With Jobs.'' This piece seemed to portray a positive idea about persons with disabilities. Throughout the article, however, terms such as ''the autistic'' and ''the more severely handicapped'' were used to describe the students. Labels such as those, refer to characteristics, not to individuals, and present a negative image and stereotype. Labeling people can be harmful, as it assumes that all people with that label are alike; and generally focuses on differences of this group from what is considered the norm. Terms such as ''the autistic'' do not take into account the unique abilities of the person as a contributing member of the society in which he or she lives. As the person responsible for making the personal contacts with employers, such as Sizzler, Alexander's, Shoetown, Central Plaza Cinema, Mercy College, etc., and securing jobs for many of the students with severe disabilities, I would like to suggest that the ''real story'' is the success of the students. While the formal training is being provided through a school program, the real support comes from the employers and co-workers who have recognized the abilities (not disabilities) of the students. This ''natural support'' and integration with co-workers, facilitated by job coaches, will determine the ultimate success and employability upon graduation for the students. It was mentioned in the article that I ''had dispelled the fears of employers that autistic employees will be in the way.'' While employers may have had initial concerns about the students, that concept was never mentioned, nor do I consider it an issue. What is discussed with employers are the particular strengths and interests of the students; and matching their ''gifts'' with a suitable job and supports. The media can play a major role in educating the public and contributing to the enhancement of the lives of persons with disabilities. Thank you for the attempt to bring positive attention to students at work. In the future, please be mindful of labeling students; and consider doing an article focusing on the abilities of the students, in | Enhancing Life For the Disabled |
341640_4 | in college are down. Another trend few foresaw was that as the college population shrank, its enrollment rates grew. The ''cohort effect'' is largely the theory of Richard A. Easterlin, an economist at the University of Southern California. As he charts postwar generations, their size and college-enrollment rates generally vary inversely, in part because fewer children means more opportunity for each, since colleges prefer to maintain enrollment levels. Mr. Easterlin and two colleagues wrote in 1981 that the 1980's would see an enrollment increase. Another who was on the right track 10 years ago was Carol Frances, a Washington-based economist and consultant to many higher-education groups. As chief economist for the American Council on Education, comprised of four-year colleges and universities, she wrote that enrollment could rise 3.5 percent during the 1980's, if colleges could take advantage of a growing economy and recruit promising nontraditional groups, like older women. That is exactly what colleges did. Where there were concentrations of older working people, there was expansion of adult programs and heavy advertising. New York University's School of Continuing Education, for example, tried direct mail, with postcards reading, ''How to Turn a Change in Your Life Into the Chance of Your Life.'' Enrollment has risen 50 percent since 1978. Similar efforts at many schools succeeded with high school audiences, too. And when the colleges' recruitment binge paid off, the forecasts of enrollment declines naturally turned out to be wrong. ''Every time you make a projection and people pick up on it, they start reacting to it, and their reaction changes what happens,'' said Robin Etter Zuniga, who directs projections of high school graduates for the Western Interstate Commission on Higher Education, in Boulder, Colo. ''If institutions are concerned about the decline, they will take steps to do something about it that will change the projections.'' ''Sure, we missed things,'' she added. ''But we can't say that if you get better data or fine-tune your methods, they would give you better projections.'' More Like Economic Predictions Ms. Gerald said, however, that forecasting had improved since she joined the center more than a decade ago, when many predictions were based on extrapolation methods. Now, she says, models account for variables like unemployment, making the whole enterprise less like an actuary's and more like an economist's. When a model goes wrong, the center tries to identify faulty assumptions; then it revises other projections. More | A SPECIAL REPORT: Numbers Please!; Moving Targets |
341632_0 | LEAD: PERSONAL computers can now be found in almost every school in the United States, the Government reports, although the ratio of students to computers varies widely. Some elementary schools have only one; some universities thousands. No matter how many computers a school has, however, almost everyone agrees that there are not enough. PERSONAL computers can now be found in almost every school in the United States, the Government reports, although the ratio of students to computers varies widely. Some elementary schools have only one; some universities thousands. No matter how many computers a school has, however, almost everyone agrees that there are not enough. Providing each student with reasonable access to a computer remains a distant dream. ''Access has improved dramatically in the last few years,'' said Ed Warnshuis, publisher of Technological Horizons in Education, or T.H.E. Journal, based in Tustin, Calif., a monthly report for people who manage school computer operations. ''In 1982 there were 600,000 computers in schools. Today they have over 9.5 million. They've obviously got a long way to go - I'd say the market is now only about 20 percent saturated - but they have also come a long way.'' Mr. Warnshuis said it often took two or three years for teachers to fully exploit the new technology. As a result, the fruits of early computer ''seeding'' in schools are just now appearing. ''As more educators discover the many ways that computers can enrich the learning and teaching process, limited access to computers becomes more frustrating,'' said Karen Sheingold, director of the Bank Street College of Education's Center for Technology in Education in New York City. Who Goes There? But getting more computers is only one part of the broader issue facing schools today: how to manage access to computers, including those already in use. Access is important not only because of the technology's potential value as an education tool, but also as a strategic and competitive tool for attracting and keeping teachers, administrators and students. Across the nation, from kindergartens to graduate schools, educators are discovering that managing computer access is a challenge of vast proportions. Who gets to use the computers? Where should they be put? What hours will they be available? What are they to be used for? Who will pay for them? ''More and more students coming to college are taking access to computers as a given,'' said Linda H. | Access Roads |
341772_0 | LEAD: While Bill Mathesius is correct in supporting individual rights, he fails to consider how drug use violates the welfare of others. Has he thought about the children of drug-using parents? This would be a sizable population. While Bill Mathesius is correct in supporting individual rights, he fails to consider how drug use violates the welfare of others. Has he thought about the children of drug-using parents? This would be a sizable population. He could obtain information by visiting the psychiatric hospital programs for children (about 10 in New Jersey, and more are opening) or by looking at worker caseloads (abused and neglected children) at the Division of Youth and Family Services. Has he considered drug-related accidents? Some substances can impair perception for days without apparent awareness on the part of the user. Were he to support drug testing of people responsible for accidents resulting in serious injury, especially auto- or work-related mishaps, we could better assess the problem of drug-involved injuries to others. Is Mr. Mathesius going to provide free drugs to the using public, and who will pay for that? Certainly addicts will continue to steal to support drug habits regardless of whether purchases are made on the street or at the local pharmacy. Also, what are his thoughts on drug-related medical problems? With health insurance and hospital costs going out of sight, who would purchase the necessary services for the physical illnesses secondary to the use of illicit drugs? To judge from this interview, Mr. Mathesius has not done his homework. His comment about marijuana use at Princeton University while he was County Prosecutor, ''could have put to sleep the entire community,'' is likewise poorly formulated. Had he considered current attitudes and usage, he could have made a statement about the benefits of being fully informed. As Mercer County Executive, he will, I hope, make the effort to collect more information before he advocates for public policy changes. Nevertheless, Mr. Mathesius is to be applauded for bringing the public's attention to the fact that simply jailing people for drug possession is no answer. Incarceration is costly and apparently accomplishing almost nothing in terms of rehabilitation. However, he seems to suggest that drug use is simply a problem for the mental health community, not the criminal justice system. I believe the public would be better served if professionals in both disciplines were to establish a dialogue toward planning | Legalizing Drugs: Other Viewpoints |
341832_15 | for her essays detailing the horrors of the previous crackdowns on intellectuals. Early last year, Dai Qing published a long account of the experiences of Chu Anping, an advocate of a free press who had been labeled a ''rightist'' during Mao Zedong's 1957-58 campaign against intellectuals. Dai Qing has also pushed for the release of political prisoners, and shortly after Hu Yaobang's death, she gave a speech, printed in The World Economic Herald, in which she called for Hu's rehabilitation. By many accounts, Dai Qing was the first in China to mount a crusade on an environmental issue. With the zeal of a Ralph Nader, she mobilized an effective opposition against the Government's Three Gorges project, which called for the construction of a dam that, depending on its size, would have inundated between 11,000 and 114,000 acres of farmland along the Yangtze River, forcing the resettlement of between 200,000 and 1.4 million people. In February 1989, when the project was being publicly debated, Dai Qing organized in just 12 days the publication of a collection of essays by various writers revealing the problems of the dam, an issue that has been a concern of hers since 1985. ''Whatever the Government says, this problem [of resettlement] just can't be resolved,'' she said in an interview a year ago. Not all of the ideas Dai Qing has embraced have appealed to China's reform-minded intellectuals. Some of her thoughts would hardly be labeled, as the Chinese Government has done, ''bourgeois liberalist'' ideas packaged for Chinese consumption. For instance, she has advocated a distinctly un-Western notion dubbed the ''New Authoritarianism.'' The best approach for China, she has said, is not Western democracy but a government run by a strong enlightened leader. This notion, in fact, is a modern form of the Confucian ideal of a strong, benevolent emperor, and it is partly inspired by the political systems of such economically thriving places as Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea. The concept was reportedly commended by both Deng Xiaoping and ousted Communist Party leader Zhao Ziyang. By the end of May, when the student movement appeared to be winding down, Dai Qing seemed to have withdrawn from public involvement in the protests. After the June 4 military crackdown, she reportedly resigned from the Communist Party and became a target for those party hard-liners eager to purge all intellectuals who had been involved with the student movement. | THE PRISONERS OF TIANANMEN SQUARE |
342065_0 | LEAD: One of the most enduring policy debates of the 1980's concerns the wisdom of deregulating the airline industry. Although more than a decade of evidence is in, the jury is still out. Last month the debate was rekindled by a blast from the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal research organization in Washington. One of the most enduring policy debates of the 1980's concerns the wisdom of deregulating the airline industry. Although more than a decade of evidence is in, the jury is still out. Last month the debate was rekindled by a blast from the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal research organization in Washington. The institute's study concluded that deregulation is a failure and has resulted in higher fares and a deterioration of service. We disagree. Critics of airline deregulation invariably cite the increasing concentration of the industry as evidence that deregulation has not worked. They point out that the eight biggest airlines now account for over 90 percent of the national market - measured in passenger miles - up from 80 percent at the start of deregulation in 1978. But while concentration is a concern, it is not a fair measure of competition among the airlines. The right measure is ''route level competition'' -competition between carriers on specific routes. Based on our calculations, the number of effective competitors at the route level has risen from an average of 1.5 in 1978 to 1.9 in 1988. This means that today only 17 percent of passengers travel on carriers that control more than 90 percent of the traffic on a route. In 1978 the figure was 28 percent. At the same time, 17 percent of passengers fly on carriers that control 20 percent or less of the traffic on their routes - up from 7 percent in 1978. Fewer carriers, yes, but they are competing with one another more often. Our calculations also show that throughout the decade deregulated fares have been below regulated fares by an average of 18 percent. This amounts to average annual savings for travelers of roughly $6 billion, calculated in 1988 dollars. But while fares have declined on average under deregulation, the spread of fares has increased. In 1978, less than half of 1 percent of travelers paid more than twice the average fare. In 1988 the figure was nearly 4 percent. In 1978 only 10 percent of travelers paid fares less than 80 percent | With Deregulation, Everybody Gains |
341876_0 | LEAD: An article on March 25 about Federal approval of a genetically engineered enzyme used in making cheese misidentified the enzyme. It is rennin. An article on March 25 about Federal approval of a genetically engineered enzyme used in making cheese misidentified the enzyme. It is rennin. | Corrections |
341939_3 | the Space Telescope History Project. They had unusual access to the people making the space telescope through an agreement with NASA, as well as to many closed meetings and briefings. But under the agreement their conclusions, and the account Mr. Smith has written, were not interfered with by the agency. The history project is indeed a rare opportunity to study what one of Mr. Smith's colleagues calls ''the new techno-politics.'' In the brief, 2,500-year history of scientific thought, astronomy has always played a crucial role. And advances in astronomy to a very large extent generated the astonishing advances in our understanding of the universe in this century. They began with the construction of large telescopes such as the one on Mount Palomar in California and were accelerated by the development of sophisticated instruments for reducing distortion and examining the color content of the light from distant stars, by electronic and computer-aided information processing that greatly improved the quality of the data. Ground-based radio wave observatories also added a new component to the data stream. Finally came space-based observatories contained in satellites that, employing a bewildering variety of instruments, collect information from invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum: gamma rays, X-rays, infrared ultraviolet rays and more. From the beginning such instrumentation bore the mark of big science. Long before there was any possibility of launching a telescope into space, the successful construction of a facility like the Hale Telescope on Palomar, near San Diego, required the intimate collaboration of astronomers and other scientists with engineers in a wide set of disciplines. Glass mirrors had to be polished to a precision of a fraction of the wavelength of light (about one hundred-thousandth of an inch) over a diameter of hundreds of inches, and the relative positioning of mirror components had to be true to one ten-thousandth of an inch. The 14-ton mirror had to be firmly supported and steered with smoothness and accuracy far exceeding that of the works of a fine watch. In the case of a space telescope, all this precision will have to be preserved as the instrument is subjected to the great forces experienced in the launching of the vehicle that will lift it into orbit. The complexity of such an undertaking, and then of operating the instrument once it is aloft, is daunting. Serious astronomers have mused about the value of large telescopes in space for more | BIG SCIENCE IN THE SKY |
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