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341907_1 | Computer Terminals, and the Attempt to Cover Up Their Threat to Your Health. By Paul Brodeur. (Simon & Schuster, $19.95.) The thesis of ''Currents of Death'' is that electrical technology is filled with hidden dangers for human health: power lines induce cancer; electric blankets cause miscarriages; computer terminals are slowly making us blind. CURRENTS OF DEATH: Power Lines, Computer Terminals, and the Attempt to Cover Up Their Threat to Your Health. By Paul Brodeur. (Simon & Schuster, $19.95.) The thesis of ''Currents of Death'' is that electrical technology is filled with hidden dangers for human health: power lines induce cancer; electric blankets cause miscarriages; computer terminals are slowly making us blind. Moreover, it says a conspiracy between the Government and the electric industry is keeping this kind of information from the public, while a small group of heretics and whistle-blowers are struggling to reveal the truth. Alas for doom peddlers, the thesis is unsubstantiated. Paul Brodeur is a longtime staff writer for The New Yorker who has chronicled many alleged technical perils, including microwaves in ''The Zapping of America.'' He knows how to pour on the facts. What he neglects to mention here is that virtually all experts say no proof exists that electromagnetic fields pose a risk to human health. He ignores the fact that the human life span has nearly doubled since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the increase being most rapid with the rise of electricity. He points a damning finger at computer screens but says nothing of consequence about television sets. He passes over the possibility that not all industry experts automatically betray the principle of scientific objectivity. As with many alarmist tracts, this one contains a smidgen of substance. Some experts suggest that accumulating evidence no longer allows categorical assertions that electromagnetic fields pose no risk for living things, while carefully adding that the implications for public health remain unclear. Mr. Brodeur would have it black and white. He says power lines, electric blankets and video display terminals should be considered guilty until proven innocent. This turns logic on its head. Alarming claims need large amounts of evidence. A person asserting the earthly presence of space aliens needs to have very convincing proof before being taken seriously. So too, Mr. Brodeur's thesis should be handled with extreme care unless, at some future time, a far more substantial accumulation of facts begins to argue otherwise. | IN SHORT: SCIENCE BOOKS |
341742_5 | Cardinal Montalto built the second palazzina and continued the work of Gambara. And other prelate-proprietors added, modified, enriched the villa, until it was ceded to the Lante family in 1656. The family remained the villa's owners until after the Second World War. During the war the gardens, which had already suffered long neglect, were considerably damaged. Finally, in 1953, a society was formed to sponsor restoration, which continues still, as the property now belongs to the state. The state is in this case a careful and conscientious proprietor. As visitors to any public park will know, nothing is more vulnerable to vandalism than a garden (the chipped, scrawled-over statues in Rome's Villa Borghese are a sad illustration). To visit the garden of the Villa Lante you have to wait for the guided tour - there is one about every half-hour - and respect the rules, stick to the paths. I have had the same guide on my last three visits: informed, happy to answer questions and fortunately free of the usual guide's addiction to repeating hoary jokes. SPEAKING of jokes, in designing the garden the cardinals arranged a number of the usual Renaissance water-tricks, devices for sprinkling hapless guests (history does not seem to have recorded the guests' reaction; personally, I would have called for my carriage at once). One of these devices, the so-called rain fountain, is still in working order and, water supply permitting, the guide will turn it on. If you stand at a safe distance and avoid a wetting, the arching jets are lovely and, on an Italian summer day, refreshing. The visit lasts about 40 minutes (and does not include the interiors of the two palaces, which are not open to the public). But there is more. The Villa Lante really boasts two gardens; or rather, the formal garden and a much larger, informal park where you can wander at will, a sloping wood mostly of evergreen ilex, with broad areas of grass, where local mothers bring their children to play in fine weather. Though this ''English'' garden was meant to look natural, it was just as carefully laid out as the Italian-French terraces; over the years, however, the groves have thickened, the foliage has become shaggier and the natural effect is more convincing than ever. But here, too, an occasional fountain reminds you of a human, shaping presence. Then, as you penetrate the cool | A Renaissance Masterpiece |
341778_4 | difficulty in defining important moral questions even for its own members, let alone for wider society. The publicists and pollsters will have their work cut out for them. American Catholics are probably the best-educated, most independent-minded laity in the church's history. It is no wonder that many of them chafe at a church leadership that is undergoing a fundamental transformation as Pope John Paul II gradually replaces retiring or dying bishops with leaders of his own stamp - men determined to uphold centralized Vatican authority and to resist pressures for any further revisions in Catholic doctrine and practice. Of 302 American bishops, this pope has named more than half. And the appointments are having an effect on theological debate. A 1986 draft statement on women's concerns, for example, called for further discussions of the church's stands on contraception and on ordaining women; but a revised version, released last week, underlined the prohibitions and dropped the call for discussion. The same pattern was seen last November when a blanket condemnation of ''safe sex'' campaigns for AIDS prevention was written into a sequel to a less stringent 1987 statement. In both cases, the bishops showed themselves more concerned with avoiding ambiguity about official church positions than with seeking grounds for cooperation with those of divergent views. Some believe this uncompromising leadership promises to consolidate the Second Vatican Council's work, to shake down and shore up an institution whose distinct identity they believe is endangered. It is the uncertain trumpet of previous leaders, they believe, that has fostered the laity's new independence. But the new mood may demoralize many of the church's most creative clergy and alienate many of the laity. The new, blander draft of the pastoral on women's concerns, for example, will frustrate the many Catholic women increasingly impatient, even bitter, about the church's restriction of the priesthood and crucial decision making to men. But in spite of considerable dissension, even anger, the church continues to grow in numbers, although not as fast as the American population. Catholics leave the church at rates no higher than in the past. Sunday church attendance, after dropping in the early 1970's, has held steady and remains well above the rates for non-Catholics. The disagreement of many Catholics with official church positions on questions like birth control, divorce, the ordination of women and papal authority has been well documented and well publicized. But on questions | Has Catholicism Lost A Chance to Be Our Moral Clearinghouse? |
341913_12 | which is devoted to household errands: ''She'll pick up a light dimmer or have the vacuum repaired,'' says Mr. Bierman. ''My bookkeeper will pay my bills, give me an allowance and take care of charitable contributions.'' Even the purchase of such personal items as clothing can be systematized. A prominent woman banker buys one good French designer suit and has it cloned in several colors in Hong Kong where she used to live and still goes on business. She does the same thing with blouses. And she buys hosiery by the three dozen and always wears the same shade and quality. Ms. Thomas has systems for gifts too. ''I always send the same wedding gift to everyone,'' she says. Something she owns herself that can be ordered by phone: Tiffany's hollow-stem champagne flutes. Eileen Ford believes in delegating gift wrapping. A governess who used to work for her is called upon to do special packages - otherwise ''anyone in the Ford agency with two hands free'' pitches in. ''If there are hundreds of gifts that have to be wrapped for whatever special occasion, we don't care what your title is. You wrap!'' she says. But there are some errand requests that must be refused. Desmond Gorges, the quintessential butler, tries never to say no. He didn't balk when an employer on a business trip in Toronto asked him to fly from New York with four pills that hadn't been packed. Nor did he flinch when Asher Edelman asked him to take ''his tiny tot to an enfant jamboree exercise class. There I was with all these yuppie mommies playing toesy and kneesy with this baby, he says.'' And Mr. Gorges had no hard feelings when a British employer ''asked me on a bitter cold night to trundle all over New York to find the ingredients for this odd drink that I happily mixed for him - and he never took a sip of.'' But Mr. Gorges drew the line when, as he recalls, ''One lovely couple asked me to lay out their recently deceased father, which, of course, I politely refused to do.'' If the errand-runners occasionally draw the line, so do some errand-delegators. ''A lot of things you have to do yourself,'' insists Letitia Baldrige, the etiquette advisor, who devides her time between New York and Washington. When in New York she has a technique for getting a lot | ERRANDS OF THE RICH AND FAMOUS |
339967_2 | go head-to-head with books on the murder of Francisco (Chico) Mendes, the leader of the Brazilian rubber tappers' union who was killed in 1988 for his efforts to protect the rain forest. Houghton Mifflin will publish ''The Burning Season'' by Andrew Revkin; Little, Brown plans ''The World Is Burning'' by Alex Shoumatoff, and Doubleday will bring out ''Rain Fire'' by Marcio Souza. The environmental implications of the Mendes murder are also discussed in a coming book from the Sierra Club, ''Lessons of the Rainforest,'' edited by Suzanne Head and Robert Heinzman. Many of the current crop of books are written under the auspices of environmental organizations, and most are printed on recycled paper. But Harper & Row San Francisco, the publisher of ''2 Minutes a Day for a Greener Planet,'' said problems posed by bleaches and chemicals used in the recycling process made printing on recycled paper impractical. It is planting two trees in the rain forest for each tree used to produce the book. The most successful of the new environment books has been ''50 Simple Things You Can Do To Save the Earth,'' a self-published handbook from the Earthworks Group/Publishers Group West. After a first printing of 26,000, there are 1.6 million copies in print, and the book has been a best seller for eight weeks. Much of its success is the result of its modest $4.95 price, plus the fact that it is written in everyday language. ''We wanted it to be very accessible, not in any way didactic or political,'' said Julie Bennett, who helped to develop the book with John Javna, the overall editor. Its recommendations to readers include turning down the water heater to 130 degrees, because every 10 degrees saves 6 percent of the energy required; saving water by installing low-flow faucet aerators and shower heads, and taking one's own shopping bags to the supermarket, since the authors say it takes a 15-year-old tree to make 700 grocery bags. It will take publishers years to build a solid backlist of titles by environmentalists and naturalists similar to those of the Sierra Club or Houghton Mifflin. Some houses may not be willing to invest the time and money. ''We're clearly seeing people trying to jump on the Earth Day bandwagon, and some of the publishers who are in it today because it's a fad will be gone tomorrow,'' Mr. Savitt said. Mr. Javna said | More Books Offering First Aid for Planet |
348913_3 | to a recent study of the Peruvian Amazon by Charles M. Peters of the Institute of Economic Botany at the New York Botanical Garden. Reserve Lands While figures vary according to region and markets, the idea of ''extractive reserves'' - which guarantee long-term harvesting rights, largely to rubber tappers and gatherers of brazil nuts - is taking hold in Brazil. Logging is forbidden in these reserves, which were started this year., Since January, Brazil has established four big reserves, covering 8,351 square miles, roughly the size of Massachusetts. Ten more Amazonian reserves are under negotiation. ''They won't solve the problem of deforestation, but they are a good idea and should be established as quickly as possible,'' Philip M. Fearnside, an American forestry ecologist, said in a recent interview here at the National Institute for Research in the Amazon. The Inter-American Development Bank is negotiating $5.3 million in loans and grants to help establish a series of reserves, including a 3,747-square-mile area in Acre, a state in the western Amazon. Mr. Clay of Cultural Survival predicts that American consumers will soon be using products based on Amazonian ingredients they have never heard of: assai-flavored sherbet, cupuacu yogurt, babacu oil, patchouli-root soap, copaiba shampoo, priprioca perfume, and condoms made of Amazonian latex. To date, Mr. Clay has taken 350 product samples out of Brazil to show to about 40 companies in the United States and Europe. Mr. Clay concedes that he may be creating a surge in demand that the Amazon's rickety marketing system will be unable to meet. ''The Body Shop wants 80 tons of copaiba oil a year,'' Mr. Clay said of a product that could be used for shampoos, face creams, lotions, soaps and massage creams. ''At present, Brazil only produces 60 tons of oil.'' Aid for Gatherers To help the supply meet the demand, Cultural Survival is using grants from international aid groups to help gatherers form marketing and processing cooperatives. The group last year helped to pay for a new factory capable of shelling and packaging 50 tons of Brazil nuts a year. Shelling increases the value of brazil nuts 10-fold and reduces their shipping weight by 60 percent. As always, the goal is to make harvesting the rain forest viable. The typical native family that gathers brazil nuts earns 3 cents an unshelled pound. In New York, a shelled pound sells for $1.10 wholesale. INTERNATIONAL REPORT | Harvesting Exotic Crops To Save Brazil's Forest |
348829_1 | to peer through the windows and doorways of surviving facades and meditate on the tangled metal and rubble inside. A Feeling of Rebirth But now, after 20 months of planning, debates and arguments among city officials, property owners, shopkeepers and architects, agreement has finally been reached on how Chiado is to be rebuilt. And while the process will take up to six years, a feeling of rebirth is at last in the air. ''On their own, the buildings do not have great importance,'' said Fernando Costa, one of the city's team of architects involved in the reconstruction. ''There are many older buildings in Lisbon. What counts is the district, its ambience, its tradition. And that's what we want to recapture.'' Certainly, with local public opinion clearly in favor of turning back the clock, the handful of architects who argued for modernization of the district found little support. Rather, the consensus is for modern and efficient facilities in a traditional setting. Helping the planners is the fact that despite the intense heat of the fire, which sent flames 100 feet into the air, only two of 18 facades were later demolished for safety reasons. The remaining facades, once strengthened and restored, should preserve the visual mood of the district. Apartments to Be Built But change is also intended. Although huge crowds were drawn to the department stores, shops and boutiques along Rua do Carmo, Rua Garret and Rua Nova do Almada in the daytime, Chiado was as dead as Wall Street at night, with only a handful of families living in the district. This proved to be fortunate when the fire broke out - it began in the Grandella store but its cause has never been clearly established - because few people needed to be evacuated. Only one resident and one fireman died, although some 2,000 jobs were lost and damage was estimated at $350 million. Now the chief architect, Alvaro Siza Vieira, who has previously worked on restoration projects in Venice, Berlin and The Hague, wants to breathe new life into the district by giving it a larger permanent population. While the first two floors of most buildings will be assigned to commerce and the next two to offices, private apartments will therefore be built in the top two. Still more ambitiously, the Chiado department store will eventually become an exclusive 80-room hotel, while the rambling Grandella store, maintaining its | City's Heart, in Ashes Now, to Beat as It Did of Old |
341252_0 | LEAD: The Upjohn Company has received approval from the British Government to begin selling its anti-baldness drug to women, company officials said. The drug, sold as Rogaine in the United States and Canada, is a 2 percent minoxidil solution that is sold by prescription for men in 63 countries. About 20 countries have approved it for women. The Upjohn Company has received approval from the British Government to begin selling its anti-baldness drug to women, company officials said. The drug, sold as Rogaine in the United States and Canada, is a 2 percent minoxidil solution that is sold by prescription for men in 63 countries. About 20 countries have approved it for women. Upjohn is awaiting approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration to sell Rogaine for women in the United States. The company said the treatment was the same for men and women. COMPANY NEWS | Britain Approves Upjohn Hair Drug |
347861_3 | only for developing safer technologies and other environmental purposes, rather than for other purposes. Even a heavy fuel tax would be only the beginning of an effective global program. The assembly observed that the environmental threat stemmed from three ''indivisibly linked'' global trends: human population growth, with world population, now at 5.2 billion, headed for 14 billion by the middle of the next century at present rates of growth; tropical deforestation and the rapid loss of biological diversity, and global atmospheric change, including stratospheric ozone loss and greenhouse warming. On population policy, it again criticized the Administration in urging that family planning be supported and made available ''to those who want it'' throughout the world, which it estimated would cost $10 billion a year by 2000. ''Ultimately,'' the assembly stated, ''no Administration can be regarded as serious about the environment unless it is serious about global population growth.'' The threat to the global environment stems both from poverty and from affluence: poverty in the developing countries, which drives poor people to cut down forests and to have more children for the sake of family security, and affluence in the industrial countries, where rising income leads to an increase of polluting fuels and technologies. As wealth and poverty can both lead to environmental destruction, so can both Communism and capitalism - and the worst of these is almost certainly Communism, with its restrictions of public pressure on bureaucrats, and with the lack of private property giving scant incentive to individuals to protect their land and other resources. Delegates from Eastern Europe attending the assembly, which was also sponsored by the World Resources Institute, felt that their physical environments were among the worst in the world. They sought collaboration between their countries and the United States, including private business, on the environment. ''Such collaboration,'' the assembly agreed, ''is a commercial opportunity, and should be one of the more economically efficient ways of reducing environmental degradation.'' Business people from the West insisted that they should not be regarded as ''the enemy,'' but rather as potential solvers of environmental problems. Some called for creation of a ''business forum'' to work with governments and environmental groups. And the assembly reached consensus in urging governments to encourage ''environmental enterpreneurship'' through the use of taxes, subsidies and other signals. But the environment is no more a ''motherhood problem'' than, say, motherhood itself, as the abortion debate proves. | Economic Scene; A Global Program For Environment |
347566_0 | LEAD: For years clean air experts, from government officials to academics, have suggested half in jest that the cheapest way to cut pollution was to scrap old cars that do not meet today's emission standards. Yesterday a California oil company said it would spend $5 million to do just that. For years clean air experts, from government officials to academics, have suggested half in jest that the cheapest way to cut pollution was to scrap old cars that do not meet today's emission standards. Yesterday a California oil company said it would spend $5 million to do just that. The Unocal Corporation, based in Los Angeles, offered to buy 7,000 of the oldest and dirtiest cars in the Los Angeles area. Each owner will get $700 and a one-month bus pass. The cars, which probably have a market value far less than that, will be recycled. Unocal is taking the step on its own and not to meet any government requirement. But it is not acting in a vacuum; it made the announcement as many oil companies, including several competitors, are moving voluntarily to change the recipe of their gasoline to reduce air pollution in Los Angeles and add to good will. Recipe changes are premature. said Unocal's chairman and chief executive, Richard J. Stegemeier, who noted that the oil companies and automobile manufacturers recently began joint testing of a variety of combinations of fuel and hardware changes to reduce emissions. 'Hearing From Everybody' But Unocal felt it must do something, he said in a telephone interview, adding, ''We're hearing from everybody -our customers, our shareholders and the communities in which we live -that corporations need to pay their dues, so to speak, for the operations that we engage in.'' Scrapping old and dirty cars has long been seen as a cheaper way to cut air pollution than requiring that new cars, which are already relatively clean, be made even cleaner. Experts said yesterday that no one had yet initiated a program of buying and scrapping cars before the era of pollution controls. Regulations have largely left drivers alone and focused on steps to be taken by big corporations, like making new cars better, and more recently, making gasoline cleaner. Unocal's demonstration bounty program, with enough financing to buy 1.7 percent of the older cars in the region, is a different approach, involving tinkering with the used-car market. ''It's a | A BID FOR SCRAP, TO CUT POLLUTION |
347894_2 | ''When this season ends, I'm leaving and I won't be back,'' said Mr. Baillard, an illiterate Creole-speaking worker in ragged clothing who guessed his age as 20. ''See my ticket. I earned only 20 pesos for three days of work. That's nothing; I can't even eat well for a day with this.'' Gathered around their concrete barracks, where they sleep in bare rooms on metal-framed bunk beds without mattresses, others who had lived the bitter experience of being stopped on Dominican highways at police roadblocks, seemed almost to taunt Mr. Baillard for what they suggested was naivete. ''You'll get home only if they don't rob you and send you back,'' an older worker said to the approving nods of the group. ''We would all go home right now if it were so easy.'' The State Sugar Council owns and manages 12 large sugar plantation factories, which were the property of the dictator Rafael Trujillo until his assassination in 1961. General Trujillo institutionalized the use of cheap Haitian migrant labor, signing an agreement with Haiti in 1952 for the provision of workers. By 1983, the Dominican Government was paying the Government of the Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier as much as $2.25 million a year under the arrangement. While the official exchange of workers for money lapsed when Mr. Duvalier was forced into exile in 1986, the State Sugar Council remains dependent on imported labor. To meet its demand, the council has stepped up the use of recruiters paid by the head to lure people from southeastern Haiti, a recent report by Americas Watch, the international human rights organization, said. The report said the recruiters travel to Haiti and promise well-paying jobs to young men, usually not mentioning that the work will be in the sugar industry. When the recruits arrive at the border, the report said, they are seized by the army and taken by truck to one of the 280 or so plantation villages that dot the Dominican countryside. About 40,000 workers are needed each year to harvest the crop. An undetermined number are recruited in this way. Many others, the report said, are simply rounded up from the large number of Haitians living within the Dominican Republic, who, because they are seen as illegal aliens, enjoy few rights. The State Sugar Council declined to make anyone available to discuss its labor practices. The Ministry of Agriculture also declined to | Consuelito Journal; Sugar Harvest's Bitter Side: Some Call It Slavery |
343875_0 | LEAD: MOST Americans, it is safe to say, would be worse off without all the immigrants who iron their shirts, grill their hamburgers and staff their hospitals. MOST Americans, it is safe to say, would be worse off without all the immigrants who iron their shirts, grill their hamburgers and staff their hospitals. The catch, many suspect, is that immigrants compete with the least-skilled native-born workers, taking away their jobs or lowering their wages. That is why organized labor has long fought for tougher controls on immigration - and why House Democrats want to force employers to pay premium wages to foreign workers they sponsor under the liberalized immigration rules now being debated in Congress. But new research suggests that immigrants are a virtually unmixed blessing. It shows that recent arrivals - legal and illegal - have had slight impact on the earnings or employment prospects of American residents. Immigrants, it seems, are either doing jobs that the American-born do not want, or they are filling slots in an economy with a nearly insatiable hunger for willing workers. Comfort to Unions During the 1980's, legal immigration averaged about 575,000 annually. This figure is double the rate of the mid-1960's, with the increase coming from poor countries in Latin America, Asia and the Caribbean. Yet annual immigration remains well below the million-plus surges after the turn of the century, when the economy was much smaller. This comparison, however, is of modest comfort to unions that see immigrants as direct competitors for Americans' jobs - particularly those at the low end of the wage scale. Organized labor strongly backed efforts to curb illegal immigration in the 1980's. And it is behind efforts in the House to link any increase in legal entry to rules requiring employers to pay immigrant workers at least 105 percent of ''prevailing wages,'' for which the union scale typically figures as a floor. Economists have generally assumed that labor perceived its interests correctly, says George Borjas, an economist at the University of California at Santa Barbara and the author of ''Friends or Strangers, The Impact of Immigrants on the U.S. Economy'' (Basic Books, 1990). Although unskilled immigrants who pick vegetables or make beds undoubtedly enhance the living standards of middle- and upper-income Americans, the working poor have more basic concerns than cheap tomatoes or reliable housekeepers. Bring in, say, 50,000 immigrants from Mexico eager to work on California | So Much for Assumptions About Immigrants and Jobs |
343908_2 | do it anymore'' with the expedited procedures. Ernest Davis, chief of passenger processing for the Customs Service at Kennedy, said that the service was discussing with British Airways and American Airlines ways to pinpoint further high-risk passengers or flights for intense Customs inspection while speeding still more passengers through. Mr. Davis would not use the word ''profile'' to explain how high risks were determined - the Supreme Court has upheld the use of a ''drug courier profile,'' but its application has brought criticism that the focus of the profile is racist. But Mr. Davis said that screening techniques had been developed. Some of the techniques involve where the flight came from and who is aboard. A day spent observing Customs inspectors working at the International Arrivals Building showed what inspectors are alert for on each flight. A Varig flight with a tour group that has gone to Antarctica is not very ''narcotics-sensitive.'' An LAN-Chile flight from Santiago is normally a high risk. On a Concorde flight, the emphasis is on seeking smuggled merchandise, not drugs. The Intergovernmental Committee for Migration, whose employees have permits to work in the Customs area, takes charge of a group of refugees from Rome, and merchandise smuggling is not a problem there. Customs employees, both in and out of uniform, wander among the travelers as they line up. Sometimes they ask for a traveler's declaration and sign it immediately, sending him or her straight to the exit. Plainclothes inspectors more often focus on people they have doubts about, displaying a badge and asking the traveler to step to the counter and open luggage, and remove coat or jacket so it can be felt. When luggage is opened, a first check determines whether there is a false bottom. If so, luggage and owner are removed to another room immediately. A flight from Georgetown, Guyana, sets off the white lights that summon the Agriculture Department inspectors who work in the Customs shed. These inspectors, who wear different badges, have to hop because the visitors bring in all sorts of fruits and vegetables as gifts, most of them allowable under the rules. A flight from Vienna may be swift to handle on a Monday, but on a Tuesday, when it connects with a flight from Africa, the agents are looking out for drugs. Diane M. Bossert, a senior inspector, said that when she uncovered smuggling, which she said | Delays at Kennedy Airport: Summer Outlook |
343593_2 | its barbaric activities under an amnesty that it has forced upon its political foes. But many human-rights activists within Brazil reject the generals' self-immunity proclamation. These dissidents, aided by liberal churchmen, spend the next five years working to expose the army's terrorism by secretly photocopying a million pages of military documents that are open to public inspection. These transcripts describe in detail the abuse of ''subversives,'' including mutilations and drownings. It is discovered that after torturing their prisoners, Brazilian soldiers had, with some regularity, forced them before sham military tribunals, where the victims' protests against their inhumane treatment were legalistically recorded by stenographers. The files eventually provided enough shameful particulars to fill a book called ''Brasil: Nunca Mais'' (published in English as ''Torture in Brazil''), graphically detailing the vicious punishments, agonizing inmate stories, names of tormentors and torture sites. Published in 1985, during Brazil's free elections, it became the biggest nonfiction best seller in the nation's history - but caused scant change. Uruguay was no different. Its military seized power in 1973, and only relinquished it in 1985 because of domestic unrest. Nonetheless, the army successfully exerted pressure on the political parties for a blanket amnesty, its price for returning to the barracks. The atrocities had been remarkable: Uruguay had been run as a virtual prison, 10 percent of the population had fled into exile and many families had been left shattered - all to defeat a so-called leftist conspiracy. Once again, as in Brazil, Mr. Weschler writes, a determined group of outraged citizens resisted the amnesty. Against great odds, they succeeded in placing an initiative on the ballot to overturn the law, spurring a national debate. Subsequently, however, they saw their plebiscite go down to defeat. In both countries, the army authorities had enforced a devil's pact with civilian political figures, exchanging amnesty for abdication. But aroused minorities in Uruguay and Brazil found, by publishing books or casting votes, ways to ventilate the facts about the previous villainy. As Mr. Weschler observes, Brazil and Uruguay were compelled to debate the iniquities of their troops in public, perhaps inadvertently inoculating their societies against further misconduct. Out of these confrontations came an uneasy truce: demands for punishing the violators were dropped in favor of getting on with democracy. In each case, as Mr. Weschler so incisively shows, the question of dealing with torturers became an unhappy, harsh lesson in political pragmatism. | Sadists in Their Midst |
343652_2 | happening.'' State guidelines specify that any program receiving funds must be a ''nonrecreational intervention'' effort, Dr. Collarini said. That means they must provide either counseling, tutorial help, remedial education, employment readiness, nonfinancial family support or parenting education. 'Kids Sometimes Get Lost' One local program receiving $28,000 this year is Project Intercept, a Mount Vernon effort sponsored by the Westchester Jewish Community Services that has been part of the state program for six years. Project Intercept tries to identify children between kindergarten and fifth grade who are having problems in school. About 60 children a year are referred to the program by the school, other participants or the Department of Social Services. Program officials then meet with the child's family to ''focus on the learning problems and how they manifest themselves,'' said Dorothy Fox, the program's coordinator. A tutor is then provided at the school to work with the child. That tutor also becomes a ''liaison,'' as Ms. Fox put it, between the school and Project Intercept. ''Kids sometimes get lost in the system,'' she explained. ''We have to help them obtain from the school system what they need in order to learn how to read,'' she said. ''Our goal is to get the family to respond to and understand what happens with their child.'' Another of the delinquency programs dealing with education is Challenge to Education, sponsored by Student Advocacy Inc., a countywide nonprofit agency that tries to insure that every child receives an education. Failure and Anger Kathleen Peters Durrigan, the executive director of Student Advocacy, said that half of the students suspended for disciplinary problems have undetected handicaps or learning disabilities. ''For a learning disabled child who can't read before going to school, the parents may think that child is not bright enough,'' she said. ''In school, the kid tries but still can't read and they then begin to internalize their anger. By the eighth or ninth grade, you get an angry kid who is going to strike out against the system and might end up suspended.'' Challenge to Education will receive $47,000 in state money this year. Program officials work with both the parents and schools and sometimes do a classroom observation of the child to get a ''better picture of the child's best interest and what they are entitled to by law,'' Ms. Durrigan said. ''We're an advocate on behalf of the student.'' The program might, | For Youths On the Edge of Trouble |
343905_2 | other outdoor places. It has also designated 52 neighborhoods as historic districts, which contain nearly 15,000 buildings, placing a remarkable amount of New York City's real estate under its control. This control has been exercised, for the most part, with intelligence and respect. There are plenty of horror stories about the commission's pettiness, and many of them are true: co-op apartment owners whose renovations have been held up for months because of the commission's red tape, store owners whose shopfront designs within historic districts have had approval withheld, architects who have had to forgo strong and creative designs for new buildings in historic districts merely because they didn't fit into an excessively narrow view of what a historic district should be. But for every mistake, for every instance of too much zeal, there are probably 10 instances in which the commission's acts have saved New York from disaster. Am I too forgiving? Keeping New York a living city, and not allowing it to become an urban version of Colonial Williamsburg, is not an easy balance to strike. If the commission has erred by occasionally defining its preservation mission too narrowly, squeezing out the fresh air of new, creative work, perhaps that is the inevitable result of the swing of the pendulum to an age in which preservation has become an accepted, even a noble, value. But that doesn't make narrow-minded preservation right. I am not sure that we haven't come, in this age of preservation as vox populi and Prince Charles as vox dei, to rely too heavily on precedent, to mistrust architecture that does not look like what we have seen before. To hate the modern boxes of Third Avenue is one thing; but it is quite another to turn New York into a brownstone theme park. When we have come to fear modernism so much that we do not allow an architect to replace a wooden window with a sympathetically designed metal one, simply because the metal one wasn't part of the building's original design, we do neither new nor old architecture any service. We deify the past, taking it out of the realm of reality and raising it to sacred status, and we scorn the present as lacking any capacity to enter into a meaningful dialogue with what has come before. For dialogue, in the end, is what urban architecture must be about, lest whole cities turn | A COMMISSION THAT HAS ITSELF BECOME A LANDMARK |
343867_2 | is left of Canada's once-vast rain forest. In British Columbia, timber companies cut nearly 600,000 acres last year, more than was logged in all the national forests of the United States. Nowhere have the woods been so depleted as on Vancouver Island, where miles appear barren, a stumpland where 250-foot-high trees used to stand. The Carmanah Valley, a relatively small 16,500-acre breach in the west side of Vancouver Island, has become the symbol of resistance to the oldest and most dominant industry in western Canada. Preserving even half the valley, which holds the world's biggest spruce trees, would cost several hundred jobs, industry officials say. But even some loggers, alarmed by a loss of both trees and jobs, say they are outraged by the overall pace of tree-cutting in the province. ''The world is going to need our wood, and we just aren't managing it properly,'' said Mr. Munro of the loggers union. ''Most of the old-growth trees have been cut from the states, so now the pressure is on us.'' British Columbia's economy is booming, creating nearly half of all the new jobs in Canada last year, and polls show a majority of the province's 3 million people want new restrictions on logging. ''We're witnessing a very radical change in the way the public views forest management,'' said John Cuthbert, the chief forester for British Columbia. ''In the good old days, there was lots of room to operate,'' he said. ''The province was still being developed. Now the timber supply has shrunk.'' What has changed, he said, is that the coastal evergreens are now considered to be part of a forest of global significance. As North American political leaders have criticized tropical deforestation, the shearing of this continent's temperate rain forest has provoked cries of hypocrisy and shortsightedness. No matter how many trees are planted to replace them, foresters say it will be impossible to duplicate the network of redwoods, cedars, and sitka spruce that support one of the richest ecosystems on earth. ''They are cutting these coastal old-growth trees at a rate that simply cannot be sustained,'' said Dr. Peter Pearse, a forestry professor at the University of British Columbia who headed a royal commission on logging. ''This forest is unique in all the world, and it is diminishing in the same sense that tropical forests are disappearing.'' While the amount of trees cut here is a long | Struggles Over The Ancient Trees Shift to British Columbia |
344739_3 | Wharton, Columbia, Carnegie-Mellon and FAM U. FAM U. is providing the same caliber of student the others are.'' Among this year's objects of recruiters' blandishments is Seralyn Pink, a 23-year-old master's degree candidate. Ms. Pink said she was juggling four offers at salaries ranging from $40,000 to $60,000 - right in line with offers to Harvard and Stanford M.B.A.'s - and she said two included job-signing bonuses of $2,500 and $4,000. ''Money is secondary,'' she said. ''I'm interested in the job and upward mobility.'' Darryl Jordan, 23, a candidate for a bachelor's degree, said he had had offers of $25,000 to $30,000 from Dow Chemical, Barnett Banks of Florida, the Bank of Boston, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing before accepting one from Atlantic Richfield. ''When I came here I was a jock,'' he said. ''I couldn't speak to people.'' That the students are black matters to companies, the recruiters say, but not so much because of moral considerations or affirmative action programs. The companies say they are driven by hard-core business reasons; they are suffering a post-baby-boom shortage of talented managers, they like Florida A&M's training in business behavior, and they want culturally diverse executive staffs to master an increasingly diverse marketplace. Barbara J. Laski, vice president and treasurer of Capital Holding, a big financial services concern in Louisville, said: ''The days of affirmative action and equal employment opportunity left a bad taste among some companies. That has evolved into thinking that as an organization, you have to value diversity.'' In teaching methods of maneuvering in management, like vying for top management's ear, competing for slices of the corporate budget, winning others over in developing a new product, she said, ''there is not anything that comes close to FAM U.'' Reading and Dress With Eye on Career Business Week or The Wall Street Journal are required reading for freshmen, after which the students are presumably hooked. A visitor saw only six earrings on men (and three were on one ear). Men and women, who are in a majority at the school, wear conservative suits one or two days a week when they listen to speeches given by the chief executives of leading companies and join them in seminars. At such times, the suits are mandatory, but there is no formal dress code. The business dress is part of a culture that the faculty and the upperclass students inspire. The woman who | Modest University in Florida Is Blazing a Trail For Blacks to Careers in the World of Business |
344715_3 | in part because the new study was necessarily small. Dr. Gordis said in an interview that the newly reported gene ''may not be specific for alcoholism but it might have a more general influence on appetite, personality and behavior.'' Dr. Noble agreed, saying, ''The good Lord did not make an alcoholic gene, but one that seems to be involved in pleasure-seeking behaviors.'' #100,000 Victims Each Year More than 18 million Americans abuse alcohol, and about 100,000 people die from alcoholism each year. Fetal alcohol syndrome, which causes mental retardation and facial deformities, affects about one in every 500 babies born in the United States. Scientists have long known that alcoholism runs in families. But it has been difficult to separate the hereditary and environmental components that have made alcohol the most widely used and destructive drug in the United States. The increasing evidence for a genetic role in alcoholism has come from a number of studies of animals and humans. For example, scientists have developed strains of rats with different genetic predispositions to drink or not to drink alcohol freely. In humans, studies of twins and adopted children have shown that alcoholism can be inherited. Some studies have shown that genetics were better predictors of alcoholism than environmental factors. Children of alcoholics have four times the risk of developing alcoholism that children of nonalcoholics have. Also, different types of brain wave patterns have been identified in young sons of alcoholic fathers. Researchers Studied 70 Brains In their hunt for a gene for alcoholism, Dr. Noble and Dr. Blum studied the brains of alcoholics and nonalcoholics that were stored at a national brain bank at the Wadsworth Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Los Angeles. The brains were from men and women, blacks and whites. Two psychiatrists independently verified that the 70 brains were from alcoholics or nonalcoholics by examining medical records and interviewing family members and friends. The psychiatrists determined the amount of each person's alcohol consumption and the cause of death, like cirrhosis, cancer, traffic accidents and suicide. Dr. Noble is a biochemist and psychiatrist and former head of the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Dr. Blum is a pharmacologist. In a standard research procedure, Dr. Noble's team labeled the samples from the 70 patients so that Dr. Blum's team could not tell which came from alcoholics when they performed genetic tests in San Antonio. As part of | Scientists See a Link Between Alcoholism And a Specific Gene |
344835_3 | of these, captan and folpet, are listed by the E.P.A. as probable causes of cancer in humans. Two others, benomyl and thiophanate-methyl, are listed as possible human carcinogens. The E.P.A. permits their use because it says the risks are outweighed by the benefits. As part of a larger concern about the environment, states and municipalities, tired of Federal inaction, are now taking matters into their own hands. Over the years inquiries have been directed to the F.D.A. by various religious organizations concerned that the waxes might contain ingredients that their religion forbids them to eat. But nothing happened. The agency has felt, as Curtis Coker, assistant to the director in the division of regulatory guidance, said: ''There are other issues that are far more serious than this particular issue. This has not been a real high priority.'' But in the last few years the F.D.A. has been required to enforce regulations that call for labeling of grapes containing more than 10 parts per million of sulfites. Agency inspectors have been working at the packing sheds in California where grapes are readied for shipment. The inspectors noticed that the use of sulfites and other post-harvest pesticides was not being stamped on the packing crates. So they began to enforce the old labeling law. Mr. Coker said the packers said they had no idea such a law existed. Meanwhile, activity at the state level began to percolate. Last fall Maine passed a law on post-harvest treatment of fruits and vegetables. The law is not being enforced because regulations have not been drawn up, but under it, stores will be required to provide the following: * Information that indicates produce in the store has been treated after harvest in some manner. * Labels on untreated produce. * For consumers who ask for it, the name of the pesticide or wax used. ''Whatever the law is, we'll handle it,'' said David Diver, director of produce for the Hannaford Brothers Company, which has 52 of its 76 supermarkets in Maine. ''Until we see how the law is interpreted, we won't know how difficult it will be.'' While Maine was passing a labeling law, Rosalie Ziomek, executive director of the Illinois Consumers for Safe Food, an advocacy group, began trying through the F.D.A. to make supermarket chains in Illinois abide by the Federal regulation to label waxed produce. Nothing happened, she said, ''So in December I | Eating Well |
342914_1 | is to be called the 777 as soon as the airlines place orders. The status of the three companies, which already build large portions of Boeing's current 767 aircraft, has been the subject of speculation. In late March, reports circulated that the Japanese concerns were not likely to take an equity role in the new aircraft because Boeing was able to finance it alone. Help for a Rival? Most recently, reports in the Japanese press have indicated that the three companies and Boeing will sign an agreement by this weekend to start a study about the extent of the Japanese concerns' involvement, whether as partners or subcontractors. The potential Japanese involvement has raised concern that Boeing could be helping build a rival industry that would ultimately challenge the United States lead in aerospace. Despite earlier reports to the contrary, the Japanese companies have ''never been out'' of the negotiations, said Richard Schleh, a Boeing spokesman. ''We've had ongoing discussions with the Japanese for several months,'' he added. He said the discussions regarded various levels of involvement for the Japanese ranging from sharing the risk to just being suppliers of components. ''Until an agreement is reached, it would just be speculation to discuss what would be in such an agreement,'' he said. Links to Other Projects Noting that the same three companies had planned to be risk-sharing partners in the aborted Boeing 7J7 propfan aircraft, Wolfgang Demisch, an aerospace analyst with UBS Securities Inc. in New York, said he expected them to play a substantial role in the 777 and subsequent Boeing planes. While Boeing could finance the 777 itself, he said, it would make sense in the long term to seek international partners. ''The issue is that if you look a decade or so ahead, there will be a need for a high-speed transport that will be dramatically more costly and challenging,'' Mr. Demisch said, referring to proposals for a next generation of supersonic civilian transports. Because they cost about $30 billion to develop, ''these are sort of inherently international projects,'' he said. Boeing Gets a Jet Order SEATTLE, April 11 (Reuters) -The Boeing Company said today that Maersk Air, a Danish airline, had ordered four jets valued at about $127 million. It said Maersk had ordered one 737-500 and three 737-300 jets. The airline took delivery last week of the first of four previously ordered 737-500 jets, Boeing said. | Boeing Still Negotiating Japanese Tie |
342938_2 | Assistance Unit visit the base to supervise operations. The United States has also sought to fight drugs in Colombia and Bolivia. Since August, Washington has sent equipment and helicopters to Colombia to fight drug traffickers and also military personnel for short-term tours to teach the Colombians to use the equipment. Some Drug Enforcement Administration agents are also there, most of them in Bogota, the capital. In Bolivia, the second-largest grower of the raw material for cocaine, several dozen American agents from the Drug Enforcement Agency, Border Patrol and State Department are advising on anti-drug procedures, and about a dozen Special soldiers are training Bolivian forces. As in Peru, the Government of Bolivia has been reluctant to eradicate coca plants for fear of alienating peasant growers and the national crop has been expanding steadily. Bolivia is much less dangerous for Americans and other anti-drug workers Flying down the Huallaga Valley in an American C-123 transport plane being used by the Peruvian police, a visitor could see how spreading coca cultivation has ravaged a once-pristine rain forest. With the jungle cover now looking like a moth-eaten rug, the valley is a patchwork of thousands of small clearings, each with a plot of dark green coca bushes and a yellow dirt patio for drying leaves in the sun. To halt the spread of coca leaf cultivation, the Peruvian police started a new program a month ago to destroy the seedbeds. Easily identifiable from reconnaissance helicopters, a seedbed can hold enough seedlings in one square yard to plant an acre of coca bushes. Eradication Suspended Since the program started, Peruvian workers have destroyed 8,500 square yards of seedbeds. By the end of the year, the Peruvians hope to destroy 144,000 square yards, said Eloy Cabrera Rebote, director of an eight-year-old Peruvian Government program to eradicate coca cultivation in the valley. In February 1989, Mr. Cabrera was forced to stop destroying fully grown bushes after his workers came under heavy attack from Shining Path guerrillas. With eradication suspended, Peru's coca leaf production increased last year by 5 to 25 percent, according to different estimates. Security officials in Peru say they believe the Shining Path is reacting to stepped-up pressure on growers with a series of attacks on police forces in the valley. Last Friday, for example, guerrillas killed a deputy police chief and his brother in Tocache. Wounded Man Evacuated Today, the C-123 transport leaving | U.S. Pilots in Peru Join Battle Against Forces of Coca Trade |
345282_2 | Senator who suggested the idea of Earth Day in 1969 and who is called the father of Earth Day, to the National Press Club in Washington. SUNDAY ''THE EARTH DAY BIRTHDAY,'' Home Box Office, 9 to 9:30 A.M., animated dinosaurs and other creatures unite to save the planet. ''STEAM-PIPE ALLEY,'' Channel 9, 10 to 11 A.M., children's show with skits and contests related to Earth Day. ''EARTH DAY,'' C-Span, 10 A.M. to 6 P.M., live coverage of the Earth Day rally in Washington. ''CAUCUS NEW JERSEY: ENVIRONMENTAL CITIZENSHIP,'' Channel 13, 1 to 1:30 P.M., environmental officials and representatives of consumer and industry groups discuss how people can improve the environment. ''ARCTIC HAZE,'' Channel 13, 2 to 2:30 P.M., Noah Adams of National Public Radio narrates an investigation of Arctic air pollution and its effect on northern Alaska and other areas. ''THE ROTTEN TRUTH,'' Channel 13, 2:30 to 3 P.M., ''Three-Two-One Contact Special'' with music videos and animated short films about the lack of space for garbage disposal. ''HUDSON CHRONICLE,'' Channel 13, 3 to 4 P.M., Richard Kiley narrates a study of the river and the effects of PCB's, shoreline development and industrial pollution. ''PROFIT THE EARTH,'' Channel 13, 4 to 5 P.M., ecologists and entrepreneurs discuss economically sound environmental solutions. ''FOR EARTH'S SAKE: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF DAVID BROWER,'' Channel 13, 5 to 6 P.M., a profile of and discussion with the founder of the Friends of the Earth. ''CHALLENGE OF THE SEAS,'' Arts & Entertainment, 8 to 9 P.M., the debut of a 26-part series on ocean life and its preservation. Ted Danson is the host. ''EARTH: THE VIEW FROM SPACE,'' TDC, 8 to 9 P.M., the environmentalists Anne and Paul Erlich examine threats to the planet. ''THE EARTH DAY SPECIAL,'' ABC, 9 to 11 P.M., featuring Meryl Streep, Kevin Costner, Bette Midler, Dustin Hoffman, Jane Fonda, Michael Douglas, E. T. and others. ''WHERE HAVE ALL THE DOLPHINS GONE?,'' TDC, 9 to 10 P.M., a look at their depletion. ''BLUE REVOLUTION: THE OCEAN PLANET,'' TDC, 10 to 11 P.M., a study of ocean pollution and efforts to avoid and reverse the damage. ''STOPPING THE COMING ICE AGE,'' CUNY-TV, 10:05 to 11 P.M., an analysis of the climatic changes said to be caused by the greenhouse effect. ''EARTH-DAY TONIGHT,'' NBC, 11:30 P.M. to midnight, Linda Ellerbee is the host of a roundup of Earth Day events around the world. | TV and the Environment |
339563_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: Your article on commuter airlines (''Deregulation Left Only the Strong,'' March 18) left out information that might be of interest to readers concerned about airline safety: if an airplane has 60 or fewer seats, there is no requirement that passengers, or their luggage, be electronically screened before boarding. According to the Federal Aviation Administration, the exemption exists so that resources can be focused where the greatest potential security problems are deemed to exist, i.e., to larger planes. Nonetheless, in an age of terrorism and other threats to airlines, it is puzzling that the requirment is not universal. Some commuter airlines, exercising what I feel is good business judgment, screen passengers and bags even though they are not required to do so. Others, however, opt to save money, and do not screen either the bags or the passengers. DAN HARRISON Briarcliff Manor, N.Y., March 21 | Flying Unscreened |
339858_0 | LEAD: The 160-foot-high granite tower of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, which has been a fixture at the northwest corner of Central Park West and West 96th Street since the turn of the century, has been extensively damaged by water leaks in recent years and is in need of repair. To help, the New York Landmarks Conservancy has awarded the church an $8,000 grant from its Sacred Sites and Properties Fund for a study to determine the extent of the damage and recommend repairs. The 160-foot-high granite tower of the First Church of Christ, Scientist, which has been a fixture at the northwest corner of Central Park West and West 96th Street since the turn of the century, has been extensively damaged by water leaks in recent years and is in need of repair. To help, the New York Landmarks Conservancy has awarded the church an $8,000 grant from its Sacred Sites and Properties Fund for a study to determine the extent of the damage and recommend repairs. The landmarked building, at 1 West 96th Street, is regarded as an excellent example of Beaux-Arts classicism. Judith Saltzman of the New York architectural firm of Li/Saltzman, who is in charge of the study, said that ''there is substantial water damage to the tower and lesser damage to the walls below it'' and that ''needed pointing of the granite and the backup bricks had not been done.'' She added that, based on an initial inspection, ''there also may have been a problem with the original design, which allowed water to penetrate into the tower and the walls.'' Robert Silman Associates, a Manhattan structural engineering firm, and Cathedral Stoneworks, a Manhattan masonry concern, also are involved in the study. The church, construction of which started in 1899, was designed by the architectural firm of Carrere & Hastings, which also designed the main building of the New York Public Library. In the last four years the Landmarks Conservancy has provided $550,000 for restoration work to 124 houses of worship in New York State. | POSTINGS: Repairing a Landmark; Church to Study Water Damage |
339797_1 | deforestation. By environmental standards, wealthier countries are at least as guilty of overpopulation as are poorer countries because, although their populations may be smaller and growing less rapidly, they consume more resources per capita, and they rely on more disruptive technologies. They are more likely, for example, to get about in automobiles than on bicycles. Environmental degradation is a serious problem. The exhaustion of nonrenewable resources, though the evidence is less clear-cut, may be equally serious. Certainly, the facts on balance seem to indicate that both are worsening. Less obvious, however, is what causes these problems. We can point to three factors: population, level of affluence and technology - that is, the number of people, how much they consume and the degree to which their consumption generates environmental degradation. Since the publication of the Ehrlichs' ''Population Bomb'' two decades ago, a debate has raged over which of these factors is most important. Then as now, the Ehrlichs emphasized population, although in this new book they are careful not to neglect the roles played by affluence and technology. Others, most notably Barry Commoner, have argued that technology is paramount, especially in developed countries like the United States. From a policy perspective, this dispute may be comparatively less important than identifying which of the factors can be most easily and rapidly changed. The contribution of this book is to call attention to the importance of the population factor. The Ehrlichs' background in population biology has sensitized them to the fact that overpopulation may lead to system failure even if it is not the initial cause of pollution or resource exhaustion. But the Ehrlichs may be criticized both for overstating their case and for underestimating the capacity of human institutions and technologies to change. What is the likelihood that institutional and technological adaptation will occur fast enough to deal with current and prospective problems? It is not easy to know the answer. The experience of the past 20 years is mixed. On the one hand, we have witnessed the results of the green revolution in agriculture and improvements in air quality following the imposition of automotive emission standards. On the other hand, we have seen the discovery of ozone depletion, deforestation and acid rain as major environmental problems. The continued dangers of environmental degradation suggest that it would be prudent to address the population factor, especially since we have evidence that most of | TOO MANY, TOO RICH, TOO WASTEFUL |
339712_0 | LEAD: Ernest DeMaio, a union organizer and former official of the United Electrical and Radio Workers Union, died of brain cancer on Thursday at Norwalk Hospital in Connecticut. He was 81 years old and lived in Norwalk. Ernest DeMaio, a union organizer and former official of the United Electrical and Radio Workers Union, died of brain cancer on Thursday at Norwalk Hospital in Connecticut. He was 81 years old and lived in Norwalk. Mr. DeMaio organized workers at General Electric, Westinghouse, Honeywell, Delco and other companies. After several years organizing workers in electrical manufacturing in New England, Mr. DeMaio helped found the United Electrical and Radio Workers Union in 1936. In 1942, he became general vice president of the union, a post he held until he retired in 1974. He is survived by his wife of 51 years, Mary Karpa DeMaio, and four brothers, Angelo, of Weathersfield, Conn., Albert, of Westminster, Calif., Sam, of North Arlington, N.J., and Tony, of Victorville, Calif. | Ernest DeMaio, 81, Electric Union Official |
339642_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: Your special cruise issue on Feb. 4 brought back memories of voyages spanning 47 years. It seems that old ships, like old soldiers, never die, but merely fade away (some no longer in service, others refurbished and renamed). To the Editor: Your special cruise issue on Feb. 4 brought back memories of voyages spanning 47 years. It seems that old ships, like old soldiers, never die, but merely fade away (some no longer in service, others refurbished and renamed). My first sailing was as a G.I. aboard the Matsonia of the Matson Navigation Company in 1943 on wartime service from San Francisco to Honolulu. We needed no escort as the Matsonia could outrun any submarine in the Pacific. I returned to the United States on the Yarmouth in late 1944 as a patient on re-assignment stateside. The Yarmouth was one of the valiant vessels cited by Churchill for evacuation of British soldiers from Dunkirk. While working in New York for United States-flag shipping companies (1947 to 1951), I would often be invited aboard incoming liners resuming postwar service, some new like the Independence, then operated by American-Export Line, and others, like the Liberte (formerly the Bremen during World War II), renamed and refurbished. My wife and I and our two boys sailed on the Gripsholm of the Swedish-American Line on a cruise to the St. Lawrence andSaguenay rivers in Canada and to Bermuda in 1969. We later took the Alaska cruise aboard the Fairsea of Sitmar (now the Fair Princess of Princess Cruises) in 1982 out of San Francisco. What a difference a decade makes in comparing the listing of cruises of every description to all parts of the world with those available 40 years ago. Today's sailings offer something for everyone who yearns to ''go down to the sea in ships.'' WILBUR E. HENRY JR. Bethesda, Md. | Cruises |
339795_3 | . I have never come across it in Sophocles or the News of the World. This is worse than the love that dare not speak its name; this is the love that doesn't even have a name to speak. Somewhere in common or statute law there must be a distant parallel; illicit sexual relations with a reigning monarch, perhaps. Lethal Poetry Wallace Stevens suggested, only half-whimsically, that poetry can kill a man. In ''Still Life,'' Diane Ackerman shows a bullet (poetry?) entering the brain. This is from ''The Paris Review Anthology,'' edited by George Plimpton (Norton). The bullet has almost entered the brain: I can feel it sprint down the gunbarrel rolling each bevel around like a hoop on a pigslide of calibrated steel and oil. Now it whistles free and aloft in that ice-cold millimeter of air, then boils as the first layer of skin shales off like ragged leaves of soap. The trigger's omnipresent click makes triggers all over the body fire to the sound of Japanese shutters closing one by one a skein of threads. Now it tunnels through palisades, veins, arteries, white corpuscles red and battered as swollen ghosts, cuts the struts on a glacial bone jutting out like the leg of a single flamingo, feints and draws in close for the kill, egged on by a mousegray parliament of cells. A Cup of the Imperfect On the evidence, tea may be as good a basis as logic in forming a philosophy. This is from ''The Book of Tea'' by Kakuzo Okakura (Kodansha). Tea began as a medicine and grew into a beverage. In China, in the eighth century, it entered the realm of poetry as one of the polite amusements. The fifteenth century saw Japan ennoble it into a religion of aestheticism - Teaism. Teaism is a cult founded on the adoration of the beautiful among the sordid facts of everyday existence. It inculcates purity and harmony, the mystery of mutual charity, the romanticism of the social order. It is essentially a worship of the Imperfect, as it is a tender attempt to accomplish something possible in this impossible thing we know as life. . . . It is hygiene, for it enforces cleanliness; it is economics, for it shows comfort in simplicity rather than in the complex and costly; it is moral geometry, inasmuch as it defines our sense of proportion to the universe. | NOTED WITH PLEASURE |
340382_0 | LEAD: According to Congress's investigating agency, employers subject to sanctions for hiring undocumented aliens under a 1986 law have engaged in a ''widespread pattern of discrimination'' against people who look and sound foreign. That finding has led critics of sanctions to demand their repeal. According to Congress's investigating agency, employers subject to sanctions for hiring undocumented aliens under a 1986 law have engaged in a ''widespread pattern of discrimination'' against people who look and sound foreign. That finding has led critics of sanctions to demand their repeal. Clearly, the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act has caused increased discrimination by employers and the General Accounting Office is right to urge corrective measures. But there are less drastic remedies than repealing the sanctions. The most obvious remedy is better education for employers. What does the 1986 law require of them? Only to ask that all new hires are authorized to work in the U.S. Applicants may use any of 17 documents, like a Social Security card, to establish work eligibility. Once employers examine the documents and satisfy themselves that they are not fraudulent, they submit a simple verification form to Immigration and the Department of Labor. It's not a complicated procedure. In fact, about 80 percent of employers seem to be complying with the law. But even the G.A.O. thinks the Federal Government could do a better job of educating employers on the requirements of the law. A broad public education campaign ought to be a top priority. Another remedy, as the G.A.O. suggests, is to reduce the number of acceptable work authorization documents. A counterfeit-resistant Social Security card is being phased into use and Immigration plans to reduce its work eligibility documents from 10 to 2. These changes seem to make sense. Pending stepped-up education efforts and simplified verification procedures, more drastic remedies would be hasty. One is a national voluntary work authorization card, which is more secure but has worrisome privacy implications. Similarly, calls for repeal of employer sanctions seem premature. Although the G.A.O. found increased hiring discrimination as a result of the 1986 law, it also thinks sanctions against offending employers have reduced illegal immigration. The increased difficulty of finding work in the U.S. has apparently discouraged some aliens from crossing the border illegally. That's what the law intended. What the law did not intend is increased discrimination, and Congress and the Bush Administration ought to redouble their | Hasty Hysteria on Aliens |
340486_2 | the Equator, climate and physical features. A century and a half ago, Charles Darwin plowed the frigid waters of the region aboard H.M.S. Beagle. Today, wood and paper companies from around the world, which already have large operations among the pine forests in the Concepcion region closer to Santiago, are bidding up the value of the untouched forests farther south. ''People don't realize that the world's temperate rain forests, which are just a few million acres - by contrast to the well-publicized tropical rain forests - are the repositories of our oldest genetic information above water,'' Mr. Klein said. ''In the cool coastal climates of 40 degrees latitude north and south, trees don't expend all their energy in heat loss, as they do in the tropical rain forest, so they can reach greater size. As far as is known, there are just two temperate rain forests with extensive, unaltered ecosystems in the world: in the Pacific Northwest and Chile. ''If we lose this,'' he said, ''we will lose a treasure we never got to know.'' Mr. Klein, who has since returned to his headquarters in the redwood country of Humboldt County, Calif., said his group was setting out to raise $5 million to $6 million to invest in the preservation projects in cooperation with a Chilean ecological group, the National Committee for Defense of the Flora and Fauna. Hernan Verscheure, secretary general of the Chilean group, which helped organize the February expedition, said he was negotiating with the owners of one of the areas covered on the trip. It is known as Cahuelmo and covers 45,000 acres from a fjord to the border with Argentina. Cahuelmo's relative isolation has discouraged exploitation until now, Mr. Verscheure said. There is no road through that part of Chile and none planned. The Southern Highway, a narrow gravel road completed two years ago with great effort, is broken at that point and linked by a ferry passing through the fjord. ''Despite its isolation, the fjord makes Cahuelmo accessible,'' Mr. Verscheure said. ''The area has valleys, mountain peaks, a lake, rivers, hot springs and snow. We would permit the construction of rustic facilities there for researchers and education, and some recreation.'' Hurrying a Tree's Death Mr. Klein said another priority area for preservation covers an estimated 60,000 to 100,000 acres around the Hornopiren Volcano, about 100 miles north of Cahuelmo. He said it had the | Ecologists Act to Save Ancient Fores in Chile From Industry |
340491_0 | LEAD: THE Federal Government is failing to meet the mental health needs of American Indian adolescents, a Congressional agency said. THE Federal Government is failing to meet the mental health needs of American Indian adolescents, a Congressional agency said. The Office of Technology Assessment said in a report released last Thursday that Indian youths had higher rates of suicide, substance abuse, stress, depression, anxiety and neglect than white adolescents. Indian adolescents are more likely than white adolescents to be physically and sexually abused, to have alcoholic parents or to come from disrupted families, said Patricia Dougherty, the senior analyst for the report, titled ''Indian Adolescent Mental Health.'' She said they were also more likely to have physical problems, like inner ear infections or fetal alcohol syndrome, that lead to mental disabilities. 17 to Assist 400,000 The report said the Federal agency responsible for providing health care for Indians, the Indian Health Service, had only 17 specially trained mental health professionals to aid nearly 400,000 children on reservations. There are no comparable data on the number of mental health-care workers for all adolescents, but previous studies have found mental health services to be scarce. The problem is particularly acute for Indians, Ms. Dougherty said. The report found that reservations had ''virtually no partial hospitalization, transitional living or child residential health treatment'' for adolescents. The report recommends increasing to 200 the number of mental health-care workers provided by the Indian Health Service. That would guarantee five professionals for every 10,000 youths. The Stresses of Poverty The report made 20 other recommendations. For example, it said services need to be more responsive to the particular needs of Indian communities and better coordinated among other Federal, state and tribal social service agencies. ''Indian adolescents live in a tremendously stressful environment of poverty,'' Ms. Dougherty said. ''Like all teen-agers, they are trying to develop their own identity and autonomy, but unlike others, they are caught between staying on the reservation with their own culture or going to cities to become part of mainstream America.'' The Indian Health Service, which is part of the Department of Health and Human Services, currently spends $13 million a year for all mental health services. The report says that the agency would need to spend that much on adolescents alone to provide 200 health-care workers for them. The Senate recently passed a bill proposed by Senator John McCain, Republican of | Indian Youths Said to Lack Mental Care |
340487_1 | previous fall and winter,'' said Dr. Steven K. Tim, vice president for science at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The Buds of Spring Q.Do tree leaves bud in the spring because of changes in temperature or in light? A.''Both, but many of the processes of spring are primed in the previous fall and winter,'' said Dr. Steven K. Tim, vice president for science at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. The shortening days and falling temperatures of fall prepare the tree for withstanding the winter, Dr. Tim said. Then each species needs a dormant period of a specific temperature, during which complex hormonal changes take place that prepare for the buds to open and start photosynthesis when temperatures rise, he explained. The timing of light and temperature also affects flowering. ''For dogwoods, for example, there is normally a sudden flush of spring when the blooms all open during a certain period of time,'' Dr. Tim said. ''If the proper period of dormancy has not prepared the plant, some buds may not have matured properly and the blooming may be sporadic.'' Phone Calls Q.Why don't all the phone calls transmitted simultaneously through a single cable interfere with each other? A.There are two basic transmission systems, analog and digital, said Carl L. Blesh, a spokesman for A.T. T. Bell Laboratories, the research and development unit of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. In the analog world, an electrical wave is created that is analogous to the shape of the sound wave voices make, he said. ''Many such waves are put through a single cable, each at a different frequency, much like the frequencies on a radio dial,'' he explained. ''Each conversation would use only its own frequency.'' In the digital world, a mathematical formula that describes the curve of the wave is converted into 1's and 0's, he said. ''These bits of electronic information are sent through a cable in time slots, separated in time from the bits of somebody else's conversation,'' he said. ''On a basic digital cable, there are 24 time slots, less than a millionth of a second long. They repeat over and over in cycles of 24. The bits representing our conversation will always occupy time slot 17, for example. Then, at the end of the process, the line that peels off to your phone pulls out only the bits from the 17th time slot and converts them back to sound.'' | Q&A |
340464_0 | LEAD: A committee of Roman Catholic bishops in the United States, revising a major statement on the Catholic Church and women's concerns, has retreated from the liberal tone and content of important sections in a draft issued two years ago. A committee of Roman Catholic bishops in the United States, revising a major statement on the Catholic Church and women's concerns, has retreated from the liberal tone and content of important sections in a draft issued two years ago. In a new draft of what is intended to be a pastoral letter to American Catholics, the bishops reaffirm in detail the church's official prohibitions of artificial contraception and the ordination of women. While not entirely foreclosing further discussion on these issues, the new draft, released today, takes a position closer to that of Pope John Paul II, who has insisted these are questions on which debate is closed. Although the 1988 draft also affirmed the church's positions on these points, it acknowledged the widespread dissatisfaction they had provoked among Catholic women, and called for further discussion of these issues among Catholics at all levels. Framework for Church Policy While both drafts strongly assert the equality of women, the latest revisions are considered significant because conservatives and liberals alike view the issues of ordination and contraception as symbolic of the church's attitude toward change. Pastoral letters are not strictly binding on Catholics, but they do serve as the framework for church policy, providing authoritative guidelines for Catholic educational efforts, for preaching, for training of seminarians and for programs of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. In practice, there is great variation on how Catholics respond to these statements. On the issue of contraception, for example, the new draft recognizes that many Catholics have long departed from strict church teachings and use birth control. The earlier draft, after presenting the Vatican case against ordaining women, acknowledged that some Catholics ''do not find all the arguments'' of the Vatican ''to be convincing,'' and added, ''Continuing reflection, dialogue and even controversy in regard to the ordination of women demonstrate the value of further study.'' At the same point in the new version, the bishops simply call for more ''reflection on the meaning of ministry'' without specifying women's ordination, but suggesting that this reflection will bolster the traditional teaching. The new draft also mutes earlier criticism of the role of sexist attitudes in the church | America's Catholic Bishops Move Closer to Pope on Women's Issues |
340492_1 | at a time when expanding populations and growing poverty are overwhelming third world economies, they believe, the system could enable millions of poor peasants to make a good, secure living based on self-renewing resources. Beyond that, the scientists say, the techniques can be used to tap the tropical forests - while leaving them basically intact - for a broad range of export products that under ideal circumstances could bring billions of dollars into the debt-ridden economies of the Amazonian countries. The potential export products include foods, medicines, natural fertilizers, pesticides, body-care products and fragrances. A study last year by American experts on the Amazonian forests calculated that these products would be more profitable than the widespread logging and cattle ranching that today are largely blamed for progressive destruction of the forest. There is ''a whole range of possibilities that could be carried out based on what ancient people did for thousands of years,'' said Anna C. Roosevelt, an anthropologist and archeologist at the American Museum of Natural History who has investigated the ways of the Amazonian ancients in depth. Dr. Roosevelt, a great-grandaughter of Theodore Roosevelt and winner of a MacArthur Foundation award, was the co-organizer of a symposium on the past, present and future of the Amazon at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in late February in New Orleans. The practices of present-day Amazonian natives offer ''thousands of ways of making the living forest more valuable than the destroyed forest,'' said Darrell A. Posey, an American anthropologist who works for the Goeldi Museum in Belem, Brazil, and who has lived with the natives in the forest and observed their agricultural and forestry techniques closely. In one such technique, for instance, Amazonian Indians have learned to manage agricultural plots so that over a period of decades years they evolve in pre-planned phases from cleared farmland back into thick forest. The plots move through stages in which conventional crops predominate at first, but then wild species of useful plants and trees are encouraged to encroach gradually. These are tapped for a variety of uses, including medicine, insecticides and pesticides. Eventually the forest reclaims a given plot. Meanwhile, other plots are in varying phases. The result is that the forest continually renews itself even while sustaining its exploiters. Some agencies concerned with development in the Third World have begun exploring the feasibility of applying the | Research in 'Virgin' Amazon Uncovers Complex Farming |
340482_4 | to give new livers to alcoholics. Such critics raise the specter of skid row bums swamping transplant registries. There has also been concern that successful transplant surgery would stress costly therapies over less costly prevention and discourage alcoholics from stopping drinking before they develop cirrhosis. Medical centers have expressed fears that adverse publicity about liver transplants for alcoholics would jeopardize transplant surgery in general by making it more difficult to recruit donors and thus aggravate the severe shortage of donor organs. Until the Pittsburgh study, a prevailing medical belief was that most liver transplants for alcoholic cirrhosis were futile gestures that wasted organs. But with more experience, experts are coming to recognize that there is no moral or medical reason to exclude alcoholics for liver transplantation just because they are alcoholics. The limiting factors seem to be whether candidates are mentally or physically impaired from other well known complications of alcoholism that damage the brain, heart and blood system. Several leaders have hammered away at the inconsistencies and the unique requirement from alcoholics that they abstain from alcohol. Those seeking transplants for other diseases are not held to the same standards. Smokers who need heart transplants are told to quit smoking, but they are not generally deprived of a suitable organ if they are unable to comply. It usually takes 10 to 20 years of drinking to destroy a liver. Thus, as Dr. Colin E. Atterbury of Yale University School of Medicine has written, ''it is illogical to refuse the procedure'' when ''transplant surgeons are still rejoicing in three-year survivals.'' Nevertheless, there are many unsolved problems in transplanting livers for alcoholic cirrhosis. Assurance that the recipient will stop drinking is desirable, but there is no clear agreement on how long a period of sobriety is required before undertaking the surgery. Also, health workers have long known the difficulty of accurately predicting which patient will continue to abstain. Further, the nature of cirrhosis makes it difficult to accurately predict the last year of life and to identify the optimal time to do the surgery. Death among cirrhotics often occurs unexpectedly. An infection can push a cirrhotic into terminal liver failure; veins in the esophagus that enlarge because of pressure from the damaged liver can burst and cause massive fatal bleeding. Thus, an arbitrary waiting period cannot be set. Patients have died waiting for a liver transplant while fulfilling arbitrary criteria for | A Question of Ethics: Should Alcoholics Get Transplanted Livers? |
340493_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: To the Editor: ''Big Wheels: How Dreams of Clean Air Get Stuck in Traffic'' (Week in Review, March 11), about the involvement of automobiles in urban air pollution, is far too pes-simistic. Because of the very substantial reductions that have been made in pollutants from automobiles the air in this country has been getting steadily cleaner for 10 years. It is only in the narrow comparison with one unusually hot year, 1988, that conditions can be made to seem worsening. Preliminary data from the Environmental Protection Agency indicate that 1989 will fall back into the decadelong pattern of continued improvement. As newer, tightly controlled cars replace older models, this progress will continue for at least the next 10 years, regardless of additional control measures. But further tightening of emissions standards will occur. Car manufacturers are supporting legislation for it in Congress. These measures, along with development of cleaner fuels, improved in-use inspection and maintenance programs, as well as the better traffic flow management possible with electronic control technology, give every indication that motorists will be able to enjoy the advantages of personal transportation for the foreseeable future. THOMAS H. HANNA President Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Assn. Detroit, March 12, 1990 | Auto Pollution Has Decreased for a Decade |
340397_1 | sturdier granite. It will take 18 months and cost about $70 million to replace the facade - more than half what it cost to build the tower in the first place. But stripping the building is only the beginning. The company then has to figure out what to do with 5,900 tons of beautiful but deformed marble. Requests have been coming in from all over the country for pieces of the Amoco Building. People want to use it for paperweights, bookends, coffee tables, pen holders, fireplaces, tombstones and patio floor tiles. One woman wants a slab to sit on her kitchen counter to roll dough on. But the company is afraid even to give the marble away. Imagine the logistical problems of transferring, one by one, the 43,000 three-by-four-foot slabs to the public. Imagine the liability the company would face if someone accidentally dropped one on a toe, or worse, before taking possession. ''It's too heavy to pick up and too big to fit in a car trunk,'' said Shelby Pierce, an Amoco official who is directing the marble project. ''It's not practical for a patio because it gets slick when it's wet and is hard to stand on. And it's bowed, so if it were a coffee table, it might turn your coffee cup over.'' About 25 American buildings were covered with Carrara marble in the late 1960's when that look was all the rage, said Dr. John Logan, a geophysicist at Texas A&M University who is a consultant to Amoco. There are two troubles with the marble, Dr. Logan explained. First, some Carrara marble is naturally weaker than other marble and stabler substances like granite. Second, extreme changes in temperature create additional fatigue as the marble expands and contracts. Further, the marble that graces cathedrals in Italy is typically 18 inches thick, dense enough to last for centuries. The marble sheets on high-rise buildings in this country are only about an inch and a quarter thick. Amoco has been looking for ways to deal with the problem ever since maintenance workers first noticed that some marble panels were bulging as much as an inch and a half away from the building. Consultants ran tests on the marble, putting slabs in an oven and then a freezer to simulate the extremes in Chicago temperature over time. Amoco workers ground down the corner edges of some panels that had expanded | Chicago Journal; Gigantic Face Lift (Headache To Match) |
342505_4 | what was called Project Stratoscope. In 1957, a 12-inch telescope was lofted by balloon to 80,000 feet to make revealing studies of the Sun. The information gathered by the telescopes, recorded on spectrographs, was recovered when they were brought back to earth. That was a few months before Sputnik was launched in October, inaugurating space flight and the second decade of Dr. Spitzer's crusade for the telescope. ''The Air Force came to me with an urgent request for ideas about how satellites could be used for astronomy,'' he said. ''They didn't have to twist my arm.'' Ultraviolet Scannings Manufacturers of optical systems were hired to develop lightweight mirrors. Electronics companies were assigned the task of devising instruments. When NASA was created in 1958 and took over space astronomy, one of the first programs incorporating the new technologies inspired by Dr. Spitzer was the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. The two successful observatories, launched in the late 1960's and early 1970's, included 30-inch telescopes designed to observe the heavens in the ultraviolet wavelengths. These radiations are almost entirely blocked out by Earth's atmosphere. With the spaceborne ultraviolet telescopes, scientists were able for the first time to examine the interstellar dust and gases, remnants of exploded stars and the breeding ground for new stars. Dr. Spitzer and Dr. Schwarzschild had been the first, in the 1940's, to realize that stars had to come from somewhere and that it might be possible to observe their birth processes. Dr. Spitzer's own research with the second observatory, called Copernicus, earned him the Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. For astrophysicists, this is the nearest equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Fear of the Expense Although many astronomers were skeptical, Meanwhile, Dr. Spitzer had prevailed on the National Academy of Sciences to study and recommend proposals for a large space telescope. Many astronomers were skeptical. Even if a space telescope with a mirror more than 100 inches wide might be feasible, the critics y preferred a more conservative approach using a number of different smaller telescopes. They feared the big scope would be so expensive it would kill off more modest and more certain endeavors. Dr. Spitzer was undeterred. In his history of the project, Dr. Smith quoted a colleague as saying, ''Lyman is a master of listening to everybody and doing in the end what he wants to do.'' Others attribute this dauntless persistence to | For a Space Visionary, Persistence Nears Payoff |
342340_2 | subject, Mr. Harnick is willing to talk cautiously about the break, which came when the collaborators disagreed over the replacement of Derek Golby by Michael Kidd as the director of ''The Rothschilds.'' 'We Have Ongoing Business' ''Jerry felt that Derek had gotten a raw deal and I felt that he hadn't had enough experience to direct a big musical, and in the end I think we were both right,'' Mr. Harnick recalled. ''For a while the feelings between us were very bad. But thank God we have ongoing business with the productions that we've written. Things changed for the better when the Goodspeed Opera House did 'Fiorello!' a few years ago, and Jerry and I went there to work on it. Since then, we've had the additional experiences of celebrating the 25th anniversaries of 'She Loves Me' and of 'Fiddler.' I think that if we both had a project we wanted to do and were free at the same time, we would have done it.'' The secret of the Bock-Harnick artistic chemistry, Mr. Harnick said, had a lot to do with their sharply varying temperaments. ''One of the things I need in a collaborator is a sense of optimism, because I tend to approach things skeptically and pessimistically,'' he said. ''Jerry Bock is a bubbling, ebullient personality.'' The show for which he harbors a special fondness is the 1963 musical ''She Loves Me,'' which received a glowing revival last year by the Opera Ensemble of New York. ''All of us connected to that show poured lavish love on it,'' he recalled. ''When it closed after seven months, it lost all of its money, and for two or three years there were no productions. Then little by little it became a cult show. Now it has graduated from cult status and is done all over the country. It's the most gratifying experience.'' A Revival Revived Meanwhile, the critically acclaimed revival of ''The Rothschilds'' by the American Jewish Theater is reopening April 27 at Circle in the Square Downtown. This being the era of the $6 million musical, Mr. Harnick is realistic about the difficulties of getting another show on Broadway, but he hasn't completely given up hope. Among a slew of projects, including three operas, in various stages of development, the two most likely candidates are ''A Wonderful Life,'' which will have a staged reading this spring at the Paper Mill | A Hit Songwriter Is About to Become A Cabaret Performer |
348155_0 | LEAD: The DNA Plant Technology Corporation of Cinnaminson, N.J., a young company working on ways to make better-tasting vegetables, obtained the latest in a series of patents this week on methods to extend the shelf life of fresh carrot sticks. The DNA Plant Technology Corporation of Cinnaminson, N.J., a young company working on ways to make better-tasting vegetables, obtained the latest in a series of patents this week on methods to extend the shelf life of fresh carrot sticks. The patent is part of a broader effort, in concert with E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, to develop fresh vegetable snacks that can be sold on supermarket shelves. Essentially, the process consists of rapidly heating the carrot sticks for about a minute to 120 degrees Fahrenheit, then rapidly cooling them and placing them in vacuum packs. The process kills any microbes that would spoil the vegetable and prevents contact with new ones in the atmosphere. Company officials said the process did not damage the vegetables' taste or texture. The company received patent 4,919,948. | Patents; A Process to Extend Carrot Sticks' Shelf Life |
346184_0 | LEAD: A KNOWLEDGEABLE traveler with a personal computer stands at the threshold of an electronic shopping mall of advice and travel services that go well beyond booking an airplane ticket. The services make available information about adventure travel, cruises and other special interests. And one program harnesses the computer's power to search and seize the best air fares and seats. A KNOWLEDGEABLE traveler with a personal computer stands at the threshold of an electronic shopping mall of advice and travel services that go well beyond booking an airplane ticket. The services make available information about adventure travel, cruises and other special interests. And one program harnesses the computer's power to search and seize the best air fares and seats. The largest service, Compuserve, with 550,000 members, continues to improve its travel department. Prodigy, one of the newest and fastest growing, has some of the most innovative products and takes great pains to make its service easy for computer novices to use. One new recruit is Info-Look, offered by Nynex. Almost all these systems use one or more of the three large air-fare services: Eaasy Sabre (owned by American Airlines), the OAG Electronic Edition (owned by the Official Airline Guide), and Travelshopper (the consumer version of Pars, the professional system owned by Trans World Airlines and Northwest Airlines). These services continuously update their data on millions of flights, fares, hotels and rental car agencies. In the last year, the consumer services have been increasing the use of the computer's power to make shopping for travel faster and more efficient. For example, the Prodigy version of Eaasy Sabre enables the traveler to choose from four travel agencies that check reservations and issue tickets electronically. One Prodigy agency, Associated Travel Management, of Santa Ana, Calif., through its ''fare buster'' and ''seat buster'' programs, first books a flight at the best fare available and reserves a seat as high as possible on the traveler's list of choice assignments. Then it continuously requests a better seat assignment and a lower fare. If a cancellation or a new fare structure makes either one available, the program will grab it. Once the reservation has been requested, the computer user may log off, then log on again later to look for a message confirming the booking. Prodigy also has a comprehensive listing of discount cruises (maintained by the Rosenbluth Travel Agency of Philadelphia). Recreation Guide Another new computer | Tour Shopping With a Computer |
346195_3 | developed there, according to legal documents and former associates. Long-Range Howitzer That weaponry includes a highly accurate long-range howitzer, which is a staple of armed forces in Iran, Iraq, Israel and South Africa, and which also may have been used in Beirut's war between Christian and Muslim factions. It also includes a gigantic cannon -really a mortar with a barrel over 120-feet long - which Mr. Bull developed under Army direction in the 1960's and which he apparently was seeking to build in Iraq when he died. ''He adjusted his administrative capabilities to whatever brought him money,'' one former business associate who requested anonymity said of Mr. Bull this week. ''He sold to the pariahs of the world.'' How a gifted physicist drifted into the amoral supply of black-market armies is not altogether clear. What is widely reported is that Mr. Bull suffered financial difficulties and that he was deeply embittered by failed research ventures with the Americans and Canadians. Seemed Destined for Stardom Detailed accounts of Mr. Bull's work and his arms dealings are available from public documents and reports published in The Burlington (Vt.) Free Press. Mr. Bull seemed destined for scientific stardom. The youngest doctoral graduate of the University of Toronto, the Ontario native first worked at Canada's defense institute. His work in artillery technology caught the Pentagon's eye, and in 1955, at 27, Mr. Bull began a liaison with the Defense Department that lasted two decades. The Army declined comment on Mr. Bull. But documents from 1972, when Senator Barry Goldwater promoted legislation backdating his legal American residency, indicate he worked in the 1950's and 1960's on 16-inch guns that fired rocket-propelled shells to unheard-of heights. His High Altitude Research Project, or HARP, produced one cannon on the Caribbean island of Barbados which sent a projectile into space, a record 112 miles high. Other Bull cannons were built in Senator Goldwater's home state of Arizona and in Canada. His Venture Waned But despite Mr. Bull's claims that it was a cheap, low-technology alternative to guided missiles, the HARP venture waned in the late 1960's as the United States committed to conventional rocketry. With Army financial support, Mr. Bull turned in the early 1970's to designing a long-range 155-millimeter gun and shell on a remote 8,000-acre plot that straddled the Vermont-Canada border. He set up a private company, Space Research Corporation, to make shells and conduct tests. | How Physicist's Weapons Genius Led Him to Greed and Then Death |
346178_2 | I were returning to Lima from a camping trip along the Rio Manu in Amazonian Peru. It was the end of the dry season, a time when farmers and ranchers work double time to clear and burn the forest. We were stranded in Cuzco for two days. Our plane couldn't take off because of poor visibility caused by the smoke from the fires. On a trip in the mid-70's, I birded for several days on the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica in a rain forest that was then owned by a Japanese lumber company. It was chilling to be out watching manakins, cotingas, tanagers and macaws to the background noise of a chain saw, a drone that would abruptly stop to be replaced by silence, and then by the slow roar of a 100-foot tree ripping and tearing to the forest floor. There's been a lot about tropical deforestation in the news lately and it's having the usual effect of prolonged exposure of a complicated subject - people's eyes are starting to glaze over. But it's one thing to read about Connecticut-size chunks of the rain forest disappearing every year and quite another to see a chunk vanish with your own eyes. ''Visit Latin America, Watch It Burn,'' however, isn't very appealing travel poster copy. In other words, the most important ecological lesson that Latin America has to teach is also its most depressing - and most people don't go on vacation asking for the blues. Latin America does confer on visitors a surreal elevator-ascending thrill. Nowhere, it seems, are the lessons of the extreme so stark. In a relatively short time, you can proceed from the urban cacophony of honking taxis and belching buses to the primeval forest, which dispenses its own more charming forms of cacophony. I have vivid memories of walking in tropical forests to the accompaniment of the oleaginous pipromorpha, a flycatcher that issues a monotonous toot, or other walks highlighted by the siren cries of screaming pihas. Some of my nature-loving friends find these contrasts too troublesome. They shun the cities in Latin America as curses against wildness. Those of us who love nature but are less pure find that places like Mexico City and Lima, which exist on the outer edge of urban coherence, provide a kind of irresistible intensity. That these cities can hold together while seeming so close to the brink of | Wild Places, for a While |
346145_2 | threat we are facing is very great.'' He said at an opening session of a congress of the nationalist movement Sajudis that Lithuania was searching for a compromise with Moscow, but that there were no proposals on the table. But Mr. Landsbergis did say some compromise proposals have been raised in talks with the Kremlin through negotiators. He did not elaborate. At the Sajudis session, Prime Minister Edgar Savisaar of Estonia spoke of the beating of Lithuanian civilians on Friday by Soviet soldiers who occupied a Vilnius printing plant. 'Ready to Share Hardships' ''What happened in Vilnius yesterday could happen in Tallinn tomorrow,'' he said, referring to the Estonian capital. ''Estonians understand this and are ready to share the hardships.'' In a message to President Mikhail S. Gorbachev late Friday, Lithuania's Supreme Council said the republic's independence could not harm the Soviet Union, and it again expressed willingness to negotiate. The cablegram to Mr. Gorbachev demanded, however, that the soldiers who stormed the Communist Party printing plant on Friday and roughed up civilian guards be punished. The Sajudis congress was called to discuss changes in the two-year-old movement's strategy. Mr. Landsbergis rejected a suggestion that the movement become a permanent opposition party. ''To say that Sajudis is in principle an opposition force and always in opposition, I can't agree with that because we would turn coats very often,'' he said. Loyalist Faction Meets The Communist Party faction still loyal to the Kremlin opened a congress of its own in the Lithuanian capital today. The official Tass press agency said the issue of independence, the termination of oil supplies and cutback of natural gas would be discussed by the 800 delegates. Another Deputy Prime Minister, Algirdas Brazauskas, told Lithuania on Friday that it must compromise on its independence decisions or face critical shortages of oil and natural gas in two weeks. ''The price for independence must have limits,'' said Mr. Brazauskas, the leader of the Lithuanian Communist Party that broke with Moscow and a popular figure in the new government. The energy embargo left the republic with only 15 to 17 percent of the 18 million cubic meters of natural gas it uses daily for homes and industry. Two ships from Cuba carrying raw sugar were diverted from Klaipeda, the Lithuanian port, and a shipment of fish due from Latvia was sent elsewhere, Mr. Ozolas said Friday night. EVOLUTION IN EUROPE | LITHUANIA CLOSES MOST INDUSTRIES |
346199_3 | who carries a business card of brown recycled paper, is himself a symbol of the ascent of environmentalism, if not the environment. A former president of the World Wildlife Fund-United States, he is likely soon to be elevated to the Cabinet. Suddenly, Many Environmentalists Seventy-six percent of all Americans now call themselves environmentalists, according to a Gallup Poll. But many advocates who used to distinguish themselves by using the label say the environment is worse. And some say attempts to measure real progress are only clouded by the appearance of consensus that comes when everyone from Greenpeace members to chemical company executives marches under the same environmental banner. The agencies and protective measures that sprang to life after the first Earth Day -among them the Environmental Protection Agency, the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act - have pushed the country to reduce pollution. But global problems that were not even recognized 20 years ago, like thinning ozone and the greenhouse effect, have clearly worsened. Those pose challenges to society that are different from what came before. In contrast to the dwindling population of eagles, these problems may require solutions before the symptoms are plainly understood. Kenneth H. Keller, a chemical engineer who is a former president of the University of Minnesota, recently wrote: ''Our ability to affect our ecological niche is accompanied by an inability to assess the effects of doing so. In contrast to similar problems in the past, we are faced with the situation that the negative effects may be irreversible if we do not act to correct them, but that forces us to act before we can be sure that we understand them.'' Warring Dioxides And environmental problems are often pitted against each other in a way that makes the whole problem larger than the sum of its parts. For example, acid rain is curbed with scrubbers that remove sulfur dioxide from power plant emissions. But the use of scrubbers requires more coal to be used for each unit of electricity; that raises carbon dioxide emissions, accelerating the buildup of gases that act like panes of glass in a greenhouse to trap the sun's warmth. Eliminating chlorofluorocarbons to save the ozone layer will make scores of industrial machines less efficient, raising their fuel use and therefore their output of carbon dioxide. The world is only coming to understand other environmental problems. For example, every year | Earth Day at 20: How Green the Globe? - A special report: Guarding Environment: A World of Challenges |
346249_1 | that many more high school graduates have identified career goals that can only be realized through college studies,'' he said. Paul Siegel, chief of the education branch of the United States Census Bureau, said 58.9 percent of 16- to 34-year-olds who said they obtained a high school diploma in 1988 reported that they enrolled in a two-year or a four-year college. In 1978, the figure was 49.6 percent. ''There's this undeniable trend,'' Mr. Siegel said. While the number of high school graduates has dropped in the last 10 years, a higher percentage are going on to college. Mr. Siegel noted that 58.9 percent represented about 1,575,000 of the 2,673,000 students who received a diploma in 1988, the latest year for which statistics have been tabulated. In 1978, 1.6 million of the nation's 3.2 million graduates enrolled in college. The jump in enrollment is part of a trend in which comparatively untapped segments of the population -divorced women, veterans, older people and members of minority groups -are returning to school. That return has countered the effects on enrollment of the end of the baby boom. Large Group of Dropouts ''There is a very large group of students who drop out and then, through one means or another, have opportunities to return,'' said John I. Goodlad, director of the Center for Education Renewal at the University of Washington. Of the students now entering college, 10 to 12 percent are beyond the usual age of high school graduates, he said. Total enrollment in American colleges increased to 13 million in 1988, from 12 million in 1980. Craig Sautter of Evanston, Ill., who publishes College Bound, a newsletter for admissions officers and guidance counselors, said the new statistics indicated that ''the school reform movement of the last decade is making an impact on kids' minds.'' He added, ''They realize that the real economic world now requires something after high school.'' Dr. Keohane concurred. ''It is becoming clearer that our educational system is predicated on people having some training past high school to be able to take up the complicated jobs which are increasingly central to our economy,'' she said. Who Are These People? While conceding that the numbers ''probably make sense,'' Robin Etter Zuniga, senior staff associate at the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, said: ''Some of those census figures are so aggregated that it's hard to understand what they mean. The number | EDUCATORS CHEER ENROLLMENT GAINS |
346187_5 | register with the American Embassy, the department warns. 300 More Taxis Planned for Boston Hailing a cab on the streets of Boston should become easier in the coming months with the planned addition of 300 new taxi medallions. But the decision to add the cabs is expected to be challenged in court. Growth in the city's hotel and convention business and increasing passenger traffic at Logan International Airport prompted the State Department of Public Utilities to order the city to bolster its 1,525 taxi fleet by 20 percent within one year, according to the Boston Police Hackney Division. The order also calls for an additional 200 taxi medallions to be added in the next two years. Not everyone is happy with the plan. Local taxi drivers, upset over the prospect of lower earnings and a decrease in the value of their medallions, recently mounted an unsuccessful challenge to the state order. The drivers are expected to appeal that decision in State Supreme Court in May. Submarine View Of Switzerland Visitors to Switzerland will soon be able to study the fish and plant life below the surface of its Alpine lakes aboard a submarine. The first trip is scheduled for June 1 in Lake Zurich. The submarine is said to be able to reach a depth of 328 feet. The craft offers space for 16 passengers in addition to the crew. The fare for the Lake Zurich excursions will cost about $190 calculated at 1.5 Swiss francs to the dollar. Tickets can be bought at the Jelmoli department store, Bahnhofstrasse, Zurich, two blocks from the central railroad station; telephone 211-97-97. Dives in the Constance, Lucerne, Lugano and Geneva lakes are planned for later in the summer. Information: Deep Line S.A. Panoramic Submarine, 5 Kirchgasse, 8302 Kloten-Zurich; 411-813-5500. MORE PROBLEMS IN PISA The Leaning Tower of Pisa, which was closed in January because local authorities decided its deteriorating condition made it unsafe, is to remain off-limits for another three months. Repair work is going on, but experts have yet to produce a plan to shore up the foundations and the Italian Parliament has not approved the millions of dollars needed for a major restoration. The 800-year-old white marble tower, which leans about 16 feet, was closed after a panel of advisers warned it was dangerous for tourists to climb its 294 steps. Now the tower is viewed from behind a security fence. | TRAVEL ADVISORY |
345850_0 | LEAD: DESIGN FOR A LIVABLE PLANET By Jon Nair FIGHTING TOXICS Edited by Gary Cohen and John O'Connor. CLEARER, CLEANER, SAFER, GREENER By Gary Null SAVING THE EARTH By Will Steger and Jon Bowermaster. EARTHRIGHT By H. Patricia Hynes. THE GREEN LIFESTYLE HANDBOOK Edited by Jeremy Rifkin. DESIGN FOR A LIVABLE PLANET By Jon Nair FIGHTING TOXICS Edited by Gary Cohen and John O'Connor. CLEARER, CLEANER, SAFER, GREENER By Gary Null SAVING THE EARTH By Will Steger and Jon Bowermaster. EARTHRIGHT By H. Patricia Hynes. THE GREEN LIFESTYLE HANDBOOK Edited by Jeremy Rifkin. CALL TO ACTION Edited by Brad Erikson. THE GREENHOUSE TRAP By Francesca Lyman. Boycott A.T.&T. Donate your old tires to a playground. Buy shares in a recycling company. Save your used cans to hold nails. Boycott General Electric. Dose up on vitamins. Take a vacation in your own town. Boycott Weyerhaeuser. Don't buy hair spray, make your own from a boiled lemon. These prescriptions have a common purpose. Not, as you might suppose, to save pennies for your piggy bank, but to save the world from ecological disaster. They are culled from the parade of books with which the publishing industry is giving its lock-step salutation to April 22, the 20th anniversary of Earth Day. The prescriptions are of course quite dotty. Even if we all gummed up our hair with lemon juice spray, helped turn our local playground into a used-tire dump and took our vacations around it, leaving our nails at home in used tin cans, while praying for our recycling company to escape Chapter 11, but forbearing to call our broker on A.T.&T., these hair-shirt exertions would leave the environment little better off. Still, one must admire the spirit that drives the recommendations for such complicated life styles. Earth Day 1970 marked the emergence of the environmental movement as a potent force in American politics. A cascade of landmark laws, including the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act, were soon passed. Earth, air and water are far cleaner as a result, even if still far from pristine. Any who doubt their deep debt to the environmental movement have only to travel to Eastern Europe, where for the past 40 years the environment has yielded to the production norms of central planners. The Danube is a sewer, the Vistula's waters too polluted even for industrial use, and a pall of choking soot and | Are You Your Planet's Keeper? |
345875_3 | clergy and marital satisfaction to argue that married Catholic women are happier when they can talk with celibate priest confidants. Lest the structure of this argument seem too abstract, Father Greeley fleshes it out with a seven-page scene from one of his novels -always more didactic than ribald - wherein an attractive parishioner learns from her own effect on a masculine Irish priest how her husband must both fear and love her. Women should have the right of ordination, Father Greeley insists, so that male parishioners might enjoy the same privilege in the rectory. Their wives would benefit, for men who think of God as female make better partners. By the time readers get this far, they will know why the author told them at the outset that his story was ''fascinating, wonderful, and slightly daffy,'' and it must be said that he expects the sacramental-imagination construct to do more work than the sociologist, wanting to inspect the tables, or the general reader, looking for imagery from other Catholic novelists, can easily accept. ''Sacramental imagination'' becomes a deus ex machina. There are also loose ends and lacunas. Father Greeley shows that a quarter of Hispanic Americans are Protestants, but he can only guess why. He tells us nothing about charismatics or gay Catholics, and offers only a footnote about the disastrous decline in the number of women who are entering religious orders. But what is in ''The Catholic Myth'' is worthwhile. And it would be a mistake to relegate Father Greeley to the margins he seems almost too eager to occupy. Other theologians, Protestant as well as Catholic, are turning from doctrine to narrative. Other sociologists, working with survey data, are reaching broadly congruent conclusions about Catholics and Protestants, and evidence is accumulating that Americans' images of the deity are becoming more androgynous and nurturing. Ethnographers and historians are showing that Americans routinely run their churches in ways that defy denominational structures. American religion is not a relic of the past but a response to the present. Andrew Greeley is a well-trained, abundantly energetic and imaginatively gifted sociologist of religion, but he is not alone. WHO'S MORE HOSTILE TO SCIENCE? One's ''picture'' of God is in fact a metaphorical narrative of God's relationship with the world and the self as part of the world. . . . [The theologian David] Tracy argues that two approaches to human society of the | |
346272_0 | LEAD: Symbolic of the economic and environmental problems confronting Brazil, the airstrip shown at left is among the 100 or so clandestine landing strips in the northern state of Roraima ordered destroyed late last month by the newly inaugurated President, Fernando Collor de Mello. The strips, constructed by miners, provide access to remote Amazon regions that have yielded an estimated $1 billion worth of gold since 1987. Symbolic of the economic and environmental problems confronting Brazil, the airstrip shown at left is among the 100 or so clandestine landing strips in the northern state of Roraima ordered destroyed late last month by the newly inaugurated President, Fernando Collor de Mello. The strips, constructed by miners, provide access to remote Amazon regions that have yielded an estimated $1 billion worth of gold since 1987. However, the miners have also been deemed responsible for severe environmental damage and the decimation of the indigenous Indians. More than half of the 9,000 surviving members of the Stone Age Yanomami tribe have contracted diseases from contact with miners in the last three years. About 1,000 have died. Protection of the Yanomami has long been at the center of the gold-mining dispute. Last October, a judge ruled that all miners be evacuated from the 36,000 square-mile Yanomami homeland. But in January, after a Government sweep of the region met with miners' threats of resistance, an accord was reached that allowed miners access to 2,567 square miles of national forest in Roraima. President Collor's decree, which reverses the January accord, has nonetheless drawn criticism not only from the miners, but from environmental and Indian-rights groups that fear the move to be political. Collor remains committed to the program, known as Northern Headwaters, begun in 1985 by the military during the administration of his predecessor, Jose Sarney, and long opposed by environmentalists. It would establish military outposts and attract settlers along Brazil's northern frontier. Dynamiting of the airstrips - another environmentalist concern - was to have begun on April 2, but has been delayed by the rainy season and, according to one report, by a judicial injunction granted to one miner, allowing him to mine on Indian land. In the meantime, FUNAI, Brazil's Indian-protection agency, has asked that three airstrips be spared, so that medical care for the Yanomami can be flown in. - WORKS IN PROGRESS | In Brazil: Miners vs. Indians |
346089_1 | intervention. A crisis brought on by a disaster in the life of an individual can disturb equilibrium, impair judgment and tax an individual's ability to function. In a time of crisis, greater demands are placed on the individual just when one may feel overwhelmed, unstable, emotionally depleted and at times abandoned and lost. In cases when an individual's coping skills, self-esteem, support system and the ability to self-identify internal and external resources to respond to the disaster are threatened and inadequate, one may become extremely vulnerable and react by self-medicating with pills, alcohol or drugs or by compensating with other dysfunctional behavior in order to get through the ordeal, thus exacerbating it. Professional intervention at such a time can help a person understand the crisis and the process of recovery, enhance their coping skills and receive essential support. Mr. Schneider's concern that professional healers could attempt to cause people to respond in a prescribed manner causing them ''greater doses of guilt and anxiety'' indicates little knowledge of the treatment process provided by a properly trained mental health professional which is based on an assessment of the individual's history, current needs and the impact of the disaster on his (her) level of functioning. While our knowledge is guided by an understanding of responses to disaster and the recovery process, the goal is not to make the individual respond in some cookie-cutter, predetermined ritualistic fashion, as Mr. Schneider alleges, but rather to help the person move along at a more comfortable level leading to a long-term goal of adaptation and reintegration. While I agree that working through one's fears and sorrows can help an individual grow and become more adaptable, resilient and stronger, there is nothing about having to do it ''by yourself'' that necessarily contributes to these benefits. Self-confidence and character building do not come from the experience of suffering and misery, but rather from the experience of being able to meet the challenges of a disaster or adversity and from having learned to respond to the occasion either by oneself or with professional help. Although many physical wounds could heal in time, we do not deny treatment such as the use of antiseptics to prevent infection, stitches to stop bleeding or medication to alleviate pain and hasten healing. Why deny effective treatment for psychic wounds, when we can do more than wait for time to heal? CLAIRE ASCHNER, C.S.W. Flushing | Responses to Opinion: How Best to Heal Psychic Wounds? |
340544_0 | LEAD: EVER wonder why cellular mobile telephones, the communications miracle of the 1980's, cost so much to use? One corporate maverick, Federal Digital Cellular, claims to know the answer: monopoly power. It is asking Federal regulators to make room for a third cellular phone competitor in each city. EVER wonder why cellular mobile telephones, the communications miracle of the 1980's, cost so much to use? One corporate maverick, Federal Digital Cellular, claims to know the answer: monopoly power. It is asking Federal regulators to make room for a third cellular phone competitor in each city. There is, however, a giant catch: The slice of the airwaves the company wants is already being used by GTE Mobile Communications to operate air-to-ground pay phones on domestic airliners. Putting this piece of radio spectrum up for grabs would put GTE's Airfones out of business. Perhaps more significant politically, it would threaten the interests of established cellular telephone companies, whose lock on mobile communications is now valued in the tens of billions of dollars. In the mid-1970's A.T.&T. estimated that by 1990 just 100,000 Americans would be willing to shell out $100 or more each month for the luxury of phones in their cars and briefcases. Competition-minded policy analysts thus thought they had scored a victory in convincing the Federal Communications Commission to make room for second cellular systems, independent of the local phone company, in every metropolitan area. But the cellular phone has proved to be the biggest electronic hit since the Walkman. The investment firm of Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette now predicts that the current army of 3.5 million cellular subscribers will mushroom to 26 million by 1998. Cellular phone companies must race to keep the supply of circuits ahead of demand. It is not surprising then that franchise holders are not competing on the price of calling time. According to Paul Kagan Associates, a consulting firm, mature cellular systems enjoy a 60 percent profit margin on sales - five times the average margin for regulated public utilities. Cellular franchises, by custom freely tradable once they have been assigned, now change hands for about $200 per resident. This figure implies that the right to run one of the two cellular systems in every big city is worth a staggering $37 billion. One way to prevent consumers from being gouged would be to regulate rates. But the F.C.C. is loath to extend its | Economic Scene; Cellular Phones: Room for Three? |
343165_1 | Need Editing. No They Don't'' (Week in Review, March 11). You end with a quotation from Ithiel de Sola Pool, the late Massachusetts Institute of Technology political scientist, that ''networked computers will be the printing presses of the 21st century.'' We believe that this fails to stress the two most important features of network bulletin boards: their speed and accessibility. At M.I.T., two systems run by the Student Information Processing Board - the Discuss and Usenet NetNews systems - are only one form of electronic communication. For many students, electronic mail is the most reliable form of communication. A system called Zephyr provides a cross between telephones and citizens' band radios. Each of these programs allows any user to post a message that can be read within seconds or hours by any other user, across the campus or on the other side of the world. In our opinion, it is extremely important that these electronic communications not be censored. At a conventional party, guests can join and leave any conversation they wish, but the host is not responsible for monitoring every word that is spoken. We believe that this is the most apt metaphor for electronic media. As in other ''traditional'' forms of communication, people occasionally say things that are in poor taste or show poor judgment. The penalties for these breaches of electronic etiquette are the same as in traditional forums -the offenders are told in no uncertain terms by their peers that their behavior is unacceptable. In the course of administering the electronic bulletin board systems at M.I.T., we often observe heated debates (we call them ''flame wars''), such as one that the Prodigy system terminated on its service. Our experience has been that the flames die down by themselves if let alone, and that has been our policy. In the four years we have run Discuss, only a handful of the tens of thousands of messages have been deleted for flagrant violations of bulletin-board ethics. Less than 1 percent of NetNews postings are canceled. We believe that the users and administrators of electronic bulletin boards are developing a new form of exchanging ideas that is more practical and accessible than any other and that these users are responsible enough not to abuse the freedom these brave new electronic worlds open. ANDREW MARC GREENE Chairman, Student Information Processing Board, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Mass., March 18, 1990 | Computer Networks Open New Worlds |
345185_3 | is the first report that scientists can precisely swap one form of a gene for another in mammals. B8 Scientists identify sex of three-day-old embryos A19 New drug found helpful in treating rare cancer A17 New drug treatment for colon cancer is approved B8 A road to better air for Los Angeles D1 REGIONAL B1-9 A portion of the Times Square site slated for redevelopment was acquired by New York State after a six-year legal battle. Officials said demolition to clear the way for the $2.5 billion project could begin as early as the fall. A1 Improvements in sewage treatment in the last 20 years have helped to clean New York's polluted waterways. But daunting problems have to be overcome before New Yorkers can safely swim at most beaches and eat local fish. A1 Bush denies putting off action on averting climate shift B4 A lawyer who assisted the social club where 87 people died in an arson fire last month is a New York City police lieutenant who was moonlighting from his job in the Police Department's prosecutor's office. B1 Milk regulations in New Jersey that effectively barred supplies from other states were struck down by a Federal judge. That may mean lower prices for consumers. B3 An additional area code in New York will be introduced by the New York Telephone Company within three years, underscoring the growing use of telephone lines to transmit facsimile and computer information. B1 Golden discloses his stock in a Time Warner partner B1 Brooklyn bishop is installed amid pomp and harmony B1 Dinkins names executive panel on volunteers B6 Legislators tangle over Trenton budget B2 Trial of second defendant in Bensonhurst murder case opens B3 BUSINESS DIGEST D1 THE HOME SECTION Afrocentric heritage in the home C1 Spring cleaning in an age of dirt C1 ''Healthy'' house, in tune with nature C1 Close to Home C2 Caring for camphorwood chests C5 Gardens, printed and drawn C7 Parent & Child C8 Visual Chronicle of Portland, Ore. C11 People with time, people with needs C12 Industrial designer's home designs C15 ARTS/ENTERTAINMENT A new life onstage C17 Papp resists signing obscenity pledge C22 Theater: ''Spunk'' C17 Film: ''Twister'' C17 Music: Rova Saxophones C18 Dance: Elisa Monte premiere C16 Paul Taylor opens season C19 Word and Image: Waldheim case and the U.N. C20 A Soviet journalist in Secaucus C22 ''Inside a Terrorist Bombing'' C22 SPORTS Baseball:Cubs | NEWS SUMMARY |
345640_0 | LEAD: In the continuing search to indulge people who want to improve their diets while satisfying their tastes for artery-clogging foods, inventors this week patented methods for making healthier potato chips and french fries, as well as a method for making eggs with the purported benefits of fish oil. In the continuing search to indulge people who want to improve their diets while satisfying their tastes for artery-clogging foods, inventors this week patented methods for making healthier potato chips and french fries, as well as a method for making eggs with the purported benefits of fish oil. The new process for potato chips and french fries was invented by William Prosise, a researcher at the GAF Chemicals Corporation in Wayne, N.J. The company said that oil used in deep frying accounts for 35 to 42 percent of the content of regular potato chips. Mr. Prosise said that in lab tests he had reduced this by as much as a third, without sacrificing crispness or taste. The key to the process is coating the potato slices in a chemical called polyvinylpyrrolidone, or PVP, before they are deep-fried. PVP is a tasteless and calorie-free substance widely used by drug makers as a binding agent in pills and tablets. The PVP forms a barrier around the chip, preventing it from soaking up as much oil as it otherwise would. In a second patent he received this week, Mr. Prosise applied the same principle to french fries. A third patent application, covering doughnuts, is pending. GAF, a leading maker of PVP, has been seeking new markets for its chemical. Officials said that a large potato chip producer had expressed interest in the new method. Mr. Prosise received patent 4,917,909 for making lower-fat potato chips, and patent 4,917,908 for making french fries. | Patents; Producing Healthier Fried Foods |
345690_5 | three newsprint manufacturers in the United States, Augusta News Print, North Pacific Paper and Bowater, have announced plans to install new ink-removal machinery. And Canadian Pacific Forest Products Ltd. has announced similar plans for two of its mills in Canada. Even Garden State must decide whether to expand with a modern recycled-newsprint mill to meet the increased demand, or to risk seeing a rival build a new mill in its backyard near New York City, a prime supplier of old newspapers. So far, the company has announced no expansion plans. The New York Times Company has an onwership interest in three Canadian newsprint mills, and a spokesman said that the company had the situation under study. Competing for Old Newspapers Paradoxically, Virgil K. Horton Jr., vice president for the paper group of the American Paper Institute, an industry trade group, said the announced increases in recycled newsprint capacity would probably exceed the ability to supply them with old newspapers to recycle. At best, only about half of the old newspapers produced are expected to be recoverable for recycling. Potentially, newsprint mills could find themselves competing for old newspapers, pushing up their price and ultimately making recycled newsprint more expensive than newsprint from virgin fiber and therefore less likely to be sold to newspapers. And building recycled-newsprint mills near cities will probably create a host of other environmental concerns, like how to dispose of ink sludge. Industry's Concerns In the view of the newsprint industry, recycling old newspapers as new newsprint is probably not the ultimate solution to the fundamental problem of waste disposal. Mr. Horton said that more than 35 percent of the newspapers used in the United States in 1988 were recycled, but only a third of the old newspaper collected was used to create new newsprint. The rest was used to make things like packaging materials and tissue paper or was exported. The industry's fear is that an investment in de-inking and recycled newsprint manufacturing could cost $2 billion or more and then prove to be largely a wasted effort because old newspapers are more efficiently used in other ways. But with their customers demanding recycled newsprint, and government officials generally unconvinced by their arguments about alternative solutions, the moment of decision is upon newsprint manufacturers either to ante up or to risk being excluded from the game. And to many minds, they stand to lose either way. | Newsprint Gamble Proving Costly |
345686_1 | to long-marketed chemicals its virtual ban on residues of cancer-causing pesticides in processed foods. Under pressure from environmentalists and the State of California, the Environmental Protection Agency has announced that it is extending to long-marketed chemicals its virtual ban on residues of cancer-causing pesticides in processed foods. But the agency will continue to exempt pesticides that it considers to pose only a ''negligible risk'' of cancer, rather than impose the total carcinogenic-chemical ban that environmentalists seek. The agency defines a negligible risk as one that poses a one-in-a-million chance of causing cancer over a lifetime of exposure. The E.P.A.'s abandonment of one policy, and its continued adherence to another, came Thursday in response to a petition filed last year by California, the Natural Resources Defense Council, the A.F.L.-C.I.O. and a group of farm workers and consumers. That petition, and an accompanying lawsuit that the groups will continue to pursue in the Federal courts against the ''negligible risk'' standard, sought the most literal intrepretation of a 1958 amendment to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act. The amendment barred any chemical residues in food that are found to cause cancer, and the petitioners said the ban should apply to all pesticides, regardless of when they were first marketed or the degree of risk. The Change in Poilicy For almost a decade, the E.P.A. has been requiring registration of new pesticides and barring use of them on one raw food or another when that use was found to leave cancer-causing residues in the marketed product. But until now, the agency has not tried to remove pesticides that were already in use when the registration policy was adopted. On Thursday, however, the E.P.A. said its review prompted by the petition had led it to make the policy retroactive. The agency said it would withdraw the registration of any pesticides that left residues on food in amounts large enough to pose anything greater than the ''negigible risk,'' no matter how long they had been on the market. At the same time, the agency rejected the petitioners' other demand in affirming its use of the ''negigible risk'' standard. More than 50 carcinogenic pesticides are now used on processed foods. The risk posed by each, however, depends on how the pesticides have been used on the food and, as a result, how much residue they leave by the time the food is processed and reaches the consumer. | Environmentalists Gain Partial Pesticide Victory |
345705_0 | LEAD: From Arizona to the Washington Zoo, from Brazil to Uganda, 140 countries and the United Nations have plans for marking Earth Day on its 20th anniversary tomorrow. The common enemy worldwide: pollution in all its manifestations. From Arizona to the Washington Zoo, from Brazil to Uganda, 140 countries and the United Nations have plans for marking Earth Day on its 20th anniversary tomorrow. The common enemy worldwide: pollution in all its manifestations. Forty-two astronauts from 14 countries have a date at the United Nations to point out the enemy's ravages by such means as spilled oil and felled forests. The stark evidence is a display of photographs the astronauts took from space 20 years ago and recently. In Arizona, as in many other places around the world, students will plant trees. And luminaries from the state and overseas will view a recycling exhibition and marvel at a giant cooling tower for a solar-oasis project. The pachyderms of the Washington Zoo will lend a foot to flatten aluminum cans for recycling by trampling on them. In New York City, celebrations will include a morning pageant of performers and politicians in Times Square, an all-day environmental street festival on Avenue of the Americas, an afternoon concert and rally in Central Park, and programs about endangered species at the Bronx Zoo and the New York Aquarium in Brooklyn. Rediscovery in Brazil In Brazil, there will be a Paul McCartney Earth Day concert in Rio de Janeiro and daylong events in Brasilia featuring performances and a natural-products fair. Also on the schedule is a ''rediscovery'' event in which the Portuguese will land once again in caravels, this time bearing useful things for the local populace like ideas for solar energy and recycling, and then leave, taking with them hazardous wastes and garbage. The Wildlife Clubs of Uganda and other national sponsors are prepared for a vast tree-planting affair and a festival of songs, plays and dances, all with variations on environmental themes. People in Keszthely, in Hungary's wine-growing and horse-breeding country, plan to protest emissions from more modern conveyances by wearing gas masks. Thousands of bicyclists will make the same point by taking to the streets. In the city of Eger, residents will march all done up as trees and birds, while other Hungarians will take a coffin filled with sawdust to the Brazilian Embassy to protest the destruction of rain forests. Japan, | On Earth Day, Plans to Make a Point |
345792_1 | is only 16 months old, and quite happy with his toy-filled playpen. The most demanding of Mrs. Butler's charges, however, are two little girls whose speech is poor and whose hands are clumsy at even the simplest tasks. They are developmentally disabled, and participants in an Infant/Toddler Intervention Program run by Sheltering Arms Children Service, a nonprofit agency. Mrs. Butler, who lives in Harlem, has raised three children of her own and taken care of countless others. When she got a license through Sheltering Arms, wanting a steady income came first. She got something more. Mrs. Butler is good at her job because her instincts are sound - but also because they're buttressed by workshops in child development that help her sharpen the small skills of her two developmentally disabled charges. There are thousands of such children in New York, most of them born too small, too soon, and too frequently of substance-abusing mothers. Playing with normal children during the four hours they're at Mrs. Butler's apartment appears to have a therapeutic effect on them. It complements the direct therapy they get from psychologists, speech pathologists and the like during the remainder of the day at a Sheltering Arms day-care center. Though only two of Mrs. Butler's charges are literally disabled, in one sense they all are. Their homes are characterized by chaos; what Mrs. Butler gives them is order. Learning your ABC's and touring a supermarket doesn't sound like much. Neither does dining at a table and napping on a real bed, But many of the 255 children cared for through Sheltering Arms wouldn't know those small pleasures if they weren't shown them by the agency's 71 family day-care providers. In theory, only the intervention program, which has 38 participants, is specifically designed to help put children back into the mainstream. In fact, all Sheltering Arms's day-care programs are mainstreaming children - by giving them what other, luckier children receive as a birthright. There are 200 parents on the agency's waiting list, and those that wait the longest are, ironically, those that have tried the hardest to beat poverty. They have jobs. Because priority is given to mothers on welfare, the working poor often have a tougher time finding good, affordable day care. What they need is many more Sarah Butlers. They could have them if Congress enacts, and President Bush supports, a decent child care law this year. | The Editorial Notebook; For Children of Chaos |
347451_0 | LEAD: Agriculture Secretary Clayton K. Yeutter announced today that American sugar processors could import 9.7 percent more sugar from 40 countries. Agriculture Secretary Clayton K. Yeutter announced today that American sugar processors could import 9.7 percent more sugar from 40 countries. Mr. Yeutter said the sugar import quota would be increased by 250,000 metric tons, to 2,834,865 tons, for the period from Jan. 1, 1989, through Sept. 30, 1990. Mr. Yeutter said ''continued supply-demand imbalances'' forced a further adjustment in the sugar import quota. The latest figures included the reinstatement of Nicaragua's share of the United States sugar quota. | U.S. Increases Sugar Quota |
347309_3 | view it in its glass cage. Yes, they said with satisfaction, Marcus Aurelius sparkled, in civil robes instead of a warrior's armor, his right hand extended in what some see as a gesture of peace. Rome Is Divided But how to keep him sparkling has divided the city council, art restorers and ordinary citizens. Some traditionalists insist that he be speedily returned to the marble pedestal in the heart of the square, designed in the 16th century by no less than Michelangelo, who had the Emperor in mind as the centerpiece. The empty pedestal there now is plain wrong, these people say. But others respond that it borders on madness to expose Marcus Aurelius once more to Rome's notorious pollution, which is bearable only to those who do not trust air that they cannot see. They say it is wiser to keep the original statue safely indoors and to put a faithful bronze copy out on the main square. Certainly, there is ample precedent for that in Italy. Michelangelo's David, standing in the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, is a copy; the original statue has been in the city's Accademia di Belle Arti since 1873. In Venice, the famous Greco-Roman bronze horses above the entrance of St. Mark's Basilica are also copies, the originals having been moved indoors long ago. Just One More Falsehood The debate over Marcus Aurelius is expected to continue for a long time, possibly years. For what it is worth, a journalist's informal survey this week of Italian visitors to the statue, an endeavor utterly devoid of scientific pretense, suggested that most thought it made sense to leave the sheltered Emperor where he now is. The director of the Capitoline Museums, Anna Mura Sommella, agreed that it was pointless to put Marcus Aurelius back on his pedestal until a substance has been found that can truly protect the bronze from acid rain and other corrosions. The statue, Dr. Sommella noted, is rather fragile in places after centuries of enduring the slings and arrows of outrageous treatment. There are even soft spots, she said, that reflect flawed attempts at restoration in the past. Yet somehow, the director added, it does not seem right to her to put a fake in the heart of Michelanglo's square. ''Little by little,'' she said with a faint sigh, ''we are getting used to the idea of a world that's entirely false.'' | Rome Journal; Marcus Aurelius Rides Again, but Behind Glass |
347444_0 | LEAD: The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company said yesterday that its first-quarter earnings plunged 77.9 percent because of severe price competition, the slowdown in automobile production and higher costs. The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company said yesterday that its first-quarter earnings plunged 77.9 percent because of severe price competition, the slowdown in automobile production and higher costs. Goodyear's net income fell to $20.9 million, or 36 cents a share, in the first quarter, compared with $94.5 million, or $1.64 a share, in the period a year earlier. Sales were up slightly, to $2.69 billion, from $2.64 billion in the first quarter of last year. Goodyear's position as the world's largest tire producer will soon be overtaken with the acquisition of the Uniroyal-Goodrich Tire Company by Groupe Michelin of France. In the last few years, competition has intensified as the merger of tire companies has produced a few international giants, eager to gain market share. And price competition has been particularly fierce in recent years. Tom H. Barrett, Goodyear's chairman, said that the company had expected earnings to be depressed in the first half of the year and that conditions were likely to improve in the second half. ''We're not happy with the results, but they are basically what we saw coming with the economic conditions in Detroit being what they are,'' Mr. Barrett said. Results Affected by Ad Costs Goodyear, which has been looking to increase its share in the replacement tire market, said that its results were affected by the costs of an advertising campaign to promote its new All-American and Concorde lines. Indeed, the first-quarter results indicated that worldwide tire sales, on a unit basis, increased 1.1 percent, with a 3.3 percent increase in unit sales domestically. ''That increase was the surprise in the first-quarter earnings, since it was coming in the face of a 27 percent decline in original equipment sales,'' said Harry W. Millis, a tire industry analyst with McDonald & Company in Cleveland, referring to the drop in sales to automobile manufacturers. ''That indicates a sharp gain in market penetration in the replacement tire market,'' Mr. Millis said. He and other analysts said, however, that the company's earnings were being hurt by lower prices for tires. ''It appears that tire profits for Goodyear were down close to 40 percent for the quarter,'' he said. On the New York Stock Exchange, Goodyear's stock was up 50 | Goodyear Net Tumbled 77.9% in First Quarter |
347415_6 | and other close allies of Mrs. Chamorro were able to recoup only slightly, winning places on the assembly's executive directorate, apparently with support from Sandinista delegates. Another obstacle faced by Mrs. Chamorro is the possible effect that the retention of General Ortega will have on the foreign aid that her Government desperately needs to prevent an economic collapse in its first months in office. More than $300 million in American aid is expected to be brought forward for consideration by the full United States Senate on Thursday. But there was no clear indication of how American conservatives will now regard Mrs. Chamorro's Government. But by far the most serious problem for Mrs. Chamorro is the reaction of the contras, who are now gathering in internationally supervised security zones to be disarmed under the terms of an agreement signed April 19 by contra commanders, Sandinista leaders and representatives of Mrs. Chamorro. ''Today it is impossible, because the destiny of the Sandinista army is unclear,'' said Aristedes Sanchez Herdocia, a senior contra leader, referring to the dismantling of the guerrilla forces. ''No one is willing to demobilize as long as Humberto Ortega stays.'' Diplomats and Nicaraguan politicians close to Mrs. Chamorro say they are expecting reductions in the military budget to curtail General Ortega's power. Mrs. Chamorro also announced today that the abolition of military conscription would free all conscripts now in the army to return to their homes, a step that is likely to create havoc in army ranks. Bush Restores Sugar Quota WASHINGTON, April 25 (AP) -President Bush today signed a formal determination that Nicaragua is no longer a Marxist-Leninist country, restored its sugar export quota and provided $2.5 million in medical relief. The aid will help Nicaragua recover from the economic ''shambles'' the Sandinistas left it in, the White House spokesman, Marlin Fitzwater, said. The formal determination that Nicaragua is no longer a Marxist-Leninist country will make the country eligible for Export-Import Bank guarantees and credits. The medical relief is a down payment on the $300 million emergency aid package for Nicaragua still awaiting approval by Congress. Mr. Fitzwater said Nicaragua's 2.1 percent share of the United States sugar import quotas had been restored. The Reagan Administration sharply reduced Nicaragua's share in 1983 and then cut it off altogether in 1985. Mr. Bush's move will allow Nicaragua to export 54,328 tons of sugar to the United States. CHAMORRO TAKES | HAILS A NEW ERA |
343425_0 | LEAD: The Israeli Navy sank a dinghy carrying four Palestinian guerrillas trying to enter northern Israel from the Lebanese coast, members of the Lebanese and Israeli security forces said today. The Israeli Navy sank a dinghy carrying four Palestinian guerrillas trying to enter northern Israel from the Lebanese coast, members of the Lebanese and Israeli security forces said today. They said the guerrillas, equipped with machine guns and grenades, left late Thursday night from a small port near the Rashidiye refugee district, 46 miles south of Beirut, heading to Israel. The dinghy was intercepted by an Israeli gunboat and the Israelis shouted by loudspeaker ordering the crew of the dinghy to stop, then opened fire. The fate of those on board is not known. Lebanese security sources in Tyre said the guerrillas belonged to Al Fatah, the Palestine Liberation Organization group led by Yasir Arafat. P.L.O. representatives in the area declined to comment on the incident. | Israelis Are Reported to Sink Dinghy Carrying 4 Guerrillas |
343481_1 | the French port of La Rochelle on March 17 with several exiled Chinese dissidents on board. Secret Groups Aid Dissidents Beijing was rebuffed this week when it asked France to outlaw A Boat For Democracy, the foundation that is financing the broadcast ship. China also formally protested the French Government's decision to allow Miss Chai and her husband into this country. Their request for asylum is under consideration. Miss Chai said she went into hiding immediately after the Tiananmen Square movement was crushed, staying first in Beijing and then moving to places she refused to identify. ''All this time, I had the support of lots of people,'' she said. ''People who had their own problems of family and work to worry about, but who helped and protected us with their own resources.'' She said secret organizations sprung up after June to help the dissidents, while those who hid her always knew her identity and assumed the risks. She said the same people helped her and Mr. Feng to leave the country, although she would not disclose how they escaped or where they first arrived. Speaking in Chinese through a French interpreter, Miss Chai said her worst moment was when she thought her husband had been captured. ''My friends said I had to move places, but I felt very bad,'' she said. ''I thought I would never see him again. If at that moment someone from security had found me, I would not have had the strength to react. I saw the limit of my will.'' 'We Did Not Go Far Enough' After one week, she said, she learned that Mr. Feng was safe, but she did not see him again for four months. She said that occasionally she was accompanied by other fugitive students and dissidents, but that ''most of the time I was hidden alone and I had lots of time to reflect on what happened in Tiananmen Square.'' ''Today my feeling is that I am not 100 percent satisfied with what we did,'' she said. ''We did not go far enough, take our actions far enough. For example, we were not in contact with people abroad and had little understanding of the impact we had. But I think that, after 40 years of repression, this was the most pacific and reasonable revolt imaginable.'' She is believed to have been in charge of protests in Tiananmen Square during the | Tiananmen Protest Leader Credits 'Lots of People' for Escape to West |
341508_1 | in the other 32 developed countries. Throughout the 33 countries, heart disease accounted for 30 percent of the deaths, with cancer accounting for 21 percent and strokes for 14 percent. Fourteen percent of deaths in the 33 countries, about 1.5 million people a year, are attributed to smoking, the centers said. Fewer Americans smoke, compared with the other countries; 31 percent of American males and 26 percent of American females smoke, as against 41 percent of men and 29 percent of women in the other countries. The study cited life expectancies and death rates in the latest available statistics, from 1984 to 1987, for countries that the United Nations defines as developed. The life expectancies were: Australia76.3 Austria75.1 Belgium74.3 Britain75.3 Bulgaria71.5 Canada76.5 Czechoslovakia71.0 Denmark74.9 East Germany73.2 West Germany75.8 Finland74.8 France75.9 Greece76.5 Hungary69.7 Iceland77.4 Ireland73.5 Israel75.2 Italy75.5 Japan79.1 Luxembourg74.1 Malta74.8 The Netherlands76.5 New Zealand74.2 Norway76.3 Poland71.0 Portugal74.1 Rumania69.9 Soviet Union69.8 Spain76.6 Sweden77.1 Switzerland77.6 United States75.0 Yugoslavia71.0 ATLANTA, April 6 (AP) - The United States ranks in the middle of 33 developed nations in terms of life expectancy and death rates, according to new figures from the Federal Centers for Disease Control. The average American life expectancy is 75 years, trailing Japan by 4.1 years, but surpassing the lowest-rated of the 33 countries, Hungary, by more than five years, the centers reported Thursday. The average Hungarian lives 69.7 years. The United States also ranked near the middle of the 33 in death rates from all causes: 828.4 deaths are reported for each 100,000 people each year. Japan had the fewest deaths per 100,000, at 628.8, and the highest average life expectancy, at 79.1 years. Romania had the most deaths per 100,000, at 1,242. Heart Ills Hit U.S. Harder Heart disease, the leading American cause of death, is more prevalent in the United States than in other countries. The American mortality rate from heart disease was 382 per 100,000 per year for men and 214 for women, as against 339 and 206 in the other 32 developed countries. Throughout the 33 countries, heart disease accounted for 30 percent of the deaths, with cancer accounting for 21 percent and strokes for 14 percent. Fourteen percent of deaths in the 33 countries, about 1.5 million people a year, are attributed to smoking, the centers said. Fewer Americans smoke, compared with the other countries; 31 percent of American males and 26 percent of American females smoke, | U.S. Is in Middle of 33 Nations in Death Rates |
349417_3 | Hospital. Covenant House, its officials say, is making a concerted effort to increase representation of women and minorities on its board, which has responsibility for approving the budget and determining policy and major programs. Only one member, Mr. Lopez, is Hispanic; only one, Clarence N. Wood, director of the human relations task force of the Chicago Community Trust, is black. There are two women on the board, Sister Sweeney and Ellen Levine, editor in chief of Woman's Day. Allegations Denied Father Ritter, who is 63 years old, has denied the allegations that he enticed several Covenant House residents into sexual relationships, and board members have said they had no foreshadowing of such allegations before they arose in the press in December. Most board members have said they were also unaware of a secretive fund set up by Father Ritter that made loans to two board members, who have since resigned, and to others. But whatever the board knew, the crisis that enveloped Covenant House raised questions about what it should have known. And it drew attention to the unusual relationship between the founder-president and the board to which he reported. Covenant House, with a budget of about $87 million a year, serves about 25,000 youths a year in 17 locations in the United States, Canada and Central America. When it was incorporated in 1972, a fledging operation that came to life in cold-water flats on the Lower East Side, its board members were mainly old friends of Father Ritter from Manhattan College, where he had been chaplain; acquaintances in the clergy, and volunteers. The makeup and role of the board were profoundly influenced by two events in the late 1970's. Some of the early board members wanted Covenant House to challenge the church's position on birth control and abortion and when Father Ritter refused, they left the board. For that and other reasons, Father Ritter had himself designated the ''sole member'' of the corporation, with authority to appoint for indefinite terms and, if necessary, dismiss, all board members. The second event was the priest's introduction in 1977 to Robert C. Macauley, a paper-products entrepreneur who started the AmeriCares Foundation, a private relief organization. Direct-Mail Fund Raising Mr. Macauley, who joined the board and became chairman after Mr. Taubman resigned that post in 1985, was instrumental in the success of Covenant House's direct-mail fund raising and in bringing onto the board | Ritter Inquiry Leading Many To Quit Board |
349052_7 | Contrary to claims of some overzealous supporters, Hubble's 94.5-inch mirror will not necessarily be able to collect light from any deeper in the universe than can some of the best ground-based telescopes. But it should see those most distant object with 10 times greater clarity and detect especially faint objects that have gone unobserved. Far Sharper Images If engineers can work out the early communications bugs, Hubble's sharper vision should enable astronomers to pick out individual stars in clusters that show up as no more than a hazy blur through ground telescopes. Hubble scientists say the telescope's resolving power can separate individual beams of a car's headlights 3,000 miles away. This capability, astronomers say, will be the key to observing beacon stars for measuring distances in the universe. From such measurements scientist expect to determine the size and age of the expanding universe. The much larger mirrors of ground-based telescopes, particularly new ones under construction, will remain superior collectors of light and will be the instruments of choice in making broad surveys of the sky. Searching for quasars, for example, requires night after night of steady observation, looking among hundreds of thousands of faint lights for one shining object. Hubble will also be able to make some observations of infrared radiation, but astronomers will have to wait until the end of the decade for a major advance in that area. Infrared emissions are a form of radiated heat and are especially informative to astronomers in examining interstellar dust clouds and searching for stars at birth and planetary bodies around other stars. Although young stars shine mostly in ultraviolet light, their nurseries are obscured by dust that absorbs the ultraviolet and blocks astronomers' view of the birth process. But the heat created in the dust by the ultraviolet absorption emits infrared radiation, which can give scientists an indirect view of star birth. Preliminary studies have been completed for building the Space Infrared Telescope Facility. Estimated to cost $800 million, its super-cooled instruments are expected to have a sensitivity 1,000 times greater than the 1983 satellite. Dr. Pellerin said he planned to seek authorization for the project in 1993, looking to a shuttle launching in 1999. An Echo From Big Bang Radio waves are still observed almost exclusively by large disk antennas on the ground. In the 1960's, astronomers detected a uniform glow of radio energy pervading the universe that is the | After Hubble: NASA Aims to Decode Babel of the Cosmos |
349062_1 | countless other bears are being killed or rendered homeless when people take over their jungle and forest habitats for living space, agricultural land and raw materials. In encounters between bears and humans, experts say, it is almost always the bear that loses. ''The fate of bears in many areas of the world will be decided in the next 10 or 20 years,'' said Dr. Christopher Servheen, a bear specialist with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in Missoula, Mont. His monograph, ''The Status and Conservation of the Bears of the World,'' published earlier this year by the International Association for Bear Research and Management, is regarded by environmentalists as a carefully researched call to immediate action if bears are to survive. Although information on the status of bears is fragmentary, he wrote, six of the eight species worldwide seem to be in worse condition than they were in 1970: the brown bear, found in Europe, Asia and North America; the Asian black bear; the sun bear in southeast Asia; the sloth bear in India and nearby countries; the spectacled bear in South America, and the giant panda in China. Two species, he wrote, appear to be stable or better off despite problems like poaching: the American black bear, which is widely distributed throughout the continent, and the polar bear, which lives on the coasts of Alaska, Canada, the Soviet Union, Greenland and Norway. But man's activities are having a severe impact on all eight species, Dr. Servheen wrote. ''The elimination of bears from 50 to 75 percent of their historic range has already occurred and the remaining range will decrease unless serious efforts are focused on bear conservation,'' he wrote. Dr. Servheen said in an interview that some species could disappear before naturalists have a chance to find out how many are left and what they need to survive. The popular technique of saving endangered species by establishing preserves in areas of prime habitat seems to be working against the bear by giving poachers easier access to their valuable prey, experts say. Furthermore, according to Dr. Stephen Herrero, an environmental scientist at the University of Calgary in Alberta, bears are such wide-ranging animals that very large tracts of land may be needed to preserve certain populations. 'Bleak and Uncertain' In southeast Asia, the habitat of the sun bear, the least known of the world's bears, is shrinking. But little | Boom in Poaching Threatens Bears Worldwide |
352559_0 | LEAD: Anti-Semitism in France Anti-Semitism in France The desecrations of more than 50 Jewish graves at two French cemeteries in the last two days have caused an outpouring of condemnation and soul-searching. Page 3. Frustration in South Korea Many South Koreans are angry over their Government's economic and political tactics, but their frustration has not translated into broad support for student protesters. Page 7. Wildlife or Development? The nation's Interior Secretary, Manuel Lujan Jr., says the Endangered Species Act should be modified to balance animal protection with the benefits of development. Page 8. Enforcing Panhandling Ban New York City transit officials promised an aggressive effort to enforce a ban on subway panhandling but some transit officers suggested that it would not be that easy. Page 25. | INSIDE |
354985_3 | you didn't have to be a computer-science major to use them.'' While much of the software industry focuses on high-technology centers like Silicon Valley and Boston's Route 128, the 1980's personal-computer boom has created other high-growth software regions. In Washington State, for example, there are now 552 software companies, employing 7,000 and creating revenues of more than $2 billion. Software is the state's fastest-growing industry. In addition to the shift away from large, centralized computers there is an equally dramatic transition to computer software systems based on what are known as ''open standards.'' In the past, when the industry was controlled by several large companies such as the International Business Machines Corporation and Digital Equipment Corporation, each company had its own proprietary software. Now customers are demanding, and getting, standard software that will run equally well on all manufacturers' computers. Such software is rapidly shifting the center of gravity away from the major corporations and creating more competition. It is also rapidly developing a market for programmers with skills required by the new software systems based on open standards. ''People with knowledge of the Unix operating system and programming skills in the C language and the X window system are in great demand,'' said James Turley, president of XA International, a large-system consulting firm in Cupertino, Calif., referring to the programming tools used to develop software for open standards. Unix is a computer operating system developed by researchers at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company's Bell Laboratories in the late 1960's as a research project. It later became popular at universities and with engineers. But recently Unix has begun taking off in the commercial market as well, leading to a rising demand for skilled Unix programmers nationwide. Entry-level salaries for graduates with degrees in computer science have risen 10 percent in the last year, currently beginning at $26,700, according to the industry magazine Datamation's annual salary survey. For students without such degrees the amount is slightly less, at $25,000, but that amount has also gone up, by 9 percent, since last year. Special skills can make a tremendous difference. For example, the ability to write software for the Apple Macintosh is a real bonus. Tom Ballantyne, a high-technology recruiter in Montara, Calif., near Silicon Valley, recalls getting a phone call from a major New Jersey publishing company looking for programmers for a Macintosh product it was developing. ''They said they | Software Offers Solid Future |
354954_0 | LEAD: HEY! GET OFF OUR TRAIN Written and illustrated by John Burningham. Unpaged. New York: Crown Publishers. $14.95. (Ages 5 and up) THE GREAT KAPOK TREE A Tale of the Amazon Rain Forest. Written and illustrated by Lynne Cherry. Unpaged. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. HEY! GET OFF OUR TRAIN Written and illustrated by John Burningham. Unpaged. New York: Crown Publishers. $14.95. (Ages 5 and up) THE GREAT KAPOK TREE A Tale of the Amazon Rain Forest. Written and illustrated by Lynne Cherry. Unpaged. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. $14.95. (Ages 4 to 8) I'm guessing, but I'm willing to bet that it's been a long time since two children's books, published in the same month, no less, carried nearly identical dedications to a murdered union leader. But Chico Mendes, who was killed defending the rights of freelance rubber tappers in the Amazon rain forest in December 1988, was no ordinary laborite. He was a martyr waiting to happen, a man assassinated for being in the wrong place at the wrong time, but remembered for being in the right place at the right time. As last month's Earth Day festivities made clear, Americans have seen the environmental light: they are ready to embrace green (particularly when it comes with an outdoor concert or two), to take it into their hearts and homes, to testify that making a difference - whether by using cloth diapers or by separating cans from bottles - has changed their lives. Who could argue? Feeling powerful (and righteous to boot) is a rare and delicious commodity these days; besides, it takes an unseemly streak of perversity to be against the environment. Also, now that we have been granted some distance from our nuclear nightmares, we can concede that, as slogans, ''Don't bungle the jungle'' and ''Up with green heads! Down with garbage heads!'' (my personal Earth Day favorite) have a jaunty energy that phrases like ''nuclear winter'' and ''psychic numbing'' can't compete with. And unlike the images of the antinuclear movement, say, those of environmentalism - whales graceful in their enormity, landscapes so beautiful they melt your heart, a life of harvesting and gathering and getting your hands dirty - are accessible, appealing, suitable for family viewing, for sitcoms. And, yes, even for children's books. With his entry into the save-the-endangered-species market, John Burningham, the British author of the hilarious ''Mr. Gumpy's Outing,'' among others, has | WOODMAN, SPARE THAT TREE! |
354876_7 | science.'' Ed Stone has been putting experiments on spacecraft for almost 30 years - as long, one guesses, as many NASA men have been in long pants. He is today one of his profession's most productive experimentalists in space; the three missions he is involved in, in addition to Sampex and Voyager's long-range interstellar assignment, are each designed to address specific scientific questions: On the Galileo project, launched last year, Stone is leading a team employing a heavy-ion counter to study the radiation belts of Jupiter. On the Advanced Composition Explorer, scheduled for the middle of the decade, for which he is also chief scientist, the six high-resolution spectrometers will analyze three kinds of subatomic particles: matter cast out from the sun, the material of local interstellar space, and high-energy particles from elsewhere in the galaxy. Finally, Stone is one of a number of people working on a powerful superconducting magnet spectrometer for America's proposed $16.5 billion space station. This device, called Astromag, will allow scientists to study a wide range of particles that previous instruments could either not capture or measure with precision. In a sense, a cosmic-ray physicist is a deep-space anthropologist. Cosmic rays are not rays at all, but subatomic particles generated by solar eruptions and the explosion of stars. The particles are scattered through the universe, and cosmic-ray physicists spend their lives shagging and studying them. The particles - isotopes of hydrogen, helium, magnesium, silicon and the other elements - are like artifacts and fossils; their number, composition and possible origin could force theorists to revise current ideas about the Big Bang and the cosmic events believed to have followed it: the blast of supernovae, the birth of planets. The instruments that Ed Stone helps to design and build are made, at the core, of thin silicon wafers or disks. When a cosmic-ray particle passes through the layers of silicon, it produces electrical signals, signatures of its nuclear charge and velocity; from these it is possible to calculate its mass, literally its identity. Thus, through their space experiments, Ed Stone and his colleagues are asking some fundamental questions: What is the basic composition of the sun and how does it differ from other stars, those still burning and those that turned to dust billions of years ago? What is the galaxy made of? And what elements lie beyond? ''If we can begin to understand the differences, | HIS HEAD IN THE STARS |
354938_0 | LEAD: In the crowded months of July and August, sailing yachts at Porto Ercole's small public quay (no dock fee, but little fresh water) are tied up eight-in-line, rather the way souvenir Indian elephants are linked, an arrangement that encourages new friendships and a lazy reluctance to put out to sea. In the crowded months of July and August, sailing yachts at Porto Ercole's small public quay (no dock fee, but little fresh water) are tied up eight-in-line, rather the way souvenir Indian elephants are linked, an arrangement that encourages new friendships and a lazy reluctance to put out to sea. Ports promise a thousand hopes, a thousand adventures. Stepping from terra firma onto the deck of a departing boat is like making a bet. But if your need for adventure can be satisfied simply by watching what goes on in ports, let me describe a typical hour's entertainment I enjoyed last July seated at a quayside restaurant table in Porto Ercole. In the foreground, where the water begins, a barefoot retired fisherman named Giovanni, whom I've seen around for years, was seating a German family party in his much-repainted fishing boat before starting a half-day cruise to one of the nearby beaches. Once seated, the father remembered to ask, in broken Italian, what the fee would be. Giovanni held up an appropriate number of fingers (the digital equivalent of 250,000 lire - about $200; steep, to be sure), at which point the father stood and ordered his children and wife back onto the quay. The children were very well-behaved, as German children tend to be in the face of disappointment. While the family clambered off Giovanni's deck, a billionaire Roman real estate tycoon backed his blurping four-engined cigarette alongside and nimbly helped an elegantly dressed and coiffed young woman (people in Italy dress as beautifully for the sun as they do for the moon) leap daintily from the quay onto a vast bed of spanking white cushions for sunning. Squeezed between the cigarette on one side and the temporarily-unchartered fishing boat on the other, the Secretary of the Italian Communist Party, Achille Occhetto, patiently manhandled his tiny sailing dinghy out toward the open port where a confusion of Boston Whalers, rumbling Magnums and sleek, mahogany Rivas were heading for the open sea. Beyond the breakwater, the Italian Navy school ship Amerigo Vespucci hove to, its vast array of gallant | TALES OF AN ITALIAN ANCHORAGE |
354770_2 | in 413 B.C. The passage of time has preserved the monuments of Ortygia from this period in an unusual fashion: the Fountain of Arethusa, a freshwater spring at the sea's edge, which the Greeks believed was connected to their homeland by an underground river, is still a favorite meeting place for the youth of Syracuse, who hang over the railings as they chat and throw bread (and, occasionally, garbage) to the ducks swimming among the papyrus. The process of history is most strikingly evident in the cathedral a few blocks away. Once past the graceful 18th-century Baroque facade, visitors find themselves inside the severe simplicity of an early Christian church, which, as closer inspection reveals, has evolved from the Temple of Athena, its peristyle filled in to form outer walls in which the Doric columns are still visible, and its inner walls, the former cella, pierced by arches. Subsequent transformations have done little to disturb the harmonious proportions of the ancient temple, the gifts of each age melding gracefuly with those of its predecessors. Nature as well as man has worked to transform the monuments in the mainland neighborhoods of Akradina and Neapolis, which twice over, in classical times and after World War II, have seen Syracuse's residential expansion. Scattered throughout their curious mixture of archeological sites and apartment buildings are the Latomie, the quarries that provided first the stones to build Syracuse and then the space to guard its enemies: vines of ivy, capers and bougainvillea curtain the once barren walls, and fig and orange trees grow on the ground where the defeated and imprisoned Athenian soldiers once languished, in what are perhaps the most haunted and haunting sunken gardens in the world. Syracuse in the fifth century B.C. was not just muscle. The courts of its rulers attracted poets like Pindar and Theocritus; Plato visited and complained of the vice and the overeating (Syracuse boasts the first cookbook and the first cooking school in the Western world, a tradition of good food that continues to the present), and Aeschylus is thought to have produced ''Prometheus Bound'' in the linear theater that was built on the mainland to his specifications. This theater, still visible in the archeological park of Neapolis, is overshadowed by the neighboring and more spectacular semicircular theater that dates from the third century B.C. Here too successive rebuildings have created an enormously evocative site, which is | Faded Glory of Syracuse |
354736_1 | and manufacturing. Meanwhile, the number of students studying science and engineering is expected to decline as the college-age population shrinks. Meanwhile, competition for technical graduates should expand rapidly as financial-services companies and other sectors seek engineers and computer scientists to help utilize computer and communications technologies in managing their affairs. ''Short of a major depression or recession, there will be a plethora of jobs available throughout this decade for students who study math and science,'' said Betty Vetter, executive director of the Commission on Professionals in Science and Technology, a nonprofit group in Washington, D.C., financed by technology-oriented industries. ''Even if we hire every engineering graduate in the coming years, it is unlikely there will be enough technical talent to meet skyrocketing demand because there are so few students in the pipeline.'' The Census Bureau has projected a 25 percent decline in the college-age population, from which most new engineers and scientists are drawn, over the next 10 years. Between 1986 and 1989 the number of engineering graduates nationwide dropped 12 percent, to 68,824, and is expected to fall another 12 percent, to 60,500, by 1992. To attract the shrinking number of technical graduates, companies are increasing starting salaries. The College Placement Council, an employment-research group that conducts a yearly survey of career placement offices at colleges and universities around the nation, reports that the average salary offer for petroleum engineering majors increased 10 percent in the last year, to $36,120. Average starting salaries for chemical engineering rose 6.8 percent, to $35,204; 5.1 percent, to $31,800, for chemical engineering, and 5.2 percent, to $32,083, for mechanical engineering. Employment opportunities are expected to be even stronger for women and minority members, who are grossly underrepresented in the science and engineering fields. ''If you are a woman or member of a minority group, there is no better time to go into engineering,'' said Dr. George Campbell Jr., president of the National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering. ''We can almost promise that you will find a job when you finish school.'' The council, a nonprofit group based in New York City and financed by industry, recently reported a 28.4 percent increase in the number of minority-group freshmen engineering students from 1986 to 1989. Bell Laboratories, the research and development arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, plans to hire 500 to 600 new scientists and engineers this year. According to Jeannette | Engineering Fields Fertile For the Rest of the Century |
356937_0 | LEAD: The Nimby-obsessed ladies of West Sayville, who are trying to block the National Weather Service from installing one of its new Nexrad weather radar stations on Federal property in the community because of possible health effects from electromagnetic radiation, bring to mind the similar arguments being used by environmental groups upstate in opposition to the Marcy The Nimby-obsessed ladies of West Sayville, who are trying to block the National Weather Service from installing one of its new Nexrad weather radar stations on Federal property in the community because of possible health effects from electromagnetic radiation, bring to mind the similar arguments being used by environmental groups upstate in opposition to the Marcy South power transmission line. In the latter case the threat is of course much more real, since the power line cuts a swath of giant towers and cables through the natural beauties of forests and farmlands to bring much-needed electricity from upstate and Canada to Long Islanders like the Sayville ladies. People on this island like to enjoy the conveniences of electricity but don't want the facility to produce it, in this case Shoreham, located here, but they don't seem to mind that others are being forced to put up with power plants, dams and transmission lines for their benefit. With all this ignorance and confusion, isn't it time that our educational institutions come out of their ivory tower silence, and start informing the public about radiation in all its forms, its benefits as well as dangers? PER ALIN Miller Place | On Radiation, A Need for Facts |
357053_0 | LEAD: To the Editor: China's airline, Air China (C.A.A.C.), has never been particularly user friendly, but judging by my experience the carrier has given a whole new meaning to the concept of nonrefundable ticket. We are accustomed to thinking that this means that if the passenger's plans change, the fare paid is lost. To the Editor: China's airline, Air China (C.A.A.C.), has never been particularly user friendly, but judging by my experience the carrier has given a whole new meaning to the concept of nonrefundable ticket. We are accustomed to thinking that this means that if the passenger's plans change, the fare paid is lost. However, to Air China it means that if their plans change (a common enough occurrence), the passenger receives no refund. This is so, for example, when they have labeled the flight chartered, which is often the case. I recently spent a long day in the Hong Kong airport waiting for a Xian-bound plane that did not arrive. Inasmuch as the ground personnel were unable to provide any information as to whether the flight would ever take place, I abandoned my plans. Days later, Air China claimed that the flight actually left late the next day, and therefore I was not entitled to a refund. (No effort had been made to inform me that the plane would leave then.) On a few China routes, one can travel on foreign airlines, and this is highly recommended. Almost always, however, one is obliged to fly in a Chinese plane. Caveat Emptor! James D Seymour Senior Research Scholar East Asian Institute Columbia University New York, N.Y. A spokeswoman for Air China in New York replies: All flights between Hong Kong and Xian are charter flights arranged with the China International Travel Service, which sets the fares, does the ticketing and sets the requirements for refunds. Even though the ticket was marked ''nonendorsable, nonrefundable and nonreroutable,'' the travel service has agreed to make a refund in this case, deducting 25 percent as a commission. The ticket, however, must be turned in at the place where it was purchased, in this case Hong Kong. The ticket remains good for one year from the date of issuance. | China |
356903_0 | LEAD: Did you hear the story about the man who bought a $100,000 boat on Friday, set sail on Saturday without the foggiest idea of how to operate the thing, and ended up adrift on Long Island Sound out of gas? Did you hear the story about the man who bought a $100,000 boat on Friday, set sail on Saturday without the foggiest idea of how to operate the thing, and ended up adrift on Long Island Sound out of gas? Or the one about the inexperienced boaters who telephoned the United States Coast Guard with a Mayday alert? When asked by puzzled Coast Guard officials why they hadn't used their radio - standard equipment for sailors - the new salts explained that they only had a cellular phone. Landlubbers may not have heard these tales, but to boaters they are all too familiar. This weekend, as thousands of boaters, old and new, weigh anchor, Coast Guard and local marine-safety officials have increased their patrols for one of the three busiest weekends of the summer season. (The others are the Fourth of July and Labor Day). ''It can get like the wild, wild west out there,'' said Jeff Comparetto, a police officer with the Rockland County Sheriff's Marine Unit, which patrols part of the Hudson River. ''We're seeing more boats and more people out there. You've got guys who think they can jump into a boat and head out with no more boating knowledge than how to start the engine.'' Playing Like the Rich Sailing, which has a reputation as a pastime of the expert and the elite, is growing in popularity among women, young couples and working professionals, especially in cities like New York that have abundant waterways. Some attribute the growth to the 1980's fascination with the toys of the rich and publicity surrounding the America's Cup races. While there is some disagreement among seasoned boaters about whether the new weekend boaters - some veteran sailors call them ''showboaters'' - are changing the pastime for better or worse, the industry is responding to this new clientele in a variety of ways. Sailing schools, some catering exclusively to women, are proliferating around the country. There are vacations geared specifically to couples who want to learn how to sail and race, and to women who want to learn without men around. Extensive instructional courses are now offered on videotape. Public | Lifestyle; Bounding Main Is Getting Crowded |
356713_5 | have, and companies ''harvest'' their market positions by not continuing to invest enough to insure their survival. The problem is that no one can say when or why a country stops increasing productivity and enters the wealth-driven stage of decline. From Mr. Porter's perspective, Britain has been in this stage for most of the century; America entered it 25 years ago; and Germany, Sweden and Switzerland are headed into it. But all of this is, of course, a tautology. When productivity ceases to rise rapidly, the wealth-driven stage is said to exist. Calling decline the wealth-driven stage, however, does not help us to better predict, understand or reverse decline. While it is correct to say that government can never be the prime actor in international competition, Mr. Porter too lightly brushes over actions by foreign governments that have created problems for the United States. What does one do about the European consortium Airbus Industries? Without a huge worldwide backlog of airplane orders, this publicly owned and subsidized company would be driving Boeing out of business. What does one do about a Japanese Government that prevents foreign companies from using superior technologies to gain an established market there (Motorola's cellular phones, Corning Glass's fiber optics)? Foreigners are welcome only when they have lost their technological edge. Mr. Porter says that demographic trends may force American business to be more innovative in the 1990's. Without a rapidly growing labor force in the 90's, companies will have to invest in equipment to replace the workers they can no longer hire. But demographic trends could be the cause of, as well as the cure for, American problems. The growth in population during the 70's and 80's (the maturing baby boomers plus new immigrants) should have led to falling real wages. It did. Real wages for nonsupervisory workers have been decreasing since 1973. Falling wages should have led to lower capital-labor ratios. They did. The need to feed all of those people and provide them with consumer goods should have led to a low savings rate and too little investment. It did. Put bluntly, if a nation breeds at the rate of an underdeveloped country, it must live like an underdeveloped country. Mr. Porter has come to conclusions very similar to those reached by others, and none of their writings has made a dent in the system. I suspect his analysis won't either. We all | GLOBAL TRADE: THE SECRETS OF SUCCESS |
356999_0 | LEAD: With immigrant children crowding school playgrounds and with nearby apartment blocks gradually turning into high-rise slums, French residents of this dormitory town outside Paris talk of little else but the ''colonization'' of Clichy-sous-Bois. With immigrant children crowding school playgrounds and with nearby apartment blocks gradually turning into high-rise slums, French residents of this dormitory town outside Paris talk of little else but the ''colonization'' of Clichy-sous-Bois. Their attitudes reflect what is widely viewed as the country's most serious crisis - the opposition to immigration and the support for the extreme rightist National Front, both of which have been growing steadily in many French cities. Arabs, Africans and Asians now make up a third of the town's 30,000 inhabitants. In municipal elections here in March, 30 percent of voters went as far as supporting the National Front, which calls for the eviction of non-European immigrants from France. Even the town's Communist Mayor, Christian Chapuis, who regularly denounces the National Front as racist, believes that something must be done. ''Almost all the earth's populations are represented here,'' he said. ''We can't take any more. There's no more room, there's no more housing.'' Until now, squabbling between the Government and major opposition parties has blocked agreement on a new approach to the crisis. Attack on Jewish Cemetery But on May 10, the desecration of 34 tombs in a Jewish cemetery in the southeastern town of Carpentras awakened France to the dangers of an upsurge of racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia. And since then, the country has been consumed by self-analysis. The Socialist Government of President Francois Mitterrand immediately began an offensive against the National Front and its leader, Jean-Marie Le Pen, accusing them of inciting racial hatred and, implicitly, blaming them for the profaning of the old Jewish cemetery at Carpentras. After months of hesitation, Prime Minister Michel Rocard also scrambled to seek the support of other opposition parties for a ''minimal charter'' that would both restrict the number of new immigrants and accelerate the integration of the 4.5 million foreigners already living here. Yet even now, many French people seem confused. For two weeks after the Carpentras desecration, the focus of attention was on anti-Semitism, past and present. Desecrations of Jewish tombs occurred sporadically in the 1980's without gaining much publicity, but several new incidents, including one in this town, won headlines. Memories of Dreyfus Case Carpentras also revived uncomfortable memories of | A Surge of Racism in France Brings a Search for Answers |
357050_6 | even they felt comfortable about dumping in the sea, which is what they've done for centuries, confident the fish would eat most of it. Tourists were hard on the rest of us too. Sure, we resented their discovering our well-kept secret, but it wouldn't have been so bad if they'd made some effort to blend in quietly. Instead, they seemed to have this odd habit of stopping you all the time to ask questions. MY favorite was the Texan who flagged down the most notorious of the local Rastafarians - to ask where he could buy a coconut. Of course, he was standing under a coconut palm at the time and could've gotten hit on the head by one. Two or three were just sitting by his feet. Our Rasta, however, had a more complex sense of humor. ''Look mon','' he explained. ''You jus' climb the tree and cut yourself one. See that yellow house down there? They be good coconuts.'' Well, as even I knew, the man in the yellow house had a bad habit of rushing out his back door with his machete swinging, convinced people were ''tiefing'' from his yard. But the tourist business paid well, so well that all over the island people started building on extra rooms, or turning their porches into restaurants. Satellite dishes started sprouting up over some of the bars, which probably seemed normal to the new arrivals. After all, now they had the choice of American TV, even if it eroded the island's traditional isolation. Evening entertainment used to be a moonlight stroll on the waterfront - more difficult now anyway, since everyone was squeezing in more little cabanas. Visitors hate the sand fleas - those miserable little creatures that for centuries had kept the gringos from entertaining grander fantasies of empire. The local people didn't care about fleas; they built their homes on stilts, off the sand. They laughed at all our scratching - ''No-see-ums don't like dark skin,'' I'd been told more than once. Whatever, most of them made a big point of not caring even if they were bitten. But now, now the Tourist has arrived. And the Tourist doesn't choose to itch, so the Government sends out ships to blast the island with malathion. ''The apple cannot be stuck back on the Tree of Knowledge,'' Arthur Miller concluded, which unfortunately is also the moral of this story. | Paradise, of a Kind, Lost |
357100_0 | LEAD: In a letter to the New Jersey editor on April 22, John A. Karanik laid most of the blame for high auto insurance premiums in New Jersey on automobile design, the high incidence of auto theft and the New Jersey driver. Despite the fact that costs from these sources would primarily fall under comprehensive and collision portions of auto policies (which many motorists have dropped because of the high cost of the legally required liability portion), most insurance industry apologists wheel out these tired arguments. In a letter to the New Jersey editor on April 22, John A. Karanik laid most of the blame for high auto insurance premiums in New Jersey on automobile design, the high incidence of auto theft and the New Jersey driver. Despite the fact that costs from these sources would primarily fall under comprehensive and collision portions of auto policies (which many motorists have dropped because of the high cost of the legally required liability portion), most insurance industry apologists wheel out these tired arguments. I believe that it is time for the insurance industry to back up its generalizations with accurate figures. Where is a breakdown of claims paid in relation to insurance premiums? And when I say claims paid, I don't mean judgments that would later be reduced or overturned on appeal but remain on insurance companies' books as losses. I don't mean loss figures that are ''trended'' and ''developed'' to inflate the carrying cost. I mean checks paid out for losses as compared to premiums received for insurance protection. It is too much to expect insurance regulators to have this information for two reasons: Many regulators come from and will later return to the insurance industry; they have no desire to rock a boat they have reservations on. And many regulators are incompetent. Considering that there are 50 separate regulatory bodies paying state government salaries, it is no wonder that the best and the brightest are not necessarily manning state insurance departments. Auto insurance is a hot topic, and reporting facts and figures would not induce boredom in readers who are paying, in some cases, the cost of a car to insure a car. However, the media would have to get the figures from an insurance industry and a regulatory body that would balk at anyone's seeing the truth. Recently when the Allstate insurance company threatened to sue New Jersey over | A Call for Data On Auto Insurance |
356856_0 | LEAD: There's the yellow rose of Texas. Next there might be the blue rose of Australia. There's the yellow rose of Texas. Next there might be the blue rose of Australia. An Australian affiliate of Calgene Inc., a California biotechnology company, has formed a joint venture with Suntory Ltd., the Japanese liquor company, to develop blue roses, as well as roses that last longer before wilting. Calgene's president, Roger Salquist, said the Australian affiliate, known as Calgene Pacific, is close to purifying an enzyme that is missing in roses and that accounts for blue color in other flowers. Once the enzyme is purified, the gene to produce it can be cloned and inserted into the rose plants to produce blue petals, he said. The altered plant would be able to pass on its new color to future generations and could be grown by commercial producers or home gardeners. Mr. Salquist said longer-lasting roses could be produced by using genetic techniques to block the production of ethylene, a substance naturally produced by flowers that leads to wilting. Calgene already has used a similar technique to develop a tomato that resists spoiling. Would a rose of any other color smell as sweet? Maybe sweeter. ''In flowers,'' said Mr. Salquist, ''novelty has value.'' TECH NOTES | ROSES ARE RED, ROSES ARE BLUE ... |
353510_0 | LEAD: Efforts are faltering to limit population growth in developing countries, and the 1990's will see the greatest increase in human numbers of any decade, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities says in its latest annual survey on the world's population. Efforts are faltering to limit population growth in developing countries, and the 1990's will see the greatest increase in human numbers of any decade, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities says in its latest annual survey on the world's population. In the report made public today, the agency predicted that the world's population, now estimated at 5.3 billion, would reach 6.25 billion by the end of this century, nearly the equivalent of adding a new China. With the growth faster than expected, the agency survey said the world's population will stabilize at the end of the 21st century at 11.3 billion rather than the 10.2 billion it previously forecast. It warned that without more vigorous efforts to control growth, worldwide population might increase to about 14 billion before it stabilized. The problem is not in the industrial world, where rates of population increase have declined. The report said the average birth rate in industrial countries is 1.9 children per woman, below the ''replacement level'' figure, with the mean in Western Europe at 1.58 children per woman. With more than 90 percent of the increase concentrated in developing countries, the report says that continuing fast population growth will lead to greater numbers of poor and hungry people. It also means increased damage to the environment from the growing pressure of people on land, forests and water supplies, and with the additional heat that more people create, the risk of climate change. Many More Using Birth Control ''The choices of the next 10 years will decide whether the world population trebles or merely doubles before it finally stops growing; they will decide whether the pace of damage to the environment speeds up or slows down,'' Dr. Nafis Sadik, the Pakistani executive director of the United Nations agency, wrote. The United Nations says that family planning is rapidly spreading in the third world, with about half of couples practicing some form of modern contraception, compared with only 9 per cent in the early 1960's. Over the same period, the average number of children born to each fertile woman has declined from 6 to 3.9. In 1978, only 45 governments considered | WORLD POPULATION WILL TOP 6 BILLION |
353632_0 | LEAD: AS America's newest physicians receive their degrees, many will swear to the Hippocratic oath, one of the most enduring documents in history. AS America's newest physicians receive their degrees, many will swear to the Hippocratic oath, one of the most enduring documents in history. The oath is attributed to Hippocrates, a Greek physician in the 5th century B.C., but no one is certain about its origins and use over the last 25 centuries. Even today not every medical graduate swears to Hippocrates's standards of professional behavior and the wording of the oath may change from year to year, even in the same medical school. Doctors probably did not begin swearing to the Hippocratic oath until about 1100. But ''it is as hard to find a carefully researched history of the oath as it is to find out its current use,'' said Dr. Albert R. Jonsen, who heads the department of medical history and ethics at the University of Washington in Seattle. ''There is a lot of mythology about the oath,'' he said. Contrary to widespread impression, doctors are not required to take any oath. Another surprise is that the Hippocratic oath is seldom studied in medical school, even at a time of heightened interest in medical ethics. For many doctors, the graduation ceremony is the first and only encounter with the Hippocratic oath. This single encounter leaves little lasting impression about its content among many physicians, according to a small survey reported in a recent issue of Academic Medicine, published by the Association of American Medical Colleges. The indifference reflects a feeling among many medical leaders that the oath is inadequate for the enormous scientific, economic, political and social changes that medicine has undergone since ancient Greeks swore to pagan gods and goddesses and relied on garlic poultices and other treatments long discarded. Because ancient physicians could do so little for patients, they did not share the modern physician's problem of differentiating between what can be done and what ought to be done. Yet many others yearn for traditional values and say that the Hippocratic oath and other ancient codes deserve greater emphasis in medical education. Times may have changed but general principles should not, they say in pointing out that medical leaders are now criticizing their own colleagues for greed, fraud, cheating and even stealing the books for their courses on medical ethics. The oath covers obligations to | Despite Many Shifts, Oath as Old as Apollo Endures in Medicine |
353546_3 | Development Board. ''But now our plants are more automated and our skills much higher. What we need is production technology. We need to learn how to design integrated circuits; we need companies willing to do serious R.& D. that will train our people.'' As Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea have learned, it is exactly those skills that countries like Japan are loath to part with. The strategy of Japan, and to some extent of the United States, has been to keep the highest ''value added'' skills at home. Thus, while Japanese companies make computers all around Asia, they do most of their software research in Japan. While videocassette recorders are produced everywhere, most recording heads - the high-technology, expensive components -are rarely made outside Japan. ''If the critical components are made elsewhere, what does it help?'' said Mr. How. ''The value then goes elsewhere.'' Signs of Success There are some early signs that Singapore's efforts are succeeding, if modestly. The Hewlett-Packard Company runs Singapore's largest research and development operation, designing many products for Asia here, and it is one of the few multinational companies that has put Singaporeans into the most senior management posts. The Japanese have not -just as they have not put Americans into the most senior posts of branch offices in the United States. Yet Matsushita, Japan's electronics giant, has, after years of resistance, set up a research and development divison in audio-visual equipment and information technology in Singapore, though it is still dwarfed by the company's manufacturing operations here. ''The only way to get Government incentives now,'' said Eugene Chan, director of domestic marketing at the company, ''is to bring in the very highest technology you can.'' In fact, if companies came first for low-cost labor, they are staying for other reasons: the huge availability of electronic components and other supplies here, the ease of communication and transportation, and the political stability of Mr. Lee's Government. Stability seems especially valuable at a time when Hong Kong and the Philippines seem vulnerable to political turmoil. The quickness with which companies have adjusted is remarkable. At the sprawling Apple Computer Inc. plant, on a street that looks as though it could be in Silicon Valley in California, Apple II and Macintosh computers came down a production line that turns out a huge slice of Apple's yearly output even though the factory employs only 600 people. ''We could | Singapore Aim: High-Tech Future |
353561_2 | everyone. Respect for the living depends on respect for the dead.'' Others marching included the Chief Rabbi of France, Joseph Sitruk; the Roman Catholic Primate of France, Albert Cardinal Decourtray; Jacques Chirac, a former conservative Prime Minister, and Georges Marchais, chairman of the Communist Party. An Educational Mission France's six major television networks all canceled their regular programs and broadcast the rally live, and afterward they all broadcast ''Night and Fog,'' a documentary on the Nazi death camps. French Jewish groups had asked the networks to broadcast the 1955 film to help educate the French about the horrors of Nazism. Prime Minister Michel Rocard said he was joining the rally ''to make clear to foreigners shaken by crimes like those in Carpentras'' that ''France as a whole is not racist, nor anti-Semitic,'' even though ''our nation, like others, has some sick criminals.'' Francois Leotard, a leader of the Union for French Democracy, a center-right party, said: ''Carpentras is an affront to the dignity of man, to the values of the republic. We must forcefully reject what has happened.'' After the Carpentras desecrations, French commentators and intellectuals said the acts should help push officials to more vigorously oppose racism and anti-Semitism, and to rethink how they should treat the National Front. Variety of Criticism In recent days, the Socialists have been criticized for pursuing issues that feed the anger of the National Front, thus dividing the French right. At the same time, center-right politicians have been faulted for refraining from condemning the National Front for fear of alienating front supporters whom they hope to attract. Tonight, the bells of Notre-Dame were tolled at 8 P.M. to mark the end of the rally. There were also rallies in more than a dozen French cities, including Marseilles, Bordeaux, Rouen, Quimper, Rennes and Nantes. In 1980, just after a synagogue was bombed on Rue Copernic in Paris, there were two demonstrations in the city, each with several thousand people, sponsored by Jewish groups and civic and labor organizations. Big protests also followed the submachine-gun attack on a Jewish restaurant here in 1982. In both instances, French politicians came under heavy criticism. In 1982 as now, French leaders often insisted that France was not an anti-Semitic nation. Today, in the investigation of the Carpentras desecration, the chief magistrate asked police departments throughout the nation help search for suspects, focusing in particular on extreme right-wing groups. | Parisians Join in Protest Against Hate |
353639_1 | economically power commercial ships and cargo submarines. And it might pave the way for a new generation of military submarines that are quieter than ever, helping them elude foes. ''It's provocative in its simplicity,'' said Dr. Michael Petrick, a scientist who directs research on the idea at the Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois. ''But there's lots of work that needs to be done to make it viable.'' Questions to be answered include both its technical feasibility and utility. So far, the idea has undergone no known large-scale trial, although that is about to change. Early next year, the Japan Foundation for Shipbuilding Advancement plans to launch a 100-foot-long, prototype MHD-powered ship that will carry up to 10 people. The test is a sea trial for commercial operations. And the Argonne lab is spearheading a military-sponsored program that centers on a 21-foot-long, 180-ton monster superconducting magnet. Its trials, confined to the laboratory, are to begin early next year. In a different project, the Navy is considering sea trials for MHD propulsion. ''The marriage of an MHD propulsion system to underwater vehicles is a natural,'' said Dr. Daniel W. Swallom, who manages the Navy-financed program on the propulsion system at the Avco Research Laboratory in Everett, Mass. His program's goal is an open-ocean test with a remotely piloted vehicle. The Soviet Union has carried out much basic research on this form of propulsion, but intelligence experts are at odds on whether the Russians are applying the idea to their submarines. Magnetohydrodynamics involves magnetic fields (magneto) and fluids (hydro) that conduct electricity and interact (dynamics). The phenomenon occurs naturally in the Earth's core, giving rise to the planet's magnetic field. In MHD propulsion, a pair of electrodes on either side of the thruster pass an electric current through sea water. The process does not work effectively with fresh water because it can carry little current. At a right angle to the current is the magnetic field generated by the superconducting magnet. The interaction of the magnetic field and the current produces a strong force on the water, moving it through the duct in the center of the magnet. If the polarity of the current is reversed, so is the direction of thrust. The action is identical to what happens with an electric motor when its magnetic field crosses a bundle of copper wires carrying an electric current, causing it to move and the | Experimental Propulsion System Has No Moving Parts |
350656_1 | Douglas Electronic Systems Company, part of McDonnell Douglas Corporation. Researchers also believe smart skins could improve the research on and manufacture of structural parts made with advanced composite materials. Engineers could bury sensors in experimental materials while they are being constructed, then plug the samples into signal-processing equipment to search for any internal weaknesses. As envisioned now, the sensors would consist of hair-thin optical fibers - like those now used in long-distance communications - that would relay light signals through a particular structure. If the fiber underwent some form of stress or change in temperature, the light signals would change in measurable ways. Using this principle, optical fibers could register minute changes in position, pressure, temperature, strain and vibration. Ultimately, proponents of smart skins would string hundreds or even thousands of such sensors in complex grids covering an entire fuselage or wing. The signals from these grids would then be interpreted by computer to produce up-to-the-second portraits of the structure's health. In an even more advanced system envisioned by some aerospace engineers, on-board computers would identify problems, calculate the necessary adjustments for pilots and even carry out some corrections automatically. But even the most enthusiastic proponents agree that smart-skin technology is still embryonic. ''We are just scratching the surface,'' said Donald Bartlett, chief engineer for Boeing Company's two-year-old smart-skins program. Sensors are still quite crude and the development of proper signal processing systems has barely gotten under way. Prototype systems for aircraft are easily five to ten years away, and utilities and gas transmission companies are only beginning to express interest. Still, the basic ideas have been demonstrated in laboratories and have attracted serious interest. All of the nation's aerospace companies have launched research efforts in the field, as have the Pentagon, the Department of Energy and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Southern California Edison has decided to install a prototype smart system to monitor stress and fatigue on a steam boiler that drives its electric turbine generators. ''The proof of principle has been established,'' said John Kreidl, a fiber-optic consultant in Cambridge, Mass. ''The issue is how badly do you want it and how much are you willing to pay for it?'' In theory, it has long been possible to build nerve-like systems using existing electronic sensors that measure strain and temperature. But electronic systems have been impractical. Because of their sensitivity to electromagnetic interference, they would require | Technology; Sensing the Presence Of Potential Problems |
350796_0 | LEAD: Fusion - of rhythms, ethnic groups and cultures - has vitalized Caribbean music for hundreds of years. A generation ago, the musical import-export trade proceeded at a steady but gradual pace. A Haitian group would tour Cuba and return with Latin songs in their set. Cuban records trickled down to Trinidad, influencing the horn arrangements of the calypsos. Fusion - of rhythms, ethnic groups and cultures - has vitalized Caribbean music for hundreds of years. A generation ago, the musical import-export trade proceeded at a steady but gradual pace. A Haitian group would tour Cuba and return with Latin songs in their set. Cuban records trickled down to Trinidad, influencing the horn arrangements of the calypsos. Things move much faster these days. Because of improved recording technology, and increased movement of Caribbean people to and from their home countries and northern media centers like New York, London and Paris, a rhythm developed in one end of the region can rip up dance floors a thousand miles away in a matter of months, even weeks. A soca record from Trinidad makes a splash in northern Brazil, where a local musician who likes the beat modifies it, then adds it to a popular Bolivian melody. The new sound is a hit in Bahia, where a French record company executive on vacation hears it, buys the rights and takes it to Paris. And everything comes up lambada. A marketing coup, a pop fad, and a silly one at that. But remember, Freddie and the Dreamers paved the way for the Beatles. And perhaps lambada's hip-loosening action will have a more lasting side effect: to attract a wider audience to the much richer music being produced by a new generation of Caribbean singer-songwriters. Among them are the Dominican Republic's Juan Luis Guerra, who will be performing at Avery Fisher Hall next Sunday and whose latest album is ''Ojala que Llueva Cafe'' (Karen Records KLP-126; LP and cassette), and Joe Arroyo from Colombia, who has recently released ''En Accion'' (Fuentes 201705; LP and cassette). Performers like these, along with Trinidad's David Rudder and Panama-born Ruben Blades, come from distinctly different places and traditions, but they have one important thing in common: they understand the sound of the Caribbean. Rooted in the abundant rhythmic and folkloric sources of their home cultures, but steeped in the music of other islands, and in Western pop and jazz, | A New Caribbean Generation Sets Listeners to Swaying |
350834_8 | that hot Caribbean sun. On this day, however, they must all have been home in Toronto, for the shore was almost deserted. Varadero, with its stunning lack of development, is often cited as a potential tourist mecca, Cuba's most available quick fix for a moribund economy. Yes indeed, the tourists will come, but the price will be high - the mind's eye dots the landscape with boutiques, skate and scooter rental shops, real estate offices. Just like Waikiki. Some day the American embargo will be lifted, and trade will resume. It is easy to imagine the quaint streets of Cuban cities filling quickly with all the familiar American franchises. It is easy, too, to wince at the thought of the probable success of this impending invasion (with its ironic contrast to the Bay of Pigs). But the Cubans have been forced to be ingenious; they know what it means to recycle. They are not distracted by merchandise, not the way we are: they look to their culture as a source of vitality. It is peculiar, and even a bit condescending for a comfortable American to envy an impoverished and struggling people, but in some ways, I do. Rules on travel Who May Go There are four reasons why Americans are permitted to visit Cuba and none involves tourism. Under the Trading With the Enemies Act, it is illegal for Americans to visit Cuba without either a general or a specific license issued by the Treasury Department, which regulates travel to the island. The ban applies even if an American citizen arrives in Cuba from a third country that permits travel to Cuba. This ban has applied since 1962, although it was lifted from 1977 to 1982. A violation of the ban carries a fine of up to $50,000 and a prison sentence of up to 10 years. These penalties also apply to those who arrange any such trips. With few exceptions, the six chartered planes that leave Miami for Havana each week take Government officials on business, journalists, researchers who have a specific need to be in Cuba and people visiting close relatives. They have a general license to travel to the island and do not need a piece of paper from the Government to allow the trip. But in an interview with customs agents before leaving the country they must provide proof that they qualify. Last year 8,500 American | Crumbling Cuba Still Loves to Rumba |
350841_1 | to Poros will sometimes cross the narrow strait separating the island from the Peloponnesus and catch a bus inland, to Mycenae or Epidaurus. But they very rarely seem to turn west, and go along the mainland coast for the mere five or six miles it takes to get to Damla. They are right in a way, because the village is scarcely as attractive as Poros Town, and they're wrong, very wrong. Walk even farther west, through lemon groves, and you find the remnants of one of the most important cities of Greek myth and ancient Greek history: Troezen itself. Turn and go north, and you're in the Devil's Gorge or, more accurately, the Gorge of Dionysus, one of the most haunting and magical places anywhere. Troezen was where the crazed Orestes came, pursued by the vengeful Furies, to be purified for the murder of his mother, Clytemnestra. Hercules, or Heracles, was often there. Once he leaned his club against a statue of Hermes and it promptly grew roots, sprouted leaves and reverted to the olive tree it originally had been. The sea god Poseidon watched over the town, and occasionally punished its citizens by flooding their fields with salt water. But Troezen was best known for the birth of Theseus and the death of his son Hippolytus. Indeed, as you enter its boundaries there's a great rectangular rock, perhaps three feet long and two feet high, set in a fork in the road. That's supposed to be the Theseus Stone, celebrated in legend. A bit farther on, and there are the foundations of the Temple of Hippolytus. Aegus, the visiting king of Athens, believed himself to be the father of Theseus, though in fact the Troezenean maiden he'd drunkenly seduced slipped out of their bed the same night, waded over to Poros, and surreptitiously became pregnant by Poseidon. At all events, he hid sandals and a sword beneath the rectangular rock before leaving for home, convinced that only the son he had just sired would be strong enough to lift it. Theseus duly managed that feat at age 16, went on to perform heroic exploit after heroic exploit, fathered Hippolytus by an Amazon and eventually married Phaedra, who fell violently in love with her stepson and hanged herself when he rejected her advances, leaving behind a note accusing him of rape. The conclusion of the tale is recorded in gruesome | Where the Darker Myths Live |
350839_12 | Monastery of St. John the Theologian, in his magnum opus Christodoulos wrote, ''My ardent desire was to possess this island at the edge of the world, for there were no people, all was tranquillity; no boats dropped anchor here.'' We are in the later half of the 20th century, and Patmos is far different than when the Holy Christodoulos first set eyes on it, but the tranquillity remains, the chance to give stray thoughts an order, to be coaxed toward peace by the wind on Hora, and lie down on quiet beaches with heads full of legends and possibilities. A distant isle Getting There Patmos is beautiful in all seasons, but the months of winter are for only the heartiest travelers who like to experience the solitude that brought the monks to the island. August is the most popular month for all visitors who come to the Greek islands, so if it's crowds you want, you'll get them in late summer. Otherwise, the prime months are April to July and September. Boats leave daily from the port city of Piraeus, near Athens. Prices vary, starting at $13 for third class, deck seating, and going up to about $22. The boat rides are 11 to 13 hours long, depending on whether you take an express. Pack a bag with bottled water, a good book and, if you are staying on the outside decks, some warmer clothes to change into as the sun sets. Getting Around Motorcycles and mopeds are the preferred mode of transportation on Patmos. They can be rented from various shops in Skala for $10 to $20 a day. Cabs will take you to Hora and back, or there are buses that make scheduled trips every 45 minutes. At the port in Skala boats leave for beaches around the island each morning. There are also boats to many of the surrounding Greek islands and if you are interested in visiting Turkey boat tickets are $18 to $24 a person. A ferry sails from Patmos to Samos, where connecting boats travel to the Turkish city of Kusadasi (available April through October with two daily departures). Bodrum, another Turkish port, can be reached in a similar fashion by first traveling to the island of Kos (also available April through October but with only two to three departures weekly). Accommodations There are two areas for visitors to rent accommodations. Skala, the port, | A Greek Island That Resists Change |
351046_6 | of unfilled openings were anticipated, but the recent downturn has meant fewer jobs and greater competition. ''When you're dealing with an expanding economy, the job opportunities are greater, but with the leveling off of the economy here in New Jersey, the preparation of those students should be more intensive so they are competitive,'' Mr. Guadagnino said. ''That's where the difficulty is and focus has to be.'' Not 'Just Flipping Hamburgers' In describing the jobs graduates of the program would receive, the Commissioner of Education, Dr. Saul Cooperman, stressed that they would be upwardly mobile and not ''just flipping hamburgers.'' But some state officials are privately expressing disappointment over the quality of the jobs students have received. Sales, clerical and blue-collar positions constituted 76 percent of the jobs last year, with an average wage of $5.84 an hour. In Holmdel, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company hired 10 students for summer internships last year, mostly in clerical positions. None were hired to a permanent position because of a hiring freeze. ''We're talking low-level positions,'' said Cynthia Prescott, A.T. & T.'s staff manager for college recruiting. ''They would need much more training to move out of those slots. They were not jobs with permanent full-time potential.'' A lack of coordination between the Departments of Education and Labor has compounded the program's difficulties. Last year, for example, the Department of Labor hired a private-sector coordinator for Jersey City schools who did not have a car or find any jobs for students by graduation day. Over the summer, school officials scrambled to find suitable employment for the students. Overcoming a Poor Start Despite the paucity of students and businesses participating in the program, state officials believe that it has value and will grow in popularity once it is better established. They point to the disappointing start of similar programs in Baltimore and Boston, which have now been revamped to include more involvement from business and have begun to turn in more promising results. For many coordinators, the most unfortunate aspect of the program is its name. ''The worst thing they could have done was to put a number on it,'' Mr. Betz said. ''For one thing, it signifies a beginning and an end. What do you do when you reach 10,000? Do you disband it? And if you don't make it by 1992, they'll turn around and call it a failure.'' There have been | Jobs Program for Students Is Lagging |
349575_0 | LEAD: Many of the 40 million deaths caused by disease around the world each year could be prevented by a small shifting of resources to health care, the World Health Organization says. Many of the 40 million deaths caused by disease around the world each year could be prevented by a small shifting of resources to health care, the World Health Organization says. ''Disease is the most destructive force in the world today,'' Dr. Hiroshi Nakajima, director of the United Nations agency, said on Monday. ''If the current trends continue, 200 million people may die prematurely from preventable causes in the 1990's.'' In its first ranking of the world's most prevalent diseases, the health organization said heart disease was the biggest killer not only in the United States but also around the globe. Of the 50 million deaths each year, 40 million are caused by disease and of those, 12 million are from disorders of the heart and blood vessels, the organization said. The report said 14.6 million children under 5 years old die annually in developing countries from disease and other causes. The organization's study found that of that total, 7.5 million die from disorders like measles, tuberculosis or tetanus for which vaccines or cheap and effective treatments exist. Through a shift in resources, many of these deaths could be prevented, the organization said. It estimated the cost of immunizing all children and providing medication and care for the major causes of death would be about $2.5 million a year. The report said spending on health care in the poorest countries averages $5 for each person, as against $460 a person in Western Europe and $1,900 a person in the United States. ''With the decrease in global military tensions, there may be more money to fight the worldwide war on disease,'' Dr. Nakajima said. ''We are looking for a health dividend.'' Changes in the way people live could eliminate many other early deaths from cardiovascular disease, the report said, noting that about three million adults die from tobacco-related diseases each year. | U.N. GROUP SEEKS MONEY FOR HEALTH |
351455_2 | too preoccupied with his partnering, never became a prince. His solos, however, were danced better than anyone else's and were unforced. Miss Ananiashvili has developed into a major ballerina. Her long, tapered legs are part of a blazing and dynamic silhouette, with a sparkling Odile that charms as she seduces. Miss Terekhova's performance had fewer exciting idiosyncrasies, but she proffered the flawlessly classical interpretation that could be expected of this Kirov star. Mr. Lavoie's performance evoked the same bluff, caring Siegfried he presented last spring with American Ballet Theater but was danced with impressively sharper technique. The big surprise was the brilliant and moving performance of two normally inconsistent dancers, Mr. Zaklinsky and Miss Mouis. It was left to them to give the deepest meaning to the love story involving the prince who cannot tell the difference between false and true love. Miss Mouis's taut line and detailed changes in the phrasing made for a tender Odette and a triumphant and diamond-sharp Odile. Mr. Zaklinsky, in top form in his dancing, was the image of a noble, suffering prince. The jester, common to Soviet productions, introduced Ming-Jun Guan, a strikingly high leaper on Saturday night, but the astonishing Daniel Meja, at the other performances, accented the smoothest multiple pirouettes in history. The production, coached also by Alexander Minz, has provocative and striking set designs by John Conklin. This ''Swan Lake'' is a fairy tale whose real world seems to be in Italy and whose fantasy world is in Norway. The tapestrylike first act, dramatically lighted by Craig Miller, is in a garden of Renaissance ruins. A skeletal Tower of Pisa in the distance becomes larger in Act II, which also depicts a blue-white mirror image of turbulent clouds and icy floes. A youthful Rothbart, danced wonderfully by both Simon Dow and Christopher Adams, found his lair behind a broken balustrade. Bzy the fourth act, this lakeside scene is brought closer in that the leaning tower is even larger. Only the ballroom, which looks like a garish red-and-gold hotel lobby, does not fit into this poetic scheme. Mr. Sergeyev, who has created new choreography but has adhered to the standard 1895 Petipa-Ivanov outline (except for some strange harp music before the Act II adagio) has included very little mime. It may be clear that Siegfried is celebrating his birthday, but his mother does not tell him to get married until four | Review/Dance; In Boston, a 'Swan Lake' Without the Gimmicks |
351493_0 | LEAD: At a time when most tire companies are merging in the face of global competition and shuttering many factories, the Cooper Tire and Rubber Company is thriving as an independent and expanding its capacity. At a time when most tire companies are merging in the face of global competition and shuttering many factories, the Cooper Tire and Rubber Company is thriving as an independent and expanding its capacity. By eschewing business with automobile manufacturers and focusing on the growing and less cyclical market for replacement tires, Cooper has achieved a record in the last decade that is the envy of giants like Goodyear, Bridgestone and Michelin. Its profits have increased at a compounded rate of 22 percent annually and its share of the domestic replacement-tire market has doubled, to 10 percent. And with the recent acquisition of Uniroyal Goodrich by Michelin of France, the prospect of Cooper as a takeover target has received new attention from many tire executives and some analysts. The success of Cooper can be attributed in good part to its ability to win over many independent tire dealers, which account for nearly two-thirds of the replacement-tire sales in the United States. It has done this by ''building a reputation as a reliable supplier with up-to-date plants,'' said Harry W. Millis, an analyst with McDonald & Company in Cleveland. What is more, Cooper is popular with the independents because it does not have retail outlets that compete with them, as do the bigger tire companies. (Cooper also sells tires through the independents under a number of private labels, including Atlas, Western Auto and Pep Boys.) Margins in the replacement-tire market are higher than in the new-car market because tire makers sell to car manufacturers at a discount. And demand has been appreciably higher than in the new-tire market because people are driving their cars longer. While people may postpone purchases of cars, they continue to replace their tires. Cooper, which was founded 75 years ago, has also prospered through a lean operation. Indeed, its Spartan headquarters in this quiet town in northwestern Ohio look like an old high school, with old-fashioned furniture and linoleum floors. There is little in the way of plush offices and fancy furniture here. Cooper's strategy has worked well enough that the company's plants have been running at full capacity and the company had to acquire an old Firestone plant in Georgia | A Tire Maker Outdistances Rivals |
357558_0 | LEAD: The World Bank today approved a $300 million loan to help China combat deforestation but indefinitely postponed a second loan of $150 million for roads and waterways that had been opposed by the Bush Administration. The World Bank today approved a $300 million loan to help China combat deforestation but indefinitely postponed a second loan of $150 million for roads and waterways that had been opposed by the Bush Administration. The deferral was engineered by the Administration after it found that it could not muster enough votes to block the loan at today's board meeting in Washington. Both loans had been hotly debated by some members of Congress, who had urged the Administration to prevent the World Bank from making the loans, warning that other initiatives intended to help the third world and Eastern Europe would be in jeopardy. Today's loan was the largest approved by the World Bank since the crackdown against pro-democracy demonstrators in Beijing's Tiananmen Square last June. At that time, the 152-nation World Bank, the largest source of aid to the third world, announced that it was cutting full-scale lending to China. It had been providing China with nearly $2 billion a year, equivalent to about 10 percent of its total annual lending. Under the World Bank's president, Barber B. Conable Jr., the institution now wants to resume normal lending to China. The bank argues that it is not a political institution and that the loans it brings to the board are justified by sound economic criteria, but this policy has fostered opposition from both the Bush Administration and Congressional critics of the Beijing Government. It was largely to appease such critics that the Administration fought against the transportation loan, which would have been used to upgrade roads and waterways in Jiangsu province north of Shanghai. The Administration's position is that loans should go forward to China only if they meet basic criteria to alleviate poverty. It supported the forestation loan, which is to lead to the planting of trees in 15 provinces, a Treasury official said, on the ground that this would generate signficant part-time seasonal employment for poor rural farm families. Also, the loan would increase supplies of wood used by peasants for cooking and heating. The official also noted that the loan would have environmental benefits by increasing the forest cover of China and helping control soil erosion. While the Administration has | China Gets One Loan, but Another Is Put Off |
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