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FBIS3-60673_0 | First Nuclear Power Plant Generates More Power Than Planned | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Qinshan, December 15 (XINHUA)--The Qinshan nuclear power plant, the first Chinese-designed reactor, met its targeted annual generating capacity today, two years ahead of schedule. Located in east China's Zhejiang Province, the plant has generated a total of 1.62 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity since the beginning of this year. According to a plant executive, the plant is currently in trial operation, producing 7.2 million kilowatt-hours every day. The official said that the 300,000-kilowatt plant has generated a total of 2.14 billion kilowatt-hours since it opened two years ago. The plant has helped ease an energy shortage in east China, one of the country's fastest growing areas, he said. The central government has approved a plan for the plant's second phase of construction, which will include the installation of two 600,000-kw generating units, he said. A senior official at the Beijing-based China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) said that the government plans to build a group of new nuclear power plants around the Qinshan area. China currently has two nuclear power plants. The second reactor is located in Dayawan (Daya Bay), in southern Guangdong Province, and is about 50 kilometers northeast of Hong Kong. The Dayawan Plant's first generating set of 900,000 kws went into operation at the end of August this year. |
FBIS3-60676_0 | Need for, Benefits of Nuclear Power Outlined II: Nuclear Power--The Ideal Recipe for Economies Along the Southeast Coast To Get Out of the Impasse | Language: Chinese Article Type:BFN [``Electric Power Problems Report Series'' column, by staff correspondents Chen Zujia (7115 4371 3946) and Zhu Jingruo (2612 4552 5387): ``Nuclear Power: An Option That Leads Us out of the `Bottleneck'''--first paragraph is editor's note] [Text] This newspaper followed the report series on the railway problem in the first half of the year with another series on the electric power problem in the second half. Beginning with the article ``Electric Power: Another `Bottleneck' for China's Economy,'' the series eventually ran for two months, during which it produced 12 articles--all of them carried in a prominent place--and attracted widespread attention from various circles. The following article is the last in the series. In coming days, this paper will carry a synopsis by Shi Dazhen, minister of power industry. We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to all the comrades who cared about and supported the electric power report series, and to those who offered assistance to reporters in their coverage. The entry of nuclear power into our country's economic life is only a recent event. On 15 December 1991, the Taishan nuclear power plant, situated on Hangzhou Bay, delivered powerful electrical current to the east China power grid. Toward the end of this year, the No. 1 generator at the Daya Bay nuclear power plant in Guangdong will go into commercial operation. There will be a continuous supply of nuclear power to Guangdong and Hong Kong, turning a new page in the history of China's energy. At the time we were cheering the takeoff of nuclear power in our country, nuclear power alrady had supplied one sixth of the world's power generation, and in 1992 there were 424 nuclear reactors operating in countries around the world. Changes in the energy consumption structure determine economic upturns and downturns. Following coal and petroleum, the peaceful use of nuclear energy has changed, in its turn, the world economic pattern. I: Nuclear Power--the Key To Solving Problems in Development In the last 40 years, nuclear energy has been one of the main reasons why many countries along the Pacific rim and on the two shores of the Atlantic Ocean achieved rapid economic development despite their remoteness from or shortage of energy resources. In the 1960's and 1970's, when southern China relied on the constant supply of coal from the north, nuclear power rose rapidly to the fore in Europe and |
FBIS3-60711_0 | Navy Nuclear Inspector Criticizes Failure to Meet Standards | Language: Russian Article Type:BFN [From the Russian Ministry of Defense ``Slavyanka'' program] [Text] We have been told by the naval press service that three rods used in nuclear reactors on submarines were stolen 27 November from a strategic depot of the Northern Fleet outside Murmansk. These were spent nuclear fuel components which were being stored in special containers. An inquiry is under way. Unfortunately, neither the command nor naval experts have commented on this. The navy has failed to deal with the issue of building new nuclear waste stores for decades, and the existng stores are already more than full. Nobody in the navy conceals this problem, but the navy is unable to deal with it successfully by itself. This is what our correspondent Vladimir Makarovich was told by Rear-Admiral (Nikolay Irasov), admiral-inspector and head of the nuclear safety inspectorate for nuclear installations of Russia's Ministry of Defense: [Begin recording] Irasov: The main problem is the removal of spent nuclear fuel, because all the spent nuclear fuel stores are virtually crammed full. Stores for fresh nuclear fuel do not meet nuclear safety requirements and there is the problem of ships taken out of combat service, that is, the unloading of active areas. Makarovich: What are the implications of not resolving these matters, not only for the navy, but for the ecological situation in this region? Irasov: There are serious implications, radio-ecological ones, because ships which are left for a long time with radioactive areas not removed could sink. [end recording] |
FBIS3-60729_0 | Reaction to U.S. Defense Policy Outlined | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Article by Jacques Boyon, former minister and president of the National Defense and Armed Forces Commission of France's National Assembly: ``France's and Europe's Reaction to New American Defense Industry Policy''] [Excerpts] Concerned by recent developments in the defense industry, which is suffering from the drop in and staggering of programs for the armed forces, keen U.S. competition on shrinking export markets, and difficulties in European cooperation, the National Assembly's Defense Commission visited the United States from 12 to 17 September. (The delegation was headed by Defense Commission President Boyon and included Daniel Colin, Dominique Dupilet, Pierre Favre, Rene Galy-Dejean, and Patrice Martin-Lalande.) They discussed the outlook for the American arms industry with the new Administration, industry, members of Congress, top Pentagon officials, and consultants. [passage omitted summarizing U.S. defense policy] All of these new orientations are clearly and precisely set out in a document entitled ``Bottom Up Review,'' which should be taken into consideration by those responsible in France. What conclusions can be drawn for our own industrial policies? Research and Development Research and development must be given solid support to maintain our skills base and know-how both at the level of researchers and production teams. There has been a tendency over the past few years to ask manufacturers to finance an increasing part of research themselves to alleviate government costs. If our main competitor is financing research from the taxpayers' money, France should do the same. Failing this, i.e., if our export products also have to integrate research costs, they will no longer be competitive and our overall research effort will become increasingly insufficient. However, the government must draw up a program and industry must reduce the size and number of its research centers. There are certainly too many of them and they lack coherence in their activities. Subcontracting Subcontracting must be given stronger support. The quality of our arms industry is based not only on the excellence of its major armaments, systems, and equipment manufacturers, but also on the existence of a dense fabric of small- and even medium-sized companies which have a proven capacity for innovative products, materials, and techniques. A drive has been launched to remove the reluctance of large companies to farm out research, but this drive need be reinforced. Exports The government should give priority to exportable arms and equipment in its programming. Programs which are technologically or industrially advanced |
FBIS3-60737_2 | Weapons Export Rules To Be Relaxed | still cling to the old principles for the export of war weapons adopted in 1982. They allow: -- Exports to NATO countries without restrictions; -- Exports to states outside NATO only if the ``internal situation of the countries'' is stable, and if the delivery does not contribute to ``increasing existing tensions,'' and if the arms are only intended for the countries' own defense. -- Consultations with the government are imperative before joint projects with foreign companies can be exported to non-NATO countries. In addition, the export of certain goods that are mentioned in a special list is subject to permission. They include nuclear reactors, chemicals, biological agents, or software of strategic significance (dual-use goods), such as computers or radio sets that can be used both for military and civilian purposes. The supply of subcontractor products for weapons companies is subject to a permission if the recipients are classified as sensitive on the H- list. The list mentions 33 countries, including China, Cuba, Israel, and Vietnam. Kinkel has so far been proud of his reservation. At the Federal Security Council, where decisions are made, ``I am alone on the bench. The five others are against me.'' The pressure by the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union [CDU/CSU] and the Free Democratic Party of Germany [FDP] is increasing. During his tour of Asia in the fall, the defense minister from the CDU acted as an enthusiastic weapons lobbyist. South Korea should be treated in the same way as the ASEAN states, he demanded. Unrestricted export of weapons should be allowed to this country, just like to the NATO countries. He has scored an initial success: The Federal Security Council approved the export of 120-millimeter-smooth-bore guns. During his visit to Thailand, Ruehe noted ``great interest in German weapons technology.'' Saudi Arabia has wanted to buy Leopard-2 tanks for two years, State Secretary Joerg Schoenbohm added. As far as the former East Bloc countries Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic are concerned, Ruehe sees ``the need to reconsider our positions.'' These states, which are members of the NATO Cooperation Council, should be given the same status as the NATO states, Ruehe wrote in his letter to the chancellor. Above all, they are interested in tanks. The defense minister would like to revise the H-list. Israel (``an interesting cooperation partner'') and ``in a similar form'' Egypt could be deleted. The former FDP Economics Minister Juergen Moellemann |
FBIS3-60738_11 | Kinkel Outlines `Extended Security' Concept | global cooperation in export control; 6. international armament aid for destroying mass destruction weapons; 7. establishment of an international plutonium regime; 8. introduction of a nuclear weapons registry at the United Nations; 9. a comprehensive nuclear test ban agreement; and 10. coercive measures by the United Nations as a last resort against proliferation on the basis of a corresponding mandate granted by the Security Council. In particular the reliable and environmentally compatible abolition of the mass destruction weapons in Russia and in the other CIS republics is in Germany's direct interest. Since these states need both financial and technological aid, the Federal Government supported this process at an early time with a policy oriented toward the long term. For this purpose, it has concluded an agreement with the Russian Federation on the abolition of nuclear and chemical weapons and has made 10 million German marks available for this purpose this year alone. In a framework agreement with Ukraine, too, we have declared our readiness to provide disarmament aid. However, this disarmament aid must be further expanded and increased. c) Arms control must not exclude special regional problems, such as the ones in Southeastern Europe for instance. Therefore, we have taken the initiative to discuss with our partners concepts of arms control policy for the Balkan region, which should be implemented within the framework of the CSCE and should be included in the current efforts of the peace process of the former Yugoslavia. Proceeding from confidence-building and stabilizing measures, a reduction, limitation, and restriction of the armed forces of all successor states of the former Yugoslavia should be striven for. 4. NATO, too, is facing the task of examining, adjusting, and supplementing its role. First steps have already been taken. Others will follow at the forthcoming NATO summit at the beginning of next year. The NATO ministers' meeting and the meeting of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council on 2 and 3 December have established good preconditions for that. One thing is clear: For the European security architecture and our German interests, the preservation of the central functions of the Alliance, of the protection it provides, and of its guarantees is as important as the close transatlantic ties. The presence of the United States in Europe is an indispensable element of a stable peace order all over Europe. With the goal of a Partnership for Peace, the security policy cooperation between the |
FBIS3-60769_1 | Cathedral, Mosques, Market Bombed in South 4 Killed, 119 Injured in Cathedral | during a packed post-Christmas mass, killing at least four people and wounding more than 100 others, police said. Police said the explosions, which occured almost simultaneously at about 6:20 p.m. (1020 GMT), caused pandemonium among some 3,000 Roman Catholic church-goers present. Some of those hurt were injured in the stampede. A fourth explosive device was found beside a pew near the altar and was detonated by bomb experts. Davao police chief Superintendent Rogelio Abaday said that four people were killed, including 15-year-old Rachel Lu who died on the spot, and that 119 others were wounded, many seriously. He declined to comment on the suspects or any possible motive. Restituta Plete, a candle vendor, told AFP said she was standing with her father and husband, Roberto, on the cathedral steps when they heard the explosion and saw a blinding flash of light. Plete and her husband were wounded but her father, 51-year-old Thomas Juliano, was killed. Tears welling in her eyes, she said doctors told her that her husband's feet might have to be amputated. "I don't know what I will do now. We don't have any money. I'm appealing for help," Plete, in a local hospital, said. Police said two of the explosions were apparently caused by homemade bombs and were attempting to verify witness reports that the third blast was caused by a grenade hurled by a youth who then fled. The first bomb exploded five rows from the altar, the second near the parking lot at the rear. The third, believed to be the grenade, exploded in a middle row of the church. "I was seated on the third pew from the altar when I heard a loud explosion," Sarah Sapun, 27, said from her hospital bed. "Immediately we ducked for cover. My husband covered me and my four-year-old son." Her husband was also wounded. "I am grieving over what happened," said a shocked Davao Mayor Rodrigo Duterte, still clutching a child's slipper he had picked up. In the blasts' aftermath debris such as bags, slippers, shoes and seats littered the church and outside. Residents living near the downtown cathedral, which is near police headquarters, also panicked. Some clambered atop passing mini-buses to get away from the scene while others ran for safety or sought cover. Abaday ordered stepped-up police patrols in the city and all exits were sealed to prevent the suspects from escaping a police dragnet. |
FBIS3-60779_0 | Power Failures Reportedly Caused by Sabotage | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] Buenos Aires, 29 Dec (NA) -- Electricity Department Secretary Carlos Bastos reported today that the electricity cuts recorded on 28 December in different points of the country were caused by sabotage to the power lines coming from the El Chocon and Salto Grande hydroelectric dams. Bastos said that to repair the lines a program of rotational cuts of between 20 and 30 minutes has been prepared. In a news conference Bastos explained that last night, between 1945 and 2120, three different acts of sabotage were carried out on the power lines coming from the El Chocon and Salto Grande dams, leaving some 800,000 people in this capital and an unspecified number of inhabitants in the country's interior without electricity. Since repairing the damage will require between 24 and 48 hours, a plan of cuts in electricity service during "peak" consumption hours had to be implemented. Bastos denied that the cuts could be extended until 31 December. The secretary said the energy supply through a line that links the Salto Grande hydroelectric dam with the locality of Santo Tome, Corrientes Province, was interrupted at 1945 on 28 December. When the failure was investigated, it was discovered that it was caused by a chain thrown on the high-tension power line. Later, at 2020, a second sabotage was carried out, this time on a pylon for a power line from El Chocon, in a place called Unanue, near the intersection of National Route 35 and Provincial Route 215, La Pampa Province. In this manner, the power supply was cut from one of the lines that link the dam with the cities of Puelches (La Pampa) and Henderson (Buenos Aires). An hour later, at 2120, a third attack was recorded only 12 km from the site, on the other high-tension power line that runs parallel to the first. Bastos said that although the reasons are not known so far, he did not rule out the possibility that the objective of these attacks might be the "disruption of the development of events in the energy field or the total political environment" in the country. "So far we have no evidence to attribute the responsibility for these attacks, but we fully rule out that they could have been instigated by Light and Power Union leaders," Bastos said. He added: "Since the repair work will demand between 24 and 48 hours by |
FBIS3-60789_0 | Shining Path Accused of Attacking Non-Governmental Office | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] Lima, 29 Dec (DPA) -- The office of a non-governmental organization suffered slight damage in Lima today as a result of an attack attributed to the Maoist Shining Path. Several subversives planted a package containing explosives under the door of the Center for Population Promotion and Development [Centro de Promocion y Desarrollo Poblacional -- Ceprodep] the explosion of which caused slight damage to the main door and windows of the building and to 20 nearby houses. Sociologist Carlos Tapia, who is in charge of Ceprodep, regretted the attack that was apparently perpetrated by Shining Path members. This is the fourth Shining Path attack since 28 December. The attacks have claimed one dead civilian and 36 injured, including 10 policemen and two soldiers, and have caused heavy structural damage. |
FBIS3-60791_0 | Superior Court Judge Orders Release of Thor Halvorssen | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Article by Mirna Mendoza] [Excerpts] Judge Hector Marcano Batistini, in charge of the 18th Superior Criminal Court, has revoked the arrest warrant that had been issued against Thor Halvorssen, accused of being the mastermind behind a car bomb and financial terrorism case. As you may recall, 42d Criminal Court Judge Oscar Vera Sandoval, who was in charge of the proceedings, issued an arrest warrant against Halvorssen, former president of the CANTV [National Telephone Company of Venezuela] and former presidential commissioner of the Republic, as well as against other people indicted in this case, including Ramiro Francisco Helmeyer Oquendo. The case was turned over to a higher court where 18th Superior Court Judge Hector Marcano Batistini had to modify or ratify the sentence handed down by the lower court. Dr. Batistini announced his decision yesterday and just as expected, Halvorssen was released early this morning. Halvorssen, who had been confined for approximately two months in El Junquito Judicial Penitentiary, abandoned the prison, accompanied by his lawyers Luis Lugo and Vicente Puppio. [passage omitted] Vicente Puppio and Luis Lugo, who defended Thor Halvorssen, made statements as soon as they learned of Judge Marcano Batistini's decision. Puppio spoke first, explaining that "we always said that Halvorssen was innocent, as has been confirmed by the decision of the 18th Superior Court judge." Halvorssen was released, but we have to note that the judge of the 18th Criminal Tribunal left the investigation open. [passage omitted] Luis Lugo said that there is still an investigation pending on the case, "but that Halvorssen regained his total freedom." At 1145 Thor Halvorssen left El Junquito penitentiary, after the papers for his release were taken to the prison in compliance with the judicial order. Upon leaving he said that the decision shows that justice still prevails in Venezuela. He also reiterated his claim of innocence. He asked to be allowed to meet with his family and promised to hold a news conference in the coming days to explain his position and to report publicly about the irregular situation. |
FBIS3-60815_0 | German Review Links Diplomats to 1992 Berlin Attack | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Dieter Rulff report: "Murder Under the Eyes of the Intelligence Service"; spelling of all Iranian names as published] [Text] Berlin -- It goes to the lasting credit of Heinz Annussek, head of the Berlin Land Office for the Protection of the Constitution, that the debate about security policy in Germany has been supplemented with the "practicing terrorist." Speaking to the "Mykonos" Investigation Committee of the Chamber of Deputies, he used this description to make a fine differentiation regarding the dangerousness of Iranian Kazem Darabi. Darabi is currently on trial at the Berlin Higher Court for having been, as an agent of the Iranian intelligence service VEVAK, the wire puller of the attack which killed four leading Kurdish-Iranian opposition politicians on 17 September 1992. According to Annussek's assessment after the deed, his office considered Darabi worth being watched before the attack, but he had not been assessed as a "practicing terrorist" -- that is why his observation was ignored for months. Eckart Werthebach, head of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution [BfV], also did not have "such an assessment of Darabi as a dangerous terrorist" until the day of the attack. In the meantime, doubts about this assessment of the situation by the security organs are mounting. The security organs might have come to different results and could have protected Sadegh Sharafkandi, chairman of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan in Iran, and his three associates better if they had better coordinated and exploited their own sources. Thus, as early as on 16 April 1992 Kazem Darabi's foreigner's file was "urgently" requested by the Federal Office of Criminal Investigations [BKA]. According to a BKA letter, which has been obtained by DIE TAGESZEITUNG, at that time the officials were investigating, upon request by the chief federal prosecutor, several persons "on the suspicion of attempting to bring about a dynamite explosion and of attempted murder." The chief federal prosecutor's office did not want to tell DIE TAGESZEITUNG about the background of the investigations, but the fact that Darabi's foreigner's file was requested leads to the conclusion that he was considered a suspect by the investigators. At this time his foreigner's file was checked in the Senat's internal administration, but none of the officials involved suspected anything as a result of the request. In the Committee Greens Deputy Renate Kuenast is trying to clarify the background of a |
FBIS3-60817_0 | Opposition Group Says PUK Killed Clerics in Kurdistan | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Tehran, Dec 29 (AFP) -- An Iraqi Shiite Moslem opposition group on Wednesday accused the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) of killing six Moslem religious leaders in northern Iraq. The Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI), in a statement received here by AFP, said the religious leaders had either been executed or killed during clashes between the PUK and the rival pro-Iranian Kurdistan Islamic League (KIL). SAIRI also charged that several mosques in northern Iraq had been badly hit during the fighting. "SAIRI strongly condemns such acts and calls for an immediate ceasefire and negotiations," the statement said. Kurdish sources said at least 72 people had been killed and 250 wounded in clashes between the PUK and KIL since last week, mostly in Irbil and al-Sulaymaniyah, which lies close to the Iranian border. The PUK flushed out KIL fighters from their military bases on Monday. PUK leader Jalal Talabani told AFP on Tuesday that the KIL had surrendered their weapons. Meanwhile, SAIRI said an Islamic delegation representing groups opposed to the Iraqi government would soon leave Syria for northern Iraq to mediate between the rival Kurdish factions. The delegation met with Talabani in Damascus Tuesday to discuss the situation in northern Iraq, it said. They asked Talabani to declare an immediate ceasefire and called for information on the fate of the KIL leader, Shaykh 'Uthman 'Abd-al-'Aziz, according to SAIRI. |
FBIS3-60831_2 | Hizballah Leaders Reject Talks With US Committee Nasrallah on Divisions in Hizballah, Rumors | the same spirit and method. We are not annoyed by this. We believe that it only strengthens the confidence in the leadership and also boosts popular sympathy for the party. The people are saying: Israel is seeking the physical liquidation of the party's leaders, in addition to trying to mar the party's reputation as a whole. Israel is the one that assassinated 'Abbas al-Musawi, former secretary general and prince of the martyrs, and is targeting the new secretary general and, of course, all the other leaders. Whoever is waging such a campaign is only collaborating with the enemy, either intentionally or unintentionally. This "popular" view of the issue strengthens our self-confidence and stands. He added: This unjust "campaign" has exploited, for example, the party's decision to participate in the elections to attack us with the aim of "weakening" our stand by making these allegations before the leadership of the Islamic revolution in Iran. It was revolution leader Ayatollah Khamene'i who blessed our decision to enter the elections battle. Therefore, the opposition to the party's participation in the election became an opposition to the Islamic revolution's leader. Any attack on us over this issue is an attack on the revolution leader himself. There was one beneficial outcome of this "campaign" against us, namely some people's accusations that we were working to establish an Islamic rule or an Islamic state. This helped us because it absolved us of something that others regarded as an "accusation" and made our activities acceptable to circles that accused us of working to impose the establishment of an Islamic state in Lebanon. We do not hide our belief in the rule of Islam, but we do not want to impose our views by force. We call for following God through wisdom, example, and conviction. Regarding the allegations made in the campaign against the Hizballah secretary general that there is a trend that is following the al-Da'wah Party inside Hizballah, the secretary general stressed that those who have joined Hizballah from the al-Da'wah Party have left their former affiliation behind and have become part of the Hizballah trend, like the Amal Movement members who joined Hizballah. Even many members who were in the al-Da'wah Party might criticize the ideas and methods they adopted during their former party affiliation, as former Amal members did. Martyr 'Abbas himself was originally a member of the al-Da'wah Party, yet he was a |
FBIS3-60874_0 | Grey Wolves Party Holds First Conference Sets Out Charter | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Baku, December 27 (TURAN)--Yesterday the first ever conference of Boz Gurd Party (Grey Wolves), which used to be a movement, took place. The conference adopted a program and Charter for the party. The party builds its program in accordance with that Azerbaijan has entered a period of construction and development under circumstances of conflict between geopolitical expansionist interests of the great powers. The aim of the party is to build a democratic and free national state. The party assumes the responsibility of guarantor of security of the nation under conditions of its growth within the framework of its historical borders. The party opposes any form of dictatorship, violence, and violation of human rights and lauds a cultural and spiritual renaissance of the nation. Where national and territorial security are concerned, Boz Gurd will, within the framework of the international norms, will struggle for the return of historical Azeri territories that had been granted to other nations by the Russian empire. The main goal of the future is the liberation of Armenian-occupied territories. The party calls for a complete and rapid conversion to a market economy with different forms of property. In the article on national policy, the party's Charter requires that the party respect the rights, national feelings, and religious views of all nations, which do not pose a threat to the Azerbaijani state. As for the main goals in foreign policy, the Boz Gurd seeks to strengthen Azerbaijan's position in the international community. The party respects the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states and comes out for the development of bilateral, mutually beneficial relations with other states. In particular, relations with other Turkic states are stressed. The Boz Gurd party intends to assist Turkic nations in the struggle towards independence. According to the Charter of the party, both the citizens of Azerbaijan, as well as Azeris living abroad may be members. The membership may be of an individual or collective nature. Joining and leaving the party may be done at free will. The party relies on donations by members of the party, staff, and other private citizens. The members of the party will also be required to carry out its Charter's decrees. The party structures its activities according to the territorial-administrative divisions of Azerbaijan. That is, village and city entities consisting of not less than 10 members. The departments are united into regional and |
FBIS3-60882_0 | Kurds Arrested in Attack on Turkish Targets in Denmark | Language: Danish Article Type:CSO [Article by Hans Moller and Mikkel Thrane: "New Arrest in Bombing Case"] [Text] Terrorism: At a closed hearing yesterday a 31-year-old Kurd was ordered held in solitary confinement for 13 days. Security police in Copenhagen yesterday arrested a man suspected of having participated in one of three attacks against Turkish targets in Copenhagen on 4 November at 1130. This attack apparently was carried out in coordination with other terrorist bombings in different places of Europe. The 31-year-old Kurd, who is a Turkish citizen, was arrested Thursday [25 November] at the asylum center in Auderod after his fingerprints were found on a lighter recovered near the Turkish Economic and Trade Center on Borger street in Copenhagen. He pleads not guilty. On the day after the attacks a 19-year-old Kurd, who has applied for asylum, was arrested, admitting to throwing rocks at the Turkish Airline. Having arrested the 31-year-old, the Danish police are the only ones in Europe to have in custody two suspects who can be connected to the wave of terrorist attacks. No organization has stepped forward claiming responsibility for the attacks attempted in Copenhagen and directed against the Turkish Information Office, the Turkish Airline, and the Turkish Economic and Trade Center. However, the Kurdish rebel movement PKK [Kurdish Workers Party] and the Kurdish Labor Party are suspected of being behind it, because, among other things, the attacks in Copenhagen coincided with the movement's attacks in a number of other places in Europe. Yesterday the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared PKK and 33 other Kurdish organizations illegal effective immediately; however, the Danish minister of justice, Erling Olsen, refuses to take such a drastic step. |
FBIS3-60883_0 | Police Report Attacks on Foreigners Over Holidays | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Unattributed report: "Further Attacks on Foreigners"] [Text] Foreigners and resettlers were the targets of attacks that occurred in Brandenburg and Schleswig-Holstein over the Christmas holidays. Police say no one was injured in the attacks. Following an attempted bombing attack on an asylum-seeker's home in Hohenstein-Steckenroth, Hesse, an arrest warrant was issued for a man who has confessed to the incident. The 20-year-old man said his motive was a hatred of foreigners. According to police, a fire in an asylum-seekers' home in Nuremberg, in which one Turkish man died, was an accident that had no political background. |
FBIS3-60884_0 | BfV Warns Against Rising Terrorism From Abroad | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Unattributed report: "Terror From Abroad Increasing"] [Text] The Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution [BfV] is sounding the alarm: Foreign terrorists are carrying out attacks in Germany with increasing frequency -- as a protest against oppression in their homelands. The BfV says in a confidential report: German targets are "increasingly aimed at by foreign groups that are ready to use violence." Terrorists from abroad: The BfV is warning against the following groups: -- Workers Party of Kurdistan, PKK (banned since November): It has "repeatedly voiced threats against the Federal Government" and receives "support from the German left-wing extremist scene." -- Lebanese Hizballah (Party of God): It was reportedly involved in the assassination of four Kurdish functionaries in Berlin. -- Islamic extremists: They are supported by, for example, Iran and Libya. They persecute and kill critics and opposition members. Says the BfV report: "The constitutional protection authorities have repeatedly managed to prevent attempts to assassinate opposition members." -- Indian Sikhs: They are fighting for their own state in the Indian Punjab. Sikhs who live in our country have reportedly carried out an attack on the Indian ambassador in Romania. -- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE): Terrorists from Sri Lanka are reportedly extorting donations from their compatriots in Germany. Twenty investigations are underway. -- Serbian and Croatian groups: According to the BfV, clashes between extremist members of these two ethnic groups are becoming more and more frequent. |
FBIS3-60888_0 | TV Program Interviews Iraqi Ambassador on Terrorism | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Interview with Iraqi Ambassador to Turkey Raf i'Dahham Mujjawil al-Tikriti by Erturk Yondem in the "Behind the Scenes" program; date and place not given --recorded, al-Tikriti speaks in Arabic with superimposed Turkish translation] [Text] [Yondem] Honorable Ambassador, are you closely following the terrorism perpetrated in Turkey by the PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan]? How do you describe this form of terrorism? [Al-Tikriti] Terrorism is the worst thing in the world and we hate terrorism. The aim of terrorism is to hurt people and for this reason we strongly condemn terrorism. We, as a state, are against all kinds of terrorism because terrorism is an act against humanity and religion. We are greatly distressed by the situation in which friendly Turkey finds itself. The security of Turkey has great importance for us. In my opinion, I think terrorist activities are ongoing in northern Iraq and we are aware of this. It is definite that there is cooperation between Abdullah Ocalan and Jalal Talabani and that their aim is to establish a Kurdish state. I would like to point out that our people and our government want to cooperate with Turkey on the issue of terrorism and we are always ready to cooperate in preventing initiatives that aim to divide Turkey. [Yondem] Which countries, do you think, support the PKK? What do you know about this issue? [Al-Tikriti] Terrorist activities exacerbated in recent years because Apo [Ocalan's nom de guerre] and the Iraqi Kurds are trying to achieve their dreams. Apo and Talabani could not be so courageous if they had only themselves to depend on. This proves the point that foreign forces support these organizations, primarily the United States and the Western countries. The most important proof of this support are the Poised Hammer units in the region. The real help comes from those units. The United States and the Western countries are implementing their plan very well. On the issue of neighboring countries supporting the PKK, I cannot evaluate this issue but I can definitely say that the United States and Western countries are extending their support. Do you know why PKK terrorism exacerbated over the past three years? The reason is that the empty territory in northern Iraq is being used for terrorist bases since Iraq was struck down. This is the reason why attacks on Turkey are being perpetrated from that area. We think |
FBIS3-60889_0 | OZGUR GUNDEM Editor, Director Arrested as PKK Members | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Announcer-read report over video] [Text] The Istanbul State Security Court has ordered the arrest of Gurbetelli Ersoz, the chief editor of OZGUR GUNDEM, and of Ali Riza Halis, the director of the newspaper. Eighteen persons working for OZGUR GUNDEM had been taken into custody a while ago within the framework of the investigation being conducted in connection with the terrorist organization PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan]. Today, the 18 were taken from the anti-terrorist department to the Istanbul State Security Court Prosecutor's Office. After the prosecutor questioned them, 14 of the suspects were released. The other four appeared before the judge. Of the four, Ersoz and Halis were arrested for being members of the PKK. The other two were released. |
FBIS3-60890_0 | TWPLA Scores Victory Against PKK in Tunceli | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by Saygi Ozturk: "War Between PKK and TWPLA"] [Text] The Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] has emerged defeated from the struggle it waged against the Turkish Workers-Peasants Liberation Army [TWPLA] in Tunceli to establish an upper hand over that organization. It has been ascertained that the TWPLA militants have wounded one of PKK's leading members, Muslim Durgun alias Dr. Baran, and captured two PKK commanders. The TWPLA, which is the armed wing of the Turkish Communist Party -- Marxist-Leninist Organization [TCP--MLO], adopted a decision to move against the PKK after it declared Tunceli the "Dersim Province." In an extraordinary party meeting in the Mercan valley in the Munzur mountains, the TCP--MLO decided to wage a struggle to obstruct the PKK's effort to gain the upper hand in Tunceli. Moving in light of that decision, the TWPLA strengthened its armed mountain groups. TCP--MLO Secretary General Yusuf Kose and TWPLA Commander Hakki Alpan decided that PKK's strength in Tunceli must be weakened, TWPLA's militants must maintain their training on the Munzur mountains winter and summer, and the number of TWPLA's militants must be increased. It has been ascertained that the PKK has failed to achieve its objectives in Tunceli and has been forced by the consecutive defeats it has suffered to try to reach an agreement with the TWPLA. However, the TWPLA has refused to reach an agreement with that organization. It has also been ascertained that the TWPLA, which has adopted an aggressive stand against the PKK, has contacted Armenia and asked to be allowed to establish a camp in that republic. |
FBIS3-60894_0 | Four Wounded by Grenades Thrown at TPP Ankara Headquarters PKK Takes Credit | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara, Dec 30 (AFP)--[passage omitted] The PKK claimed a bomb attack Tuesday night on the offices of the governing True Path party in Ankara, in which four people were injured. |
FBIS3-60895_0 | Speculation on Ocalan's `Murder' in Syria AFP Cites Turkish Press | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara Dec 28 (AFP)--The leader of the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), Abdullah Ocalan, is believed to have been murdered in Syria, where he usually lives, the Turkish press reported on Tuesday. Interior Minister Nahit Mentese, in a telephone interview with state television, said reports that Ocalan might have been killed or wounded had reached Ankara, but it had not yet been possible to confirm the truth of them. Prime Minister Tansu Ciller told the press there might be "surprising developments" concerning terrorism. There were reports a few weeks ago, which the authorities here could not confirm, that Ocalan had been arrested in Syria on the orders of President Hafiz al-Asad. Turkey has often complained that Syria, and Iran, give help to the PKK in its decade-long fight in south-east Turkey for a Kurdish state. Since 1984, more than 10,500 civilians, rebels and troops have been killed in the fighting. |
FBIS3-60896_0 | Speculation on Ocalan's `Murder' in Syria PKK Spokesman Says Rumors Untrue | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Excerpt] Ankara, Dec 28 (AFP)--[passage omitted] A PKK spokesman in Brussels, Kani Yilmaz, dismissed the reports. "Lying reports of this kind make us laugh. We have said often enough that our leader is in (Turkish) Kurdistan at the head of the struggle," Yilmaz said in a statement to the Kurdistan Committee, an agency which represents PKK views. He said Ocalan would probably meet members of the Turkish and international media at his base in Kurdistan in the near future. [passage omitted] |
FBIS3-60897_0 | Speculation on Ocalan's `Murder' in Syria Minister Gives No Confirmation | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Text] Interior Minister Nahit Mentese announced that an operation was undertaken to destroy PKK [Kurdish Workers Party] leader Abdullah Ocalan. However, Mentese indicated that they still do not have definite information confirming the assassination of Apo [alias for Abdullah Ocalan]. [Begin recording] [Metin Corabatir] Is there an ongoing operation to kill Ocalan? [Mentese] Of course, there is an ongoing operation to catch him dead or alive. [Corabatir] In fact, though, there is no news just now. [Mentese] Certain indications reached us yesterday, just the way they reached you. I tried to confirm them through the intelligence units and the Foreign Ministry. I have not received any confirmation as yet. [end recording] |
FBIS3-60899_0 | Explosion at University in Diyarbakir; 16 Wounded ERNK Claims Responsibility | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara, Dec 30 (AFP)--[passage omitted] Responsibility for the attack, which injured 23 students, was claimed in phone calls to several Turkish dailies by the National Front for the Liberation of Kurdistan [ERNK], a splinter group of the separatist Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), which has been leading the armed rebellion against Ankara since 1984. |
FBIS3-60900_0 | PKK Rep Says `Actions' To Begin in Spring, Warns Tourists | Language: German Article Type:BFN [Interview with Kani Yilmaz of the National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK), who represents the interests of the Workers Party of Kurdistan (PKK) in Europe, by an unidentified STERN correspondent; place and date not given: "I Warn All Europeans"] [Text] [STERN] The PKK was banned in Germany following attacks on Turkish consulates and shops. Does it still exist? [Yilmaz] It never officially existed in Germany. Our party is the Kurdish families who live here. We work in their houses. And this is where this interview is taking place. Who wants to prevent that? [STERN] How many followers does the PKK have in Germany? [Yilmaz] About 200,000. [STERN] Do we now have to expect new attacks? [Yilmaz] If our existence is threatened, our people will react. [STERN] What does that mean? [Yilmaz] The PKK followers are considered to be "terrorists" when they break a few doors. It is not to be considered terrorism when our people in Turkish Kurdistan are murdered with German weapons. [STERN] Can you explain that? [Yilmaz] Take the massacre in Lice. There, an entire town was turned into rubble. These were tanks from Germany. Then the Kurds blew off their rage on Turkish institutions in Germany. So what? If the breaking of windows is branded as "terrorism," then our "terrorism" is "good terrorism." [STERN] Do tourists in Turkey have to be afraid of the PKK? [Yilmaz] Each German mark that a tourist spends in Turkey means the death of a person in Kurdistan. Therefore, tourism is a very serious target for us. The actions will begin in spring with utmost determination. No one should go to Turkey. We cannot guarantee the lives of Germans, either. I warn all Europeans: Whoever goes to Turkey endangers his or her life. |
FBIS3-60901_0 | Twelve PKK Members Captured in Adana for Explosions | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Announcer-read report over video] [Text] Twelve persons, two of them women, believed to be members of the PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] terrorist organization have been captured in Adana. According to a statement issued by the Adana Governor's Office, it has been determined that the suspects threw explosives at various work sites, recruited members and secured logistic support for the organization, and extorted money from the people. A revolver, a switchblade, raw material used in the manufacture of explosives, bullet proof vests, military uniforms, video and cassette recorders for propaganda purposes, and organizational documents were found in searches conducted in the suspects' houses and offices. |
FBIS3-60907_2 | NOTE TO SUBSCRIBERS: FAX SERVICE | Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) leader Ocalan "might have been killed or wounded" in Syria. A National Liberation Front of Kurdistan (ERNK) representative told a German magazine that "tourism is a very serious target for us. The actions will begin in spring with utmost determination. No one should go to Turkey." SELECTED VIDEO REPORTS The following list includes terrorism-related video reports extracted from FBIS Video Program Summaries from 23 to 29 December, ordered alphabetically by country. Each entry is prefaced by the name of the city where the report originated, followed by the FBIS TV Center order number (e.g., BOG 93-001) and the date of broadcast. Tapes may be ordered by calling 1-800-822-5115 for subscribers in Virginia and 1-800-542-8660 for those outside Virginia. Tapes are available for 30 days and are for U.S. Government official use only. China/Taiwan Madrid MAD 93-357, Moscow MRT 93-504, Moscow MOS 93-5955 and Algiers ALG 93-359 (28 Dec)--Couple hijacks plane to Taiwan; 10th this year. Egypt Havana HAV 93-335 (28 Dec) and Paris PAR 93-712 and 714 (27 Dec)--Reports on bomb thrown at Austrian tourist bus in Cairo. Algiers ALG 93-359 (28 Dec)--Report on attack on Cairo jewelry shop (fundamentalists suspected). Johannesburg JOH 93-477 (28 Dec)--"Extremists" kill three in Cairo (1 min). France/United Kingdom Paris PAR 93-704 (23 Dec), 93-709 (25 Dec) and 93-710 (26 Dec)--More on explosives washed up on shores of Brittany, Charente-Maritime. Georgia Tripoli TRI 93-328 (25 Dec)--Explosion at Tbilisi "intelligence HQs" kills two. Riyadh RIY 93-356 and Berlin BER 93-248 (26 Dec)--Report on Tbilisi explosion. Moscow MOS 93-5945 (27 Dec)--Report on "inter-ministerial conflict" leading to explosion at Tbilisi airport. Israel/Palestinians Berlin BER 93-243 (23 Dec)--Footage of Hamas member reading statement announcing unilateral ceasefire. Peru Lima LIM 93-263 (29 Dec)--Report on bombing of Air Force funeral home shows site, building rubble, firemen helping victims, interviews with eyewitnesses. Second report covers car bombs at police posts; video shows site, witness. Berlin BER 93-253, Madrid MAD 93-359 and Luanda LUA 93-357 (29 Dec)--Lima bomb attacks kill two. Philippines Johannesburg JOH 93-476 (27 Dec)--Report on "two bomb explosions." Russia Moscow MOS 93-5944 and MRT 93-499 (23 Dec)--First broadcast is correspondent's report on schoolchildren taken hostage in Rostov-on-Don, second is video report on helicopter departing. Moscow MOS 93-5947, 93-5948, Madrid MAD 93-353, Berlin BER 93-245, Paris PAR 93-706 and Hamburg HAM 93-271 (24 Dec)--Updates on hostage crisis; first broadcast shows task force, two released teenagers. Moscow MOS |
FBIS3-60931_0 | Bomb Explodes in Lima; Nine Persons Injured | Language: Spanish Article Type:BFN [Text] Lima, 6 Jan (EFE) -- A cart used by street workers in Lima exploded today in front of a store located in the capital's downtown area. The explosion injured nine persons and caused considerable damage. The store's windows shattered into fragments injuring various persons, including two children. According to witnesses, the cart was left by two men and a woman shortly before the explosion. A branch of the same store located in Lima's Miraflores District was attacked with a car bomb last November, shortly after one of its owners was released by the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Four Chileans affiliated with the MRTA were arrested on that occasion. They will be sentenced, probably to life, today or tomorrow, it was reported on Tuesday by Daniel Espichan, special prosecutor for cases of terrorism. Today's attack follows the detonation of three car bombs that were placed in Lima beginning 28 December and which resulted in one death, 40 injured persons, and the destruction of numerous stores and houses. The National Police attributed these and other attacks to the Maoist Shining Path band. |
FBIS3-60935_0 | Turkish Paper Reports on Islamic Movement in Kurdistan | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Column by Hasan Cemal: "As the Hizballah in Iraq Appears on the Scene"] [Excerpt] An Islamic organization has surfaced in northern Iraq to carry out armed activities in that part of the country. It has identified itself as the Islamic Movement in Kurdistan [Kurdistan Islamci Hareketi, IMK]... The IMK militants attacked the supporters of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, which is headed by Jalal Talabani. The attacks took place last Saturday, Monday, and Tuesday. The militants also clashed with the supporters of Mas'ud Barzani, leader of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. The incidents were in Raniyah, Kifri, and Kujah... The Hizballah in Iraq has established itself in Kuldazah and Raniyah, which are close to Iran's border. That organization is not represented in the Federal Assembly of Kurdistan, which is based in Irbil, because it only secured 5.1 percent of the votes in the elections in 1992. Seven percent of the vote was needed for representation. Iran's Support The Hizballah organization in Iraq is mainly supported by Tehran... It has received aid from Iran in the form of cash, arms, and provisions, particularly since 1991. That is common knowledge. According to Ahmad Bamarni, who is a close associate of Jalal Talabani, the Hizballah organization is also supported by Saudi Arabia and even by Afghanistan. That organization's ideology is based on Imam Khomeyni's teachings. Naturally, that provides for Tehran's support. Nevertheless, the Hizballah members have not renounced their religious sect. They are the followers of the Sunni sect. Of course, that accounts for Saudi Arabia's support. The recent weakening of the economy in northern Iraq has had a significant bearing on the strengthening of the Hizballah organization. The gradual worsening of poverty has disappointed the people in the region. Consequently, that state of affairs has nourished Islamic radicalism, as has been the case among the Palestinian people and in Algeria. Obviously, Islamic radicalism has strengthened as a result of poverty and the central administration's failures. Beards and Islamic Dress We met Ahmad Bamarni a few days ago. Referring to the Hizballah organization, he said: "We have a university in Irbil. It provides education for 5,000 students. We have colleges for agricultural and medical studies in Dahuk. We also have an institute for veterinary studies and a medical college in al-Sulaymaniyah. Students from many families do not attend them because they are poor. However, the IMK gives them an |
FBIS3-60935_2 | Turkish Paper Reports on Islamic Movement in Kurdistan | Of course, that accounts for Saudi Arabia's support. The recent weakening of the economy in northern Iraq has had a significant bearing on the strengthening of the Hizballah organization. The gradual worsening of poverty has disappointed the people in the region. Consequently, that state of affairs has nourished Islamic radicalism, as has been the case among the Palestinian people and in Algeria. Obviously, Islamic radicalism has strengthened as a result of poverty and the central administration's failures. Beards and Islamic Dress We met Ahmad Bamarni a few days ago. Referring to the Hizballah organization, he said: "We have a university in Irbil. It provides education for 5,000 students. We have colleges for agricultural and medical studies in Dahuk. We also have an institute for veterinary studies and a medical college in al-Sulaymaniyah. Students from many families do not attend them because they are poor. However, the IMK gives them an opportunity to study, provided that the male students wear a beard and female students wear Islamic dress. In fact, the number of young people who join this organization is gradually increasing." Yes, the Hizballah organization employs several tactics to strengthen itself. Meanwhile, it also helps many people to have their own shops or establish their own businesses. I have observed the poverty in northern Iraq. In view of that, I am aware of what can be achieved even through small amounts of material aid. What Does Tehran Fear? What does Tehran, which supports the Hizballah organization, wish to achieve in northern Iraq? Bamerni replied as follows: The Hizballah organization is playing Iran's game. Tehran wishes to create instability in northern Iraq. Iran's military aircraft repeatedly bombed the northern Iraq border area some time ago. That country closed its border about three weeks ago. It closed down the border gates that give access to al-Sulaymaniyah, Hajj 'Umran, and Irbil. What worries Tehran is this: A democratic, pluralistic, and secular system is being established in northern Iraq for the first time. Political parties exist in Irbil and other large cities. There are newspapers, magazines, and radio networks. The people are expressing their opinion. The people also appear on television. The modernization process has made Tehran feel very uneasy. Iran's officials fear that the Kurds in Iran and the rest of Iraq may decide to adopt a similar model. They believe that that would be an unfavorable example for their country. [passage omitted] |
FBIS3-60941_4 | Islamic Group Spokesman Refuses Reconciliation | to say is that we still hold our view on the matter of extradition to Egypt. We are saying that if the U.S. Government extradites Dr. 'Abd-al-Rahman to Egypt, it will have made a great mistake, and a needless one. Because they have gone this far with their trickery and fabricated a charge against him, they know better than anyone that he is innocent, and in this case we will not comment--with words. [Salah-al-Din] What is your comment on reports that Dr. 'Umar 'Abd-al-Rahman was a CIA agent, and that he was actually involved in the bombing of the World Trade Center in New York? [Qasim] That is a lie and slander that merits no response whatsoever. We have declared that al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah and its leader had no part in the bombing case in America. We are positive that the first to be aware of Dr. 'Abd-al-Rahman's innocence was the U.S. Government itself. [Salah-al-Din] One of the charges against 'Abd-al-Rahman is that he took a sum of money collected from Muslims in the United States for the Afghan mujahidin, and that this was the cause of his dispute with Mustafa Shalabi. That 'Abd-al-Rahman was behind Shalabi's murder. [Qasim] That is laughable. It has no leg to stand on, not even a lame one. First of all: Dr. 'Abd-al-Rahman went recently to America when the Afghan issue was barely settled, and before that he was virtually under house arrest for two years. Secondly: Shalabi was the director of al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah's U.S. office. The charge that the leader of al-Jama'ah was behind his murder is an invalid charge, because, anyway, a Muslim would not dare kill another Muslim or encourage others to do so. Third: we believe that the aim of spreading these rumors is to draw attention away from the real killers who brutally killed Mustafa Shalabi. [Salah-al-Din] And who was that? [Qasim] We believe it was the Mosad (Israeli intelligence). There was a close relationship between al-Sayyid Nusayr, who killed [Meir] Kahane, and Mustafa Shalabi. We know that the Mosad had information confirming that Shalabi was the planner of Kahane's assassination. [Salah-al-Din] Does that mean that there were no disputes between 'Abd-al-Rahman and Shalabi? [Qasim] There were no basic differences that would lead to such an act. The differences were in their points of view as regarded administrating their work. [Salah-al-Din] What is al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah? Who are its members? What |
FBIS3-60941_8 | Islamic Group Spokesman Refuses Reconciliation | came back to al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah as if nothing had happened. [Salah-al-Din] Why did Shawqi al-Shaykh and his group split off from al-Jama'ah and form an organization called "al-Shawqiyun" that has remained active even after al-Shaykh's murder? [Qasim] This Shawqi al-Shaykh was never a member of al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah. He and his group were arrested during the police's campaigns in al-Fayyum against al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah. Neither he nor any of those with him were members, but they were tortured in prison and they became inclined to the charge of unbelief. We in al-Jama'ah have a policy on the charge of unbelief, and we undertook to prepare religious research on this subject. In any case, the existence of these small groups that appear now and then is the result of the government's practices and the restriction of the clergy to issuing religious edicts that serve to support the status quo. Even when Shaykh al-Ghazali spoke the truth in his testimony in the case of Faraj Fudah [assassinated secularist], there were vicious secularist attacks on him. [Salah-al-Din] What do you think of al-Shawqiyun's armed attacks on the gold shops and seizure of non-Muslims' money? [Qasim] We do not approve of this issue from the point of view of legitimacy. It is an extremely complicated issue, which has detailed precepts, because Islam is against stealing, killing, and treachery, except in time of war. Thus we do not approve of the seizure of the money of any person in this way without the precepts set out by the clergy. [Salah-al-Din] But the deeds that you are committing also hurt innocent people. [Qasim] When we carry out our operations we are careful not to hit any member of the general public. The operations are aimed at the targeted person. The proof is that we carried out the assassination attempt on former Interior Minister Zaki Badr in a desert area, far from populated areas, so that no innocent person would be injured. In any case, if someone happens to be in a place where one of our operations is carried out, and he is hurt, we feel sorry for him. I affirm that none of our operations has ever hurt anyone. The bombings were attributed to al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah, for example, but the truth is that we did not do them. When members of al-Jama'ah carry out an operation, we announce it. We did not say this out of fear, |
FBIS3-60941_11 | Islamic Group Spokesman Refuses Reconciliation | an edict to kill all policemen? [Qasim] We draw a distinction between killing and combat. In the case of a killing, there must be a specific edict against a killer, or someone who has taken part in the killing of one of our brothers, or represents part of the organization. In the case of combat, that usually takes place during an all-out confrontation, as happened in Dayrut. Young men there are considered to be in a combat situation with the police and all their representatives, because they attack these youths and their families. They consider all of them enemies. If you take a pigeon and want to kill it, you will see it beat its wings, and you don't blame the pigeon for doing that. What of a Muslim man seeing these practices, when he considers that any security force that takes part in these practices are bent on combat? [Salah-al-Din] Who are those on the assassination lists that you have prepared? [Qasim] This business of lists is just a form of provocation used against al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah. It is used by secularist writers and some government newspapers. Some provocation is accomplished, but I consider it laughable. It is said that we put people on assassination lists because they listen to Shaykh 'Abd-al-Basit 'Abd-al-Samad reading the Koran. Can anyone believe that? There are some who say that we want to kill some artist. Our cause, and our chief enemies, are the ruling government and the group that cooperates with them. [Salah-al-Din] Who is that group? [Qasim] Anyone who supports or sustains the foundations of the regime. For example, who supports the regime? The State Security Agency, of course. Who is its tool? The police. I am amazed at people who value themslves so highly and claim that they are targets. This is not their time. Our confrontation now is with the regime. [Salah-al-Din] What are your relations with the Copts? [Qasim] We have a study on this topic, published in several installments in the magazine AL-MURABITUN. These Christians will never find justice anywhere but in an Islamic state. I believe that Egypt's security service is trying to prove that members of al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah are attacking Christians. There are also some Christian individuals who engage in dangerous practices, purposely stirring up trouble, in order to provoke State Security into striking at Islamists is some areas, thus achieving their aim. These practices are |
FBIS3-60959_14 | AL-SHIRA' Carries Four Analyses of Hizballah Leaders, Future Problems Within Party Viewed | the future, using the same standards, which the party has been using to weigh the positions that it must take. The standards that are being referred to here are those which attempt to play the game of regional considerations, particularly as they manifest themselves in Iran. Accordingly, proponents of that way of thinking who have the lion's share of influence on the party's decisions argue about which one of two possible occurrences is more likely. The first possible occurrence involves Tehran and Ankara. Recently, it became evident to both Iran and Turkey that Soviet Asia will not become the new area where they can exercise their regional influence because the republics in that section of Asia continue to look at Russia as their big brother who can solve their problems. Accordingly, Tehran and Ankara, particularly Tehran, will find themselves compelled to intensify the process by means of which their regional policies would be steered toward the Arab East and concentrated there. That will breathe new life once again into Hizballah as a factor in Iran's foreign policy that is to be weighed in. Consequently, the party will have new regional reasons to help it surmount the dividing line of having its role terminated in the coming stage. The second possible occurrence is one that can be noted with pleasure, but it is one that calls for reservation and caution. This is because Iran could be persuaded with regional gains or with desperately needed economic gains, provided its foreign policies in the region are held in check. If Iran is persuaded by these temptations, Tehran might either tell Hizballah to take a step backwards, or it might cut it off and let it face its destiny all by itself. But why would Tehran respond now to temptations such as those that have already been mentioned? In answering that question proponents of the second possible occurrence in Hizballah say that there are several reasons why Tehran would respond to these temptations. Most important, economic conditions in Iran are deteriorating, and there is a desperate need for foreign assistance. Actually, Japan has been playing an active role for quite some time to persuade Iran to accept the following proposition: Tokyo will try to help Iran internationally by persuading the West to ease the blockade placed around Iran. [Toyko said] "You, Iranians, however, will have to help us prove that you have abandoned those |
FBIS3-60972_0 | Bulgaria Denies Report on Kurdish Terrorists' Presence | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Sofia, December 30 (BTA) -- The Ministry of the Interior tonight denied a story in the TEMPO magazine of Ankara, alleging that members of a Kurdish terrorist organization were based in Bulgaria. "The Ministries of Bulgaria and Turkey have signed a cooperation agreement and exchange information on the combatting of terrorism," says a press release of the Interior Ministry received at BTA. It stresses that Bulgaria's special services have no information on the existence of such an organization in this country and have not exchanged information on the matter with Turkey. "What the magazine says about there being a link between a Kurdish terrorist organization and Iranian drug traffickers could be described only as a journalist's interpretation unsupported by facts and evidence," the press release also says. The story in TEMPO, commented in most big Bulgarian dailies today, says the Bulgarian special services have found out that PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] members have penetrated into Bulgaria after some West European countries outlawed them. The story alleges that the PKK was connected with one Iraqi and two Iranian drug runners, discovered in a recent police check in a Sofia flat, in which one policeman was killed. Indeed one police officer was killed on December 6, and another died from his wounds in hospital later on, but the Bulgarian police reported they had been shot by Iranian drug traffickers, shot dead by the police as they resisted arrest. The Interior Ministry also stated it had no information on the existence of a Bulgarian-Greek ring which, according to ELLADHA SIMERA of Greece, illegally transfers foreign currency. Allegedly, it operates through gambling casinos in Bulgaria and is connected with senior government officials. "The Interior Ministries of Bulgaria and Greece have signed an agreement which includes exchange of operative information, so far, however, there has been neither information nor inquiries about the activities of such a group," says the ministry's press release. |
FBIS3-60973_0 | Grey Wolves' Turkish Affiliate Active in Europe Plan To Attack Kurdish `Mafia' in Europe | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by Mehmet Salih Ceviker] [Text] Frankfurt -- There are indications that the Idealist [Turkish right-wing organization affiliated with the Grey Wolves of Alparslan Turkes] mafia in Germany is getting ready to attack the Kurdish mafia. A source that once was a member of MHP's [National Movement Party] European organization said that the attacks will be "directed against prominent Kurds in the narcotics business." The attacks are being organized from Germany. There are indications that Kurdish businessmen, who have considerable control over the narcotics business in Frankfurt, are the primary targets. It was also reported that operations are also planned against the Kurdish businessmen and PKK [Kurdish Workers Party] leaders in other cities. It is being said that MHP leader Alparslan Turkes has moved to activate the Turkish Federation, which is MHP's side organization in Europe. It is being said that Turkes has issued the following instruction: "We started the operation in Turkey. Now, it is the time to act in Europe. We will definitely go into action." In recent years, the Turkish Federation has been rapidly losing ground. The grassroots of the Turkish Federation has been to a great extent taken over and organized by other extreme right-wing organizations. There are indications that "dergahs" [courts] organized abroad by a team operating under Muhsin Yazicioglu, leader of Grand Unity Party [BBP], have gathered most MHP members around them. Turkes Was in Frankfurt on 25 December It is being reported that during his visit to Germany on 25-26 December, Turkes held a number of meetings. It is being said that Turkes was introduced to people to be used in the operations, and that he even said the following to these people: "The Turkish people need you and your experience. Trust in the Federation and make your preparations." There are indications that after many years, the Turkish Federation has started to gather "fanatic and arms-carrying" militants. It is being reported that these people are constantly subjected to the propaganda that "the Kurds are collecting protection money from the Turks, that is, from people close to us. How long could we remain spectators to this?" and that they have been given certain names as their targets. It was learned that they have particularly targeted the Kurdish mafia godfathers, a certain Huseyin and a certain Erdal in Frankfurt. In the meantime, efforts are under way to "improve relations" between MIT |
FBIS3-60974_0 | Grey Wolves' Turkish Affiliate Active in Europe Turkes' Hit Man Linked to Club, Nadir in Cyprus | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by M. Salih Ceviker] [Excerpts] Frankfurt -- It has been learned that Alparslan Turkes, leader of MHP [Nationalist Movement Party], met with the national taekwondo team member Kenan Aygun -- whom the Counterguerrilla uses to commit assassinations -- in Frankfurt on 25 December, last Saturday. It is being claimed that Turkes asked Aygun to carry out assignments to be given by MHP's organization abroad. [passage omitted] The [north] Cyprus press had carried reports to the effect that Aygun, who met Turkes at the Frankfurt headquarters of the Turkish Federation last Saturday, was working in affiliation with the [northern] Cyprus's Taekwondo Federation, which is under Counterguerrilla control, and that he was involved in various murders and stabbings. Aygun had told the newspaper KIBRIS, owned by Asil Nadir, that the Directorate of [north] Cyprus Civilian Affairs Department, which is known to be the headquarters of the Counterguerrilla in Cyprus, had asked him to abduct a Turkish officer held in prison on the Greek Cypriot side. YENIDUZEN quoted Aygun, who is reportedly a member of the inner circle of Nadir's bodyguards, as saying that MIT [Turkish Intelligence Organization] interfered in the 1991 elections in northern Cyprus and that the Commander of the Cyprus Peace Forces General Ali Yalcin had sent a threatening letter to the leftist [Turkish] Cypriots asking them to support the National Unity Party. It was learned that Aygun, who was expelled from Cyprus, was beaten up and gravely injured in Germany for his revelations. It was reported that the attack took place in Frankfurt's Galluswarte quarter on 6 October 1992. It was learned that Aygun, who was hit on the head with an iron bar and sustained knife wounds to his forehead and abdomen, was taken to hospital by police. Noting that the attackers also searched Aygun's home, the police officers said that the attack was designed not to kill him but warn him. |
FBIS3-60975_0 | Germany's Kinkel Interviewed on PKK, Turkish Extremism | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN ["Text" of exclusive interview with German Foreign Minister Klaus Kinkel by MILLIYET correspondent Regaip Minareci in Bonn; date not given] [Excerpts] Bonn--[Minareci] Germany was the first country to describe the Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] as a terrorist organization and ban its activities. Meanwhile, it has encouraged several countries in Europe to close down the Kurdish organizations in them. A widespread view behind the political scenes in Turkey is that Germany expects Turkey to reciprocate. [Kinkel] No, expecting something in return from Turkey is out of the question. I have always wanted to have the PKK activities banned. I am glad that that has been done now. The legal requirements for and the possible outcome of the banning of associations in Germany, which is governed on the basis of a liberal constitution, have to be debated in detail. That is essential. The significant wave of agitation throughout Germany on 4 November should have convinced everyone that remaining inactive against the militant Kurdish groups, which wanted to achieve their objective through violence, was no longer possible. They posed a threat to Germany's security and public order. They also posed a threat to peaceful coexistence in Germany. We cannot allow the internal disputes in Turkey to be transferred to our country. Nor do we wish to allow that to happen. We respect the rights of the Turkish citizens in Germany. However, we must not be expected to adopt an understanding approach on acts of violence. [passage omitted] [Minareci] How does Germany plan to prevent the PKK from violating the ban and establishing new organizations under different names? Can you comment on how the PKK will behave in Germany in the future? What are the measures the German Government plans to put into effect against possible PKK attacks in the future? [Kinkel] The Federal Internal Affairs Minister's decision not only bans the PKK and the 34 organizations affiliated with it but also prohibits any move to establish new organizations to replace them. Naturally, the police and the judicial organs will see to it that the ban is imposed within the framework of the laws. They will bring criminal charges against anyone who violates Germany's laws. [Minareci] While the European Union [EU] members have moved to cooperate against the PKK, Greece has openly supported that terrorist organization. Will Germany hold talks with Greece on that matter? [Kinkel] The PKK problem has |
FBIS3-60985_0 | Hammer Force in Turkey, Hizballah in Northern Iraq Viewed | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Article by Taha Akyol: "The Hammer Force"] [Text] Ankara is worried by several reports from northern Iraq because they indicate that the Kurds will soon be involved in clashes among themselves. 1. Hizballah members have attacked and killed 10 of Democratic Party of Kurdistan Leader Mas'ud Barzani's supporters. What has drawn attention is that the Hizballah attacks began after Mas'ud Barzani condemned the Kurdish Workers Party [PKK]. 2. The Hizballah movement in northern Iraq is still a weak organization, but it is gradually gaining strength. Ethem Barzani, who is a member of the Barzan tribe, is one of the important members of the Hizballah. 3. The socialist group headed by Rasul Mahmud is gradually becoming militant in nature. That group has been clashing with Mas'ud Barzani's men. 4. Mas'ud Barzani's relations with Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Leader Jalal Talabani have deteriorated. It is difficult to predict how effective the chairmanship council that Barzani and Talabani have established to prevent clashes between the two sides will be. The question at the present time is as follows: How will the maintenance or the withdrawal of the Hammer Force affect the present situation in northern Iraq? Siyamet Muzuri, one of the Hizballah leaders in northern Iraq, on 29 May told MILLIYET correspondent Namik Durukan the following: "The day when we shall take control of northern Iraq is very near. Our relations with the federal government are not favorable at the present time. That is because the government members prefer the secular system, as is the case in Turkey." Muzuri openly praised Iran and said that "Ayatollah Khomeyni taught us our objectives." The radical groups in northern Iraq are gradually becoming more and more aggressive. Furthermore, they seem to be inclined toward establishing a front against Mas'ud Barzani. That front will also include the PKK. Meanwhile, Talabani continues to be an unreliable leader. Obviously, the armed radical organizations will become more effective if instability worsens as a result of confusion or civil war in northern Iraq. Consequently, there will be a gradual increase in the forces interfering in the developments in that region. Obviously, the Hizballah groups and the PKK, by nature, are eager to have such a situation prevail in northern Iraq. It is a fact that the Hammer Force safeguards northern Iraq against Saddam Husayn's regime in Baghdad. However, that force also helps the "moderate" Barzani-Talabani administration maintain |
FBIS3-60985_1 | Hammer Force in Turkey, Hizballah in Northern Iraq Viewed | of the Hizballah leaders in northern Iraq, on 29 May told MILLIYET correspondent Namik Durukan the following: "The day when we shall take control of northern Iraq is very near. Our relations with the federal government are not favorable at the present time. That is because the government members prefer the secular system, as is the case in Turkey." Muzuri openly praised Iran and said that "Ayatollah Khomeyni taught us our objectives." The radical groups in northern Iraq are gradually becoming more and more aggressive. Furthermore, they seem to be inclined toward establishing a front against Mas'ud Barzani. That front will also include the PKK. Meanwhile, Talabani continues to be an unreliable leader. Obviously, the armed radical organizations will become more effective if instability worsens as a result of confusion or civil war in northern Iraq. Consequently, there will be a gradual increase in the forces interfering in the developments in that region. Obviously, the Hizballah groups and the PKK, by nature, are eager to have such a situation prevail in northern Iraq. It is a fact that the Hammer Force safeguards northern Iraq against Saddam Husayn's regime in Baghdad. However, that force also helps the "moderate" Barzani-Talabani administration maintain a relatively stable situation in that region. Naturally, as far as Turkey is concerned, Barzani is a more important leader. The reason why the PKK and the Hizballah groups in northern Iraq are opposed to the Hammer Force is as follows: They want instability to worsen and a wave of confusion or internal war to sweep through the region so they can become more effective. In fact, they may even cooperate with Saddam Husayn in order to achieve their objectives. The destabilization in northern Iraq may result in armed activities and create a new wave of refugees. That state of affairs would disturb Turkey. There is no evidence that the Hammer Force supports the PKK. It must be pointed out that Turkish officers fly in the Hammer Force aircraft that patrol the region. In fact, President Demirel has said that the Hammer Force has been helpful to Turkey by providing information for the operations the security forces carry out in the region. We wish that there was no justification for the presence of the Hammer Force in Turkey. However, high-ranking officials in Ankara regard that force as an essential factor because it is keeping the instability in northern Iraq from |
FBIS3-60986_0 | Reports on PKK Plan To Move to Armenia Seen as Syrian Ploy | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara--Recent speculation that, under pressure from Damascus, the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is gearing up to move its headquarters from Syria to Armenia, is suspected in Turkey of being disinformation to ease Turkey's own pressure on that country to deal with the terrorists. Unconfirmed reports, coming from Middle East sources, have it that PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan has felt the Syrian grip on his organization tightening up and is now seeking a better base for the movement. Through his own contacts with Armenians in Syria and Lebanon, sources claimed, Ocalan is currently making arrangements to base the PKK in Kurdish area of Armenia where the organization has increasing mass support. Observers here suspect that such reports aim at putting Turkey's policy with regard to Syria off track and forcing it to ease its pressure on the PKK. Recently, Turkish officials signed a security protocol with the Syrians, accepting the exchange of terrorists and the extradition of draft dodgers. A majority of PKK militants are known to be draft evaders. Syria also guaranteed it would not allow terrorist organizations to use its territories. Turkey observes a complete embargo on Armenia and has no diplomatic ties with the country. Turkish contacts with Armenia only take place on a multilateral level and are limited to such things as the Black Sea Economic Cooperation scheme, CSCE and the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. With Syria, however, Turkey has strong bilateral ties and there is considerable U.S. pressure on that country as well. Official sources in Ankara suspect that the message given via speculation on the PKK leadership's intention to move is that if Syria is further pressurized, Turkey may lose any indirect control it has on this organization. In other words, the message could be that if Turkish pressure goes too far and the Syrians get more disturbed over Ankara's tightening grip, it could send the PKK off to a country where it will flourish freely. If the PKK is based in Armenia, it would be literally impossible to prevent its organizational activities there with the lack of diplomatic contact. Meanwhile, security sources on Tuesday denied a report which appeared as a banner story in the Turkish daily HURRIYET and said there had been no contact between the National Intelligence Organization (MIT) and the Syrian secret service, Mukhabarat. HURRIYET claimed in its report that two MIT officers had secretly |
FBIS3-60987_0 | PKK Members Reportedly Training With ASALA | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by Gorsel Polat: "PKK Will Attack With ASALA in the Spring"] [Text] Ankara--It has been reported that the Kurdish Workers Party [PKK] members, who train in several camps in Armenia, and ASALA [Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia] militants will carry out joint operations against Turkey through Armenia's border in the spring. The General Directorate of Police has compiled a file on "PKK activities in Armenia." A document in the file said that the PKK established its camps around villages close to Turkey's border, villages that are mostly inhabited by Kurdish citizens and Armenians who are hostile to the Turkish people. The file said that the PKK members are training with the ASALA militants in al-Biqa' valley in Lebanon and the Zeli camp in northern Iraq. Regarding PKK's links with the Armenians, it said: 1. The terrorist ASALA militants have trained the PKK members in the PKK camps in Jordan [as published] and Syria, recruited new members for that organization, and supplied arms and other required material to them. ASALA continues to support the PKK at the present time. 2. PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan is supported by Armenia and ASALA. He personally supervises PKK's links with Armenia. Ocalan has established training camps near Armenian villages close to Turkey's border. His militants train in those camps at the present time. The Armenian Government is aware of PKK activities and it supports them. PKK's training camps are located around villages close to Turkey's border, which are mostly inhabited by Kurdish citizens and Armenians who are hostile to the Turkish people. 3. It is believed that the PKK members and ASALA militants, who train in those camps, will attack Turkey through Armenia's border in the near future (beginning in spring 1994). The file noted that the Armenian Government is aware of the support given to that organization in Armenia. It listed the Armenian villages that help the PKK as follows: Mirek, Ria Taza, Elegis, Shengavit, Derek, Afsin, Suphan, Chumyshvan, and Senger in Aragats district; Baradzh, Hakko, Gelto, Sorik, Kabaktapa, Tellik, and Sechanly in Amri Taze, Talin district; Ferik in Baysyz Echmiadzin district, and Samiran in Ashtarak district. |
FBIS3-60988_0 | Overall PKK-Related Casualty Figures for 1993 Given | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara--Despite official statements that the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) received a major blow in 1993, official figures show a twofold increase in terrorist activities during the first 11 months of the year in comparison to the same period in 1992. According to official figures provided by Turkish security sources and the Interior Ministry, the number of civilians killed this year increased by 100 percent compared to last year's statistics. Official data shows that in all of 1992 there were 1,920 PKK-related incidents throughout Turkey while this figure reached 3,901 in only the first 11 months of this year. Meanwhile, the civilian death toll was recorded at 1,249 as of November 30, 1993, representing an increase of about 100 percent from 1992's year-end figure of 618. During the same period in 1993, a total of 676 security officials, including temporary village guards, soldiers and policemen, were killed. Last year, this figure stood at 634. Official figures, provided in writing to the TURKISH DAILY NEWS, revealed an increase in PKK casualties and injuries in 1993 with 1,552 terrorists killed and 121 wounded, in contrast to last year's figures of 1,228 killed and 52 wounded. However, the number of alleged terrorists caught by security forces so far in 1993 was 7,640 lower than the 7,908 terrorists caught in 1992. While 853 civilians were wounded in 1992, the figure rose to 1,389 in 1993. The number of wounded security personnel also increased in this year's figures. During the first 11 months of 1993, security forces confiscated 3,028 long-range rifles, 1,221 guns, 2,164 bombs and 463,378 bullets. In all of 1992, security forces had managed to seize 3,109 long-range rifles, 1,290 guns, 2,368 bombs and 352,959 bullets. |
FBIS3-60991_0 | Syria Stops Talabani, Burkay From Meeting Ocalan | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Report by Hikmet Cicek] [Text] Ankara -- It has been learned that the Syrian authorities have rejected a request from Jalal Talabani, leader of the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan [PUK], and Kemal Burkay, secretary-general of the Kurdistan Socialist Party [PSK], for a meeting with the leader of the PKK [Kurdish Workers Party] Abdullah Ocalan. According to the available information, Talabani and Burkay went to the Syrian capital Damascus last week to meet Ocalan. It was said that Talabani and Burkay were going to propose to Ocalan to declare a cease-fire on the eve of the local elections [in Turkey]. Syria's refusal to allow the meeting to take place opened the way to some speculation. PUK's representative in Ankara confirmed that Talabani went to Syria last week and stayed there for "a very brief period." The representative said that he has no information as to whether a meeting was held with Apo [alias for Abdullah Ocalan]. It has been learned that PUK leader Jalal Talabani has now gone to Saudi Arabia from Syria. It was reported that Saudi Arabia has extended an official invitation to Talabani. The meeting with Talabani was interpreted as Saudi Arabia assuming an active interest in the Kurdish problem. It has also been learned that Semdin Sakik, PKK's Amed [area covering Diyarbakir, Bingol, and Mus] provincial commander, has resigned from his post and left for Germany. It was reported that Sakik, who had kidney problems, resigned his position voluntarily and that a new commander has been "appointed" for Amed. The PKK circles ascribe reports of "differences" between Sakik and Ocalan to the "psychological warfare" being waged by the state. |
FBIS3-60992_0 | Paramilitary Evacuate Cizre at Gunpoint To Oppose KPP | Language: English Article Type:BFN [Text] Ankara/Diyarbakir--Local sources claim that state-controlled paramilitary village guards in the southeastern town of Cizre, have started evacuating civilians from a crowded district in a bid to curb Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) activities there. Villagers arriving in the southeastern provincial capital of Diyarbakir on Tuesday, said that 400 houses in the Cizre district of Dicle had already been evacuated at gunpoint. They said the remaining 600 houses in the same district were also being evacuated. Local officials in Diyarbakir said they had not heard of the development but would look into claims. Villagers, who refused to be identified for fear of retaliation, said they too had applied to local officials but were given no explanation. The village guards, they said, were brought to Cizre from the villages of Silopi and had settled down in a nearby neighborhood. The Cizre district has come to be known as a PKK stronghold. Villagers claim that their lives are threatened and that they are forced to listen to the guards. The fate of the evacuated houses is not yet known. |
FBIS3-60993_0 | Fifteen PKK Members Caught in Antalya, Manisa | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Announcer-read report] [Text] A total of 15 members of the terrorist PKK [Workers Party of Kurdistan] organization, three of them women, were caught in Antalya and Manisa's Turgutlu District. The suspects participated in an armed attack against a military installation in Antalya, extorted money from the people, engaged in propaganda for the organization, and threw Molotov cocktails and hand grenades at various places. Along with the suspects, the security forces also seized two Kalashnikov rifles, four pistols, 19 hand grenades, numerous magazines and rounds of ammunition, and material used in the manufacture of bombs. |
FBIS3-60994_0 | Thirteen Leftist Organization Members Caught in Istanbul | Language: Turkish Article Type:BFN [Announcer-read report] [Text] During operations conducted against an illegal leftist organization in Istanbul, security forces caught 13 persons. According to a statement issued by the Istanbul Security Directorate, security forces learned that some people arrived in the country in order to reactivate their organization. In operations launched as a result of this information, security forces captured 13 organization members in their safe houses together with two pistols, many rounds of ammunition, and organizational documents. It was reported that some of the organization members were caught en route to Hatay with the aim of attending a training camp in Syria. During their interrogation, the suspects admitted that after their training in the camp they were to be assigned to participate in actions in the rural and urban areas in line with instructions to be received from the organization's headquarters abroad. The suspects were reportedly involved in throwing bombs and distributing pamphlets on behalf of the organization in Izmir, Istanbul, Germany, Switzerland, and Netherlands. Meanwhile it was also learned that in 1992 the suspects underwent armed training in the organization's Syrian camp. |
FBIS3-60998_0 | HIGHLIGHTS | Article Type:CSO Editor's Note: The FBIS Terrorism Desk welcomes suscribers' comments and suggestions at (703) 733-5512. Highlights and major incidents in this edition of the Terrorism Report include: Algeria Security officials identified the man responsible for killing 12 Croats last month as Sayeh Attia. Officials suspect him in "more than 200 attacks." Austria/Serbia On 30 December, a Serbian national was arrested as he tried to cross into Austria carrying 1.5 kg of explosives. Bulgaria/Turkey The Bulgarian Interior Ministry denied a Turkish magazine report alleging PKK (Kurdish Workers Party) criminal activity in Bulgaria. Croatia/International Croatian soldiers held four Canadian UN peacekeepers at gunpoint for several hours on 5 January. Europe/Turkey AYDINLIK newspaper from Istanbul runs two articles on the National Movement Party led by Alparslan Turkes. The first article details plans to kill Turkish drug dealers in Europe, and the second details the organization's links to hitman Kenan Aygun. France/Iran/Switzerland On 29 December, France expelled to Iran Mohsen Sharif Esfahani and Ahmad Taheri, who are accused of killing the brother of a Mojahedin-e Khalq leader in Geneva in 1990. The Swiss Government has protested France's decision, as it had reqested that the two be extradited to Switzerland. Germany/U.S. German judicial authorities reported that their government has been trying since August to extradite Libyan diplomat "Yusef C." from Lebanon in connection with the 1986 "La Belle" disco bombing that killed two Americans. Lebanon The Terrorism Report runs three in-depth articles from the 27 September issue of AL-SHIRA' on Hizballah's future and links with the Islamic Call party. Lebanese and Syrian security agencies arrested a "network" involved in bombings in Tripoli and its suburbs. Two of the network members admitted that they carried out five bombings in December. Voice of Lebanon reports the arrest of several men, including former security officials and a military officer candidate, in a November assassination plot targetting President Ilyas al-Hirawi. A "security source" denied any plot against the president. Palestinians The 10 groups opposed to the Gaza-Jericho agreement have announced the formation of the "Alliance of the Palestinian Forces," with the goal of continuing "armed struggle and jihad." Philippines Police reportedly arrested two members of the Abu-Sayyaf Group for the December bombing of a Davao cathedral, but MALAYA newspaper reported the two arrestees as "missing" on 1 January. The Davao mayor denied that anyone had been arrested. Russia On 30 December, Moscow Russian Television Network broadcast a profile |
FBIS3-61001_0 | France Expels Iranians Suspected of Geneva Murder Bani Sadr Alleges Complicity | Language: French Article Type:BFN [Veziane de Vezins report: "The Cold Fury of Bani Sadr -- At His Home in Versailles, The Former President Deposed By The Mullahs Does Not Mince His Words"] [Excerpts] While the presumed assassins of the opponent of the Tehran regime, Kazem Rajavi, are heading back to Tehran, one Iranian, the vestige of an attempt at democracy, and the most highly profiled target of the mullahs' regime, is boiling with indignation in his freezing house in Versailles. The former president of the Iranian Republic, Abolhassan Bani Sadr, who came to power in 1981, only to be deposed by the parliament 18 months later, rants and raves in his own particular manner, [which is] both oriental and Parisian. Without dropping his shy smile and virtual whisper, he said: "The government is respecting neither its laws, nor the European extradition treaty. Not so long ago, it was committed to `terrorizing the terrorists.' Who said this is the country of human rights?" [passage omitted] How can the French Government's refusal to extradite Mohsen Sharif Espahani and Ahmad Taheri to Switzerland be explained? Bani Sadr evokes the choice between fear of a new wave of terrorist activity and deliberate complicity. "Fear? I do not think so. Every time a government gives in to a terrorist state it is encouraging acts of violence. When Naccache was sent back to Iran they assassinated Bakhtiar. And look at Algeria. No. There is some form of complicity between the Iranian regime and the French Government." He then goes on to describe Iran as the "only country in the world whose foreign policy can be summed up as [being characterized by] terrorism, arms purchases, indebtedness, and large-scale corruption." But what complicity? Continuing his argument cautiously, Bani Sadr, his gaze fixed on the floor, calls to mind Gorbachev, abandoned by Europe, while the Iranian regime, [which is] "greatly weakened and highly indebted, and which is only being propped up by foreign support," has received $30 billion in short-term aid over the last four years. "It is facilitating the task of these governments in the Muslim world. It stands for Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism. It is serving to supplant the threat of communism and generate fear." The revolt of Bani Sadr, [who remains] motionless, is visible only on his face. He interrupts himself while tea is served, then puts forward a hypothesis: "If the French Government committed the |
FBIS3-61007_3 | New MiG-29M Multirole Version of MiG-29 Described | the electromagnetic field of the powerful transmitting antenna of a radio broadcasting station is also well known. An increased-area stabilizer with a "tooth" on the leading edge has also been installed on the aircraft to increase the effectiveness of the control system. The "tooth" improves the flow pattern at large angles of stabilizer settings. One of the noticeable outward differences of the MiG-29M from the prior model is the absence of fences running from the base of the rudders along the upper surface of the wings. They were used on the MiG-29 to house the thermal decoy target and chaff firing devices. This device is located under a fairing on the upper surface of the fuselage on the latest model. There is an air brake of large area (more than one square meter) located behind the cockpit. The longitudinal moment that arises when setting the panel is countered automatically by the SDU. One braking chute with an area of 17 m<sup> 2</sup> has been replaced with two of 13 m<sup> 2</sup> each. The reinforced landing gear, designed for the maximum takeoff weight, has a brake with enhanced power, which reduces the length of the runout. The forward portion of the fuselage, of welded design, is made of aluminum-lithium alloy. This has provided a sharp reduction in weight, since there is no need to make the joints airtight in the fuel tank/compartments or cockpit, there are no overlaps for riveting and the unit mass has been reduced. There is another advantage to this design--the complete utilization of internal spaces to hold fuel. This could not be done in a rivet-fastened design, owing to the impossibility of making all of the rivet seams airtight. Composite materials are widely used on the MiG-29M, as on the MiG-29. The air brakes, engine cowlings, air-intake ducts and rudders are made of them. The design of most of the enumerated elements is composite-honeycomb, which markedly reduces the weight and provides quite high rigidity. The fundamentally new design and the additional internal volume freed up after the elimination of the upper intakes has made it possible to increase the fuel reserves by 1,500 l, bringing them to 5,700 l. The flight range at cruising speed and altitude has been increased from 1,500 to 2,000 km. Three external fuel tanks (a center tank with a capacity of 1,500 l and two wing tanks with 1,150 l each) provide |
FBIS3-61007_6 | New MiG-29M Multirole Version of MiG-29 Described | and we have gone even further with the MiG-29M." The RD-33K engines have thrust with afterburners of 8,800 kgf, which is 500 kgf more than the series-produced RD-33 engines. The letter K signifies that they belong to the shipborne MiG-29K version, where the increased thrust achieved by the installation of a new fan with increased air consumption supports ramp takeoff from the short deck of aircraft carrier. An integrated digital regulating system for the engine is envisaged that also devises control commands for the flaps of the air intake. The MiG-29M, as opposed to its predecessor (intended by and large for the destruction of airborne targets), is a true multirole tactical fighter with a rich arsenal of air-to-surface guided weapons. The war in the Persian Gulf visibly demonstrated the decisive significance of so-called "smart" weapons. R. Belyakov relates that many potential export customers have appealed to the OKB to expand the capabilities of the MiG-29 in operations against ground targets. The weapons control system (SUV) on the MiG-29M is a new one. Its foundation is the multifunctional pulse-Doppler radar developed by the Fazotron NPO [Scientific-Production Association], operating with high, medium and low pulse repetition rates. The antenna is a planar slit array. Even though the range of airborne target detection has effectively not increased, the variety of operating modes and the "intelligence" of the set, including jamming protection, has become substantially more extensive. The air-to-air modes include tracking of up to ten targets in fire-and-forget mode, and the simultaneous firing on two to four of them in open space or against the ground. The automatic lock-on of targets from vertical-scan mode is provided in close-range air-to-air combat. The set of air-to-ground modes is very broad--mapping with a active beam and synthesized aperture, enlargement of the scale of depiction of a selected plot on a map ("electronic loop") and "freezing" of an image, measurement of the intrinsic speed of the aircraft to correct the navigational system and to compensate for the wind when delivering non-guided weapons, measurement of the coordinates of selected land or sea targets and support of low-altitude flight with automatic obstacle avoidance. The electro-optic portion of the SUV has also been substantially refined. The optical-locating set (OLS) is equipped with a new and sensitive infrared receiver with deep cooling, which has increased many times over the range of target detection from thermal emissions. The power of the laser |
FBIS3-61015_2 | More Intelligent Thrust to Accident Prevention Proposed | or for the officials of the SBP. Under these conditions, it would be expedient, while preserving the established principle of ensuring flight safety "from the top down" (High Command--larger formations and units--air unit--pilot), also to take into account the degree of motivation to prevent accidents "the other way"--"from the bottom up" (that is, to start right with the pilot). The pilot was considered to be the object of exhortation, monitoring and, of course, sanctions under the command-administrative system for his failure to observe a host of flight-safety requirements from officials at all levels when preventive measures were organized to avoid accidents. It came to pass that he, while personally risking, at a minimum, his flight and service career and, frequently, the state of his health and sometimes even his life in a flight accident, seemingly had considerably less of a vested interest in the safety of his flights than a host of superior officers! When preventive work is optimized relying on the predominant role of the personality of the pilot, for whom all the higher structures should be working, we obtain a powerful supplement in the form of the organizational energy of thousands of pilots (or members of flight crews) to the efforts of dozens of SBP specialists. It is no secret that it is namely the pilots who in practice prevent thousands of dangerous situations arising from the omissions and oversights of officials in various fields every year. But there are reserves here as well, since almost every one of the crashes and accidents that occurs over the course of a year could have been prevented or, at least, had a less grave outcome with timely and correct actions (after the dangerous situation arose) by the crew. The unsatisfactory level of training of the flight personnel in practical prevention of the accidents that are most typical of their branch of aviation and type of airframe, however, leads to the systematic repetition of one and the same accident and crash situations arising out of objective or subjective unfavorable factors that are exhaustively studied by the SBP specialists, but prove each time to be new and unexpected for the next crew to get into the difficult situation. That is just what happened when an Mi-8 helicopter hit a mountain slope hidden by cloud cover and crashed while transporting refugees from the Transcaucasus in July of last year. The air-traffic control bodies |
FBIS3-61025_3 | Aviation Command/Control in Combined-Arms Operation | command and control system do not have them. Unclear differentiation of the functions of command and control bodies and facilities of Ground Troops aviation and front air army aviation, and incomplete definition of the duties of control post officials in organizing combat employment of aviation and command and control of it during an operation (combat), also have a negative effect on aviation command and control. Incidentally, similar problems also had to be solved by U.S. Army command authorities in the early 1980's when army aviation was made an independent combat arm. Over the course of several years, three interrelated levels were created in the U.S. Army Aviation command and control system: Command, coordination of operations in the airspace, and air traffic control. The Army Corps [AC] Combat Operations Control Center [COCC] has army aviation squads from the operations office of the corps headquarters and an airspace operations coordination team. The division COCC includes an airspace operations coordination group [AOCG]. Combat support groups (which organize coordination with army aviation) and a brigade staff aviation officer, coordinating operations in the airspace over the combat operations area, are located at the brigade command post. The coordination group is formed when the antitank helicopter battalion is transferred to the operational subordination of the combined-arms brigade. At the battalion's command post are a fire support coordination officer and a staff representative of the motorized rifle battalion (tank battalion). The composition of the COCC and AOCG includes an air defense officer, tactical and army aviation officers, a field artillery officer, an electronic warfare [EW] officer, an air traffic control officer, and also support personnel, who all together participate in organizing and accomplishing coordination. To increase the effectiveness of command and control, army aviation created its own ATMAC automated control system (similar to the 485L tactical aviation automated control system). In the future it is planned to equip tactical and army aviation aircraft and helicopters with a new system for determining the location of troops, installations, and communications--the PLRS/JTIDS, which will enable airborne objects to determine their location with an accuracy of up to 25 meters and to exchange information in the data transmission mode using the automated control system. (There is virtually continuous coordination with the control post of the Ground Troops and even with individual objects--tanks, self-propelled artillery mounts, surface-to-air missile systems, self-propelled antiaircraft guns, infantry fighting vehicles, and so forth). It seems that it |
FBIS3-61029_2 | Military Trade Union Work Supporting Servicemen's Rights | In July 1993 prices, these measures required almost 2 billion rubles. The treasury didn't have the money for these things, and it still doesn't today. Meanwhile, the situation is critical. And if Army and Navy workers and office employees have not held mass strikes like the miners, this is due solely to their high degree of conscientiousness and to their special legal situation, which does not allow such actions. Veterans remember how even during the war years, financing was provided monthly. But today, money is distributed only as it becomes available. Funds might be distributed several times in one week, but more often there is nothing to distribute. And how can you ask a person whose wages haven't reached the subsistence minimum lately and, moreover, haven't been paid on time, to give his work everything he's got? But this has to be done during this of time personnel shortages in order to somehow maintain the forces' vital activities. Throughout this period, the Federation of Trade Unions of Armed Forces Workers and Office Employees did not sit around doing nothing. "We tried to call the attention of the national leadership and the Ministry of Defense to the emerging situation," said Federation Deputy Chairman Vladimir Volkov. "In addition, we took part in setting norms, exercising our right of legislative initiative. Very many difficulties, unfortunately, stem from the uncertain legal status of civilian personnel in the Armed Forces." Of course, the most difficult situation obtains in the near foreign countries, where financial problems are many times more acute and the status of civilians working in military units is altogether unclear. When a Russian citizen went to work, for example, in the Western Group of Forces, he knew every last term of his contract. But what about in the near foreign countries? What are the rights of citizens of republics that do not belong to the CIS but in which Russian military units are stationed, if they work in these units? To start, we should at least clarify the social and legal status of Russian Federation citizens in Russia, since they are pursuing careers with the Armed Forces voluntarily and under contract. By analogy with the Law "On the Status of Servicemen," the executive committee of the Federation of Trade Unions made such attempts with the support of the Defense Ministry. But a kind of impasse has arisen here too. To expect that the |
FBIS3-61029_5 | Military Trade Union Work Supporting Servicemen's Rights | defense minister Order No. 285, which has regulated housing issues in the Army and Navy ever since 1975, states explicitly that workers and office employees are to be provided with apartments at their place of residence. In other words, they do not appear to have the right to even dream of getting housing at their place of service. In the new conditions, such a relationship between a worker and his employer, in the form of the Defense Ministry, is hardly justified -- especially considering the fact that the Defense Ministry has one million civilian employees today, and they have a very strong influence on the state of affairs in the forces. With the cutbacks in the Armed Forces, in accordance with defense minister Order No. 295, which took effect this year, they are permitted to substitute in the forces for 40 officer positions and for more than 200 positions normally held by warrant Army and Navy warrant officers, extended-duty servicemen, senior sergeants, soldiers, and seamen, and to hold such important positions as leading research associates, test engineers, designers, chief designers, chiefs of apartment-operation services, chiefs of aircraft maintenance services, and others. According to some estimates, the number of workers and office employees could grow by 15 percent in the next few years, and they will play an increasingly important role in strengthening the country's defense capability. This means that we must work to solve their problems too -- to come up with funds, to improve the legal foundation, and to observe mutual agreements more strictly. This was the subject of a recent meeting of a trilateral commission that discussed progress in implementing the wage agreement. A decision was taken to extend the agreement to 1994. The deadline for assembling and reaching agreement on amendments and changes in the document based on the past year's experience and on all outstanding problems expired today. * * * Note: Major-General Viktor Rudik, chief of the labor and wages administration for Russian Armed Forces civilian personnel, reports that by decision of the Russian Federation Council of Ministers of 7 December 1993, No. 1268, the monthly wage rate for category-one of the uniform wage rate for budget-sphere workers was set at 16,000 rubles as of 1 December. Based on this, the wages of Defense Ministry workers and office employees, in accordance with Russian Defense Minister Order No. 130 of March 8, 1993, is being doubled. |
FBIS3-61030_3 | Status, Future Needs of Military Air Transport | missions and problems of these air garrisons. There is good reason why aviators in miliary air transport are referred to as "laborers of the sky." Practically all crews in military air transport have experienced runs lasting many days to the most remote corners of the country, and to neighboring and distant countries. This, when due to the absence of travel money they had to eat and sleep aboard the airplane, when a fuel truck or an airfield engine starting unit had to be begged or "commandeered" from "alien" airports, and other such "life's tribulations." And despite the fact that these toilers get little in return for their nomadic way of life, they conscientiously fulfill their duty, sometimes at the limit of human endurance. Together with paratroopers, VTA crews were the first to arrive in Afghanistan and the last to leave. They were also the first to reach Armenia after the earthquake. In 20 days of December 1988 360 VTA airplanes flew over 1,200 sorties. They carried 380 truck-mounted cranes, 180 tractors, bulldozers and excavators, more than 10,000 tents and yurts, and over 37,000 tons of other equipment and cargo needed in the rescue efforts. I have been to the air force TsKP (central command post). Who in the air force flies on days off and even on holidays? Only VTA crews. They fly from 50 to 100 sorties daily. Despite the shortage of aviation fuel, spare parts and other expendables (this topic needs special discussion), the intensity of flying in VTA is high. I selected 1 December of this year at random, and asked: What routes were the crews flying that day? On this day VTA carried out 49 special assignments. (On other days this figure can double.) The planned assignments included: a) in the Transcaucasus--10 An-22 and Il-76 airplanes. Delivery of food, and transport of military dependents and refugees on the return leg; b) in the Western Group of Forces (Germany)--9 An-22 and Il-76 airplanes. Planned troop withdrawal; c) in Dushanbe--2 Il-76 airplanes. Delivery of food and medicine, and transport of military dependents and soldiers discharged into the reserves on the return leg. Five runs to Tiksy, Anadyr, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy and Vladivostok to carry food and goods to garrisons in the Far North and Far East were planned in the interests of the Central Trade Administration. In addition, five VTA regiments flew planned training flights on this day. In short, |
FBIS3-61041_4 | Grachev: `Pressing Problems of Force Generation, Training' | oriented on neutralizing the so-called threat from the former USSR and its allies. At the same time a desire by some states (coalitions) to achieve domination over certain regions and the world as a whole, and to incite internal conflicts, which cannot but evoke natural anxiety in Russia, can be observed. We are forced to consider the probability of change in the political course of certain countries, possible attempts at rethinking postwar borders, and the maintenance of armed forces by some states that exceed the needs of defense. Five hundred thirty divisions, 42,000 tanks and 12,000 warplanes are concentrated near Russia's borders. This impressive instrument of war and how politicians will use it in the future is a problem with many unknowns. It is often said today that the situation in the world has changed fundamentally, and that the threat of aggression no longer exists because differences are disappearing from the ideologies of Russia and foreign countries. However, historical experience indicates that the ideas of peace and justice are often found as working concepts in the doctrines of states that are far from peace-loving. Military force is still one of the main instruments of the policy of a large number of countries. We are especially alarmed on one hand by the possibility of proliferation of nuclear and other types of mass destruction weapons, their means of delivery and the latest technologies of military production, and attempts by some countries to use them to realize their own military-political goals; and on the other hand by the increasing threat of international terrorism, including with the use of such weapons. Growth of nationalistic and separatist tendencies and massive violations of universally recognized human rights and freedoms are seriously destabilizing the situation in the world. Under these conditions Russia's military doctrine cannot but consider at least two contradictory tendencies: The first--the desire of nations to create a nonviolent world, to achieve civilized mutual relations, to reinforce measures of trust, and to exclude wars from the arsenal of the means of resolving disputes; the second--the desire of some states to solve international problems from a position of strength, to live by laws under which military force plays an important role in policy, if not the principal one. The latter tendency requires elevated attention, and were circumstances to come together in a particular way, it could bring on armed conflicts and wars. When it comes to |
FBIS3-61047_0 | Prospects of Russian National Security in Year 2000 Isolationism, Local (Nuclear) Conflict | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Pavel Flegengauer: "Caucasian War at Center of World Policy in the Year 2000"] Nightmare In the beginning of the new millennium the Caucasus transformed into what it had been throughout the entire 19th century, into a region of continual armed conflict between Turkey and Russia. In almost all local Caucasian conflicts (Ossetia, Chechnya, Abkhazia, Adzharia, Imeretia, Lezgistan, Karabakh etc.), Turkey supported one side with money and weapons, and Russia the other. In the latter half of the 1990's Iran (the third regional great power) was too preoccupied with its war in southern Iraq and with support of Shi-ite factions of Islamic mujahadin fundamentalists opposing mujahadin Suni-ites in former Soviet Central Asia, and it had neither the resources nor the political will to participate seriously in the Caucasian wars. In addition, Iran still depended on Russia for its supply of modern weapons, which forced Iran to direct military-political expansion more southward, into the Persian Gulf region, and further in the direction of Israel, in order to avoid serious collision of interests with Russia. By the year 2000 the peacemaking enthusiasm of the early 1990's died away in Western Europe and the USA as a result of a number of extremely unsuccessful long-distance military expeditions. Following the ignominious evacuation from Mogadishu and the heavy Anglo-French losses in the appalling cauldron of Sarajevo (the new Dien Bien Phu), in 1994 France, Great Britain and Germany reduced military expenditures and armed forces even more. In accordance with the Maastricht agreements a Unified European Army was created, intended for demonstration of European unity but totally unsuited to the real war in the hostile environment of the Caucasus Mountains. The slump and inflation in the country and foreign policy failures (Somali, Bosnia, Ukraine, Estonia, the Caucasus) led to the dominance of American society by isolationist sentiments almost as deep as those of the 1920's. In 1996, Ross Perot was elected U.S. president under the slogan "America First." The time of active intervention of the UN Security Council in regional conflicts (1990-1994) was over. In the Caucasus, Turkey and Russia opposed one another, and there wasn't a third force that could serve as a serious referee and somehow stabilize the unstable bipolar confrontation. In 1993-1995 the Armenian Army became ever stronger. It kept Nagornyy Karabakh and contiguous regions of Azerbaijan under dependable control. The government in Baku changed frequently, and every |
FBIS3-61051_9 | `Navy and Russian National Security' | with the most modern equipment lends powerful impetus to technical progress. Thus, results from special-purpose developments for the Navy were introduced to the national economy in the area of heat engineering, radio engineering, radio communications, atomic power engineering, and underwater equipment and devices for developing the ocean, including natural resources of the continental shelf. Thus it can be asserted that the sphere of Navy activity in the scheme of ensuring Russia's national security literally consists of 13 seas and three oceans washing its shores, and from the standpoint of protecting its interests it consists of the entire world ocean. It appears the Navy should perform the following missions: - guaranteed deterrence of potential enemies (as part of strategic nuclear forces) from initiating combat operations by maintaining combat readiness of strategic naval nuclear forces and ensuring reliability and safety of their functioning; - guaranteed repulse and disruption of aggression from sea and ocean directions under any situation conditions; - maintaining a favorable operational regime in contiguous and inland seas; - assistance to naval units of border guard troops in performing their assigned missions of protecting the state border and the maritime economic zone; - ensuring security of our shipping in various ocean areas and protecting fisheries (animal industries) and other industrial activity, above all on our continental shelf; - participation in joint humanitarian and police actions with other states; - participation of specially formed expedition groupings of naval forces (as part of mobile forces) in local conflicts under the aegis of the United Nations or other international organizations to keep conflicts from escalating to large-scale wars. Summing up what has been said, the conclusion can be drawn that the Navy's role in the scheme of ensuring Russia's national security is determined by its contribution to performance of missions facing the state's Armed Forces, and it must possess a potential that in peacetime is capable of ensuring Russian Federation security and protection of its national interests and citizens in ocean areas by deterring any state or coalition of states from using force against Russia and its allies. In case war is initiated against Russia, the Navy must be ready to repel aggression from sea and ocean directions and deprive enemy naval forces of the opportunity to conduct offensive operations (actions) in seas adjoining our territory and in other vital ocean areas. Footnotes 1. VOYENNAYA MYSL, Special Edition, 1992. COPYRIGHT: "Morskoy sbornik", 1993. |
FBIS3-61053_5 | Navy's Shortened Reach | scheme and places for laying the antisubmarine barriers which ASW aviators were supposed to put out. After some time a Ka-25 helicopter (a Saber-Toothed Tiger, as it was dubbed on the ship because of the emblem on its sides) piloted by Lieutenant Colonel I. Chernenko and navigator Major I. Sinigovets soared upward into the sky. Although it was not the first time ever for them to perform such an assignment (the two Ivans already had been flying together for six years and had learned to understand each other with hardly a word spoken), each hunt for a submarine conceals surprises. "Arrived in area, beginning placement," was the report the flagship received from the crew of the rotary wing craft. After laying two antisubmarine barriers, the helicopter personnel departed for the observation area. They did not have long to wait. Soon a report went to the flagship about contact with a submarine. Chernenko and Sinigovets immediately received the command to drop a series of "clarifying" buoys. It became clear from the information soon received from the Ka-25 crew that contact with a submarine had been established. This also was confirmed by listening to the sea using a dipping sonar. So the "long arm," as those in the Navy often call Naval Aviation aircraft and helicopters, proved its advantage this time as well, but it is becoming more and more difficult for that same Chernenko and Sinigovets to do this. I have to admit I was surprised to learn that their "tiger" has an even more venerable age than the twenty-year-old Kerch. The Ka-25 already was removed from production long ago and spare parts, instruments and accessories are not being produced for it. Senior technicians captains A. Mezentsev, V. Bakhtin and N. Maksimov have to work a great deal to see that their "little old man" does not let people down in flight, which is why the "Saber-Toothed Tiger" still retains sharp "claws" and "fangs" despite its venerable age. When the area in which the conditional underwater enemy was located became known for certain thanks to the helicopter personnel, the deployment staff developed a precise tactical plan of action: Each ship was assigned a specific mission by Chief of Staff and First Deputy CinC Black Sea Fleet Vice Admiral P. Svyatashov, the exercise director, and the helicopter was brought back to the ship. By the way, a half-hour after its return the |
FBIS3-61058_10 | State of Military Trade Directorate Under Market Conditions | of the USSR? What problems are arising there, and how are they being resolved? [Tsarkov] Military trade enterprises have been deployed to service military contingents located in the former republics of the USSR. Goods are delivered to these regions, as a rule, in a centralized manner. Some of them, especially perishables such as fruits and vegetables, are acquired locally or obtained from reserves of the corresponding CIS countries. A few words in this context. In accordance with a bilateral agreement (Russia-Kazakhstan), Baykonur with all its infrastructure has been transferred to the jurisdiction of Russia. It has a trade directorate with military trade stores subordinate to it, which provide trade and consumer services to the garrisons. The most critical problems have emerged in Tajikistan and in the countries of Transcaucasia. As a result of the unstable political situation, the absence of order, and the presence of armed groupings, the system of supply and delivery of goods is constantly disrupted, and there are instances of robbery and attacks... In short, military trade is suffering large losses, but the most important thing is that sometimes people suffer without goods and food products. [Ukolov] Will traveling trade develop, including mobile post exchanges visiting remote garrisons? The same for the system of orders--will it expand? [Tsarkov] Traveling trade and visits by mobile post exchanges to remote and small garrisons, primarily to border guard outposts and air defense subunits--all this will continue. But...on the condition (after all, this is a market!) that this work will not be unprofitable for military trade enterprises. As far as the sale of foodstuffs by orders is concerned, it will be expanded, primarily for privileged categories of buyers--veterans of war and labor, large families... [Ukolov] What do you think about the development of new, progressive forms and methods of military trade? What prospects do you see here? [Tsarkov] Unfortunately, recently the pace of development of progressive forms and methods of trade has decreased somewhat. I consider this a temporary phenomenon. Progressive methods and forms of trade in military trade stores will develop and improve with stabilization of a market in the country. This primarily concerns self-service, sale of goods by sample, and introduction of forward commodity movement using containers and equipment. [Ukolov] Much hope is being placed on marketing today. Does it apply to military trade? [Tsarkov] The demand of military contingents being serviced by military trade is constantly being studied. |
FBIS3-61067_3 | Ongoing Conversion Problems at `Almaz' | in the form of bananas, oranges, lemons, different foods, and scarce consumer items, accessible to all because of their low prices. And no one could chide "Almaz" that these monies were earned from weapons which brought death and destruction. On the contrary, SAM systems are extremely defensive weapons. These days SAM systems have become a generally accepted means of defense and have begun to be shown at international exhibitions. It has turned out that modern all-altitude multipurpose SAM systems with a long range of action can be developed only by two countries in the world, Russia and the U.S. At international exhibitions at Le Bourget (France), Abu-Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), the Zhukovskiy Aerospace Show (Russia) and others, specialists were able to vividly compare the characteristics of the American Patriot air defense system and our S-300 PMU1 and see that the Russian system surpasses the American both in range of action and in minimal altitude of downed targets. It must be said that here in Russia, too, specialists understand that the S-300 PMU1 system is quite competitive, and that in the current difficult economic situation enormous amounts of money can be earned with it. But what are they doing with "Almaz" today in Russia? Perhaps this is a somewhat subjective opinion, but the impression is that they simply want to destroy us. But you know, "Almaz" is not the property of political figures, but a treasure of the people. The average pay at "Almaz" today is 30 to 40 thousand rubles. There are world-class specialists: Chiefs of scientific departments and sectors, doctors and candidates of science, and leading specialists receive 50 to 70 thousand rubles a month, while experienced engineers with years of work behind them, just as young specialists, receive 20 to 30 thousand rubles. One young cooperative owner, earning a half-million a month serving Russian millionaires, burst out laughing when he heard the pay at "Almaz," and then "wisely" noted that probably we just had a collection of loafers, if that was all they could earn. It would be better if they fixed imported audio and video equipment. . . The worst thing is that the young man did not think this up himself, but was only repeating what some ideologues of market relations are saying, believing the market to be a goal in itself. For now the approach of the state to the fatherland's enterprises, which determines the |
FBIS3-61070_11 | Use of Artillery in Persian Gulf | captured lines and objectives, and continued counterbattery activities. In operating as part of an enveloping grouping, organic and attached artillery (from three to seven artillery battalions) of formations moved at the head of main body columns in readiness for immediate deployment. An assault on Republican Guard positions near Basra was preceded by a 30-minute fire preparation, which facilitated MNF formations' capture of crossings over the Euphrates River. When individual Iraqi batteries and battalions attempted to prevent the attackers' advance, they immediately came under bombardment. Thus, one MLRS subunit and two 203.2-mm howitzer battalions destroyed 97 out of 100 artillery pieces of one Iraqi division with their fire, i.e., the fire of artillery and especially of MLRS proved more effective than air strikes. Persian Gulf war experience confirmed that under present conditions the role of aerial reconnaissance operating in support of the delivery of fires is growing considerably. The possibility of using the J-STARS system for planning MNF field artillery fire substantially increased the latter's capabilities of engaging highly mobile, unobserved targets, and this contributed to no small extent to its success in opposing Iraqi artillery. Division counterbattery fire systems demonstrated high combat capabilities dictated by the deep integration of reconnaissance assets, command and control assets and weapons. Centralized use of radars of the Firefinder radar system, which permitted creating a radar field with overlapping of two to four times in areas of enemy artillery firing positions and maintaining it for the entire battle and which provided reliable detection of enemy firing batteries, proved justified. Automated processing and transmission of data to weapon fire control stations using the TACFIRE automated command and control system (which has a high degree of automation of fire preparation processes and short volley duration) permitted substantially reducing systems' reaction time to the detection of targets. Iraqi artillery could win the fight with counterbattery fire systems only with adequate technical outfitting, which it did not have. That which fully justified itself in the Iran-Iraq military conflict proved unsuitable in the "war of new technologies." Slow-moving subunits of towed pieces became easy prey for modern automated systems, which managed to open fire for effect before the shells of detected enemy batteries burst. The effectiveness of counterbattery fire systems was determined to a considerable extent by good performance characteristics of the MLRS. Along with a high degree of automation, its important feature was canister loading. The use of transport-launch |
FBIS3-61080_13 | Discussion of Russian Federation Foreign Policy Precepts Salient Features of Russia and Its People as Factors of Influence on Foreign Policy | that there has in recent decades been a fundamental change in the situation with the appearance of weapons of mass destruction (particularly nuclear). Wars and interventions have become an extraordinarily dangerous business not only for those against whom they are directed but for the aggressors also. We should have spotted this particular feature of the contemporary world order back in the 1950's and have radically restructured our views of the outside world, military doctrine, and so forth. Approximately three decades behind the times, many of us are even now still clinging to the habitual dogmas. Yet the main danger now threatens us from an entirely different direction. The rapid development of the productive forces in the foremost countries and of their foreign economic relations is enabling them to expand by nonmilitary means and to achieve in this way to a certain extent what was previously achieved by war. In a sense this expansion is a boon not only to the expansionists but to those who are being subjected to it also inasmuch as it enables the latter to accustom themselves to progress more rapidly. But it could be a danger for them also if they forget their national and state interests. This should be remembered. By present-day Russia particularly. And we should on the one hand have a modern army guided by the doctrine of defensive sufficiency and, on the other, formulate and implement laws that safeguard security and national interests in all spheres. But in defending state and national interests it should be remembered that, as distinct from previous years, there has been a pronounced growth of the need for defense of the interests of private individuals. Nonetheless, the defense of state interests proper will for a long time to come prevail over other aspects of Russia's foreign policy activity. The said factors are, it may be considered, of a fundamental nature, for they have either a natural origin or such long historical roots that they are imprinted on the nation's genetic code. But there are also other factors which, although lacking such long historical roots, are still quite powerful and influential, as their effect has been manifested in recent decades and persists to some extent. I refer, of course, to the effect of the theory and practice of the Soviet foreign policy doctrine in all its components (a confrontational approach and antagonism with the world of capitalism, proletarian |
FBIS3-61080_15 | Discussion of Russian Federation Foreign Policy Precepts Salient Features of Russia and Its People as Factors of Influence on Foreign Policy | for they have either a natural origin or such long historical roots that they are imprinted on the nation's genetic code. But there are also other factors which, although lacking such long historical roots, are still quite powerful and influential, as their effect has been manifested in recent decades and persists to some extent. I refer, of course, to the effect of the theory and practice of the Soviet foreign policy doctrine in all its components (a confrontational approach and antagonism with the world of capitalism, proletarian internationalism and unity with the fraternal countries of the socialist community, solidarity with the peoples of the developing states fighting against imperialism, and so forth), which served the system of totalitarian socialism and which still has not yet fully disappeared. It would be naive to think that the former doctrine will disappear from diplomatic and other departments dealing with foreign policy without resistance. Nonetheless, Soviet doctrine was officially abandoned even before the demolition of the USSR, and at that same time the search for a new paradigm began. It persists to this day, and the situation is further complicated by the fact that Russia has yet to determine its position as regards its domestic ideological reference points. Under the conditions of the extreme intellectual ferment and ideological confusion various political forces and individual politicians have been seeking their own answers to the urgent questions of internal and external life. For this reason the subjective and, particularly, personality factor (the capacity of the president or the foreign minister to generate and pursue a foreign policy appropriate to the times, for example) is also performing a big role in the transitional period. Finally, there is one further extraordinarily important factor of influence on the foreign policy of any country, Russia included. These are changes in the international situation and the behavior of partner countries, which frequently dictate a certain line of behavior. To collate briefly what has been said about the factors of influence, it should be mentioned that they consist of six blocks: natural; historically conditioned and subdivided into long-term and relatively short-term; systemic or connected with the change of systems; factors of the transitional period; subjective; and international. The importance and priority of each of the said blocks may be argued, but their influence is obvious. The comprehensive simultaneous effect of these blocks frequently leads to complex specific foreign policy situations and steps. |
FBIS3-61084_2 | Russia Seeks Place in World Arms Market The Security Council Ordained: There Shall Be a Military-Industrial Complex | Russian armaments, things did not develop beyond an expression of interest. However, this is not the main point either. The specialists see reductions in output as the root cause of the disorderly retreat of Russian arms producers from traditional markets for their sales. Last week, the Security Council of the Russian Federation gathered in order to determine the reference points for a new industrial policy of Russia and to discuss materials on the situation in the economy based on the results of nine months of this year, which had already been reviewed by the government. The "Conversion" section was the smallest, just over half a page, in a voluminous review prepared by the government staff. To date, this has been the only attempt to show the defense industry in the light of facts and trends. It is maintained that over the period of the year that has ended, the total volume of production in defense industries dropped 15 percent; the volume of military output dropped by more than 30 percent, and that of civilian output--by 10 percent. It turns out that the proportion of civilian output in the total volume of output of the military-industrial complex comes to about 80 percent (whereas in 1988 it was just 44 percent). The number of plants that manufacture mostly military output continues to decline steadily, and comes to one-sixth of the total number of enterprises in the "defense sector." In short, the "defense sector" is being disarmed quickly, and the unknown author of the half-page of text discreetly praises it for good behavior. However, as eyewitnesses testify, the things that made the government happy scared members of the Security Council--they came to the conclusion that the military-industrial complex is on the brink of technological peril. Having discussed the submitted papers, members of the Security Council set forth borderline conditions, the violation of which would pose a threat to the security of Russia. The Security Council Ordained: There Shall Be a Military-Industrial Complex Mikhail Maley viewed the last meeting of the Security Council as a milestone: "Solutions have become possible in Russia...." In his words, the Security Council essentially gathered in order to do a simple and understandable thing--finally establish the reference points for the development of the military-industrial complex of Russia. Reports on the condition of the defense industry were made by Andrey Kokoshin, the first deputy minister of defense, Viktor Glukhikh, the |
FBIS3-61085_7 | Decree on Missile Technology Exports Statute on the Procedure of Control of Exports From the Russian Federation of Equipment, Materials, and Technology Used in the Manufacture of Missile Weapons | drafted in accordance with the requirements established by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation; a copy of the contract; the originals of the documents containing the undertakings (guarantees) of the importer (in the event of their being absent from the text of the contract), and the official body of the importing country specified by Clause 7 of this statute. To obtain findings concerning the possibility of the temporary shipment outside of the Russian Federation of equipment (products), materials, and technology contained on the List for demonstration at exhibitions and fairs an application containing information as to the name of the exhibition (fair) and the location and timeframe of exhibition of the shipped items and also undertakings (guarantees) concerning the return of the exhibits without a change in their quantitative and qualitative characteristics shall be sent to the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department. Findings on the possibility of exports (transfers, exchanges) shall be issued within no more than 20 days following receipt by the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department of the listed documents. The findings shall be forwarded by the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation. A copy of the findings shall be sent to the applicant. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation shall send (according to the agreed form) to the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department information on the licenses issued on the basis of the findings. 9. When the applications for exports (transfers, exchanges) of goods and services used for missile manufacture are being considered, account shall be taken of the following factors: the requirement to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the possibilities and purposes of the recipient country's rocket and space programs; the significance of the supplies from the viewpoint of the possibility of the manufacture of systems of the delivery (aside from remotely piloted vehicles) of weapons of mass destruction; an evaluation of the end use of the transferred hardware; the applicability of the corresponding multilateral accords. 10. Materials, equipment (products), and technology containing information constituting a state secret shall be shipped outside of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law "State Secret." 11. Goods and services used for the |
FBIS3-61085_8 | Decree on Missile Technology Exports Statute on the Procedure of Control of Exports From the Russian Federation of Equipment, Materials, and Technology Used in the Manufacture of Missile Weapons | of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department of the listed documents. The findings shall be forwarded by the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department to the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation. A copy of the findings shall be sent to the applicant. The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation shall send (according to the agreed form) to the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department information on the licenses issued on the basis of the findings. 9. When the applications for exports (transfers, exchanges) of goods and services used for missile manufacture are being considered, account shall be taken of the following factors: the requirement to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the possibilities and purposes of the recipient country's rocket and space programs; the significance of the supplies from the viewpoint of the possibility of the manufacture of systems of the delivery (aside from remotely piloted vehicles) of weapons of mass destruction; an evaluation of the end use of the transferred hardware; the applicability of the corresponding multilateral accords. 10. Materials, equipment (products), and technology containing information constituting a state secret shall be shipped outside of the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements of the Russian Federation law "State Secret." 11. Goods and services used for the manufacture of missiles contained on the List shall, when being relocated outside of the Russian Federation, be subject to compulsory customs formalization in the established procedure. The exporter shall show the customs authorities the license obtained, which serves as grounds for the export item to be allowed out of the Russian Federation. When exhibits and exhibition materials pertaining to missile equipment (products) and technology contained on the List for demonstration at exhibitions and fairs are shipped outside of the Russian Federation, the customs conditions must specify undertakings from the Russian organization shipping the exhibits and exhibition materials concerning their return. The State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation shall present (according to the agreed form) to the Ministry of Economics of the Russian Federation Export Control Department information on the shipment of goods and services for which findings and licenses specified by Clause 8 of this statute were issued. 12. Persons violating the procedure of export control established by this statute shall be liable in accordance with current legislation of the Russian Federation. |
FBIS3-61086_1 | Strategic, Radioactive Materials Smuggling | the areas in which the gangs operate, various operations by commercial structures which serve as fronts, and the high-paying crime business in which the bandits themselves engage. According to Ministry of Internal Affairs representatives, the oldest (i.e. most well-established) and profitable of those types of business are antique smuggling and the drug trade. A new business in existence since about 1988 involves the smuggling of strategic raw materials and rare earth metals. A press briefing on this topic was given by the Moscow Internal Affairs Main Administration last Wednesday. First journalists heard Ministry of Internal Affairs statistics: the number of cases of theft and smuggling of strategic raw materials increased by a factor of two in 1993 compared to the previous year. The briefing organizers' explanation for this phenomenon was twofold: firstly, the raw materials are now freely available for sale and, secondly, there is inflation, which is forcing citizens to carry off magnesium from plants in sacks or in convenient hiding places in their clothing. This situation leads one to the conclusion that if ordinary workers are carting off our country's defensive wealth, then they must have gotten their example from someone in management. As noted at the briefing, the administrators of enterprises often conspire with commercial structures. The administration writes off materials as waste, after which businessmen export that "waste" to other countries. And not to very distant countries either -- the Baltic countries, for example. Also alarming is the fact that, according to KOMMERSANT's information, for the past three years Moscow has not been the focus of attention by law enforcement organs as a center of strategic raw material smuggling. But now comes this briefing... How It All Began In the mid-1980's, almost immediately after the beginning of perestroyka, uranium, plutonium and other materials of interest to those wanting to build nuclear weapons began to be quietly shipped out of the USSR. In the early 1990's I was invited to meet with a secretary of the South Korean Embassy, who spent a long time telling me about the possible effects of a nuclear strike by North Korea on the people of his country. According to that individual's figures, North Korea had four secret plants working to manufacture nuclear weapons using components stolen from the USSR. Let us go back in history a bit. In 1991 two kilograms of red mercury were seized in Milan. According to some |
FBIS3-61086_2 | Strategic, Radioactive Materials Smuggling | the administrators of enterprises often conspire with commercial structures. The administration writes off materials as waste, after which businessmen export that "waste" to other countries. And not to very distant countries either -- the Baltic countries, for example. Also alarming is the fact that, according to KOMMERSANT's information, for the past three years Moscow has not been the focus of attention by law enforcement organs as a center of strategic raw material smuggling. But now comes this briefing... How It All Began In the mid-1980's, almost immediately after the beginning of perestroyka, uranium, plutonium and other materials of interest to those wanting to build nuclear weapons began to be quietly shipped out of the USSR. In the early 1990's I was invited to meet with a secretary of the South Korean Embassy, who spent a long time telling me about the possible effects of a nuclear strike by North Korea on the people of his country. According to that individual's figures, North Korea had four secret plants working to manufacture nuclear weapons using components stolen from the USSR. Let us go back in history a bit. In 1991 two kilograms of red mercury were seized in Milan. According to some sources this is used in missile and torpedo guidance systems. A short while later the KGB (as that agency was then called) officially informed the world public that the red mercury did not exist. One month ago foreign television showed foreign scientists analyzing that very same mercury and finding it ready for use. Somewhat later came Rutskoy's scandalous report that bureaucrats were dealing in red mercury. The most interesting thing is that some people (capitalists and communists) are saying that it does not exist, while others (communists and capitalists) are saying that it does. We will only get to the truth in this debate when it is used... But the problem is not mercury, the problem is that uranium, plutonium, tellurium and other materials are being taken out of the country. According to KOMMERSANT's figures, the sources of those materials are secret state-run enterprises and USSR Ministry of Defense bases that have now become bases belonging to other countries' ministries of defense. With the complicity of certain military officers, nuclear components are flowing out of areas where military units are based. As a rule, the items most interesting from a theft standpoint are the nuclear weapons which are slated for |
FBIS3-61088_0 | Impact of Trade Protocol With Brazil Viewed Enterprises That Participated in the Russian-Brazilian Negotiations | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Georgiy Bovt and Svetlana Sukhova with follow-up comment: "Russia and Brazil Will Increase Commodity Turnover Sharply"] [Text] Jose Eduardo do Andrade Vieira, minister of industry, commerce and tourism of Brazil, and Oleg Davydov, minister of foreign economic relations of Russia, yesterday signed a statement of intent between the two countries on trade and economic cooperation. The colossal Brazilian market is opening up to Russian businessmen. It is attractive not just by its size--Russia can operate thereon in the role not only of exporter of raw material but of supplier of machinery, equipment, and technology. The present state of trade relations does not satisfy either Brazil or Russia. According to Mr. Vieira, in 10 months of 1993, Brazilian exports to Russia amounted to only $146 million (Russian exports were only a little more). Trade is at times of a sporadic nature--from one incidental contract to another--and many transactions are effected via middlemen. The statement signed yesterday, on the other hand, opens the Brazilian market to Russian businessmen. It is planned within five years to reach a commodity turnover level of a minimum of $2 billion (it will in 1994 even have doubled compared with the present year). The trade plans are notable not only for the bare figures alone, for that matter: As distinct from trade with the West (where exports to us are supported by government credit, as a rule), trade with Brazil will be supported by credit from pools of commercial banks. From the Russian side lines of credit will be provided, it is anticipated, by, in particular, the Moscow Business Bank, the Mezhkombank, the Imperial Bank, and the Export-Import Bank. Brazil's big interest in the Russian market fits perfectly well within the program of the encouragement of exports with a simultaneous adjustment of foreign trade priorities which has been announced by this country. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) will create certain problems for South American commodities, nor is the European Union in any hurry fully to open its doors to them. Russia and Brazil frequently run into antidumping measures in respect to identical commodities (textiles, aluminum, isobutanol, and such) on European markets, incidentally. Besides expanding the possibilities for the coordination of trade policy in third countries, the statement signed yesterday creates a real basis for the mutual--and conflict-free--realization of the foreign trade plans of Russia and Brazil. Thus, Russia, preoccupied |
FBIS3-61090_19 | Kazakh Chief of Apparatus on His Official Duties, Experiences | possible. What are the guiding principles in this area? [Abiqayev] You are right, there was previously a carefully defined system in cadre policy. This policy certainly had its disadvantages and advantages. Bearing in mind present circumstances and the demands of democracy, we have taken in hand the creation of a new system for choosing cadres. This new policy takes fully into consideration the responsibility borne by cadres and social circumstances. We are in the process of looking into the cadre question from the lowest level to the very highest levels of the president's staff, each according to his functions. It should be said that at the present time of transition to a market economy the president is not happy with the work of some oblast governors and some ministers. In this connection we are looking at young cadres known for their competence in industry and in commercial organizations. The fact that there are representatives of many ethnic groups living with the Kazakhs is not, as you suggested, making cadre policy more difficult. The question is one of which factor one chooses to emphasize. If all residents of the republic think of themselves primarily as Kazakhstani, who should be concerned about what nationality, what place, what parents someone comes from. The primary measure must be a person's competence, knowledge, skill, and justice. Thereby there should be no concern about percentages as in past years. [Smayyl] Since you have spoken about those years, let me ask a connected question. During the days of the December Incident, Abiqayev, first secretary of the Frunze Rayon Party Committee, was opposed to arming the peoples' militia with wooden clubs and cleavers and the word quickly spread that: "I will not go against my own people." However, the person who was then first secretary of Oktyabyr Rayon became a secretary of the Central Committee for producing the cleavers... [Abiqayev] Alas, he heaped up such iron weapons in front of our rayon party headquarters.. [Smayyl] Tell us, did those words have an influence upon your subsequent fate? [Abiqayev] When I spoke those words, I was not thinking that I was creating some historical heroism. When various [i.e., different] instructions began to come down from various places, those words came first to the tip of my tongue. Subsequently, they have had no influence at all upon my life or my career. [Smayyl] Some have said that your father was |
FBIS3-61092_2 | Tatimov Examines Current Demographic Issues | a slave in one's own country than a sultan among foreigners," have returned once and for all in spite of our grave economic conditions. What kind of a contribution will such individuals make to the growth of our people's numbers? [Tatimov] Indeed it is true that a great caravan of migration has begun to flow into our country. Our kinsmen were forced to leave their country far behind, throwing their fates to the winds. They encountered oppression from conservatives at the time of the civil war, were annihilated by leftist persecution at the time of Goloshchekin, and were alarmed by racist oppression during the era of colonialism. For a time we blackened the reputation of these innocents, but now a just political evaluation is being assigned, and we are not being sparing in our help to all of those expressing a desire to "return" to their native land in spite of the fact that our sovereign country is itself barely on its feet. This process is going forward with the direct support of the government and the president. I am one of those directly responsible for beginning what is in truth the last great migration, for its proper management, and for its timeliness. The Ministries of Labor, of Foreign Affairs, and of Internal Affairs are involved with such problems as the settlement of our kinsmen returning from abroad. One in three of our kinsmen in Mongolia, that is to say, more than 50,000, have returned. We may say that the caravan has started and has taken the road. This great caravan will be continued from still other countries... Kazakhs living in Tajikistan became refugees last year due to the effects of the civil war started by religious extremists. Our president has given them great assistance. Food, clothing, and drugs have been delivered by special trains. Some 6,000 of the 9,000 Kazakhs in Tajikistan have been evacuated simultaneously on the trains. Some 1,200 families have been resettled in Southern Kazakhstan Oblast, primarily in Zhetisay Rayon. At the time of the 1990 Osh Incident, I was in Qorghantobe Oblast, in Qolkhozabat Rayon. At that time I advised our kinsmen in that area to return quickly to their country. Most listened to what I had to say, but some seemed to want to continue to think about it. Resources were adequate to evacuate them. Those remaining behind, who did not migrate, regretted it |
FBIS3-61092_4 | Tatimov Examines Current Demographic Issues | and in the end had to be removed involuntarily at the time of the civil war. Thus, there were also losses. In general it is a good thing to listen to experts thinking about what to do in such questions. New focuses for migration have emerged. By the end of the year, a total of 7,000 persons, 1,000 families from Iran and 400 families from Turkey, will migrate. A new Migration Department is now carrying out preparatory work. The heads of this department, Ghaziz Yesmuqanov, Pamir Kameldiyev, and Nurlan Ralqymzhanov, are doing a great deal of work. First of all, they are planning to evacuate military refugees who deserted at the time of the war in Afghanistan. This is because they are citizens of no country, lack employment, suffer from poor living standards, and, for that reason, should be returned to Kazakhstan quickly. The proverb states: "it is difficult to begin a trek." If we understand how to be humane by creating favorable conditions for those coming for the first time and for those now leaving, I think that the 15,000 Kazakhs still remaining in Iran and the 25,000 in Turkey will want to return to their homeland. Our "butter-heals" from Iran will primarily find a place to live in warm Southern Kazakhstan Oblast. The reason is that we cannot send those coming from warm climates to places where the weather is severe. They might not become acclimatized there! There is something which must be said here: we are predisposed not to like but to hate Kazakhs. Instead of taking our countrymen who have come from foreign countries into our midst and making them our kinsmen, we accuse them by saying: "Oh!, are we to take this to mean that you have not forgotten Kazakh customs? You say one thing and do another." We call those returning from Mongolia "Mongols," and those come from Turkey, "Turks." Those come from Europe we accuse for their inability to speak Kazakh at all. There are now those who assign guilt because we accept some people who do no work at all. Instead of acting like this and looking for problems, I can say that if, above all, we make it possible for them to support themselves, and help them to get used to the new country, everything will be fine. I do not know whether or not you understand, my dear, when I |
FBIS3-61092_12 | Tatimov Examines Current Demographic Issues | have senior wives. There are many who are against this. Have you now changed your support for this policy? [Tatimov] No! This is a very complicated question. It should not be oversimplified in this manner! A Kazakh has said: "the most difficult struggles are the struggle for land and the struggle of widows." However, today the struggle of those "old ladies" must be more difficult than any. It would not be too much to devote an entire interview just to that question. Let me first of all tell who these "old ladies" are and provide an explanation. That is because some go on about "old ladies," "old ladies," but do not know who they are. "Old ladies" are those of the female sex who are over 25 but not yet 50, who have never married, never established a household, and have had no children. In developed countries an expression like [Kazakh] "old ladies" is altogether absent. Kazakh women fear gossip and remain in their inappropriate state. Today they cannot extricate themselves from their dilemma. My advice is as follows: let us get a child or so from them all. This "severe" advice may seem a little coarse to others but life proves that it is correct. Is not becoming a mother and loving a child better than living alone? When we realize that most of today's "old ladies" are office workers, [we know that] they live in front of people. For that reason, they fear malicious words. In my opinion, it is criminal for them to waste their lives because people gossip. There are at present 110,000 "old ladies" among the Kazakhs and if they had only one-two children this would bring a generation of 220,000 into the world. Just like the proverb: "a voracious horse is no good horse," to be called an "old lady" is no honor for a woman. The words of the people are one thing, the laws of life are another. There is no need to issue a special law on the taking of two wives. It would be proper if this question were decided with the participation of the mosque. All we have to do is to drop Article 208 of the "Law on Marriage and the Family." It is stated there that taking two wives is forbidden. According to my research, no one has been brought to trial on the basis of that |
FBIS3-61092_18 | Tatimov Examines Current Demographic Issues | man. Many women do not take into consideration their husband's views on this question. This is the reason for the increase in the number of abortions and the use of the loop. The man must also participate in determining family sizes. I think that it would be appropriate in the future to introduce a law that married women must have their husband's permission to get an abortion or to have a loop installed. In particular, smart women too often think of their own concerns and are having a negative influence on our demographics. To give numbers, whereas 204,000 Kazakhs were born in Kazakhstan in 1992, during the same year 100,000 abortions were performed in the republic, 50,000 loops were installed, and various other things were done to prevent the birth of children. As a result, more than half of the children brought to life by Kazakh women, some 250,000, were eliminated. The number of children who could have been born but were not born exceeded the number of children born. We are not saying that families should not be limited. Each mother should be concerned about her health. However, the fact that 300,000 children of Kazakh women capable of bearing children were voluntarily suffocated and rejected makes my insides seethe. Is that Islam? This leaves aside humanitarian considerations. Last year 47,000 Kazakhs died. Some 300,000 children were born, and, even with the death of 55,000, our people could have gained not 157,000, but 245,000. We, we ourselves, thus extinguished a substantial 88,000 of our natural increase. There are the lamentations "Black Old Woman," "Black Old Man," "Black Child." Leaving their sorrow alone, who is expressing sorrow for the child never born and who feels the loss? There is no artist to produce a song about this or to write words. The greatest of sorrows is the sorrow of the unborn child. I miss them, although I am only a demographer... My words to my daughter-in-law were when she had had a child and was in difficulty because of it: My Kazakh it is said, each child has its own fate. There is a Kazakh folk saying: "if one extra lamb is born, there will be one more plot of grass." I am against limiting families with the excuse that as the market place has gained so much power we cannot support them. Let me consider each child separately. The first |
FBIS3-61093_6 | Kazakh Marriage Patterns Described | her fate to mine. If one Kazakh converts one heathen to Islam, it resounds to the honor of 10. If this image seems worthy of joking about, it expresses the very truth. Let us draw the conclusion from this that if people of two nationalities love each other completely and truly, and, if they know how to keep their marriage strong, it is altogether possible that mixed marriages may be a good thing. Another example. On the eve of the 1917 October Revolution, a Kazakh village intellectual named Yermek Qulyshuly, who had learned in the old way in Aktobe Oblast, married a Russian woman named Mariya. She received the Islamic religion in a Tatar mosque, fulfilled the promises she gave there, learned the Kazakh language very well in only a year, and, dressing like a village woman, gave a Muslim blessing before eating and cooking food. During the next year at the beginning, middle, and end of the month of fasting, she kept her fast for three days, called herself "Kazakh" in the village council registry, and became a regular Kazakh woman, an honest, open-minded lady. To summarize, such were the special characteristics of mixed marriages which took place before the Soviet era and which we have heard about from the mouths of the people and seen in detail with our own eyes. We must give such marriages the appropriate approval. Such marriages conform to our national goals and interests and cause no harm to our language, our religion, and our way of life. Today's young people should learn from them. Group Three The harmfulness of this came into being after the October Revolution, year of the snake. We do not think that everything about it was poison. We are against the continual droning to the effect that "the Kazakh people live on the broad steppe, that Kazakh women and men have equality." One may be a little disturbed by what I say, but we have obtained nothing good from this. Likewise, an ax has assaulted the roots of our religion. We have been deprived of our status as Muslims. Mosques have been closed. The Koran has been burned. Mullahs, qazhis, and ishans have been persecuted. Muslim rituals such as marriage and the circumcision of children have been prohibited. Use of our mother tongue has contracted and the Russian language, praised as "the language of joy," has taken the place |
FBIS3-61100_0 | Commodity Producers Discuss Plight of Russian Industry | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Vitaliy Pyrkh, RABOCHAYA TRIBUNA staff correspondent in Krasnoyarsk: "On the Very Brink"] [Text] On the very brink--this is where the economy of Russia has ended up in the year now ending. However, the second congress of commodity producers of the country, which was held in Krasnoyarsk, did more than just confirm it. Read the article on page 2. It appeared that it would be difficult for delegates to the congress to avoid the temptation of getting embroiled in political battles there. The situation in the country has become too complicated, too "hot." However, the following appeal came in the very first words spoken by Yu. Skokov, chairman of the organizational committee for conducting the congress, which was attended by representatives from 41 regions of Russia and eight federation-wide delegations: Enough of finding out who is "Red" in the audience and in the country, and who is not quite "Red," and of finding out what should be demanded first of all from the powers that be. Russia has come to the point beyond which there may only lie a national catastrophe. The domestic production of commodities is the last stronghold, the last bastion of the state. Before the congress, documents were handed out to the delegates, of which one deserves the closest attention. It is "The State of the Economy of Russia (Analysis and Projection)" prepared by the analysts of the Federation of Public Associations of Commodity Producers of the country. It differed greatly from government assessments which have been voiced recently. For example, the decline in production in the year now ending has exceeded the planned level by more than a factor of two, and has been only slightly smaller than that of last year. Investment in the production assets, which had been weakened to begin with, continued to decline. Millions of people live below the poverty line. Specialist-analysts estimate that this year alone, $12 billion-$15 billion have been taken out of the country both legally and illegally. A paradoxical situation occurs: on the one hand, the stabilization of exports has been registered, with imports falling by a factor of two; the positive balance of foreign trade may reach $23 billion. On the other hand, the foreign debt of Russia continues to grow: Russia is not in a position to discharge even the reduced debt payments (reduced by agreement with Western creditors). Yu. Skokov |
FBIS3-61107_12 | DELOVOY MIR Economic Statistics, 8 December Preparedness of the National Economy for Operation Over the Winter Period | October of this year amounted to R6.5 trillion, including R3.0 trillion, or 47 percent, attributable to nonstate enterprises. The absence of regulation with respect to mutual accounts settlements between enterprises and with the budget exerts an influence on their financial stability. The solvency of observed enterprises and organizations of industry and construction is characterized by the following data: Monetary assets, percentage of delinquent indebtedness to suppliers As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 January April August September October 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 Total 78.2 102.1 91.5 79.8 79.3 including: industry 79.3 107.1 95.5 83.9 81.7 construction 67.2 52.9 50.6 40.9 55.4 Credit investments in the Russian economy (not including credits of the Russian Federation Savings Bank) as of 1 November of this year, according to current operating data of the Central Bank of Russia, amounted to R19.6 trillion, an increase of 17 percent over October (15 percent over September). Of the total volume of credit deposits, short-term loans comprise 96 percent. This represents a one-point percentage increase in their share as compared with the beginning of the year. The average term of offered credits is two to three months. Trading in "super-short-term" credits (from a few days to one month) in the credit and stock markets is becoming more prevalent. The main source of resources for commercial banks has traditionally been attracted resources (over 90 percent), of which more than one-fourth are attributable to funds of enterprises and organizations (in settlement accounts, current accounts, other accounts), deposits, and investments; one-fifth are attributable to interbank credits. Centralized credits of the Bank of Russia comprise 84 percent of the latter. The remainder of the indebtedness of commercial banks to the Central Bank of Russia with respect to centralized credits extended to enterprises and organizations in accordance with federal programs comprised R7.9 trillion as of 1 November of this year, an increase of 6 percent over October (2 percent over September). Their share of the total volume of credit deposits decreased from 44 percent as of 1 October of this year to 40 percent as of 1 November. Since 15 October of this year, the interest rate of the Bank of Russia for centralized loans was raised from 180 percent to 210 percent. With an increase in the prime rate, interest rates for loans afforded by commercial banks to their clients have also increased. |
FBIS3-61122_3 | Decree on Additional Monetary Payments to Population in Connection With Price Increases | payment of pensions are conducted; b) to the unemployed who receive unemployment benefits or grants for the period of professional training and retraining. The additional monetary payments are made by job placement organs at the place of registration at the expense of resources of the State Fund for Employment Assistance for the Population; c) to women from among those service personnel discharged from the Armed Forces, National Guard, Border Troops, Security Services, Civil Defense Troops, and other military formations in connection with pregnancy and childbirth. The additional monetary payments are made by organs for the social protection of the population at the place of residence at the expense of the resources of the state budget; d) to one of the unemployed able-bodied parents, or to a person taking the place of parents and who continuously looks after a invalid child until the age of 16 years; 3) 25,000 karbovantsy: a) to persons having a right to receive allowances for each child up to 16 years of age (students--up to 18 years of age) in accordance with Chapter 7 of the Law of Ukraine "On State Subsidies to Families With Children." The additional monetary payments are made at the place of work (study, service) of the mother, and in the event that the mother does not work (or is not a student or in the service)--at the place of work (study, service) of the father, and in the event of the absence of parents--at the place of work (study, service) of the persons who replace the parents; if the parents (or the persons who replace them) do not work (are not students, or in the service), at the place of their residence by organs for the social protection of the population at the expense of the local budgets; b) to students of professional educational institutions (except those on full state maintenance), and full-time students of VUZ's [higher educational institutions]. The additional monetary payments are made at the place of study at the expense of resources earmarked for the payment of grants. 2. The monthly additional monetary payments will be made at individual departments and will not be included in the official wages and wage rates. In December of this year, these payments will be made preliminarily before the 15th. 3. The Ministry of Finance will take into account the expenditures associated with additional monetary payments to the population in changes to |
FBIS3-61123_0 | Decree on Increase in Subsidies to Unemployed Citizens | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Decree No. 976 "On the Low Income Line and Increase in the Scales of Special Monetary Allowances for Disabled Citizens with Minimum Incomes," 2 December 1993, Kiev] The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine decrees: 1. Effective 1 December 1993, to establish the low income line in the amount of 197,000 karbovantsy per capita. To use this amount as a basis for determining the right of disabled citizens with minimum incomes to receive special monetary allowances for subsistence and the amount of this allowance. 2. Effective 1 December 1993, to establish the amount of the special monetary subsistence allowance in the sum of up to 77,000 karbovantsy. 3. In connection with the establishment of additional monetary payments in conformity with Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree No. 975 of 2 December 1993 "On Additional Monetary Payments to the Population in Connection With the Increase in Retail Prices and Wages," the special monetary allowance for the payment of housing, municipal services, electric power, and the acquisition and supply of fuel stipulated in Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree No. 394 of 2 December 1993 "On the Special Monetary Allowance to Citizens With Minimum Incomes" is not granted. 4. The Ministry of Social Protection of the Population, the Ministry of Labor, and the Ministry of Finance in a 10-day period shall make changes to the Statute on the Procedure for the Designation and Payment of a Special Monetary Allowance to Citizens With Minimum Incomes that result from this decree. 5. The Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Statistics, the Ministry of Social Protection of the Population, and the Ministry of Finance on a monthly basis shall analyze the dynamics of the consumer price index, and in the event that it is necessary will submit proposals to the Cabinet of Ministers on a revision of the low income line and the special monetary allowance for disabled citizens with minimum incomes. 6. To declare no longer in effect Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine Decree No. 675 of 30 August 1993 "On the Low Income Line and the Increase in the Amounts of the Special Monetary Allowance for Disabled Citizens With Minimum Incomes." [Signed] Acting Prime Minister of Ukraine Ye. Zvyahilskyy Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine I. Dotsenko |
FBIS3-61125_4 | National Bank Chairman Defends Policies | April and August of this year, when the exchange rate of the karbovanets was determined by the results of trading on the currency exchange. After the introduction of a fixed exchange rate of the karbovanets, the volume of currency sales on the exchange fell by a factor of 15, and foreign-exchange proceeds from exports--by a factor of three. In October of this year, the market exchange rate already was lower than the fixed rate by a factor of six. Effective 2 November of this year, exchange trading was suspended by an edict of the president. Therefore, the stabilization of the exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble against the Russian ruble depends primarily on reducing the deficits of the balances of trade and payments, which now go into the hundreds of millions of rubles, to the size of real external financing. The exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble is doomed to fall further in the absence of such a balance. In general terms, this calls for a substantial reduction in energy consumption, the implementation of a firm policy to reduce the energy and material effectiveness of production. The growing domestic prices for imports (taking into account the falling exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble) are becoming the instrument that ensures reduction in energy consumption. On the other hand, it is necessary to increase the export of products to the Russian Federation that the devaluation of the Belarusian ruble facilitates. Besides, for the period of transition Belarus badly needs credit support from the world community and the Russian Federation in order to cover the deficit of the balance of payments (and therefore stabilize the exchange rate of the Belarusian ruble). In the absence of external financing, the rate of decline in production may turn into a free fall. The budget and monetary-credit policy within the republic is the second most important factor. In principle, a budget deficit amounting to 5 or 6 percent of the domestic national product appears to be a quite tolerable evil if this deficit is covered by attracting to the budget funds from the money market without increasing the total money supply. The trouble is that the deficit is being financed through the emission of credit, i.e., putting into circulation money to which no goods correspond. For as long as this practice continues, the Belarusian ruble is doomed to losing value in the form of both inflation and |
FBIS3-61128_3 | Development of Various Parties, Movements Reviewed | TARA: "Young people, who are referred to in official speeches with nauseating frequency but have almost always been ignored and abandoned, are the social group which has retained its purity and unity of ranks. In essence, they are the hope of the nation. Young people have earned indisputable credit in the national-liberation movement, in the defense of its accomplishments, in the anticommunist struggle. After the more than five years since the beginning of the national-liberation struggle, young people are coming to the conclusion that a serious threat to their future is looming, along with the future of the entire nation. Young people regard with anxiety the phenomena of a split within our society, and note the inability of our current leaders to find and use the only correct scenario for the quickest possible solution to the most serious problems we are facing. "The structure I represent wants to bring youth into the political life of the Republic of Moldova, which is frequently smothered by egoistic caprices and interests. Only young people are free from the spiritual fetters of the obsolete communist system. Members of the nomenklatura who cling to power for dear life and claim to have some kind of `political experience' forget to specify that the experience they gained in the years of the old regime is unsuitable for the new reality. All of us experienced this `Red experiment' firsthand for more than 50 years." The time has come when Bolsheviks will be forced to step aside. It is not ruled out that by Bolsheviks, Valeriu Barbara means parties of a centrist and left-wing orientation which are also striving to win the elections. The weekly RESPUBLICA has published a report on a press conference given by the leaders of the Social Democrats. Oazu Nantoi, Victor Josu, and Sergiu Bernevec answered questions put by journalists. Victor Josu: "We have decided not to make any projections on the results of the forthcoming elections. Naturally, for this reason we will not venture to assert with certainty, a priori, that we will receive more than one-half of the votes. The issue is being raised in a different manner--the Social-Democratic Party has set for itself the task of gaining no less than 50 percent of the votes of the electorate, plus one, in the elections. According to our observations, the political apathy which has prevailed in recent years has begun to abate sharply. The |
FBIS3-61155_0 | Commodity Producers Discuss Plight of Russian Industry | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Vitaliy Pyrkh, RABOCHAYA TRIBUNA staff correspondent in Krasnoyarsk: "On the Very Brink"] [Text] On the very brink--this is where the economy of Russia has ended up in the year now ending. However, the second congress of commodity producers of the country, which was held in Krasnoyarsk, did more than just confirm it. Read the article on page 2. It appeared that it would be difficult for delegates to the congress to avoid the temptation of getting embroiled in political battles there. The situation in the country has become too complicated, too "hot." However, the following appeal came in the very first words spoken by Yu. Skokov, chairman of the organizational committee for conducting the congress, which was attended by representatives from 41 regions of Russia and eight federation-wide delegations: Enough of finding out who is "Red" in the audience and in the country, and who is not quite "Red," and of finding out what should be demanded first of all from the powers that be. Russia has come to the point beyond which there may only lie a national catastrophe. The domestic production of commodities is the last stronghold, the last bastion of the state. Before the congress, documents were handed out to the delegates, of which one deserves the closest attention. It is "The State of the Economy of Russia (Analysis and Projection)" prepared by the analysts of the Federation of Public Associations of Commodity Producers of the country. It differed greatly from government assessments which have been voiced recently. For example, the decline in production in the year now ending has exceeded the planned level by more than a factor of two, and has been only slightly smaller than that of last year. Investment in the production assets, which had been weakened to begin with, continued to decline. Millions of people live below the poverty line. Specialist-analysts estimate that this year alone, $12 billion-$15 billion have been taken out of the country both legally and illegally. A paradoxical situation occurs: on the one hand, the stabilization of exports has been registered, with imports falling by a factor of two; the positive balance of foreign trade may reach $23 billion. On the other hand, the foreign debt of Russia continues to grow: Russia is not in a position to discharge even the reduced debt payments (reduced by agreement with Western creditors). Yu. Skokov |
FBIS3-61162_12 | DELOVOY MIR Economic Statistics, 8 December Preparedness of the National Economy for Operation Over the Winter Period | October of this year amounted to R6.5 trillion, including R3.0 trillion, or 47 percent, attributable to nonstate enterprises. The absence of regulation with respect to mutual accounts settlements between enterprises and with the budget exerts an influence on their financial stability. The solvency of observed enterprises and organizations of industry and construction is characterized by the following data: Monetary assets, percentage of delinquent indebtedness to suppliers As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 As of 1 January April August September October 1993 1993 1993 1993 1993 Total 78.2 102.1 91.5 79.8 79.3 including: industry 79.3 107.1 95.5 83.9 81.7 construction 67.2 52.9 50.6 40.9 55.4 Credit investments in the Russian economy (not including credits of the Russian Federation Savings Bank) as of 1 November of this year, according to current operating data of the Central Bank of Russia, amounted to R19.6 trillion, an increase of 17 percent over October (15 percent over September). Of the total volume of credit deposits, short-term loans comprise 96 percent. This represents a one-point percentage increase in their share as compared with the beginning of the year. The average term of offered credits is two to three months. Trading in "super-short-term" credits (from a few days to one month) in the credit and stock markets is becoming more prevalent. The main source of resources for commercial banks has traditionally been attracted resources (over 90 percent), of which more than one-fourth are attributable to funds of enterprises and organizations (in settlement accounts, current accounts, other accounts), deposits, and investments; one-fifth are attributable to interbank credits. Centralized credits of the Bank of Russia comprise 84 percent of the latter. The remainder of the indebtedness of commercial banks to the Central Bank of Russia with respect to centralized credits extended to enterprises and organizations in accordance with federal programs comprised R7.9 trillion as of 1 November of this year, an increase of 6 percent over October (2 percent over September). Their share of the total volume of credit deposits decreased from 44 percent as of 1 October of this year to 40 percent as of 1 November. Since 15 October of this year, the interest rate of the Bank of Russia for centralized loans was raised from 180 percent to 210 percent. With an increase in the prime rate, interest rates for loans afforded by commercial banks to their clients have also increased. |
FBIS3-61164_3 | Russian Community Head on Problems Facing Russian-Speakers | Assembly has such "cheap" seats, incidentally. I mention this not from pride but from pain. Poor Russian deputies will today have to defend their equally poor electorate. It is counting on us and firmly believes that we will be able if only in some respects to alleviate its life in our cruel times. [Annus] Aleksey Alekseyevich, what is your attitude toward the assertion of Lennart Meri, president of Estonia, who in his recent interview with the journal DER SPIEGEL said that Estonia is treating "the minority better than Germany is treating the Turks"? [Zybin] I do not know how Germany treats the Turks, but that there is everywhere in Estonia bad treatment of Russians I, as a Russian, have experienced for myself repeatedly. And the language, citizenship, and foreigners laws show this better than a thousand words. So various political statements in the press are one thing; the policy being pursued currently by the ruling national-radical forces is quite another. It is for this reason that the Russian community is endeavoring to help our people in today's Estonia. [Annus] You have touched on the most painful problem of the life of Russians in Estonia today--the question of the official language. What do you think--do Russians need to know Estonian? [Zybin] Everyone should unequivocally know Estonian. It is bad merely that Estonian is being pinned on Russians forcibly, with a stick. What is to be gained today, pray, from the whole of Narva today learning Estonian by rote? There is no one in everyday life to talk to in Estonian. I simply cannot understand either why knowledge of Estonian is now an obligatory requirement of a cleaner, even. What, will she converse in the official language with a duster? It is surely more important that the floor be washed clean. Why does not Estonia take the Finnish route? Recognize as the official languages both Estonian and Russian. At least all the tension in our society would then be lifted. In other words, the Hippocratic precept: "Do no harm," should be introduced immediately in Estonian language policy. [Annus] Imagine for a moment that you are president of Estonia. What would you do in your new capacity first and foremost? [Zybin] I would first of all adopt all measures to achieve an end to the inter-nation hostility at the everyday level. To ensure that Estonians see in the Russians living in the republic |
FBIS3-61165_5 | Savisaar Recounts Five Past Years of Popular Front | weakness of the movement. Intellectuals, with their high self-esteem, have always been a poorly organized segment of a society, where everyone demands a right to one's individual conscience, and where there is no political guile, or arrogance. A popular movement is organized out of a sense of mission, a party is formulated with the idea of seizing power. A movement is headed by the intellectual elite of the nation, the parties are headed by professional politicians, often backed by a power-hungry mediocrity. The significance of People's Front, and the Baltic popular movements in general, was that they revealed the presence of massive opposition. A format was created that helped the opposition to organize and people to stick together, without running into direct conflict with the powers that be. It was essentially through the popular movement that opposition seeped into the society, itself striking a balance between legal and illegal. Secondly, with the advent of People's Front, new, public ground was broken in the society for sprouting other movements, groupings and factions. Up to that point, the regime had been based largely on fear. Thanks to the popular movements, people lost their fear of authority. It was that overcoming of fear that made it possible to break the Communist monopoly on power, to organize the first democratic elections in 1990, where the candidates of People's Front received the greatest number of votes. Thirdly, processes (IME [economic] project, disclosure of MRP [Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact] secret protocols, etc.) were initiated, without which the Baltic quest for independence would have remained incomprehensible, or seemed illegal, perhaps, even after the August coup of 1991. It was in this struggle that the general requirements for independence were met, forcing the Moscow regime to make some very clear choices after the August coup. Fourth, an example was given, along with some help, for starting other mass movements elsewhere in the Soviet Union. I am sure that people in different parts of the empire still recall the myths circulating about the emissaries of People's Front, who were feared, and had to be warned against. The activity of the Baltic popular movements made life for central authorities even more difficult, and thus increased the pressure bearing on them. Fifth, the popular movements in the Baltic countries served as a conduit of sorts between Moscow and Central Europe. Although this topic warrants a separate study, one can say with confidence that |
FBIS3-61173_3 | LDLP Chairman Analyzes Citizenship Drafts Proposed By Various Factions | and what is collectively guaranteed within the bounds of the European Council, as well as the European Human Rights Convention" [.sup]2[/] . The repeal or correction, without careful consideration, of this law, which has received the highest evaluation by high ranking experts of European human rights institutions, could give the wrong impression in the United Nations and European Council of instability in the main political laws, especially at a time when we must become accepted into the European Council, and cause a new and unnecessary influx of international experts into Latvia. Naturally, the human rights law can and should be corrected, but only with very careful consideration, so that some of the norms would be more in line with the 1950 Rome Human Rights Convention and its appendices on the question of specific rights restrictions, as well as to determine the minimal rights standard, which can never be overstepped, not even under emergency or war conditions. It is also necessary to refine this law to totally eliminate the removal or restriction of a person's main constitutional rights, specifically political and due process, without a court decision, as occurs at present. In such a case, this law will be even more democratic than the 1950 Rome Convention with all of its appendices. In addition, there is no system to insure overall human rights, and political rights, in particular, in Latvia through the help of a state administrative institution, and especially the courts. Likewise, there is also no system to fight against organized crime and to provide people with personal safety. This is also a further verification of the words of Thomas Jefferson [.sup]3[/] , i.e. that "the longevity of a law is more important that its creation" [.sup]4[/]. But these initiatives must be focused first on the reform of the legal system, the institution of which in Latvia, the same as with the 1950 Rome Convention in the participating nations, must give every person the possibility to address the courts with complaints about the violation of their human rights. In this respect, it is also necessary to create a special punishment system. The Satversme courts must be created and it must be determined what type of court would handle human rights matters. As per the Scandinavian model, so-called ombudsmen must also be provided [.sup]5[/], or a state-empowered human rights institution, which would investigate all complaints regarding human rights violations on the |
FBIS3-61173_16 | LDLP Chairman Analyzes Citizenship Drafts Proposed By Various Factions | reasons. Don't think that I am for the indulgence of foreign (even Western) people. Quite the opposite. My motto is: "Whatever the foreign folks are saying, don't talk along with them!" We will be able to survive as a people, if we are smarter, more cleaver, or at least not as dumb as the surrounding major groups of people. Take an example from the Jews! A small group of people cannot punch a hole through the wall of a large group of people by using its forehead. It can get ahead through wisdom or wealth. And that is also all that has to be said about the FF bill. Footnotes 1. Mann F.A. The Present Validity of Nazi Nationality Laws. --The Law Quarterly Review, Vol. 89, 1973. Apr. P. 199. 2. J. de Meyer, C. Rozakis. Report on Human Rights in the Republic of Latvia. Strasbourg 20 January 1992. AANMEE. 43. 1406 -- 20/1/92-1-E, p. 15. 3. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). One of the "Founding Fathers" of the United States of America, Author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, 1801-1809 President of the United States of America. 4. See Letter to the Abbe Arnod, 1789. 5. In Swedish -- empowered representative. This term, untranslated, as well as the institution itself, has been adopted by the United Nations and many other countries from the Scandinavians. 6. The deputies could familiarize themselves with the Noteboma matter, as well as with many other famous international precedents, through the United Nations monograph by this author in one of the working languages : "World State Citizenship", Riga, 1993. 7. Ibrahim Fall. Center for Human Rights. Allegations of Discriminatory Practices against Minorities in Latvia. Report on Fact-Finding Mission to Riga, Latvia, 27 to 30 October 1992, p. 9. 8. Abbreviated experts opinion see -- Republic of Latvia Supreme Council and Council of Ministers publication. -- Diena 1992. 18.12. pp 1-2. Full text of experts see: Ibrahim Fall. Center for Human Rights. Allegations of Discriminatory Practices against Minorities in Latvia. Report on a Fact-Finding Mission to Riga, Latvia, 27 to 30 October, 1992. 9. J. de Meyer, C. Rozakis. Report on Human Rights in the Republic of Latvia. Strasbourg 20 January 1992. AANMEE. 43. 1406 -- 20/1/92-1-E. 10. Deutsche Auslanderrecht. Munchen, 1991, S. 157. 11. For more detail, see my monograph, chapter 3, sections 3 and 4. 12. Here and further on, the |
FBIS3-61173_23 | LDLP Chairman Analyzes Citizenship Drafts Proposed By Various Factions | And the local people will always be the first to clean out the "stables of Augeus". By allowing dual citizenship, we are hastily creating for ourselves a whole group of problems, the first of which are the so-called migrating politicians. To be quite honest, first of all, this category is mainly made up of pensioners; from this, certain conclusions about their energy reserves can be automatically assumed. Second, as demonstrated by Mr. Ritenis, they have difficulties coping with the local situation. Third, there are no high level specialists among them. All emigrants of Latvian origin who are high level specialists are either in Western universities or hold responsible positions in their host country. If I am wrong, then show me a professor who has returned to live in Latvia permanently, and I will gladly invite him to my institute to present lectures. Naturally, because of our 30 to 50 times lower salaries and our enormous local problems, only the fools among them of working age would return to Latvia. The advisors who are coming here are either adventurers, or those who have failed in the job market of their host country. In the beginning, I was also occasionally taken in by them, but I no longer allow them to present lectures in the University of Latvia International Affairs Institute. A few enthusiasts do come along, but there are very few of them. For the most part, young Latvian wanderers come here to work either in Western national diplomatic or company agencies. And I heartily thank those Latvian professors who come here from time to time to share their expertise. But now we have a whole string of Saeima deputies, who are serving as ministers at the same time, and hold dual citizenship. From a national and international legal standpoint, their status is quite controversial. For example, in the United States Immigration and Citizenship Law, section 101 on "Definitions", points (21) and (22), we read that the term "citizen" means "a person whose obligation is to maintain a permanent loyalty to the nation"[.sup]17[/]. Similar regulations are found in the legislation of all nations. And now answer the question of which nation are they loyal to and whose -- Latvia's or that other nation's -- interests are Latvia's deputies and ministers working for, those who have foreign citizenship crossbred with Latvian citizenship? Furthermore, in connection with the United States Immigration and Citizenship |
FBIS3-61175_14 | CIS Economic Statistics for January-October 1993 | enterprises and organizations in the Commonwealth states in January-October 1993 is characterized by the following data: Residential General Preschool Hospitals, Outpatient Housing, Education Facilities, Beds Facilities, Thousand Schools, Pupil Accommodations Visits Per Square Accommodations Shift Meters of Total Area Azerbaijan 448.0 9,800 1,660 475 1,940 Armenia 137.4 7,105 690 - - Belarus 1,381.9 17,744 4,700 580 2,805 Kazakhstan 1,657.3 14,451 4,170 387 1,000 Kyrgyzstan 50.8 6,027 280 110 - Moldova 120.2 1,198 720 - 200 (January-September) Russia 10,763.6 148,766 22,256 5,446 15,819 Tajikistan 106.2 8,714 560 724 280 Turkmenistan 347.3 25,759 3,755 862 380 Uzbekistan 708.1 73,875 8,655 2,238 5,112 Ukraine 4,120.0 61,000 12,000 1,300 4,000 Transportation In January-October, 1.9408 billion tonnes of freight (102 percent of the railroads' target volume) have been carried (accepted) by the public rail network in the Commonwealth countries. As compared with January-October of last year, freight shipping volume fell off in all Commonwealth states. The volume of bituminous coal shipments by rail transport has declined: in Belarus by 31.4 percent, in Kazakhstan by 13.2 percent, in Moldova by 71.4 percent, in Russia by 12.6 percent, and in Uzbekistan by 28 percent; of coking coal: in Belarus by 5.9 percent, in Kazakhstan by 31.6 percent, and in Russia by 16.4 percent; of oil and petroleum products: in Belarus by 34.2 percent, in Kazakhstan by 27.3 percent, in Moldova by 47.9 percent, and in Russia by 10.3 percent; of iron and manganese ore: in Kazakhstan by 20.8 percent, and in Russia by 9.3 percent; of ferrous metals: in Belarus by 20.3 percent, in Kazakhstan by 14.7 percent, in Russia by 8.4 percent, and in Uzbekistan by 4.4 percent; of ferrous scrap metal: in Belarus by 20 percent, in Kazakhstan by 24.2 percent, in Moldova by 23.5 percent, in Russia by 20.8 percent, and in Uzbekistan by 13.8 percent; of chemical and mineral fertilizer: in Belarus by 29.9 percent, in Kazakhstan by 47 percent, in Moldova by 83.7 percent, in Russia by 24.3 percent, and in Uzbekistan by 10.1 percent; of timber: in Belarus by 7.9 percent, in Kazakhstan by 52.7 percent, and in Russia by 24.4 percent; of grain and milling products: in Belarus by 10.8 percent and in Moldova by 42.8 percent. Shipping of grain and milling products increased 1.4-fold on Kazakhstan railroads, and 1.2-fold on railroads in Russia and Uzbekistan. Personal Monetary Income and Expenditures Personal monetary income and expenditures in the Commonwealth states |
FBIS3-61178_3 | Yakovlev Views Election Results | split in democratic forces. It seems to me, though, that it would have been much worse had they come to the elections in a single formation. The latter would mean that all democrats, big and small, ignore the realities of life. Which has convinced us quite graphically that in the environment of festering crisis, only opposition forces can count on popular support. Had the democrats dared to take a more oppositionist stance, had they judged the events more critically, they would have gathered more votes. But had they all merged in one pro-government bloc, they would not have collected even those they have now. So who needs to fan up these fears, this unstoppable funeral toll? I think it is not just the naive ones. Some think that the more fear they pump into the public atmosphere, the sooner they will get back--no, not the votes, they have already gone to Zhirinovskiy--at least the benevolence of those who had rejected them at the elections. Others, having reached a sense of comfort when the executive branch prevailed everywhere and in everything, want to prolong this pleasure. That is why they are calling us to the barricades, seeing the latter as the most convenient place. Our foreign friends are also pumping up the fears. Of course, they absolutely need to: Otherwise, how can they explain their unquestioning support for everything that has been happening in Russia lately? And what has been happening went precisely in accordance with the scenario that originated with the president and was supported by the ruling elite. Disbanding the parliament; elections that resembled roach races; and blindfolded approval of the Constitution. Except that the result turned out differently. Since all of this went according to a scenario, its authors and executors now have to make an effort to find interaction with those they have brought into the legislature. Some people think that everything in life is prepaid. I think differently: One has to pay for everything. They assured us: We will violate the Constitution ever so slightly, disband the parliament somewhat, shoot at it a little bit, and then everything will be fine. It does not happen this way! You have to pay. It would not be too bad if only those who violated the Constitution and disbanded the parliament had to pick up the tab. Alas, most often it is all of us who have to pay. |
FBIS3-61186_15 | Foreign Intelligence Official on Activities, Doctrine | that will interact with intelligence services in foreign countries. Is it true that that administration maintains contacts with the stations of foreign intelligence services active in Russia? [Trubnikov] Yes. [Poleshchuk] Are these direct contacts? Does an agent come to you... [Trubnikov] Yes. [Poleshchuk] Has that ever been done before? [Trubnikov] It is a recent phenomenon. Just like the fact that the heads of some of our stations abroad go to the heads of local intelligence services. And find things to talk about. The same thing happens here. [Poleshchuk] To the man on the street that sounds incredible... [Trubnikov] I understand how any interaction with another intelligence service might sound like treason to the man on the street. But we regard that interaction as one aspect of our intelligence efforts. We must get used to the fact that some things which were inconceivable only two or three years ago are now possible and are proving their worth. Therefore the operations of that administration are beneficial to intelligence. [Poleshchuk] That is most likely one of the most sensitive administrations, if that is the right way to phrase it... [Trubnikov] Definitely. Precisely that word "sensitive" is very appropriate here. [Poleshchuk] I would have given a lot for the chance to attend a meeting like that and observe this game... [Trubnikov] The thing is, there is very little about this that resembles a game. In this business either you say something or you say nothing. In contrast to diplomats, whose skill is being able to say a great deal and yet have said nothing. [Poleshchuk] But how great the risk is! Suppose you say the wrong thing, or say too much... [Trubnikov] Well, that's what common sense is for. And a clear understanding of who it is that is sitting across the table from you. In matters like this everything is based on mutuality. We are not about to bare our souls to a partner who is not giving us anything. [Poleshchuk] You have established an economic security department. Why is it necessary, and with what issues does it deal? [Trubnikov] For Russia today the issue of economic security is, of course, our #1 issue. The anything-goes situation that exists in our foreign economic relations, the raw materials that are leaking out, the capital that is fleeing the country -- all these things have prompted intelligence to address these issues. We make sure that |
FBIS3-61192_7 | Unresolved Issues of SupSov Foreign Affairs Committee Examined | conflict in former Yugoslavia, where the Serbs obviously are enjoying the military advantage. If it proves possible to shift the global balance of forces to their advantage, then the attempt will be made to implement it, by demanding economic or political concessions. And it is important here that, in order to make a decision, it is first necessary to compute the entire chain of the possible escalation of the conflict. If the computations indicate that it will be possible to achieve victory at the key stages, then the politicians begin boldly to demand concessions. If the other side proves to be slow-witted or uncompromising, then the West, in response, frequently proceeds along the chain, building up the conflict. They begin dropping bombs on Tripoli or Baghdad, and the people there, seeing that they are losing, quickly yield. It is possible to argue about the details of this scheme, but on the whole this is exactly what kind of scheme it is. However, if this is so, and the quantity and quality of weapons is necessary not only to be victorious in war, but also in politics and in economics, then there arises the question of how the START-II Treaty fits into this scheme. Because it is clear that, in the formation of the balance of forces a participating factor is not only nuclear weapons, but also super-accurate weapons, the latest stealth materials, and the quality of troop management. It is no secret that the United States and NATO as a whole are strong specifically with regard to these components. And all of them remain outside the confines of the START-II Treaty. Moreover, according to the Treaty, the United States retains its main striking force -- the navy -- while we reduce our most combat-ready means -- surface missiles. So do we ourselves, by violating the balance of military forces, want to provoke the West to an economic, political, or territorial repartition? Experts have also expressed the following fear. As is generally known, the SDI [in Russian, SOI] program proved to be insolvent and incapable of guaranteeing the security of the United States in the event of the launching of thousands of missiles by an enemy. However, if the START-II Treaty is implemented, computations on EVM [electronic computers] indicate that, with the aid of super-accurate weapons and the use of other similar equipment, it will be possible to prevent the launching |
FBIS3-61192_8 | Unresolved Issues of SupSov Foreign Affairs Committee Examined | into this scheme. Because it is clear that, in the formation of the balance of forces a participating factor is not only nuclear weapons, but also super-accurate weapons, the latest stealth materials, and the quality of troop management. It is no secret that the United States and NATO as a whole are strong specifically with regard to these components. And all of them remain outside the confines of the START-II Treaty. Moreover, according to the Treaty, the United States retains its main striking force -- the navy -- while we reduce our most combat-ready means -- surface missiles. So do we ourselves, by violating the balance of military forces, want to provoke the West to an economic, political, or territorial repartition? Experts have also expressed the following fear. As is generally known, the SDI [in Russian, SOI] program proved to be insolvent and incapable of guaranteeing the security of the United States in the event of the launching of thousands of missiles by an enemy. However, if the START-II Treaty is implemented, computations on EVM [electronic computers] indicate that, with the aid of super-accurate weapons and the use of other similar equipment, it will be possible to prevent the launching of only approximately 200 Russian missiles. But it is already possible to intercept that number with the aid of SDI. Is it necessary for us in this instance, by our own hands, to resurrect that program? In general, questions with respect to that Treaty have arisen. It is natural that the Foreign Affairs Committee in this situation requested the MID [Ministry of Foreign Affairs] and Minoborony [Ministry of Defense] to send the committee the American and NATO concepts of the balance of forces, the maintenance of international order, and the making of foreign-policy decisions, so that, within their context, it could decide the fate of the Treaty. In half a year no replies at all have been received. But unofficially it was said: "You have the text of the Treaty, so go study it." Of course, most of the necessary American documents and conceptual studies were on the bookshelf at the Foreign Affairs Committee. It was, however, necessary to receive an official answer in order later to ask subsequent questions. It can be assumed, however, that no reply was given to the Committee not so much because there was a strong desire to protect the Treaty, as because there was |
FBIS3-61228_15 | Shatalin, Others on Reform in 1994 Yevgeniy Saurov, Director of the Center for Information and Social Technologies under the Government of the Russian Federation: "Pouring Dollars into Mercedes Is Not Farsighted" Stanislav Shatalin, Academician, President of the International Fund for Economic and Social Reforms, and Sergey Fateyev, Chief of the Department of Reform Strategy of the Fund: "It Will Not Be Possible To Compensate for the Collapse of the Social Sphere" Yakov Urinson, Acting Minister of the Economy of the Russian Federation, Director of the Center for Economic Market Conditions and Prognostication under the Russian Federation Ministry of the Economy: "The Results are Contradictory, But the Balance Sheet Is Positive" Grigoriy Yavlinskiy, Chairman of the Board of the Center for Economic and Political Studies (EPITsENTR): "The Situation Will Remain Difficult for Entrepreneurs" | and Political Studies (EPITsENTR): "The Situation Will Remain Difficult for Entrepreneurs" 1. On the whole the process of economic reforms was not marked by the achievement of any significant positive results. Inflation (the consumer price index) remained steady at the level of 20-25 percent per month. And this is in spite of the fact that the government made certain efforts to restrict the growth of the mass of money (the issuance of credit, expenditures from the state budget). Measures aimed at limiting the aggregate demand were relatively successful. But a result of this policy was a further decline of industrial production and not a reduction of the rates of inflation, whose development was generated by inflation of expenditures, against which the policy of restricting the aggregate demand had no effect. Therefore the Russian economy in 1993 experienced almost constant price shocks in various sectors. In the macroeconomic sense the situation was exacerbated also by the practice of monopolistic price setting and the failure of the antimonopoly policy, in whose implementation the government is experiencing many difficulties. As compared to 1992 the decline in industrial production slowed up (especially during June-August) but one must keep in mind that the recession in 1992 was very severe. All government announcements made during February-March 1993 about stabilization of the volumes of industrial production ignored the seasonal nature of this phenomenon and, as usual, during May-June there is a traditional reduction of the volumes of production, while August-September is a time of seasonal upsurge. On the whole as compared to 1992 the decline in the volumes of industrial production amounted to approximately 13-14 percent. In the area of privatization of industrial enterprises the results of the 1993 policy may be characterized by the word "collectivization." In essence we are seeing the appearance of enterprises that are in the hands of collective owners. The result of this kind of privatization is obvious: great difficulties in finding investors. For one must keep in mind that the position of Russian industry is very difficult--underinvestment has become extremely widespread and the condition of the equipment in many branches is terrible and must be replaced. In trade, privatization has led to the creation of monopolistic markets in many cases. These monopolies exist because of the fact that trade enterprises are connected to the local authorities. Hence all the "charm" of the unregulated monopoly: price support to the detriment of the |
FBIS3-61229_10 | Economic Program Prospects for Leading Blocs in State Duma | sources. First--stop nonrepayable aid to CIS countries. But the government has already done this. Beginning 1 January 1994 Russia will trade with CIS countries only at world prices. Nonpayments or debts of former republics have been converted into credits. True, the interest rate is a bit low, but we cannot get more from them. So, the first source of immediate enrichment for the population named by Zhirinovskiy already has been exhausted. The second source, in his opinion, is to stop conversion and sell arms. He told the public the figure of earnings from arms sales: allegedly $30-32 billion a year. Such earnings have never existed, and cannot be real. Theoretically, the USSR sold this much worth of arms. But last year income from arms sales was slightly less than $2 billion. And prior to that Russia did not get anything for arms deliveries to regimes friendly to the USSR. All in all, the Communists left Russia an "inheritance" of $130 billion. This is how much has been handed out to other countries, and mainly it is debts for arms shipments. None of the debtors has ever paid or intends to pay. It is hardly realistic to demand these billions in payments. India and Egypt pay some, but this is small change. Cuba alone owes us $18 billion, and they are merely laughing: the debt we incurred was not to Russia, they say. Thus, earnings of $30-32 billion a year from arms sales belongs in the realm of nonscientific fiction. Thus, the sources through which Zhirinovskiy promised to double the population's real income in six months simply do not exist. His program also promises support for state enterprises, but it does not say how this would be done. If it is support through preferential credits, inflation will have to be let loose. I do not think I need to repeat what will happen next.... V. Zhirinovskiy promises regulated prices. As it turned out, this is the most desirable device in the understanding of most voters. But if we begin regulating prices, we will inevitably have to freeze wages. Otherwise, wages will jump, and with fixed prices the population will sweep the stores clean. As a result, the stores will be empty and money will be worth absolutely nothing. In this respect, too, Zhirinovskiy proposes a Ukrainization of the Russian economy without using this particular word. The harm done to Russia by |
FBIS3-61230_3 | Sociological Polls on Tendencies in Current Political Climate | this decision. But even the voters who had decided to participate in the elections and named their possible "elected officials" during the poll did not have finally formed opinions either. Approximately 50-70 percent of the supporters of one party or bloc said that they had not finally decided who to vote for. Moreover, many voters did not understand the principal differences in the party programs, and the set of campaign promises for a "better life" among the majority of candidates was fairly standard. It is not surprising that under these conditions a decisive role began to be played not so much by political programs and platforms as by the "acting mastery" of the politicians. It is curious that, according to the assessment of Moscow voters at the end of November, the statements and political advertising they remembered most were those of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (V. Zhirinovskiy)--indicated by 14 percent, the Russia's Choice bloc (Ye. Gaydar)--11 percent, and the Democratic Party of Russia (N. Travkin)--9 percent. The statements of other parties were remembered by many fewer. Incidentally, according to the assessment of 17 percent, "they did not remember anything," and 21 percent--out of principle "did not look, did not listen, and did not read all that," and 21 percent--"found it difficult to determine their opinion." Incidentally, many thought and still think that the ones that could win the election were those that have "money" (this is what 28 percent of the Moscow voters thought), "press, radio, and television" (23 percent), "power" (21 percent), and "the support of B.N. Yeltsin" (20 percent) and not those "who defend the interests of the people" (16 percent) or "who have more of the truth" (9 percent). But nonetheless, as life showed, "money," "propaganda," etc., with all their significance, were clearly inadequate factors. The mechanism of social principles and social expectations of the voters entered into the "fate" of the elections. According to predictions of the Institute of the Sociology of Parliamentarianism, in the elections to the State Duma "in terms of the party slates" the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia led, and it was followed by the Russia's Choice bloc. The basis for this assumption was, in particular, the fact that on the eve of the elections to the State Duma (poll of 2-7 December) 17 percent of the voters who voted were inclined to cast their vote for the LDPR, for |
FBIS3-61231_8 | Arbatov on Economic, Industrial Policy | about social programs in more detail. In many of them during the Bolshevist years that we are damning (frequently for a reason), we nevertheless set an example for the developed world. But now we are shamefully going back--in education, in health services, and in people's access to culture. In contrast to many countries of the West, property polarization is taking place, and together with it--a dangerous social tension (also a feeding ground for fascism). Previously, the privileges of the leadership were concealed (with which, judging by his recent television interview, the president reconciled himself), and now--even its pay. You learn with amazement that the director of an average-sized plant can set a salary for himself of a couple and even dozens of millions of rubles a month. Any transparency has been deliberately covered here. As for the "lower levels," it would seem that not even an objective is being established to create a decent subsistence minimum for current conditions, guaranteed humane living conditions for old age and disability, and even for burials that are worthy of a person, and not for cattle dying on the roadside. Transportation, communications, and other services have become luxury items that are accessible only to the wealthiest, without any justification. Rents in the city are increasing astronomically, and many cities, nonetheless, are falling into decay. It is nonetheless impossible to compel the government to analyze this ratcheting of prices and unrestrained inflation in the whole system and to set a barrier against depredation, irresponsibility, and sometimes also simple stupidity, but to implement intelligent measures (again not requisition measures, but with the help of taxes, privileges, withdrawal of excessive rights of officials, somewhere privatization, and so on) that are capable of arranging life in a civilized form, when we would be able to do everything in full view of the people, not permit anyone to be arbitrary, and more or less specifically, but without deceit and demagogy, to establish dates when the situation will begin to improve. I want to say something about policy. First about domestic policy. A little more than two years were actually lost, despite the unique conditions that developed after the defeat of the putsch (in the sense of the development of democracy). If anyone thinks that the Constitution, which was adopted without the consideration of a fourth of the voters, is democratic and legitimate--this is a dubious proposition. In order to |
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