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FBIS3-61234_2 | Federation of Goods Producers on Economic Crisis | of Russia. The growth in unemployment is indicated by the 2,400 plants in this country that died out this year. Against the background of general instability of economic life and administration, there is a continuing flow of a significant part of our national wealth abroad, and the export of capital from the country in legal and illegal form amounted to $12-15 billion this year. An economic and legal environment that is hostile to native goods production, whose direct result was the disruption of economic relations and a reduction in the volume of products, created such conditions that it simply became unprofitable to work. Thus, in branches that determine the competitiveness of the Russian economy (electronics, electronic equipment, and instrumentation) in the last three years the output of products has dropped by more than 40 percent, which indicates that a process of the deindustrialization of the country is beginning. In the meantime, the congress of goods producers of Russia (not anticipating tangible progress for the better, not only in the first quarter but also in the first half of 1994, when, in the opinion of FTR experts, there will continue to be a further listless decline in production, inflation in costs in connection with continuous price increases for energy sources and agricultural raw materials, an increase in transport rates and wages, mutual indebtedness of enterprises, and the depreciation of money), is coming out in support of signing agreements with the government of the Russian Federation and organs of authority of the components of the Federation concerning a qualitatively new system of mutual relations that regulates the procedure of implementing the stages for conducting economic transformations. In the FTR's opinion, the state should guarantee the native goods producer the unconditional right to direct participation in determining the strategy of development of the national economy and in legislative initiatives on questions of goods production and expert analysis of all normative acts at the federal and regional level in this sphere. Arkadiy Volskiy, chairman of the Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Russia and leader of the Civic Union, remarked in his speech to the congress that goods producers can credit themselves with the fact that the government, which until recently demonstratively had withdrawn from tasks of support of domestic production, today agrees with the need to regulate the economy of the country. However, the present state of Russian industry, the FTR leadership thinks, |
FBIS3-61237_7 | DELOVOY MIR Economic Statistics, 29 December Production of Most Important Categories of Industrial Products | output of large electric machinery (1.3-fold), pneumatic-chassis cranes and self-propelled graders (by a factor of 2-2.3). With respect to these products, however, there remains a considerable lag as compared to the level of the corresponding period of last year. Production of special, specialized, and modular metal-cutting machine tools remains at last year's level. The output of large electric machinery, low-capacity electric motors, and trucks amounted to almost one-half of that for the same period of last year; of traveling cranes, bulldozers, and main line freight cars--one-third; and of drop forges, automotive trailers and semitrailers, and tractors--less than 10-25 percent. Over three weeks of December, the output of all varieties of chemical and petrochemical industry products counted in weekly reports lagged behind the level of the corresponding period of December of last year; with respect to some of them, the rate of production decline increased in the third week of the month: In real volume Average daily production as % since the of the corresponding period beginning of of the month last year the preceding month Synthetic 419 83 91 ammonia--thousands of tonnes Sulphuric acid--thousands 316 61 90 of tonnes Calcinated soda--thousands 80.7 64 98 of tonnes Mineral 315 70 99.4 fertilizer--thousands of tonnes Polystyrene and copolymers 6.3 78 90 of styrene--thousands of tonnes Automotive 1,412 70 88 tires--thousands of units There has been a 40-65-percent decline as compared to the December level of last year in the average daily output of polyvynilchloride resins, pipe and pipeline components made of thermoplastics, polyvynilchloride-based plastics, chemical filament and fiber, microbiological fodder protein, and automotive tires for agricultural vehicles. At the same time, the average daily output of certain varieties of products has increased as compared to the corresponding period of November of this year, including phosphate fertilizer--by 18 percent, and polyvynilchloride resin and polypropylene--by 2 percent. In the timber, woodworking, and pulp and paper industry, the daily production of most varieties of timber products over the elapsed 19 days of December exceeded the volume of the corresponding period of this year's November, with the exception of wood-chip board, paper, and cardboard. At the same time, as compared to the corresponding period of December 1992, the output of all categories of the industry's products has declined: In real volume Average daily production as % since the of the corresponding period of beginning of the month last year the preceding month Hardwood 13.8 72 104 |
FBIS3-61237_11 | DELOVOY MIR Economic Statistics, 29 December Production of Most Important Categories of Industrial Products | was a decline in the average daily production of refrigerators and freezers, television sets, and washing machines (by 2-12 percent), knitting machines, radio receivers, and photo cameras (by 11-25 percent), electric irons (by one-third), and motorcycles (by almost one-half). As compared with the analogous period of last year, production declined with respect to all categories of goods (with the exception of galvanic cells and batteries and regular light bulbs): the output of photo cameras and electric irons fell off by two-thirds; electric vacuum cleaners, washing machines, radio receivers, and video tape recorders, by half; and tape recorders and knitting machines, by 40 percent. Due to material and financial difficulties, since the beginning of the year there has been no production of washing machines at the Nizhniy Novgorod automotive plant, PO [industrial association] GPZ-4 (Samara); of radio receivers--at PO Radiopribor in Velikiye Luki (Pskov Oblast), radio electronic plant Sokol (Moscow), and the Kamensk-Uralsk radio electronics plant (Sverdlovsk Oblast). Over 19 days of this December, production of a majority of 21 varieties of foodstuffs counted in weekly reports (with the exception vegetable oil and canned milk products) has declined as compared to both the corresponding period of last year and that of the preceding month. Among them are meat, butter, cheeses, whole milk products, macaroni items, and others. There has been a considerable decline as compared with the corresponding period of last year in the production of canned fruit and vegetables, macaroni items, tea, and mineral water (by 33-41 percent), as well as whole-milk products, margarine, meat, butter, and canned meat (by 13-28 percent). Production of food concentrates fell off by more than half. Among the daily necessities, over the elapsed days of this December as compared to the analogous period of last year the output of household soap and creams declined by half; of facial soap and creams [as published]--by 42 percent; and synthetic detergents--by one-third. Shipping by Railroad There has been 15 percent less freight loaded on average per day at Russian Federation railroads over 20 days of December of this year than during the corresponding period of last year, and 2 percent less than over 20 days of November of this year. Freight loaded over 20 days of December 1993 Thousands of As % of the As % of the tonnes on corresponding corresponding average a day period of the period of last preceding month year Freight--total 3,284.9 98 |
FBIS3-61242_1 | Independent Unions Support Lanovyy | for certain that the epicenter of the impending events will not be Donbass, but rather Kiev, where several large-scale enterprises will be the first to go on strike. Others will immediately follow--in all regions. In the opinion of Free Trade Unions, the "higher authorities" will better feel the impact of a strike begun in the capital than ordinary miners. Lenin Forge and other industrial "monsters" in the capital have already repeatedly declared their desire to take part. "Ukraine is reaching its boiling point"--noted Aleksandr Mril, leader of the Independent Trade Union of Miners. "Just one more small upheaval and the country will not survive to election time. If the trade unions do not today mount a strike, extremist forces will take advantage of the disarray of the masses--a situation fraught with the prospect of civil war." But right now, independent trade union forces are looking at a specific common enemy: "the existing authority, under which people cannot live normally." Meanwhile, even the obsolete Cabinet of Ministers has been granted a stay of execution of the trade union sentence and been given the opportunity to remain in their long-occupied seats, if they bring salaries into conformance with price increases in the course of a month and introduce a mechanism of anticipatory compensation. This is mentioned in the decree of the executive committee of Free Trade Unions which was distributed to the Supreme Council, the Cabinet of Ministers, and the president. However, the workers do not believe that that which has remained undone over two years can be realized over the course of one month. Therefore, they are using the time remaining prior to 18 January to coordinate strike activities. Talks have been held with Volodymyr Lanovyy as well, whose candidacy for the position of prime minister elicits no objection from the population majority, it has become clear, or from most parties and movements, which have long discussed the need for professional economic leadership of the country. As the current leader of the Center for Market Reforms stated, he "will agree to accept the responsibility entrusted, taking into account the adversity of the economic situation in the country," and will take the first steps on a state level towards extricating the country out of crisis and stabilizing the socioeconomic situation. In the opinion of the trade unions, this will prevent a "witch hunt" from taking place in Ukraine and will give the |
FBIS3-61245_1 | Lessons of Russian Elections Pondered The Third Lesson: If You Help the Democrat, You Will Have To Deal With His Opposite | they handed out to passersby appeals that clearly "cast down" a plague on all Russian political houses: "The December elections will do nothing for us; they will merely legalize the dictatorship of the apparatchiks and the new rich speculators. But today's `communist,' nationalist, and `democratic' opposition is no better. The struggle among the politicians is not for freedom and democracy, but for power, for the right to grab more, to decide which of them will plunder and steal....but if everyone has already understood that no elections or referendums will change anything--do not go to the elections, do not vote--resist!... The parties are fighting to control the people; we are for having the people control themselves!" But the Russians did go to the polls, the elections did take place, and their results, in my opinion, are of significance for all former Union republics where elections are still to be held and particularly, of course, for Ukraine. First Lesson: Zhirinovskiy Did Not Win--the Democrats Lost Even Leon Trotsky called Hitler's Fascist Party a "party of counterrevolutionary despair," because the brownshirts came to power using populist slogans as, incidentally, the Bolsheviks also once did, playing on the atmosphere of government instability and attitudes of no confidence either in the present or in the future on the part of the majority of simple citizens. Vladimir Volfovich's political formula was also simple: If you want power, press on the sore spots, on the "pet corns" of the Russians, who are suffering from nervous exhaustion, promise them a "great Russia" and expose their "traitors" and enemies. And it is desirable to do this frequently, persistently, and simply enough for a moron to understand. Zhirinovskiy did this. And today it is not so important that even before the session of the State Duma he abandoned the majority of his propositions. The magic of simple-calming, optimistic-encouraging words had done its work. I was told about the following episode at an election precinct. One young person was asking another: "Who did you vote for?" "For Zhirinovskiy," was the answer. "What do you mean?!"--the first one was surprised, making a gesture as though the other were crazy. "And why not, look at what this will do to the country," the second one defended his position. And this is instructive: Zhirinovskiy was operating in a strange mixture of hope and hopelessness, belief in the possibility of change and disbelief in the |
FBIS3-61246_8 | Fokin Discusses Fund for Humanitarian, Economic Ties With Russian Federation | has been involved in this. The securities market is working energetically, and this is one of the most important indices of the market economy. The actual convertibility of the ruble is stimulating small and average business. Important changes are occurring in the psychology of the people. Russia's public is already thinking in new categories. Therefore, it is becoming more and more difficult for a director, for example, of a Ukrainian state plant to conduct negotiations with his own Russian partner--the head of a joint-stock company. But it is necessary and possible to overcome difficulties. Labor collectives of former subcontractors remain, and directors are left who know their colleagues from what now already are neighboring countries, and they maintain friendly relations with them. They have all felt the effects of the artificially violated cooperation on their own problems. That is why the idea of the creation of a nongovernmental organization that would speak in support of the intensification, coordination, and development of Ukrainian-Russian relations immediately found an enormous number of supporters. Organizing business relations and close partnership with the Russian Federation in the most diverse spheres of human endeavor is an objectively recognized necessity. "Every Fruit Should Ripen" [Menzhulina] Did you not have problems with registering the fund? I wonder what response the idea on its creation had "at the top?" [Fokin] From time to time, I did not want to disclose my intention. I was not confident that I would be supported if I came out in March or April. At that time, everyone was going around with raised spirits and satisfied that they had got through the winter and finished the sowing. They could have said: Why do we need this fund, which directs its own activity at the creation of production and economic relations with Russia, when we also were not born yesterday? Now, this will not be said. And not only because a real threat hangs over millions of socially unprotected citizens of Ukraine. I hope that there will be no starvation. The state does have grain. But it is impossible to live day by day. It is necessary to think about the coming year, about work under winter conditions, and to organize a normal, decent life. Under these conditions, I think, with the help of the fund, it will be possible to arrive at a resolution of many problems. When I acquainted the president with my |
FBIS3-61248_3 | Report on Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization | considerations are very important for Turkish politicians. Thus, we think that Ukraine should look at the problem more broadly, in the context of its officially declared intention to seek widest possible geographical ties and to overcome distortions resulting from a one-sided orientation. Clearly, it would be much easier to build economic cooperation in the Black Sea region as a series of bilateral projects or broader geographical projects focused on a single industry. But this does not preclude the possibility, or removes the need, to build a system of multilateral cooperation, which would encourage many forms of localized cooperation while, on the other hand, assuming a much broader form. During negotiations within the ChES, member states expressed their interest in cooperating in such areas as construction and modernization of highway and railway networks; rational utilization of Black Sea fishery resources; construction, modernization and improved use of Black Sea ports; improvement of telecommunications links between ChES members and laying of the fiber-optic cable between Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine. On its part, Ukraine expressed an interest in working within the ChES framework on modernizing oil refining plants, building terminals on the shores of the Black Sea for receiving shipments of oil and liquefied gas, cooperating with foreign companies on the development of non-traditional energy sources, technical retooling of metallurgical plants, building new capacities, implementing a multilateral program to produce electronic equipment for various sectors of the economy using semiconductors produced in Ukraine, etc. At this stage, Ukraine must develop a general conceptual vision of its economic interests in the ChES, set a target level for integration into ChES and its organizations and find practical ways to achieve expected results. The latter task is related to the need to find out, at last, who is responsible for what in the context of goals being considered, since it must be acknowledged that, as a rule, the Ukrainian side does not generate initiative in developing various business proposals, and that in our country those who are responsible for this are often insufficiently active or incompetent. This is why we must now start serious analytical and organizational work at state organizations and enterprises. The future of Ukraine is closely linked to the Black Sea region and at the early stages it is important not to err in selecting strategy and tactics, for in no time at all we may find ourselves on the "dustheap of history." |
FBIS3-61256_5 | Spokesman on Church, State Separation | of the Holy Romanian Synod. Such a resolution seems to me to be rather arguable, inasmuch as back on 5 October 1992 Peter was suspended in service... According to canons, another church cannot restore him. The metropolitan see ceased its activity in 1940, and since that time a lot has changed. There is no Romanian kingdom, no Moldavian SSR, and no Chisinau eparchy, but there is the Moldovan Metropolitan See, whose charter was officially registered by the government on 3 November 1993. Although our service was established recently, we have already started talks on the peaceful settlement of problems. We are now studying archival documents concerning the organization and activity of the Bessarabian Metropolitan See, and we are proposing to examine them: There is now a critical question concerning property, inasmuch as the churches of Bessarabia were at different times under the jurisdiction of three churches--Ecumenical, Romanian, and Russian... Only it is not necessary to rush, and it is not necessary to urge us on. The situation has to be studied well in the localities, and the leadership of the republic must be kept reliably informed. [Limanskiy] In your opinion, will the religious communities have any kind of influence on the course of the coming parliamentary elections? [Armasu] The communities are already quite politicized. And this is what they have come to. The church is a holy place, where people find peace, offer prayers to God, and enrich themselves spiritually. The priests hear the confessions of the people and forgive them their sins--and everyone needs this--the supporters of the people's front, and the socialists, and the communists. [Limanskiy] Well, very soon new deputies will come to power, really the people's representatives. Does the Law on Cults require any kinds of changes? [Armasu] Undoubtedly. The first article requires considerable revision--it denies the right to choose and to switch to another faith (proselytism). Articles 14 and 15 state that for recognition, cults "are required to submit their charter to the government." Some of the provisions of the law do not comply with international human rights and principles. I think that we will prepare additions and changes to the Law on Cults in the very near future... Availing myself of this opportunity, I want through your newspaper to call on all believers and leaders of religious organizations in these difficult times to maintain tranquility, not engage in disputes, and resolve all questions peacefully. |
FBIS3-61257_11 | Minister Outlines State of Agriculture | on agricultural enterprises and about 80,000 hectares turned over to private possession of the peasants under Article 82 of the Land Code went unplowed. There are also farmstead plots that need to be plowed. This happened because initially there was no fuel or lubricants, and then severe frosts struck unexpectedly at the beginning of November. Now the fuel necessary to complete the plowing has been shipped in. There is also technical equipment. If there are "windows of time in winter" (and they are not a rarity in our region), we will be able to finish this work in 10-15 days. In any case, that is what the machine operators think. For, be that as it may, land plowed poorly in the fall is better than land plowed well in the spring. It is especially important to do this work more quickly in the southern zone, where there are frequent dry winds in the spring and the only way of counteracting them is to plant in such a way that the plants have already developed roots and become strong by this time. [Khudoley] Is it not too early for the state to abandon its concern about resource support for the farms? Does the ministry have an effective alternative that would make it possible to ensure their normal functioning? Or does everyone have to fend for himself? [Gorincioi] Indeed, when encountering the shortages and the high cost of fuel on the market, many agrarians more and more frequently ask the question: What next? If the fuel problem is exacerbated so much, will there be a need for technical equipment, which becomes more difficult to restore each season? Is there any point in expending so much money and food in order to start running hundreds of thousands of motors in the fields, farms, and orchards? If anyone is interested in my opinion, it is simple. If a person assumes that today it is possible to work the land without machine technology, he is deeply deluded. That would mean failure. Of course, it is useful to keep horses and oxen. But you will not plow very quickly or very well with this kind of power, and in general you will not receive a good harvest. Therefore it is necessary to look in a different direction for a way out of the crisis--namely in modern technologies and the latest achievements of scientific and technical progress. |
FBIS3-61258_5 | Industry Growth For '93 Reviewed | decline in production and finding (or formulating) an industrial structure appropriate for Estonia. Industrial Production Growing Since March of this year (except for the massive vacation months of July and August), industrial production at comparable prices has been growing. During the first eight months, proceeds from corporate income tax amounted to 93.2 percent of the budgeted total for 1993. This not only points to increased economic activity, but also to the fact that the economy is picking up faster than was expected at the time the budget was approved. Estonia's economy has been able to reorient itself to the Western market. When, in 1989, close to 97 percent of the trade was done with the Soviet republics then, by the middle of 1993, the share of CIS republics, in both imports and exports, had dwindled to 27 percent. In August of 1993, the CIS share of the total foreign trade volume (exports and imports combined) was 23.9 percent. From that we can conclude that Estonia's dependence on the Eastern market has dropped below the level maintained by Finland during its record years (26 percent). Thanks to the monetary reform, balanced budget, and following the recommendations of IMF, Estonia has, within a short period of time, become a country worthy of investments, and has indeed attracted considerable amounts of foreign capital. Bankruptcies Are Inevitable There are many small businesses developing fast. As of October 15, 1993, a total of 7,434 companies were registered under Estonia's processing industry. Out of that number, roughly 4,000 are actually operating, half of them with 20 or more employees. Even that is not a small number, compared to earlier counts. One fifth out of roughly 300 big enterprises have also managed to find their place under new economic and political circumstances. They have not reduced their production, compared to last year's. It is hoped that most of the companies still struggling with hardship will soon find their place in the new economic system--many of them after privatization. Some industrial enterprises, however, will inevitably go bankrupt. They will be either liquidated, refinanced, or reorganized. It would be impossible to save all of the production facilities that were put up at one time to encourage migration, supply the Eastern market, or simply to the greater glory of the system, even with the best of intentions and the most ingenious of industrial policies. Comparing Estonia's 'economic miracle' to that |
FBIS3-61266_6 | Kozyrev Interviewed on Election Results | by my wife, who was in tears when she saw what was happening there. Incidentally, the unprofessionalism of our politicians was a factor in the conduct of the election campaign. Where were professional politicians to come from? All of these American recipes for conducting advertising campaigns do not work out here. Against the background of how the people live in Murmansk, the dog from the advertising clip of Russia's Choice is terrifying. After all, society in the United States has a full stomach, whereas a different approach to our people is needed. Do you remember the proverb "Some complain of not enough cabbage in their soup, while others complain that their pearls are too small?" So, for now we have cabbage soup, and this is the reason American electoral logic does not apply to Russia. [Sharyy] However, you belonged to the leadership of the Russia's Choice bloc and obviously could influence the tactics of the election campaign.... [Kozyrev] In the executive committee we entrusted this to people who were professionally responsible for this--Bragin and Poltoranin. As one of the members of the Russia's Choice leadership, I do not disclaim responsibility, although, frankly, in the weeks right before the election I was too busy with my campaign in Murmansk and international affairs to follow the situation in Moscow. I did not even have an opportunity to watch TV. However, I was altogether terrified when I returned home. This should provide a great deal of food for a great deal of thought, for a major adjustment of policy. What was Zhirinovskiy's forte? He went to the elections with lies of cosmic proportions, whereas Russia's Choice went to the elections with something inarticulate. Zhirinovskiy bought several hours of TV time and sort of talked to people in a human way. He talked obvious nonsense. However, it turned out that this was nonsense, say, for me, but not for many people: They are no longer used to things being just explained to them and argued in regular spoken language, without showing off, without posturing, or to problems of interest to them being discussed with them....that they were not shrugged off. Here is the result. I did the same in Murmansk, that is, answered questions in a popular, human language, and looked at the audience. If I saw that my words were not getting through, it meant that I had to explain in more detail |
FBIS3-61267_1 | Sheynis on Drawbacks in Election Law | Pygmalion and the result of his inspired and tormented labors, Galatea, has been implemented anew...in the course of the last election campaign. How do you evaluate your "Galatea," the Election Statute? [Sheynis] Alas, this lady has turned out to have flaws.... The Election Statute has advantages and, unfortunately, obvious disadvantages. I consider the introduction of a mixed voting system to be the main accomplishment; under the system, half the deputies are elected on a proportional basis from the lists of electoral associations to which political parties and other organizations belong. They objected to me, as a rule in a demagogic manner: Why give preference to parties at a time when in our country they do not even amount to parties in the greater scheme of things. I believe that they will not appear here until we have multiparty elections in the country. After all, only the "party of a new type" engaged in everything from ideological conditioning of the working people to the distribution of all kinds of benefits. For their part, parties which exist in the environment of a democratic country mainly "work" for elections. [Sukhomlinova] Therefore, we may hope that the process of asserting a modern power structure has begun.... However, why was precisely this provision, whose potential is obvious, very difficult to "push through?" [Sheynis] The reasons are many. I will give one of them. All of this is unusual to us, and new things are, as a rule, rejected. Opponents suggested that we first conduct an experiment and see what happens: to elect 10 percent of the deputies the way we proposed, and 90 percent--the old way, in single-seat districts. In conjunction with this, I recalled an old joke: At one point they became concerned here about the poor condition of street traffic. They sent a delegation to England to gain advanced experience. Upon its return, they concluded: Indeed, street traffic is doing very well over there, probably because it moves on the left. Let us try this in our country too, and by way of an experiment convert just one motor vehicle pool to driving on the left.... We would have had the same experiment with these 10 percent.... Still, despite the resistance we managed to ensure that the president agreed with us (he was precisely the one to introduce the Edict on Elections). We managed to meet with him, explained our position, and gave |
FBIS3-61268_8 | Kozyrev's, Grachev's Dismissal Urged | with the letter Zh.] as having a political, rather than sexual, overtone. A farsighted political P. [prostitute]. (This is not me about Poltoranin--Lenin said this about Trotskiy). What other heroic deeds should the hapless Kozyrev commit to be dismissed from his job for innumerable flops in Russian foreign policy? Having watched Kozyrev for three years saying "Yes, yes, yes" to America and Western Europe, one begins to feel nostalgic for Gromyko, with his "No, no, no." And what did we get as a result of endless concessions? What kind of presents? Seven pills of aspirin per capita of bad population? The weak are disliked; the stupid get no respect; and liars are hated. As a result, we have icy relations with the nuclear Ukraine. And jubilation in Pentagon: Hurrah! The end of thaw! Kravchuk is clinging to his nuclear bombs; the mad hawk Zhirinovskiy has won the elections--this is enough for the Pentagon to hammer $20 million-$30 million out of Congress. Oh, the Cold War--that was a golden time! A generals' time! Why did Bragin kiss Zhirinovskiy? Why not kiss Grachev? What else does Grachev have to do to get dismissed? The Western Group of Troops has rotted on the stalk. Traders-general transport booty by military aircraft.... The Army must love and respect its commander. You cannot make people face death by giving them salaries and apartments. These are not very smart hopes. Salaries and apartment exist to keep the Army from mutiny, no more than that. They do not instill a fighting spirit. Only love, respect, and fear push people into battle. Salaries and apartments are a market. A market operates on different criteria, different incentives, different values. When you are facing a wall of firepower, an apartment is not part of your conscious mind. Does the Army love Zhirinovskiy? You bet! He promises it war and conquest. Which means medals, fame, and riches. The Army is sick and tired of being despised, of riding in tanks across the motherland and the capital. Zhirinovskiy, of course, promises money and apartments, but he does not have them. Realistically, all he can give is war. Guys! Soldiers and sailors, sergeants and corporals, officers, generals, and admirals, do understand: Zhirinovskiy is no Napoleon and no Suvorov; it is not the eighteenth century, and the time of brave conquests and crusades is over. Friend Saddam did try to stick his hand into Kuwait, |
FBIS3-61274_0 | Constitution Should Not Just List, but Guarantee Human Rights | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Arkadiy Solovyev, candidate of economic sciences: "Everything Is Better in Russia as Regards `Human Rights,' but There Are More and More Who Are Downtrodden"] [Text] The latest anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights passed almost unnoticed in Russia. By an irony of fate it coincided with the apogee of the election campaign. Perhaps it was for this reason that it was "noticed" only by a small circle of professionals--political scientists, sociologists, and employees of specific grassroots and civil rights organizations. Yet human rights and liberties are, it would seem, that sole purpose and overriding mission for the sake of which many of us in April 1985 or in August 1991 and subsequently also, perhaps, were prepared to renounce everything contained in the notorious period of stagnation. But the "perestroyka era" has ended, smoothly passing into the "era of radical reform"--a great recasting of power, property, and life's foundations--and the euphoria of the triumphs in connection with the emancipation from the seven decades of slavery of the national spirit has evaporated like smoke, leaving the people in its wake merely the ashes of the charred ruins. And all that was in any way valuable, which had been accumulated by the generations... has vanished. There has also, somehow imperceptibly, been a division of the monolith of fellow thinkers of perestroyka, once welded together by an inspired idea, into fighters "for the people's interests" and the people themselves, into the possessors of rights and the bearers of obligations, which have for some reason or other become for a large part of the populace even more onerous. And this can be traced graphically against the background of the struggle for human rights--in the strikes and prestrike actions of the workers of many sectors of the economy. Those working in health care and education and geology and communications, agrarian specialists and mechanical engineers, and coal miners have been or are now in this position.... More than you can count. There is no doubt that our acquisition of the right to express a protest is a good thing. But it would be even better did we not have to avail ourselves of it. Particularly so often. For it is well known that in the period of the shock reforms some sectors have been almost permanently in a strike or prestrike condition. This is, I believe, far from the best |
FBIS3-61277_8 | Counterintelligence Official Interviewed | recently visited my relatives in the town of Sobinka in Vladimir Oblast. My cousin works at a textile factory, which is now idle. He is paid 12,000 rubles a month. He does not have dinner every day. And there are others like him. What kind of mood can these people be in? I was told a lot of things in Sobinka... [TRUD] The stratification in society is growing; about 40 million people do not have the income to provide for even a most modest sustenance minimum. Some political scientists talk about growing social tensions in society, the potential for intense social conflicts. Until a way is found to attenuate hardship for tens of millions low-income people, the situation may intensify to the limit. In your opinion, could conflicts grow into civil war? [Stepashin] I do not think so. The government said clearly that social orientation of the reforms will be strengthened. And if stabilization processes begin at the end of the year; if the production decline is halted and structural restructuring in industry begins, positive changes will affect the social climate as well. [TRUD] It is being said that during the period of reorganization of the security services they have ended up being sort of paralyzed, incapable of functioning, and the country has been left unprotected. Is this true? [Stepashin] Nothing of the kind; the work has never stopped and is continuing right now. And it would be impossible to suspend it anyway: For one, there is the unceasing stream of contraband people try to smuggle out of the country. For instance, in Orenburg Oblast it was discovered that 667 kg of gold and 21,770 kg of silver had been exported abroad as part of black copper alloys from the Mednogorsk integrated copper smelter and sulfuric acid plant. Now the joint enterprise will reimburse the cost of exported precious metals in hard currency (about $10 million). In Pskov Oblast, two railcars (135 tonnes) with 8.45-caliber cartridges were intercepted on route to Estonia... I could give you numerous examples of this nature. Neither is there any decrease in active intelligence activities against Russia, and it is conducted not only by special services of "far abroad" countries but also by Baltic and CIS countries. Twenty people were arrested in 1993 on charges of espionage. Several dozen more cases involving espionage are under investigation. [TRUD] There are many rumors regarding the circumstances of |
FBIS3-61284_0 | Tatarstan Economic Reforms Appraised | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Marat Galeyev, deputy chairman of the State Committee for the Economy of the Republic of Tatarstan] [Text] Our young state is an economically developed region of the former USSR, whose gross social product (in 1991 prices) is estimated at approximately R53 billion, and in 1993 prices, at more than R4 trillion. The per capita industrial and agricultural product in the republic is more than 20 percent higher than the average in Russia. Tatarstan's economy is undoubtedly heavily dependent on the stable operation of the enterprises of many sectors, both of Russia and of other states that were formerly a part of the Union. An analysis of the republic's economy requires an examination of common problems, therefore. The word "crisis," which has become habitual in recent years, is the most common characterization of the state of the whole of the former USSR, both in the sphere of the economy and in sociopolitical life. The illusory expectations of an improvement in life introduced to the consciousness by dishonest politicians as of the 1980's have led to social fatigue and the apathy of the majority. It is naive to expect any improvement as a result of elections, referenda, and so forth. Yet the crisis is not forever. There is, as a rule, a way out of any crisis, and not just one even. A society, like any person also, has a choice of development options. The way out of the present one will be particularly difficult since the economic and political factors of development are too intricately intertwined, and the politicians' actions frequently do not fit within the framework of common sense and have been, from the viewpoint of the interests of the majority, of an irrational nature. It should be obvious to everyone today that the economy will not be stabilized in a short space of time with painless medicine. What is needed first and foremost for a way out of the crisis is a correct diagnosis and then the formulation of measures and persistent lengthy treatment signifying in practice nothing other than purposeful, dogged work based on definite priorities. Speaking of a diagnosis, it is essential to recognize that two processes are under way simultaneously on the territory of the former USSR: 1. Transition from the administrative-command state-run economy to a market economy. 2. The formation and development of a whole number of new states |
FBIS3-61291_0 | Charter of `Greater Europe' Commission Approved in Moscow | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO ["Charter of `Greater Europe' Commission"] [Text] Concerning the Idea of a Greater Europe Europe is not simply a geographical concept. Europe embodies a distinctive cultural, socioeconomic, and political understanding of freedom and diversity, individuality, and tolerance. The question of the expansion of Europe's borders has down the ages been solved variously, particularly as far as the eastern borders are concerned. In Russia the debate concerning relations with the West, with Europe, in other words, is an inalienable part of the search for national identity. In the times of the cold war one of the most impenetrable borders in human history ran across Europe. The "Iron Curtain" separated Central and East Europe from the process of integration that had encompassed the western part of the continent and postponed for a long time, both in the West and in Russia itself, discussion of the question of a commitment to the European principles of liberty and democracy. The idea of a Greater Europe was born of the desire and need to take advantage of the truly new opportunities that have been afforded since the end of the cold war. The idea of a Greater Europe has nothing in common with so-called Westernization--the expansion of Western influence. The European affiliation to the Christian world incorporates the most diverse creeds, including that of the Orthodox Church. As far as national and linguistic affiliation are concerned, in this sense also Europe is distinguished by diversity, with the Slavic component being a principal integral part. European culture cannot be complete without Slavic culture. Nor is the idea of a Greater Europe an alternative to the process of European unification, which was initiated by the historic decision on the rapprochement of France and Germany. Shortly after World War II, thanks to the decisive position of the most farsighted politicians, the process of the building of a new Europe with the purpose of overcoming once for all the legacy of the past began. This was courageous opposition to the past. And it has been rewarded by the peace, freedom, and prosperity that have reigned in the past four decades and have shaped West Europe. New approaches to European problems, which are comparable in terms of their critical nature and uniqueness with those proposed 40 years ago, are needed today. This is necessary so that citizens of the part of Europe that was separated off by |
FBIS3-61291_6 | Charter of `Greater Europe' Commission Approved in Moscow | the United States in technology, finance, and trade; on the part of the Near East, North Africa, and Central Asia, in the cultural, religious, and demographic spheres; China is rapidly gaining in importance as a new economic and military superpower; and the so-called Asian tigers are challenging Europe with new industrial commodities and technology. In this situation it is particularly dangerous for Europe to appear in the eyes of the world community as a disconnected, disoriented continent which is in a state of stagnation. A new dynamic vision of all-European interests and a new approach to the problem of European security not only within the framework of the European Community, NATO, or the Western European Union but within the framework of a Greater Europe also is essential. In the event of the concept of a Greater Europe being embodied in practice, the adoption of an All-European Security Convention, which would include the United States and Canada, will be essential. Its two main goals should be: assurance of peace in Europe by way of the adoption of a joint security pact which would be signed by all the participants; defense of common external interests of European security incorporating not only the military threat but also an entire set of challenges of a civilization nature threatening peace, social stability, and freedom in Europe. This text of the charter is not final. It may be amended with regard to the observations which, as the members of the "Greater Europe" Commission hope, will be offered by those who join in the debate on the Charter. [Signed] Jacques Chirac, mayor of Paris, leader of the Rally for the Republic; Anatoliy Chubays, deputy head of the government of the Russian Federation; Count Otto von Lambsdorff, chairman of the Liberal International, leader of the Free Democratic Party of Germany; Alois Mock, minister of foreign affairs of Austria; Galina Sidorova, policy adviser to the minister of foreign affairs of the Russian Federation; Urs Schoettli, vice president of the Liberal International; Andreas Kohl, chairman of the Foreign Policy Committee of the Austrian Parliament; Pierre Lellouche, speaker of the French National Assembly for defense; Yevgeniy Ambartsumov, member of the Presidential Council; Konstantin Borovoy, chairman of the Economic Freedom Party; Gennadiy Burbulis, leader of the Strategy Center; Erhard Busek, vice chancellor of Austria; Wilfred Martens, chairman of the European People's Party, former prime minister of Belgium; Masud Ilmas, member of the |
FBIS3-61293_5 | Shokhin on Economic Impact of Russia-EC Declaration | ago the Americans had very serious doubts about the latter project because this meant automatically that a proportion of the market and a proportion of the orders would be transferred to Russia. This meant that American producers of the requisite equipment would fail to receive the same share. However, by all signs the issue has been resolved in our favor. [Dikun] Which problems did you fail to resolve in Brussels? [Shokhin] First of all, regarding aluminum exports. Restrictions on imports from Russia to the countries of the European Union are still in force. In this case, the interests of primarily France, the main producer of aluminum in the European Union, were affected. Incidentally, coordination on space proceeded in a quite complicated manner because of France once again. Let us say it straightforwardly: On quite a number of issues France hindered the reaching of agreements which could be satisfactory to the Russian Federation. It is common knowledge that at one time the French came out as opponents of the agreement on partnership and cooperation with Russia, saying that it is not all that necessary for the European Union at this stage. However, this extreme point of view did not prevail. [Dikun] To what degree did the edict of President Yeltsin concerning access to Russia for Western banks hinder the signing of the declaration? [Shokhin] This edict changed our negotiating position. It was very necessary for us and extremely inconvenient for them. However, we understand full well that if one of the parties gets a greater advantage than the other, the latter will be left dissatisfied and will possibly try to modify the agreement, which, naturally, no one needs. Therefore it was very important to strike a balance on all issues during the negotiations, including those concerning banks. I will not dwell on the details of how the Russian Federation intends to restrict the operations of European financiers on the Russian market during the period of transition; I will only say that the restrictions we are introducing are not an insurmountable barrier to banks from the European Union countries coming to the Russian market. Although there is no complete agreement as of this moment, let us hope that one will be reached within a few weeks. [Dikun] Did the release of a report on relations between Russia and NATO by the chief of the Foreign Intelligence Service, Yevgeniy Primakov, affect the progress |
FBIS3-61294_5 | Objections to EC Aluminum Sanctions Outlined The Alyuminiy Concern: European Communities Commission Sanctions Are Bad Medicine | processing is subsequently returned to him, and for this reason should not be considered part of Russian exports at all, as Mr. Prokopov sees it. In the words of the president of the Alyuminiy Concern, Russia likewise cannot accept the accusations concerning the existence of some preferential conditions created for the aluminum industry in order to artificially make it competitive. The Russian aluminum industry has been integrated with the world to a considerable degree: More than 60 percent of alumina and a large amount of carbon raw materials are purchased on the free market (in 1993 about $1 billion will be spent for these purposes); in the process, outlays on the transportation of raw materials are quite high. The second factor of price reductions--cheap labor--virtually does not influence the cost of the metal because its cost accounts for only 5-8 percent of total production outlays. Finally, the president of the concern considers the main accusations (the artificial understatement of prices for metal due to lower electricity rates) to be likewise groundless. In his words, electricity rates for metal producers in the Urals and Central Russia are equal to those in Europe. On average Siberians pay more for electricity than Canadian producers (in that country, special coefficients for rate reductions on electricity for the aluminum industry exist), although less than in Europe and the United States. The latter is due to the fact that 80 percent of the aluminum in Russia is now manufactured using electricity from large hydropower stations, which is inexpensive in terms of self-cost. In the words of Mr. Prokopov, the state does not provide any financial support for aluminum enterprises and does not regulate or control their operations in ways other than the standard--taxes, quotas, and the issuance of licenses. Domestic Consumption as a Way To Solve External Problems Specialists attribute the actual augmentation of the export of aluminum of Russian provenance, which is indeed causing stress on the world market, primarily to reductions in the domestic consumption of metal in Russia. Even in better times for the economy such consumption was not in line with the level of development of the aluminum industry. On top of this, recently it has been falling steadily: The main consumer of aluminum, the military-industrial complex, is facing a crisis. If the downward trend in domestic consumption were successfully reversed, many export problems would take care of themselves. Igor Prokopov directly |
FBIS3-61297_0 | Foreign Diplomats View Status of, Prospects for Ties With Russia Volodymyr Kryzhanivskyy, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine: "I Hope That the Ice Will Melt..." Otto von der Gablentz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the FRG: "We Have Learned To Give Meaning to History..." Bakhyt Nadirov, Kazakh Charge d'Affaires Ad Interim: "Russia Is Our Strategic Partner..." Sumio Edamura, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Japan: "A Foundation for Partnership Has Been Laid..." | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Report on interview with heads of diplomatic missions accredited to Moscow; places and dates not given: "Our Questionnaire"] [Text] [begin boxed item] Just before the New Year the editorial office posed two questions to heads of diplomatic missions accredited to Moscow: 1. In your opinion, what event in the past year best characterizes the relations of your country with Russia? 2. What prospects do you see for our bilateral relations in 1994? Here are the answers of our esteemed diplomats. [end boxed item] Volodymyr Kryzhanivskyy, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine: "I Hope That the Ice Will Melt..." 1. In the sequence of events, it is difficult to identify one that most clearly characterizes the relations of Ukraine and Russia in the past year. In my opinion, several could make up the general background. The joint participation of our sailors in peacemaking operations in the Georgian port of Poti. Those days demonstrated: We were together, and we will remain together. And we are always ready to help others. The same sense of mutual aid characterized the actions of our sailors who saved Russians near Zmiyinyy Island in the Black Sea. And on the part of Russia, specialists from the State Committee for Affairs of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations, and Elimination of Natural Disasters instantly offered help and assistance to those who suffered during the colossal flash flood in Transcarpathia. All these events, as you see, are of an emergency nature, but it is exactly in such moments that relations between people and nations reveal themselves in a special way. And another sad event. Ivan Kozlovskiy, the great singer of the Land, passed away. Prominent cultural figures from Ukraine and Russia stood in mournful silence at his grave. Kozlovskiy united our people. His death left a permanent mark on the souls of people, on the banks of the Moscow River and the Yenisey and on the banks of the Dnieper. 2. I hope that the ice will melt. I hope that we will finally be understood and that there will be an end to the groundless accusations that "Ukraine is deceiving the world." Otto von der Gablentz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the FRG: "We Have Learned To Give Meaning to History..." 1. Our relations are so close that there is no one big symbolical event that characterizes them. Federal Chancellor Kohl, for example, in 1993 alone |
FBIS3-61298_13 | USA Institute Ponders Russian National Interests Specific Features of Russia's National Interest in Relations With the Outside World | preferable. But politically it is problematical. In putting undue emphasis on it, Russia would make itself too dependent on Ukraine and would lose time for the necessary development of the rational conditions regulating the degree of its selective openness to the East. Being boundlessly open to it today would be an archaism preserved since the times of the "indestructible unity" of Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians. And to the extent that this unity is now being disputed it is necessary to formulate a strategy of a strengthening of the Russian state "self," proceeding from the worst-case scenario--were the country to find itself head to head with the post-Soviet East. Russia cannot simply fence itself off from Asia, as Poland, Estonia, or the EC countries can. Copies of the West European versions of the foreign policy line are no use. The most complex challenge is the need to formulate an active policy, preserve Russia's national identity, and strengthen stability throughout Western Eurasia. It is understandable that this task is barely feasible without the support of allies and partners. All the more important is it seeking them among the countries really capable of supporting Russia primarily on questions of the deterrence of inherent conflict. If there is, indeed, anyone who may be relied on in this sense, it is not the EC countries but, rather, the United States--to the extent, of course, that Russia is at all able to enlist foreign states in the solution of such a delicate question as a strengthening of national security. Lessons of the Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space The problem of a reduction in Russia's presence in the regions directly adjoining the present national borders and the border of the former USSR may be considered the most complex and painful. It is obvious that Russia cannot carry the burden of the economic and military-political maintenance of stability in its outlying areas. Consequently, it is necessary to settle on the priorities and timeframe of long-term investments in Russia's national security. An estimation of such a modus operandi in accordance with the "cost-effectiveness" criterion is absolutely essential, what is more. These theoretically absolutely clear propositions have been observed in only a small number of instances throughout Russian history. Unfortunately, there are objective reasons for unavoidable involvement in the conflicts on the territory of the former USSR. We may put in this category: 1) the so-called Russian-speaking population, whose interests |
FBIS3-61298_14 | USA Institute Ponders Russian National Interests Specific Features of Russia's National Interest in Relations With the Outside World | conflict. If there is, indeed, anyone who may be relied on in this sense, it is not the EC countries but, rather, the United States--to the extent, of course, that Russia is at all able to enlist foreign states in the solution of such a delicate question as a strengthening of national security. Lessons of the Conflicts in the Post-Soviet Space The problem of a reduction in Russia's presence in the regions directly adjoining the present national borders and the border of the former USSR may be considered the most complex and painful. It is obvious that Russia cannot carry the burden of the economic and military-political maintenance of stability in its outlying areas. Consequently, it is necessary to settle on the priorities and timeframe of long-term investments in Russia's national security. An estimation of such a modus operandi in accordance with the "cost-effectiveness" criterion is absolutely essential, what is more. These theoretically absolutely clear propositions have been observed in only a small number of instances throughout Russian history. Unfortunately, there are objective reasons for unavoidable involvement in the conflicts on the territory of the former USSR. We may put in this category: 1) the so-called Russian-speaking population, whose interests and security Russia has undertaken to defend; 2) the economic interdependence of Russia and the countries that are now its immediate neighbors. It is to the accomplishment of these tasks that we should pay attention primarily, evidently. Or sacrifice them in the future for the sake of as pragmatic an accomplishment as possible of the foreign policy tasks confronting Russia. Russia has found itself involved in this form or the other in a whole number of armed conflicts on the territory of the former USSR. In Tajikistan Russia is engaged in "peace-making" operations and ensuring the security of the state border between Tajikistan and Afghanistan in accordance with an interstate agreement and the mandate of the CIS obtained in accordance with the Treaty on Collective Security of the CIS. In Moldova Russia's 14th Combined-Arms Army is engaged in operations to disengage the parties in the area of Bendery and the Left Bank of the Dniester in accordance with agreements concluded among Moldova, the Dniester region, Ukraine, and Russia. In Georgia Russian subunits, in accordance with an interstate agreement, are exercising a peacekeeping function in the area of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict. In addition, Russian forces have been enlisted in the |
FBIS3-61299_2 | Results of Cuban Delegation Visit Viewed as `New Rapprochement' | their own political reasons, wanted to obstruct the Russo-Cuban rapprochement. And, for example, it shamefully abstained last year in the UN during voting on the declaration calling on the United States to remove the anti-Cuban embargo. Thus, the obstacles in the form of political prejudices have been overcome. Not entirely, of course, because however paradoxical, the statements themselves of Mr. Shumeyko, as well as those of Mr. Soskovets, who declared that for Russia Cuba is the same as "the near abroad," contain a lot of superfluous political fervor and a desire to "rebuke" recent opponents of Russo-Cuban cooperation. In accordance with the signed agreements, Russia will buy 1.5 million tonnes of raw sugar from Cuba next year (given an annual consumption of about 7 million tonnes and its own production--2-2.5 million tonnes). In exchange for this, it will deliver 4 million tonnes of oil to Cuba in two stages. This ratio is considerably less profitable for Russia than that which was planned originally--2 million tonnes of Cuban sugar in exchange for 3.3 million tonnes of Russian oil and oil products. It can be assumed that the change in the proportion is associated with the catastrophic results of the Cuban sugar harvest campaign, not the least reason for which was the present departure of Russia, which was retrieving its losses, with its equipment, spare parts, and diesel oil, from the Caribbean island. It can be supposed that Cuba should be advanced at least a little money so that it could restore its production of raw sugar, which has fallen almost by half. Only in this case would it be good to explain the change in the original conditions of the agreement, so that doubts would not creep in about whether Mr. Shumeyko in fact did find the golden mean. There is one more result of the last negotiations. After they were over, Oleg Davydov, the minister of foreign economic relations of Russia, if one is to believe the television program "Vesti," made a statement for all to hear about the problem between the two countries in the form of the Cuban debt to Russia. And he even divulged its approximate size: More than $20 billion. It seems that this was the first time that such an imposing figure had come out of the mouth of a highly placed Russian government person--it had previously circulated in unofficial circles and was refuted by |
FBIS3-61300_5 | Prime Minister on Three Main Points Determining Kazakh Sovereignty | basic principles of customs control at the borders, tax, banking, and currency legislation, methods of monetary-credit regulation, provision of free movement of goods, investments, and others. The agreement stipulates the possibility for one country or another to introduce its own currency. If one of the parties intends to take this step it must notify its partners ahead of time and take measures aimed at preventing the movement of old monetary notes from its territory into the neighboring countries. Another thing that is especially important is that the six countries that signed the document made a commitment to conduct a unified policy with respect to currencies of third countries. Following Armenia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, Kazakhstan also signed a bilateral agreement with Russia concerning the unification of monetary systems. This occurred on 23 September in Moscow and I, responding to questions from journalists after the ceremony, emphasized that the agreement that had been reached would undoubtedly contribute to stabilizing the economy in our Republic. This is my deep conviction. True, it can become a reality if the parliament ratifies this agreement at the session that is beginning. I am convinced that our people's deputies will arrive at the correct decision after soberly evaluating all aspects of the situation that is developing in the new type of ruble zone. Regarding the introduction of a national currency in Kazakhstan, I shall be brief. Our president has spoken about this repeatedly in recent times, and in particular he spoke very convincingly in Semipalatinsk and his speech on Republic television... I have nothing to add to this and I completely share the opinion of the head of state. [KazTAG] The rupture of economic relations with republics of the former Union dealt a painful blow to our economy. Everyone knows that Kazakhstan is making active efforts to restore the previous cooperation and business partnership. This is not a simple process. What difficulties is the government experiencing in this work, why can it not seem to get things off the ground; after all, it would seem that it would be easier for economic managers to find a common language than it would be for politicians? [Tereshchenko] I agree with you, there are plenty of difficulties and unsolved problems in the national economy. In spite of the measures that have been taken, the economy of Kazakhstan, like those of other CIS countries, is experiencing a difficult period. Traditional |
FBIS3-61308_4 | New Migration Department Operation, Functions Discussed | What this means is that such things as illegal registration and housing purchase will not be allowed. There are areas in migration where we do "the best we can." For example, some migrants understand their return to their homeland differently and want an apartment in the center of Almaty out of turn or demand a free house in the vicinity of the capital. These things, in fact, do not happen. Up to the present the Migration Department has done a number of good things: it has assisted 3,000 families from Mongolia this year, 300 from Iran, and 5,000-6,000 from CIS countries. Plans are for the migration of a thousand families from Iran and Turkey in the future. At present the department is devoting special attention to evacuating Kazakhs in regions afflicted by war or conflict. The reasons are understandable. Shortage of financing is creating barriers to the development of Migration Department services. The fates of so many Kazakhs and the beating of a hot heart longing for the homeland are connected with migration. For that reason full financial support is needed for this areas. It would be proper that, in addition to counting tasks accomplished, we look to the future of such immigration for a moment. We note that our reception of migrants is still without reproach, compared to how Germans returning to the homeland are received there. There are so many things we should do in this area. I am hoping for a time when we will receive our returning kinsmen by doing everything possible for them like a truly civilized and cultured countries. So said Nurlan Raqymzhanov, deputy chief of the Migration Department. Some of our kinsmen, while they know how to speak Kazakh, do not know how to write Kazakh using the Cyrillic script, or they lack the needed specialties. In addition, when we bear in mind many peculiarities and differences in customs of our Republic, there should be centers to acclimatize and teach migrants. At the very least it would be proper to organize courses lasting three-four months. [Policy] directions are needed for the entire migration system. One thing I want to mention at the end, lest any misconceptions be created, is that there is no prohibition preventing our kinsmen from migrating on their own without informing the department. However, it would indeed be good to remember that migrating through the department is considerably more convenient. |
FBIS3-61310_8 | Opposition Leader Ready for Settlement | arms against us, and for us there was no alternative to self defense. We spent six months in power with the democrats, but the communists hindered all the efforts for reform and construction that we had begun. They tried to paralyze our government's activity by coordinating with the Russians, Uzbeks, and others. They kept on attacking the leaders of the Islamic and democratic movement. They never ceased until they forced us to leave power, seeking help in doing so from the Russian Army. Our only option was to take up arms in self-defense. We want peace and stability to return to our country, and for the more than 100,000 Tajik emigres outside the country to return. There are many friendly parties urging us to pursue the road to a settlement. [Yahya] You attended the Sudan meeting organized by Dr. Hasan al-Turabi. Did you get any promises that Sudan would provide material or military aid? [Usmon] I attended that conference because al-Turabi invited me. My part in it was like that of many others of various [political] directions. My going to Sudan does not mean I support Sudanese policies, nor does it mean I reject them. As to what Sudan has to offer us, as you know, Sudan is a poor country, and can barely take care of itself, so how can it support others? [Yahya] What is your position on Iran? Have you received military assistance from Iran? [Usmon] Iran was the first country after America to acknowledge our independence. It offered much aid to Tajikistan while we were in power, and opened cultural centers in the country, based on the ethnic and linguistic relations that bind us. We both speak Persian, unlike the other Muslim republics in Central Asia. Despite that, we welcome any aid from any country. Iran's aid to us does not mean that we agree with its policies. [Yahya] There is a Tajik majority in the northern region of Afghanistan, which emigrated there at the time of the communist revolution in 1917. Does this ethnic connection have an effect on your struggle with the Dushanbe Government? [Usmon] No one is denying that we receive great material support from our Tajik brothers in northern Afghanistan. At the official level, the Afghan Government is unable to offer us any aid; we understand the conditions they are going through because of the fighting Kabul is experiencing now and then. |
FBIS3-61318_1 | Hitherto Secret Archives Opened | archive work structured in our republic? [Musayev] There is a vast archive network in our republic. There are now seven state archives in our republic. These are the Azerbaijan Republic Historical Archive, the Contemporary History Archive, the Archives of Political Parties and Public Movements, the Literature and Fine Arts Archive, the Scientific Technical and Medical Documents Archive, the Cinema-Photo Archive, and the Oral Archive. Branches of the Contemporary History Archive are located in 15 cities of the republic. There are also rayon state archives. In Nakhichevan, the autonomous republic has a Central State Archive. In short, an archival network which has collected together in itself abundant documents and materials that make the history of our people come alive in our republic. There are more than 3.5 million separate documents in these archives. In the documents the rich history of our people from the end of the eighteenth century to the present are preserved. The scope of the work and the documents in the archives continues to expand. [Niftaliyev] What changes have there been in recent years, and have there been any new archives created? [Musayev] In connection with the dissolution of the Azerbaijan Communist Party and the abolition of the Party History Institute of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan CP at the end of 1991, the party archives were subordinated to the Main Archive Administration in accordance with the order of the president of the Azerbaijan Republic dated 24 October 1991. Through our efforts the Republic Cabinet of Ministers created the Central State Archive of Parties and Public Movements on 18 December 1991. The major duty placed before this archive was not only to preserve the documents of the Communist Party and organize their use, but also to provide scientific-methodological advice and help for the numerous parties nd public movements to establish their own archives and to preserve their documents. [Niftaliyev] How are the Archive documents used? [Musayev] The archive documents are used for various purposes: in research work and practical work including the education of the younger generation by means of radio, television and the periodical press. The work of using the archive documents is basically conducted in two directions. The first of them is that the documents of the state archives themselves are placed at the disposal of the broad reading masses through the periodical press, document collections and other means. Our archives have disseminated dozens of |
FBIS3-61321_5 | Gaydar on Past, Future of Economic Reforms | relatively cheaper imported goods, and the strengthening of price competition on this basis--all of these may be used to slow down inflation from 15 percent a month at the beginning of 1994 to 5 percent a month at the end of 1994. Subsequently, as the rate of inflation drops, prerequisites will be created for lowering the discount rate of the Central Bank, lowering the interest rate on the market, and, correspondingly, the growth of private investment in the production sector. [Panova] What awaits us in the sphere of taxation? [Gaydar] Unfortunately, in the environment of a considerable budget deficit there will be no opportunity to reduce the burden of taxes in 1994. At present the level of tax withholdings comes to 50 percent of the gross domestic product; a real reduction in it may be discussed no earlier than 1995. The key directions in this area are: reducing taxation of wages (withholdings for social security), and canceling levies on above-the-norm labor compensation fund. The codification of a universal form of distribution of taxes to the levels of the budget system, between the federal budget and the territories, a transition from customized norms for each region established in the process of bureaucratic bargaining to universal rules, with appropriate support to poorly developed regions--such is the substantial advance which may and should occur in 1994. An increase in taxes on factors of production--natural resources, real estate--as a share of the total volume of taxes is yet another long-range avenue for the system of taxation. However, this will only become possible after a low level of inflation is attained. [Panova] People have the impression that the government's tax policy encourages only commerce and banking, but makes operations in the production sphere unprofitable. [Gaydar] Generally speaking, our taxes are the same for both production and commerce. However, the effect you mentioned exists as a consequence of the so-called inflationary tax. The inflationary tax means losses which the owners of monetary savings suffer as a result of high inflation. Naturally, losses due to the inflationary tax are not comparable to profits in commerce and the banking sector, in which money is turned around quickly. In turn, these losses are very significant in production, especially in sectors with a long production cycle, and for the population. This problem cannot be solved through differentiated taxation of the spheres of production and distribution; after all, increased taxes in |
FBIS3-61322_1 | Election Results Reflect Failure of Reforms | explained away by random or attendant factors. Essentially the Russian people gave the strictest warning to the ruling circles that they must not continue to rule in this way. The social organism is sending a strong and painful signal to the effect that it is seriously ill and the course of treatment of the past two years has not brought improvement but has severely exacerbated the disease. But this pain itself is both dangerous and salutary at the same time. It is dangerous because if the previous policy is continued the pain will increase and ultimately destroy the organism; it will cause irreversible degeneration and then death. It is salutary because if the signal is taken seriously and the course of treatment is correctly altered there will be every possibility of averting tragedy. In the situation that has developed, both a negligent attitude toward the results of the elections and gloomy fatalism or panic are equally destructive. And it is not that "the people are always right"--history provides many examples of nationwide self-destruction, including through fascism, imperialism, and militarism. It is simply that the people are what they are and any program of reform must be adapted to this particular country with all of its specific features. The reverse will not work: the people cannot be selected to fit the program. No theoretically ideal reform is worth its salt if it works for distant England or even nearby Poland but is rejected by Russia and opens up access to power for extremists. Nobody except the people themselves can carry out a reform in Russia, and if an immense and ever increasing part of the society lets the ship of reform pass them by, ultimately it will be overturned and everything will sink to the bottom: advanced and backward, right and wrong. The main truth of the current moment is that the majority who voted for Zhirinovskiy are not so stupid and naive as to believe his easy promises and give themselves over to cheap demagogy. They voted that way out of a feeling of protest against what is happening in the country and also because they did not see any clear and attractive alternative. Herein also lies the key to the solution to the problem, the path to the rescue of the democratic reforms. In his speech on 22 December President Yeltsin noted that the elections to the Duma showed |
FBIS3-61322_6 | Election Results Reflect Failure of Reforms | be more money; if we do not produce money--prices will increase because production will decline and there will be fewer goods. If there is no solution to the key problems of demonopolization and privatization so far, we must search for them with redoubled energy and for the time being abandon all hope of a deficit-free budget and "financial stabilization." Free prices and full store shelves that are accessible to the minority, exchanges, commercials, vouchers, and shares--all these are merely the wrappings, an imitation of a market economy without the internal motive mechanisms. It will never work just as the Papuan plane will not fly (after the war natives of Papua went out into the meadows and began to build a facsimile of an aircraft out of branches in the hope that the kindly Americans would fly to them again and bring them cigarettes and chocolate). If, having gone through the cycles of the fight against inflation, we turn the financial screws even tighter, abolish subsidies, and no longer provide wages and cut state social programs (as Boris Fedorov suggests) the economy will simply grind to a halt and tens of millions of people will be left without a means of existence. Then who will handle the accumulations? And what will they invest in even if there is zero inflation? And what kind of political stability can one hope for by 1996 with this kind of situation? After all, ultimately a market economy is not a goal in itself. Democracy is impossible without it, but a market economy in and of itself by no means guarantees democracy and progress. Both Bangladesh and Somalia have market economies too, but they have neither democracy nor prosperity. Nor should one forget that Hitler's Germany was based on a market economy and it lived in harmony with concentration camps, Gestapo terror, and an all-out suicidal war. The price and costs of reform are not as important as the final goal--70 years on a path to a "bright future" should have taught everyone this. What we need now is not switching of offices but the creation under the president of a broad independent committee of leading experts so as, in the first place, to clarify on the basis of complete information the real state of affairs resulting from these two years of reformism and to tell the whole truth, regardless of how bitter it may be. |
FBIS3-61324_0 | Economic Prospects for Nineties, Government Role | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Rustam Narzikulov under the rubric "Expert Opinion": "The Liberation From Superliberalism; the Decommercialization of the Russian State"] [Text] Institutional Changes Two main features have shaped Russia's economic development during the last decade of the twentieth century, during which the country was trying to create normal market institutions. The first was a complete absence of private capital at the initial point of the economic reform started in 1992. From this standpoint the 1990's may be called the era of post-Soviet initial accumulation of capital. The second characteristic trait of the economic and political system of the country was an extremely weak state, completely destroyed during the post-communist period. The combination of these two features created in Russia an extremely peculiar economic environment that did not exist in any country implementing reforms. Other former socialist countries also encountered the absence of private ownership, but in none of them was the deterioration of state ties so all-encompassing. Therefore in Russia, despite the attempts to apply canonical and overall correct methods for creating a market, the result was the emergence of a unique economy. In general terms it may be characterized as liberalism pushed to the extreme and made possible by the powerlessness of the state, or superliberalism. In whichever economic sphere the state attempted to operate (prices, money, the budget system, privatization, foreign trade, and so on), at best it was able to set general directions for development, but all attempts at purposeful regulation were unsuccessful. This happened because the old mechanism of macroeconomic management, which went under the name of "bargaining over a plan" or "bureaucratic capitalism," did not disappear as the old state disintegrated; it only transformed itself. Some state bureaucrats, who retained control over production links, budget means, and the ability to distribute (not goods, as before, but this time subsidies) began to swell the ranks of the fast-growing entrepreneurial class. Others, who stayed in the service of the government and local authorities, for all practical purposes commercialized the state mechanism, for their interaction with business predominantly occurred in the form of remunerative relations. The state apparatus turned into one gigantic commercial company or, to be precise, a whole system of companies linked together by complex interconnected interests and mutual obligations. The all-out commercialization is that superliberalism by whose laws Russia lived and which immediately scared the foreigners terribly. The subjects of developed Western |
FBIS3-61335_5 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | the Federal Specialized Administration for Construction in Eastern Regions of the Russian Federation under the Russian Federation State Committee for Questions of Architecture and Construction. Special testing ranges for testing arms and military equipment. 2.1.6. Institutions and organizations which are more than 50 percent financed out of the Russian Federation republic budget. 2.1.7. Movable and immovable assets belonging to the historical and cultural heritage of federal significance, on the basis of the list approved by the Russian Federation Government. 2.1.8. Enterprises and facilities of the hydrogeological service of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health; services for monitoring the state of the natural environment and nature conservation, including zonal institutes and enterprises of the Russian Scientific Research, Planning, and Prospecting Association for the Utilization of Land Resources; the All-Russia Institute of Agricultural Aerophotogeophysical Surveys and its zonal branches; the Russian Center for Scientific Support for Land Reform; the Russian Institute of Monitoring of Land and Ecosystems and its zonal institutes. 2.1.9. Enterprises, organizations, and facilities in the scientific and technical sphere under the Russian Federation state health and epidemiological service, the veterinary service, the service for the protection of plants and the protection and reproduction of game stocks; laboratory animal breeding centers. 2.1.10. Water resources and land reclamation systems and installations; organizations for oversight of the condition of reclaimed land. 2.1.11. Railroads and railroad transportation facilities and property directly involved in the transportation process and in emergency repair work. 2.1.12. Enterprises for the manufacture of state insignia. 2.1.13. Enterprises and facilities in the scientific and technical sphere carrying out the development, production, and sale of narcotic substances or the sowing, cultivation, and processing of crops containing such substances, including hemp processing enterprises. 2.1.14. Port hydrotechnical installations and facilities, including those serving the Northern Sea Route; the nuclear, educational, hydrographical, and icebreaker fleet; equipment used for rescue operations and the elimination of oil spills at sea; facilities and installations belonging to shipping traffic control systems and port oversight inspectorates; the "Atomflot" technical maintenance enterprise; and the property of production associations of waterways and canals, detachments of the Podvodrechstroy [Ministry of the River Fleet Underwater Technical and Construction Operations Administration], and navigation inspectorates. 2.1.15. Organizations and facilities of the maritime accident rescue service and maritime and river transport electroradionavigation and technical communications. 2.1.16. Facilities, enterprises, and equipment for the burial of solid and liquid radioactive and toxic chemical waste; animal refuse burial grounds. |
FBIS3-61335_32 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | a competitive or auction basis, and also partnerships and joint-stock companies created in the process of privatization have the right to acquire ownership of the nonresidential premises in apartment blocks which they lease, including built-in and built-on premises, and also buildings and installations in Russian Federation ownership and in the state ownership of republics within the Russian Federation, krays, oblasts, autonomous formations, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and also in municipal ownership. The sale of leased facilities that are not part of the housing stock is carried out by the relevant property management committee on the basis of an application by the leaseholder. Restrictions may not be imposed on the resale of purchased facilities that are not part of the housing stock. A refusal to sell to the leaseholders the leased immovable property (buildings, installations, the parcels of land on which they are located), and also nonresidential premises in apartment blocks, including built-in and built-on premises, indicated in Point 2.6 of the Program is permitted only if the restrictions laid down by Section 2.1 of the Program apply to these facilities, and [is]) also [permitted] in relation to buildings and installations that are immovable objects of historical and cultural significance, religious buildings, and buildings and installations occupied by organs of state power and administration, and also by courts. The price at which leaseholders acquire ownership of buildings, installations, and the parcels of land on which they are located, which constitute immovable property, and also nonresidential premises in apartment blocks, including built-in and built-on premises, is established according to the procedure defined by Article 17 of the Russian Federation Law "On the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in the Russian Federation." Auction and competitive sale is permitted only regarding unoccupied or unused facilities that are not part of the housing stock. The proceeds from the sale of leased facilities that are not part of the housing stock are allocated in accordance with the norms envisaged by the Program. 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 3.1. In the light of the aims of privatization and also of the structure and scale of privatization demand at the territorial and sector levels, the Russian Goskomimushchestvo sets for republics within the Russian Federation, krays, oblasts, the autonomous oblast, autonomous okrugs, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg calculated targets for the flotation and privatization of |
FBIS3-61335_101 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | percent of the shares in joint-stock companies among their assets; --banks can accept privatization checks and securities in privatized enterprises and investment funds from citizens and legal entities for custody. 9.6. In the event of a privatization plan not providing dates for the sale of a block of shares in an enterprise under the jurisdiction of a corresponding property fund, this block of shares must be sold before the end of the third month from the moment that it is handed over to the fund. 9.7. In order for servicemen, civilian personnel of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other ministries and departments with troops formations, people discharged from military service, and members of the families of the said categories of citizens to use privatization checks, organs of state administration are to do their utmost to assist current and newly created check investment funds for the social protection of servicemen. To this end a fund with at least 75 percent of citizens of the aforementioned categories among its stockholders can be a check investment fund for the social protection of servicemen. 9.8. The chairman of the appropriate property fund bears personal responsibility for compliance with the timeframes for the sale of enterprise shares laid down in the privatization plan (the plan or schedule for holding check auctions). In the event of property funds failing to comply with the timeframe for the sale of shares, on the expiry of 15 days from the date laid down in the privatization plan property management committees are obliged to start selling shares transferred to the fund when privatization plans have been unfulfilled. 9.9. Property management committees are responsible for setting up in every region the requisite network of independent registrars and depositories sufficient to meet the needs of joint-stock companies as regards keeping registers of stockholders and investment funds. 9.10. Protection of stockholders' rights. 9.10.1. With a view to protecting the rights of open-type joint-stock companies' stockholders it is established that: --all ordinary shares in open-type joint-stock companies irrespective of their time of issue are equal in terms of the rights granted to stockholders and the dividends paid thereon; --the annual meeting of an open-type joint-stock company's stockholders is held no later than 120 calendar days after the end of the fiscal year. The joint-stock company's balance sheet, the statement of income (annual report), and the auditing commission report based on the results of |
FBIS3-61336_5 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | the Federal Specialized Administration for Construction in Eastern Regions of the Russian Federation under the Russian Federation State Committee for Questions of Architecture and Construction. Special testing ranges for testing arms and military equipment. 2.1.6. Institutions and organizations which are more than 50 percent financed out of the Russian Federation republic budget. 2.1.7. Movable and immovable assets belonging to the historical and cultural heritage of federal significance, on the basis of the list approved by the Russian Federation Government. 2.1.8. Enterprises and facilities of the hydrogeological service of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health; services for monitoring the state of the natural environment and nature conservation, including zonal institutes and enterprises of the Russian Scientific Research, Planning, and Prospecting Association for the Utilization of Land Resources; the All-Russia Institute of Agricultural Aerophotogeophysical Surveys and its zonal branches; the Russian Center for Scientific Support for Land Reform; the Russian Institute of Monitoring of Land and Ecosystems and its zonal institutes. 2.1.9. Enterprises, organizations, and facilities in the scientific and technical sphere under the Russian Federation state health and epidemiological service, the veterinary service, the service for the protection of plants and the protection and reproduction of game stocks; laboratory animal breeding centers. 2.1.10. Water resources and land reclamation systems and installations; organizations for oversight of the condition of reclaimed land. 2.1.11. Railroads and railroad transportation facilities and property directly involved in the transportation process and in emergency repair work. 2.1.12. Enterprises for the manufacture of state insignia. 2.1.13. Enterprises and facilities in the scientific and technical sphere carrying out the development, production, and sale of narcotic substances or the sowing, cultivation, and processing of crops containing such substances, including hemp processing enterprises. 2.1.14. Port hydrotechnical installations and facilities, including those serving the Northern Sea Route; the nuclear, educational, hydrographical, and icebreaker fleet; equipment used for rescue operations and the elimination of oil spills at sea; facilities and installations belonging to shipping traffic control systems and port oversight inspectorates; the "Atomflot" technical maintenance enterprise; and the property of production associations of waterways and canals, detachments of the Podvodrechstroy [Ministry of the River Fleet Underwater Technical and Construction Operations Administration], and navigation inspectorates. 2.1.15. Organizations and facilities of the maritime accident rescue service and maritime and river transport electroradionavigation and technical communications. 2.1.16. Facilities, enterprises, and equipment for the burial of solid and liquid radioactive and toxic chemical waste; animal refuse burial grounds. |
FBIS3-61336_32 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | a competitive or auction basis, and also partnerships and joint-stock companies created in the process of privatization have the right to acquire ownership of the nonresidential premises in apartment blocks which they lease, including built-in and built-on premises, and also buildings and installations in Russian Federation ownership and in the state ownership of republics within the Russian Federation, krays, oblasts, autonomous formations, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and also in municipal ownership. The sale of leased facilities that are not part of the housing stock is carried out by the relevant property management committee on the basis of an application by the leaseholder. Restrictions may not be imposed on the resale of purchased facilities that are not part of the housing stock. A refusal to sell to the leaseholders the leased immovable property (buildings, installations, the parcels of land on which they are located), and also nonresidential premises in apartment blocks, including built-in and built-on premises, indicated in Point 2.6 of the Program is permitted only if the restrictions laid down by Section 2.1 of the Program apply to these facilities, and [is]) also [permitted] in relation to buildings and installations that are immovable objects of historical and cultural significance, religious buildings, and buildings and installations occupied by organs of state power and administration, and also by courts. The price at which leaseholders acquire ownership of buildings, installations, and the parcels of land on which they are located, which constitute immovable property, and also nonresidential premises in apartment blocks, including built-in and built-on premises, is established according to the procedure defined by Article 17 of the Russian Federation Law "On the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in the Russian Federation." Auction and competitive sale is permitted only regarding unoccupied or unused facilities that are not part of the housing stock. The proceeds from the sale of leased facilities that are not part of the housing stock are allocated in accordance with the norms envisaged by the Program. 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 3.1. In the light of the aims of privatization and also of the structure and scale of privatization demand at the territorial and sector levels, the Russian Goskomimushchestvo sets for republics within the Russian Federation, krays, oblasts, the autonomous oblast, autonomous okrugs, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg calculated targets for the flotation and privatization of |
FBIS3-61336_101 | Documents on State, Municipal Privatization Published Text of Program 2. Classification of Facilities and Enterprises According to Their Suitability for Privatization 2.1. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Prohibited 2.2. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Russian Federation Government Decision 2.3. Facilities and Enterprises in Federal Ownership Whose Privatization Is Effected by Decision of the Russian Goskomimushchestvo Taking Account of the Opinion of Sector Ministries and Departments 2.4. Facilities and Enterprises in State (Municipal) Ownership Which Are Privatized in Accordance With the Present Program by Decision of the Organs of State Power and Administration of Republics Within the Russian Federation, Krays, Oblasts, the Autonomous Oblast, Autonomous Okrugs, and the Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg and With Local Privatization Programs 2.5. Facilities and Enterprises Subject to Mandatory Privatizations 2.6. Privatization of Leased Facilities That Are Not Part of the Housing Stock 3. Calculated Privatization Indicators for Organs of State Power and Administration 4. The Formation and Distribution of the Proceeds of Privatization 5. Methods of Privatization and Concessions Granted During Privatization 5.3. The Sale of Shares in an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company Created in the Process of Privatizations A. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective in Converting a State (Municipal) Enterprise Into an Open-Type Joint-Stock Company B. Concessions to Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration of an Enterprise Being Privatized Offered Following the Completion of the Sale of Shares for Privatization Checks C. Concessions for Members of the Labor Collective and the Administration in the Event of a Controlling Interest Remaining in State (Municipal) Ownership D. Acquisition (Sale) of Stock from Enterprise Workers' Flotation Fund 5.5. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies at Auctions 5.6. Sale of Enterprises Which Are Not Joint-Stock Companies by Commercial Tender (Including Tender with Limited Number of Participants) 5.7. Sale of Blocks of Shares in Joint-Stock Companies by Competitive Investment Tender 5.12. Sale of Property (Assets) of Operating Enterprises, Enterprises in the Process of Liquidation, and Liquidated Enterprises, and of Incomplete Construction Projects, by Tender, at Auction, or by Investment Tender 5.14. The Privatization of Leased State and Municipal Property 5.15. Protection of the Interests of Workers in Enterprises Undergoing Privatization 5.16. Additional Concessions When Privatizing State (Municipal) Enterprises 5.18. The Reorganization and Demonopolization of Enterprises on Privatization 6. Sector Features of the Privatization of State (Municipal) Enterprises 11. Procedure for the Relationship of State Privatization Organs Among Themselves, With Other Organs of State Administration, and With Budgets at All Levels 13. Measures To Stimulate the Implementation of the Russian Federation State Privatization Program 16. Social Protection of Workers in Organs Carrying Out Privatization The Interrepublic Program for the Privatization of State and Municipal Enterprises in Areas of the Far North and Equivalent Localities 7. Measures of Social Protection for the Population in the Process of Privatization 8. Procedure for Mutual Relations Among State Organs Effecting Privatization 9. Formation of Special-Purpose Financial Funds From Resources Obtained Through Privatization | percent of the shares in joint-stock companies among their assets; --banks can accept privatization checks and securities in privatized enterprises and investment funds from citizens and legal entities for custody. 9.6. In the event of a privatization plan not providing dates for the sale of a block of shares in an enterprise under the jurisdiction of a corresponding property fund, this block of shares must be sold before the end of the third month from the moment that it is handed over to the fund. 9.7. In order for servicemen, civilian personnel of the Russian Federation Armed Forces and other ministries and departments with troops formations, people discharged from military service, and members of the families of the said categories of citizens to use privatization checks, organs of state administration are to do their utmost to assist current and newly created check investment funds for the social protection of servicemen. To this end a fund with at least 75 percent of citizens of the aforementioned categories among its stockholders can be a check investment fund for the social protection of servicemen. 9.8. The chairman of the appropriate property fund bears personal responsibility for compliance with the timeframes for the sale of enterprise shares laid down in the privatization plan (the plan or schedule for holding check auctions). In the event of property funds failing to comply with the timeframe for the sale of shares, on the expiry of 15 days from the date laid down in the privatization plan property management committees are obliged to start selling shares transferred to the fund when privatization plans have been unfulfilled. 9.9. Property management committees are responsible for setting up in every region the requisite network of independent registrars and depositories sufficient to meet the needs of joint-stock companies as regards keeping registers of stockholders and investment funds. 9.10. Protection of stockholders' rights. 9.10.1. With a view to protecting the rights of open-type joint-stock companies' stockholders it is established that: --all ordinary shares in open-type joint-stock companies irrespective of their time of issue are equal in terms of the rights granted to stockholders and the dividends paid thereon; --the annual meeting of an open-type joint-stock company's stockholders is held no later than 120 calendar days after the end of the fiscal year. The joint-stock company's balance sheet, the statement of income (annual report), and the auditing commission report based on the results of |
FBIS3-61341_1 | Aviation Chief on Need for Specialist Personnel | in the former Soviet Union had completed advanced training school. And we ourselves began training pilots locally. Many of these are today flying modern aircraft. We are now operating in Arzni, the Republic of Armenia Ministry of Defense Aviation Training Center. [Dokkholyan] Aviation, especially military aviation, is an expensive pleasure, as they say. And our republic is presently experiencing an economic crisis. I would imagine that this in all probability has an adverse effect on your work as well. [Abrahamyan] Yes, it does. There are many difficulties and basic problems. The government and ministry support us, however. We are allocated an adequate amount of fuel. Otherwise, we would not be able to perform military missions. [Dokholyan] What kind of living conditions do the pilots have? [Abrahamyan] The good news is that in our republic, as was the case in the former Soviet Union, they understand the importance of and give priority to aviation. Only 2 or 3 of our pilots have not received individual apartments. First on our list of tasks is to provide them with an apartment. [Dokholyan] Do you work in cooperation with CIS states, with the Russian Federation? [Abrahamyan] Of course we are working in that direction. Everything, however, depends on Armenia's financial solvency. There are also issues pertaining to internal matters: violations of military regulations, desertions, etc. We are endeavoring to eliminate such things. * * * In the course of an informal get-together with primary-rank enlisted personnel, the latter indicated that they were not so dissatisfied with economic difficulties and difficulties with daily life (although pay is extremely low) as they were upset by the demeanor of "money-possessing" young men (strange as it may seem, even such as these sometimes grace us with their service in our army). At times it is difficult even for command personnel to "communicate" with them. One of the noncommissioned officers came right out and stated: "A person with more money than you can shake a stick at comes and stands in front of you and tries to dictate special conditions for his son." It is a situation with which many of us are quite familiar. We encounter such phenomena all the time. The reasons for and the roots of this phenomenon are well known. The army is not an entity separate from society, and certainly it is subjected to the influence of the moral and ethical standards which exist |
FBIS3-61343_0 | Tripartite Strategic Arms Deal Criticized | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Pavel Felgengauer: "Choosing an Objective American Style"] [Text] Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin have agreed that the strategic nuclear missiles of the United States and Russia will now be trained in not on the territory of the "probable enemy," but instead--on the empty regions of the world ocean. Now if something were to happen, the combined megatonnage of the two superpowers would merely slaughter fish and, perhaps, a couple of unfortunate fishermen. This, of course, is a large step forward compared to Cold War times when, at the beginning of the eighties, on both sides of the ocean fingers were literally quivering over the launch buttons. The re-aiming of the strategic missiles was possibly the last in a long list of peaceful initiatives of Gorbachev, Reagan, and Bush, which made the beginning of the nineties quite different from the beginning of the eighties. In this case, the initiative came from the American military. The Pentagon was concerned about reductions of staff and combat readiness in the Russian Army, about which there were many reports last year, and also the general crisis in our country, as a result of which, as they think there, there was a greater probability of unsanctioned or accidental launching of missiles. The Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs was happy to support the new peace initiative, and the Ministry of Defense and General Staff had no objections. The agreement was signed, but neither in the United States nor in Russia was there any possibility of monitoring compliance. All questions of controlling strategic nuclear forces (SYaS) are a carefully kept state secret. Nothing is known specifically--all one can do is guess. But one can assume with a certain amount of confidence that the Russian (Soviet) missiles were not aimed anywhere in particular anyway. There are various possible versions of their application and, correspondingly, a set of flight assignments. The order to launch and, correspondingly, the number of the flight assignment come from Moscow at the same time, and the team on duty in the underground command point in a standard situation does not participate in the launch at all. It merely echoes the commands from Moscow in the event of a possible failure of the electronic system, but itself can launch nothing without an order from Moscow granting permission. When a year and a half ago President Yeltsin spoke about the fact that |
FBIS3-61350_2 | Republic's Nuclear `Ambitions' Discussed | assistance, of compensation for nuclear material placed in the warheads have been repeatedly raised by Ukraine before the states of the world. Of course, had we been accommodated, executive power and the president himself would have had more arguments in order for the members of the parliament to accept different wordings. [Correspondent] We would like to specify what the main content of the accusations that some are now leveling against Ukraine is. [Buteyko] One of the main accusations is that we supposedly violated obligations to destroy nuclear weapons before certain deadlines in keeping with START I that we have assumed under international law. However, in this instance our ill-wishers count on people who are simply not knowledgeable about the area of international law. Certain principles have long emerged in relations between states according to which, as a rule, obligations and rights are linked. If a state assumes certain obligations to other parties, at the same time it also acquires rights that safeguard its interests. The nature of the obligations and the procedure for assuming them are regulated by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of International Treaties. It clearly states that a state may assume obligations by way of concluding agreements that take effect and, accordingly, become legally binding documents after they are signed. However, an agreement may envision another track--ratification, i.e. an act of parliament. If we look at START I and the Lisbon Protocol, to which our opponents refer, these documents provided specifically for ratification. Therefore, obligations for Ukraine arise only after the Supreme Council votes in favor of them and the treaties take effect. For now, we may state that they have not taken effect and Ukraine does not have--I will stress this--any obligations under international law in this area. [Correspondent] They refer to the well-known declaration of the Supreme Council about Ukraine intending to acquire nonnuclear status in the future and the Declaration on State Sovereignty.... [Buteyko] Yes, it is so, but the documents mentioned were unilateral acts of the state, and they may be classified as those merely proclaiming the objective; by no means can they be viewed as obligations of Ukraine under international law. Besides, they contain no mention of definite deadlines, or anything else. [Correspondent] As is known, at a certain point, or more precisely on 7 May 1991, Ukrainian President L. Kravchuk sent a letter to U.S. President Bush in which |
FBIS3-61353_9 | Editor on New Year Political Perspective | already "staked out" their districts. Using money wheedled out in advance for future services (for example, familiarization with the drafts of new laws), the deputies "bend over" for the voters every which way they can--they hand out sops to families with many children, lay the foundations of kindergartens and hospitals, open free cafeterias, and so on, and so forth. I for one have no particular doubt that they will be reelected. Alas, we have to talk about the imperfection and even fallaciousness of the very procedure of elections under the current economic conditions, whereby people reduced to the extreme stages of poverty and hunger are prepared to give everything away for crumbs from their master's table; they are prepared to give not only their votes but the shirts off their backs so that their children will not end up without clothes and barefoot in the snow on the street. Besides, the results of the elections in Russia confirm it: Zhirinovskiy's fascists and Zyuganov's Communists are in power. I will venture to predict their close rapprochement in the parliament; after all, the objectives of both are the same--totalitarianism, dictatorship, monopoly on power. The election struggle is going to be cruel. The political melee will shatter a great many careers and lives. The striving of genuine intellectuals, of people with integrity and honesty to not get involved in the dirty free-for-all, to keep their souls pure, and to distance themselves from lies and provocations is natural. This is why I for one have difficulty imagining that the new deputies coming to power will be better than the current owners of credentials. That is to say, the elections will hardly be able to change the situation radically. Conclusions The results are joyless, the prospects are hazy, and the conclusions are sad. As of now there is no force in Ukraine that is capable of winning the elections, forming the government, and averting a catastrophe. There is chaos in the economy; in politics, the party of power holds sway, and people are demoralized. This is why, to my mind, the coming elections cannot do anything good for the democratic forces; their outcome has been predetermined in favor of the nomenklatura. The threat of resuscitation of the Communist regime or the establishment of an authoritarian dictatorship is real. The situation is being complicated by the syndrome of the regions "pulling apart," the symptoms of which--attempts |
FBIS3-61360_9 | Kravchuk Address on General Economic, Political Issues | how to work. I will never allow myself to do this because I have honor. This is a serious matter. We are choosing the progress of our state. We should unite. I have thus come to the election. My point of view is as follows. The law on elections exists. We may criticize it yet again, we can see its shortcomings. There are shortcomings, but the law has been approved and signed. Elections should be held on the basis of this law. We should determine our tasks in implementing the law on elections. First, it is monitoring compliance with this law; second, it is ensuring equal rights for all candidates; third, it is preventing the inflow of funds not envisioned by the law from other structures in order to use them to benefit individual persons. Further on, I will ask questions. Can we restrict ourselves to just that and not be interested in intelligent, dedicated, moderate, honest, and principled people coming to the Supreme Council? Can we stand aside? I believe that we cannot. As not only representatives of the president, but as citizens of our state, we may, want, and have the right to do so that precisely such people come to the parliament. At present, I am not segregating them by political coloring. We need new statesmen who are capable of ensuring economic, political, and diplomatic international authority of the state; people who are capable of pursuing a policy intelligently and carrying on friendship, cooperation, and partnership with our neighbors to both the east and the west: Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Germany, and other countries. That is, we should ensure the normal life of Ukraine in a worldwide, European process while at the same time implementing domestic reforms step by step. Voices are now being heard--what is to be done, say, if we do not elect a parliament? Some people suggest--let the president then take over everything. I would like to state my philosophy regarding this question here. Can this not bring about a dictatorship? If I apply this to myself, I think that I am no dictator. I will not allow this to happen. However, who can guarantee that another man will not come after me who will use authoritarian tendencies to the hilt? I for one have confidence in B.N. Yeltsin. The Constitution that has been adopted in Russia gives extremely great powers |
FBIS3-61366_0 | Establishment of Economic Ties With Tunisia Viewed | Language: Ukrainian Article Type:CSO [Article by Oleksandr Pobihay, DEMOKRATYCHNA UKRAYINA special correspondent, under the "Foreign Assignment" rubric: "Ukraine-Tunisia: Bridges Spanning Centuries"] [Text] Before my departure to Tunisia, I had the following dialogue with my three-year old grandson: "Grandfather, where are you going?" "To Africa." "So will you see Barmaley [a fictional character in children's poetry--a savage who lived in Africa]?" I did not venture to dispute this assumption. After all, it is known that the standard of awareness is equal to the standard of being informed. For my Sashok, Africa, according to Korney Chukovskiy, is so far associated with Aybolit and a gang of pirates, and for a representative of the older generation--at the very most, with the Days of Solidarity with the countries of the black continent which until recently were held at the highest state level. As is known, it is not easy to debunk established stereotypes, even now that the "information boom" has overcome us. It has been said: Those who want, hear. Consequently, at the very least, a desire is needed. The wish to give the myths their due and to evaluate present-day realities does not develop until later. "And the City Was Called Carthage...." For members of the first official delegation of Ukraine, the words of Guy de Maupassant--"In Tunisia, you find out for your yourself what history is"--materialized by way of unforgettable personal impressions, which confirmed the old truth: Seeing is believing.... The imperishable linkage of times is traced here through ancient monuments and traditions, folk customs and names. The palace residence of President of Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, where he held negotiations with L. Kravchuk, has the official name of "Carthage," which is derived from the city-state of Carthage founded 3,000 years ago on the North African coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This is also the name of a hall in the national gallery--the Bardo museum, which stands beside the Chamber of Deputies (the Tunisian parliament) and in which the most unique and the largest collection of ancient mosaics in the world is kept. In particular, its exhibits include the only depiction of Virgil, the author of the Aeneid, surrounded by mythical goddesses. In that hall, I could not help recalling the lines from the Aeneid by I. Kotlyarevskyy, which I remembered from the time back in school: "Dido lived in the city,/ and the city was named Carthage...." To be |
FBIS3-61373_1 | Minister On `Alarming Situation With Regard to Population's Health' | growth has been negative. Last year almost 100,000 more people died than were born. The main biological characteristics of a person, the immune system, incidence of disease, and life expectancy depend on the adequate supply of vital substances to the organism. According to data from the Scientific Research Institute of Nutritional Hygiene, a person should consume no less than 150 grams of meat, 700 grams of milk and dairy products, 40 grams of fish, and about 300 grams of bread, potatoes, and other vegetables daily. However, a considerably greater amount of money than people make in many cases would now have to be spent on a monthly basis in order to comply with these minimum physiological norms. Given that, why would they be healthy? According to data from specialists, the daily ration of foodstuffs includes only 30-40 percent of meat and 30 percent of fish compared to the recommended norms. We should also say that diets have deteriorated considerably due to reductions in the consumption of vegetables and fruit by almost one-half. The carbohydrate component and energy content of the diet are ensured virtually in their entirety through increasing the consumption of bread products, sugar, and other refined carbohydrates. [Skoropadska] Recently the immune systems of many residents of Ukraine, even those who were not in Chernobyl, have been disrupted. A stable upward trend in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease, anemias, and gallstone diseases has been registered. The number of hypertension sufferers is up 84 percent, diabetes mellitus patients--up 49 percent, patients with ulcer, gastric, and duodenum diseases--up 44 percent. How do you explain all of this? [Spizhenko] I have said it before, and will repeat again: A considerable reduction in the consumption of animal protein, vitamins, and mineral substances brings about the development of the diseases in question. We should speak the bitter truth today so that tomorrow it will not be too late. Certainly, the considerable increase in the number of people who are destitute and the unsatisfactory supply of foodstuffs to preschool and youth establishments are causing partial undernourishment of children and young people. The shortage of protein in the diets of children in organized collective settings comes to 36 percent; this includes animal protein--50 percent, fats--22 percent, carbohydrates--38 percent, and micro- and macroelements--about 60 percent. Vitamin deficiencies are being registered in almost all children. In view of the increase in the cost of meals, only one-third of schoolchildren |
FBIS3-61373_2 | Minister On `Alarming Situation With Regard to Population's Health' | Recently the immune systems of many residents of Ukraine, even those who were not in Chernobyl, have been disrupted. A stable upward trend in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disease, anemias, and gallstone diseases has been registered. The number of hypertension sufferers is up 84 percent, diabetes mellitus patients--up 49 percent, patients with ulcer, gastric, and duodenum diseases--up 44 percent. How do you explain all of this? [Spizhenko] I have said it before, and will repeat again: A considerable reduction in the consumption of animal protein, vitamins, and mineral substances brings about the development of the diseases in question. We should speak the bitter truth today so that tomorrow it will not be too late. Certainly, the considerable increase in the number of people who are destitute and the unsatisfactory supply of foodstuffs to preschool and youth establishments are causing partial undernourishment of children and young people. The shortage of protein in the diets of children in organized collective settings comes to 36 percent; this includes animal protein--50 percent, fats--22 percent, carbohydrates--38 percent, and micro- and macroelements--about 60 percent. Vitamin deficiencies are being registered in almost all children. In view of the increase in the cost of meals, only one-third of schoolchildren eat at school (in 1990 this was 80 percent). One in three children in Ukraine has exudative-catarrhal diathesis and food allergies because of nonrational nutrition. Among children who died before the age of four months, 82 percent received incorrect artificial nutrition. Substitutes for breast milk are in an extremely short supply, and the quality of those that are produced is very low. We should also mention that the operation of infant formula distribution centers has become much more difficult. Government assignments to build and equip enterprises and shops producing infant formula have not been carried out year after year. While two canned dairy product combines exist (in Khorol, Poltava Oblast, and Balta, Odessa Oblast) which could not only keep Ukrainian children fully fed but also manufacture products for sale, the issue of baby food has not been resolved because of the unstable situation at these enterprises. How is our future nation supposed to be healthy? Unbalanced nutrition, pollution of the natural environment with harmful industrial waste, herbicides, and pesticides in agriculture result in the organism's reduced resistance to disease factors or, as physicians say, immune deficiency. Infectious diseases are developing even among children and adults who have been inoculated with |
FBIS3-61383_4 | Birshteyn on Politics, Reform, Current Seabeco Activities | politicians in Bishkek are choosing the option of going around the world begging. This is not a solution. [INFOTAG] By the way, speaking about conditions--how are they in Moldova, in your opinion? [Birshteyn] Moldova is creating precisely these conditions. I do not want to say that there are no difficulties for foreign businessmen here. They do exist, and unfortunately quite a few. But it also is absolutely clear that in the end, when searching for a solution to any problem, no matter how complex, we will find mutual understanding. [INFOTAG] From the point of view of a businessman, which economic sectors in Moldova deserve major financial infusion? [Birshteyn] In my opinion, the potentially promising sectors in the republic would be agriculture, light industry, and tourism. Moldova is a very beautiful corner of the world; provided a certain infrastructure is in place, it could become attractive for many categories of tourists. [INFOTAG] On 29 November the republic introduced its own national currency--the Moldovan leu. Since that time the foreign currency exchange has been registering a small but steady decline in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar in relation to the leu. In your opinion, is this a real or an artificially created phenomenon? [Birshteyn] Unfortunately, I am not familiar with the real situation in this area. But I want to say that introducing a national currency is a competent step, and most importantly, timely. A monetary unit is one of the attributes of statehood. With respect to the decline of the U.S. dollar rate in relation to the leu, my guess is that the National Bank probably has a stabilization fund. I think that we should not get euphoric on the subject of the declining exchange rate of the American currency. Although of course it is necessary to strive for stability of the leu. Even though it will not be easy to maintain the rate. [INFOTAG] In your opinion, should political forces in Moldova learn a lesson from the election results in Russia? [Birshteyn] I think there is not much of a lesson for political parties in Moldova to be learned from the results of the elections to the State Duma of Russia. Why? The situation in Chisinau is completely different. I think there will be no surprises at the elections to the new parliament. I am certain that the winners in the elections will be logic and common sense. |
FBIS3-61402_1 | Official Examines Baltics `Hard Line' Stance on Russia | defense nature. A coincidence of viewpoints was displayed regarding the possibility of the participation of the Baltic states in peacekeeping actions. The creation of a combined Baltic battalion of 650 bayonets is being proposed for this purpose. Special attention is being given in military-political circles of the Baltic countries to their integration into Western security structures. Thus, one of the recent announcements of the ruling Democratic Labor Party of Lithuania notes that "close cooperation with NATO, NACC [North Atlantic Cooperation Council], WEU [Western European Union], and other organizations is consistent with Lithuania's national interests." And Lithuania intends to cooperate closely with Latvia and Estonia on this question. The concept of the national security of the country was discussed at a conference of party leaders of the Estonian parliament. The political leaders came out for cooperation with the international defense structures of the West and the creation of regional security structures. The thesis of "total defense" was put forward at the conference, and the principle of abandonment of neutrality. A proposal was also heard to arm the citizens of the republic and to strengthen border security owing to the "Estoniazation" of the border area population. The Baltics do not conceal the fact that what they would like to do most of all is to take the path of arranging close military ties with NATO in order to strengthen the security of their states in the face of foreign danger. They are calling on the North Atlantic bloc to give security guarantees, to conclude agreements on dispatching reinforcements in the event that crisis situations arise, to assist in the development of mobilization plans, training of command personnel, organization of the border service, and modernization of infrastructure facilities transferred by Russian military units, and to supply military equipment. Active discussions are going on about the "Partnership for Peace" plan, with the aim of extracting from it the maximum possible strengthening of relations with the West. Lithuanian President Algirdas Brazauskas declared that Lithuania intends to strive for the signing of a treaty or an agreement with NATO on partnership and cooperation. Lithuania, in the words of the president, supports NATO efforts to extend the security zone to all the states of Europe who want this. And nevertheless, the choice of the Baltics in the direction of unilateral cooperation with NATO puts one on guard. Forces that are in opposition to the governments of the |
FBIS3-61404_1 | Conference Discusses OECD Document on Russian S&T Policy | of Science and Technology Policy addressed to the OECD the request to conduct a survey. The examination was necessary for the objective distribution of western financial aid and adjustments of the scientific and technical policy of Russia. According to the assessment, which Minister of Science Boris Saltykov gave at a press conference, the conclusions of the examination of the OECD for the most part confirmed the correctness of the policy being pursued by his department, the ``Evaluation Report'' does not contain any particular surprises for him, while many of the recommendations of the OECD have already begun to be used in practice. ``The process is even more important than the result'' is how the minister expressed himself. Thus, what are the basic recommendations of the examination of the OECD and how did the participants in the representative world scientific forum (in addition to Russian specialists delegations of 19 OECD member countries and eight international organizations participated in the conference) appraise them? For precisely these recommendations will be of fundamental importance for western foundations, banks, financial groups, and firms when implementing various projects for the support of Russian science. The first thesis that is heard persistently in the ``Evaluation Report'' is that the scientific potential of Russia is its second national wealth after raw material resources. But the structure of science is extremely distorted and ``excessively overweighted'' by the defense, space, nuclear, and machine building complex. This structure is absolutely unsuitable for a market economy, and for this reason the OECD's examination concludes that the decrease of the number of people employed in science and scientific service by two-thirds is inevitable. Calculating the real possibilities of Russia in the maintenance of scientific personnel, the report names 300,000 people. OECD experts recommend reductions first of all at the expense of technical and administrative personnel, as well as inefficient sectorial science. The Russian Federation Ministry of Science and Technology Policy did not agree that there are still too many scientific personnel in Russia, and specified its policy in the following thesis: ``To halt the further destruction of the scientific potential, to cultivate new structures alongside old ones.'' However, here it was admitted that sectorial science needs significant institutional reorganization and market reorientation. This evaluation was confirmed by data of Russian specialists. Thus, the following facts from the ``Base Report'' were cited in the statement of Nadezhda Gaponenko, chief of the department of scientific |
FBIS3-61407_2 | Negative Aspects of Western Aid, Investment Discussed | the breakdown of the countryUs technological security is the disintegration of the national scientific and technical potential and the formation of a one-sided technological dependence on the more developed Western countries. Today Russia is experiencing the influence of both of these factors. Moreover, there is on hand a process of intense disintegration of RussiaUs scientific-technical potential in the form of the erosion of its personnel component, brain drain, deterioration of the material-technical and information base of science, the lack of demand for scientific and technical achievements, etc. Domestic science and technology, in particular, have been placed in circumstances in which their further development has begun to a substantial degree to depend on Western material and financial assistance. However, even with the outwardly entirely positive role of this assistance, it even now carries within itself the anlagen of further disintegration of national technological security. Analysis of the forms and methods of the rendering of financial and material support to Russian science by the West (the amount of the help, both actually furnished as well as promised, amounts today to nearly half a billion dollars, or almost 500 billion rubles at today's dollar exchange rate) shows that, apart from a large number of positive factors, it also has definite negative consequences. Above all, the system of information collection itself, concerning scientific developments, institutions, and research personnel for the submission of applications to receive grants and other forms of assistance from foreign organizations (scientific establishments, funds, international organizations, etc.), offers the West the possibility of possessing an exhaustive notion of the contemporary state and problems of the development of the Russian scientific-technical potential, to a degree of knowledgeability that Russian governmental bodies responsible for the development of domestic science and technology do not have. It seems appropriate to point out that by now more than 10 different funds have been established in the West for the support of science in Russia and the other countries of the CIS. Among these are the well-known Soros Fund (USA), which has allocated $100 million to the countries of the Commonwealth for 1993-1994, the National Science Fund of the USA ($25 million), the McArthur Foundation ($3 million), and the Mitterand Fund, a general European fund (4 million ECU). The detailed knowledgeability regarding our potential enables the West to identify the most promising lines of research and the most qualified and productively working scientific personnel for their later |
FBIS3-61407_6 | Negative Aspects of Western Aid, Investment Discussed | permitted, which is of strategic significance, must be eliminated as fast as possible, since the process of undermining the national technological security has reached a limit beyond which it takes on an uncontrollable character. From our point of view, the core of the preservation and strengthening of Russia's national technological security under the new conditions must be the principle of equal technological dependence of the partners in international collaboration, to be formed exclusively under the conditions of international scientific-technical cooperation. This principle presupposes the openness of Russian scientific-technical potential to the outside world, and rejection of autarchy, which corresponds to the spirit of economic reform, RussiaUs interests, and the interest of the international community. We have in mind also the equivalence of the potential damage to the partners in case of a rupture in international technological relations. There is a stake in the guarantee of an even-handed, synchronized technological development of the participants in international collaboration, which excludes the possibility of their lagging markedly one behind the other or of one outstripping the other. The reality is such that the preservation and growth of the scientific-technical potential of our country is possible only given the provision of the optimal combination of internal and external sources of influence. External factors will probably be predominant in todayUs conditions. However, Western aid in its various forms should not simply be welcomed, but the appropriate mechanism for its most effective acquisition, distribution, and use in the interests of Russia should also be created. The viability of domestic science, and consequently, the technological security of Russia can and must be achieved through our own efforts, through the mobilization of internal sources and reserves, above all through broad state support of a national scientific-technical potential. It is advisable above all to strengthen the legal foundation. For this purpose a package of laws should be adopted regarding scientific-technical policy, the scientific academies of Russia, the academic scientific institution, the status of the scientific worker, and the protection of intellectual property, state and other secrets. An ensemble of legislative and normative acts, regulating the process of brain drain both from Russia abroad and from the countries of the former USSR into Russia is also required. It would make sense to create a data bank on Russian scientists and specialists (including undergraduates and graduate students) who would be able to go abroad for possible on-the-job training or contract work. |
FBIS3-61425_0 | Layer-by-Layer Study of Ion-Implanted Silicon by Ellipsometry and Selective Moistening Methods | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by L. F. Bakhturova, V. V. Bakovets, I. P. Dolgovesova, B. M. Ayupov, S.B. RAS Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia] [Abstract] Silicon samples, implanted by [.sup]40[/] Ar[.sup]+[/] (10[.sup]15[/]cm[.sup]-2[/] dose) ions and P[.sup]+[/] (10[.sup]16[/] cm[.sup]-2[/] dose) ions with 40 keV energy, were examined employing the methods of multiangular ellipsometry and selective moistening with a layer-by-layer removal of the implanted section using anode oxidation. With implantation by Ar[.sup]+[/] ions, the maxima of the experimentally obtained profiles _th_, n and k lie nearer to the surface, than with implantation by ions Ar[.sup]+[/]. This can be explained by the fact that the mass of Ar[.sup]+[/][[.sup]2[/]] ions is greater, and the implantation dose is slightly smaller than for P[.sup]+[/]. With implantation by Ar[.sup]+[/], as well as by P[.sup]+[/] ions, the profiles _th_ and k are identical, and correspond to the defects' distribution profile in the implanted layer. The profile of the n changes is, probably, determined by a joint action of the defects and impurity. Figures 3, references 20: 16 Russian, 4 Western. |
FBIS3-61428_0 | An Effectiveness Criterion for a Method of Echo-Suppression and a Hybrid Echo-Suppressor Configuration | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Part I of two-part article by S. V. Kunegin under the rubric ``Switching, Telephony''; UDC 621.391.664.12] [Abstract] A new approach to the elimination of interfering echo signals in long-distance telephone channels is presented based on a combination of traditionally separate echo-suppression techniques. The use of both echo rejection and echo compensation models within the same equipment is desireable to take advantage of the relative technical simplicity of the former and the superior signal-handling capabilities of the latter. Optimization of the internal characteristics, i. e., suppression methods, of echo suppressors has application to dynamic, stochastic, discrete and both controlled and uncontrolled systems. The effectiveness criterion for the suppression method is composed of three subindicators: technical difficulty of echo-suppression (in terms of complexity of computation); signal quality (expressed in user rating units); functional reliability (determined by the expanse of the functional conditions). Echo rejection and compensation methods are evaluated by the use of computerized simulation or modeling. Algorithms are worked out for input, output and primary control signals using a recognition device, threshold limiting device and a delay line. Block diagrams detail signal processing stages in the echo-rejection model, the echo-compensation model and the echo-path simulation model. Use of a summing circuit in the latter allows an analysis of the effect of various types of additive interference for modeling of echo-suppressor breakdown conditions. Modeling of external additive noise effects is achieved by means of generators employing smoothed noise distribution, Gaussian noise distribution, harmonic interference and pulsed interference. Results of the evaluation of all methods, including the combined method of echo suppression, are to be examined in the second part of the article. Figures 3; references 13: 12 Russian. |
FBIS3-61433_0 | Commissioning of CIS's First Small Hydroelectric Power Plant With Pumps and Motors Serving as Turbines and Generators | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by V.V. Berlin, O.A. Muravyev; UDC 621.311.21.004.69] [Abstract] Commissioning of the small Dobromyslyanskaya hydroelectric power plant on the Chernitsa River in Belarus after retrofitting and an overhaul is reported. Initially, the plant was equipped with two hydroelectric units with RO123-V-84 turbines; the new power station employs commercially produced pump units serving as turbines and induction motors running as generators. This design has advantages both from the cost and delivery schedule viewpoints. Data on the power plant equipment option costs in 1990 prices are summarized. The range of factors which must be taken into account is selecting the pump is outlined. Analyses show that pump impellers have a 75% efficiency within a broad head range, which is lower than that of turbines, but this is compensated for by the low cost of equipment which is cheaper by close to tenfold. The particular features of induction motors make them especially suitable at small power plants with a low head. The power plant overhaul was financed by the Vitebsk electric grids under the leadership of G.I. Kubarovskiy; plant construction and erection were conducted by the Girdotekhnik Association (Lithuania) and Belyy Ugol enterprise under the direction of N.V. Shanin. Figures 1; tables 1; references 2. |
FBIS3-61444_0 | Anti-Abortion Movement in Russia | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Galina Toktaliyeva under the ``Our Sins'' rubric: ``And the Madonna Walked After the Israelite: In Russia today the number of abortions is twice that of childbirths''] [Text] Abortion was never a sovereign problem of the inherited estate of obstetrics and gynecology. Reflected in it, as in a microcosm, is the trouble of the nation, providing a foundation for the contradictions regarding the coming demographic Apocalypse. The question of artificial termination of pregnancy has always been a question of belief. Christian teaching, like Islam, considers this sin one of the gravest. According to data from the Social Demography Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the country's population will decrease to 147 million by the end of the millennium: the death rate will surpass the birth rate by an average of 1 million persons each year. ``Abortion has been the main problem ravaging our land for more than 70 years,'' states Professor I. Guzov, leader of the Russian Right to Life Movement. ``It was thrust upon us by the Russian Bolsheviks, and only after rejecting it can the country be reborn.'' In fact, the mass nature of artificial terminations has had a noticeable effect on the demographic situation. But other factors are destabilizing it as well. Let us say, from the standpoint of the child mortality level, we are far outdistancing the developed countries of the West, and even by the most cautious estimates, this indicator is 4 to 6 times higher than the ``civilized'' indicator. In recent years, thanks to paid medicine, the situation has been complicated by physicians' mercenary thinking. The movement against abortion arose in Russia with the active support of Western religious organizations, particularly the Dutch organization Rainbow. In its actions, Right to Life will not go as far as what I. Guzov considers to be the ``extremists of the Western organization,'' who picket gynecological clinics and chain themselves to abortion tables. ``Our main task is to inform Russian women of the truth about abortions,'' he continues. At the same time, there are organizations such as the philanthropic fund Good Hope, which in addition to performing educational work, tries to provide specific referral assistance to women who have decided to give birth despite their grave material and family conditions. Religious communities from abroad send them, let's say, sewing machines and material so as to help the future parents or single mothers |
FBIS3-61444_1 | Anti-Abortion Movement in Russia | than 70 years,'' states Professor I. Guzov, leader of the Russian Right to Life Movement. ``It was thrust upon us by the Russian Bolsheviks, and only after rejecting it can the country be reborn.'' In fact, the mass nature of artificial terminations has had a noticeable effect on the demographic situation. But other factors are destabilizing it as well. Let us say, from the standpoint of the child mortality level, we are far outdistancing the developed countries of the West, and even by the most cautious estimates, this indicator is 4 to 6 times higher than the ``civilized'' indicator. In recent years, thanks to paid medicine, the situation has been complicated by physicians' mercenary thinking. The movement against abortion arose in Russia with the active support of Western religious organizations, particularly the Dutch organization Rainbow. In its actions, Right to Life will not go as far as what I. Guzov considers to be the ``extremists of the Western organization,'' who picket gynecological clinics and chain themselves to abortion tables. ``Our main task is to inform Russian women of the truth about abortions,'' he continues. At the same time, there are organizations such as the philanthropic fund Good Hope, which in addition to performing educational work, tries to provide specific referral assistance to women who have decided to give birth despite their grave material and family conditions. Religious communities from abroad send them, let's say, sewing machines and material so as to help the future parents or single mothers earn a slice of bread for themselves. L. Lyubarskaya, chairperson of Good Hope, told of how, having five children, she took ill. The physicians could not cure her, and her husband drove her to a monastery. An old monk who had taken vows of schema asked, ``How many children do you have little mother?'' ``Five.'' ``And how many years have you been married?'' ``Sixteen.'' ``That is the reason why you are ill. You have too few children.'' The women soon gave birth and recovered. Now she has eight children.... But can the church help every child-loving pregnant woman who has been left without the resources to exist? As is well known, the road to Hell is paved with good intentions. ``The church is poor, and philanthropic aid to the fund from abroad is simply miserable,'' says L. Lyubarskaya. ``But we are trying as hard as we can to make mothers' lives easier.'' |
FBIS3-61446_0 | Child Health Status in Intensive Agricultural Chemicalization Areas | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by L.V. Vasilos, A.F. Vasilos, P.M. Stratulat, A.V. Gorshkov, A.P. Maksimchuk, G.Sh. Voronko, Scientific Research Institute of Maternity and Childhood Protection and Scientific Research Institute of Preventive and Clinical Medicine, Kishinev; UDC 614.7:615.285.7]-074] [Abstract] The issue of the real danger posed by chemical compounds used in agriculture, especially in areas whose agricultural production structure determines their high territorial pesticide burden per unit of arable land, is addressed against the backdrop of the use of chemicals on an increasing scale, and an attempt is made to examine the dependence of the child health indices on the territorial pesticide burden, investigate the likely mechanisms of its pathogenic action, and develop preventive measures. To this end, the state of child health in three rural settlements with very different pesticide usage rates (1:6:13 or 3.74, 22.1, and 49.0 kg/ha for the active ingredient) is assessed, and the child health status is evaluated by a complex of basic indicators. Morbidity data are obtained by examining diagnoses for the past three years for 5,363 children, including perinatal infant pathology. The child complex physical development indices from base villages, the child health group distribution in villages with equal agricultural chemicalization rates, and the metabolic status of lipid child health systems in base villages (M+/-m) are summarized. The outcome of cytochemical studies of the peripheral blood leukocytes' enzymatic activity attests to unfavorable structural and functional shifts under the effect of various pesticide burden levels. Parallel studies of the metabolic status of the lipid systems and lipid peroxidation attest to profound changes at earlier immune response stages under the effect of pesticide burdens. The findings confirm that in the areas of high chemical usage, the physical development of children lags while the incidence of development disharmony and retardation is high. The percentage of healthy children in these zones is lower and the number of children with chronic diseases is higher. An increase in the chemical use is directly related to the total morbidity and perinatal pathology as well as latent impairments in the protective and adaptation functions of the organism. Tables 3; references 6. |
FBIS3-61448_0 | Combined Effect of Organophosphorous Pesticide DDVP and Ethanol | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by V.N. Karpenko, M.N. Didenko, I.D. Tashker, N.K. Sokolova, Kiev Scientific Research Institute of Occupational Safety and Health; UDC 616.33/.34-02:[547.262+615.285.7]-07] [Abstract] The combined effect of ethanol and pesticides, particularly ethanol's ability to aggravate the toxic effect of pesticide, is discussed, and the combined effect of 0,0-dimethyl-0-(2-2-dichlorovinyl) phosphate (DDVP) and ethanol is investigated. To this end, an experiment is carried out on 84 male rats with a mean weight of 220-240 g separated into six groups (with one control group) with different exposures to one or both agents. The condition of the test animals was ascertained by examining a complex of physiological and biochemical indicators and pathomorphological research. The status indicators of white rats after oral administration of DDVP and ethanol is summarized; the study indicates that the effect of ethanol upsets the behavioral reactions of the animals who displayed a tendency toward a decreased spontaneous motor activity (SDA) and a considerable increase in the latent period of cognitive reflex (LPPR); the summation threshold index (SPP) increased only in rats who received ethanol alone. A study of the mixed function oxidase (OSF) shows that it is induced somewhat in animals exposed to ethanol or the ethanol-and-DDVP mixture. The conclusion is drawn that the extent to which the two substances and their combinations affect the test animals increases in the following sequence: ethanol, DDVP, DDVP+ethanol, and ethanol and DDVP+ethanol against the background of alcoholization. Thus, given contact with an organophosphorous pesticide, ethanol may have an unfavorable aggravating effect, especially if taken regularly. Tables 1; references 10: 9 Russian, 1 Western. |
FBIS3-61479_0 | On Utilizing Waste Heat Recovery Gas Turbine Plants and Steam Gas Plants in Belarussian Power Industry | Jul-Aug 93 pp 43-45 947F0043A Minsk IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY I ENERGETICHESKIKH OBYEDINENIY SNG: ENERGETIKA Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by V.V. Gerasimov, A.D. Kachan, Belarus Republic Power Industry Ministry and Belarussian State Polytechnic Academy; UDC 621.438.313] [Abstract] An acute shortage of installed capacity coupled with the obsolescence and wear of thermal power plant equipment as well as a sharp rise in energy prices and increasing reliance on Russian natural gas prompted the Belarussian power industry to search for ways of increasing the utilization efficiency of gas by using waste heat recovery gas turbine plants (UGTU) and binary steam gas plants. The factors which affect possible fuel savings and the criteria for correct selection of the type of power plants are outlined. A formula for calculating the equivalent fuel economy is derived. An analysis shows that the greatest fuel economy can be achieved by using extraction (heat supply) gas turbine plants (GTU) and steam gas plants and that fuel savings can be increased further by using binary extraction gas turbine plants with backpressure turbines. The urgency of implementing low-power extraction turbine-based gas turbine and steam gas plants is stressed, and it is noted that such low-power plants can be brought on stream much faster than powerful plants. References 3. |
FBIS3-61504_0 | Short Oligonucleotide Combinations With Elevated Duplex Formation Strength as Joint Primers in Sequencing | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by T.L. Azhikina, V.K. Potapov, S.V. Veselovskaya, V.A. Myasnikov, Ye.D. Sverdlov, Bioorganic Chemistry Institute imeni M.M. Shemyakin at Russia's Academy of Science, Moscow; UDC 517.21.541.69] [Abstract] One of the principal problems hindering further improvement of primary DNA structure identification methods--the development of ordered sequencing strategies for a planned DNA fragment study--is discussed, and it is suggested that the problem can be resolved by synthesizing a collection of primers of all possible sequences and after obtaining all necessary data on the sequence, selecting the primer for the subsequent step from the primer. Yet the inordinate size of such a collection prompted F.W. Studier to use a combination of shorter oligonucleotide components in place of one long primer. Stacking interaction of the terminal links of the adjacent short nucleotides leads to an elevated stability of the resulting duplexes. A set of three pentanucleotides makes it possible to set up a primer bank containing only 1,024 pentanucleotides, thus lowering the sequencing cost and simplifying the procedure. The use of modified oligonucleotides with an increased affinity for complementary sequences greatly enhances the planned sequencing potential; today, it is possible to substitute primers containing adenine and cytosine with stronger binding analogues. Figures 2; tables 1; references 2: 1 Russian, 1 Western. |
FBIS3-61505_0 | Expression of Hybrid Genes Containing Sequences Which Encode Human Adrenocorticotropic Hormone in Escherichia Coli | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by A.Sh. Parsadanyan, V.Ye. Karapetyan, A.A. Galoyan, Biochemistry Institute at Armenian Republic's Academy of Sciences, Yerevan; UDC 575.1] [Abstract] The genus specificity of the human adrenocorticotropic hormone (AKTG)--a peptide consisting of 39 amino acids which is produced and secreted in the hypophysis and which stimulates biosynthesis of secretion of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex--and the desire to avoid unnecessary immune reactions as well as the expense and tediousness of chemical synthesis of the human adrenocorticotropic hormone prompted a study of the expression of the human adrenocorticotropic hormone in the form of a hybrid with S. aureus protein A. This hybrid protein can be easily isolated from Escherichia coli proteins. This system was used to obtain the insulin-like growth factor IFH-I and to produce the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone. The plasmids containing most of the S. aureus protein A gene as well as the plasmids containing the bovine adrenocorticotropic hormone pUC 19/1, pUC 19/7, and pUC 19/Pro were used to construct recombinant plasmids. The experiment procedure is outlined. The hybrid gene sequence constructed as a result contains the sequences which encode protein A of S. aureus and human adrenocorticotropic hormone located in the same reading frame. Synthetic adapter sequences whose specific cleaving will eventually make it possible to isolate the end product from the fused protein are built in between these sequences. The fused protein synthesis detection procedure is described and the possibility of protein A secretion by E. coli cell derivatives is established. The conclusion is drawn that the constructed plasmids direct the human adrenocorticotropic hormone-containing fused protein synthesis in E. coli. The authors are grateful to A.A. Shulga for help with mutagenesis. Figures 1; references 9: 4 Russian, 5 Western. |
FBIS3-61508_2 | Cases of Dirofilariosis in Kazakhstan | school. She fell acutely ill on 19 Mar 90, felt a sharp pain and an edema of the left eye. For several days prior to that, she experienced headaches every evening. On 20 Mar 90, she sought medical help at a trauma center of the oblast hospital where a filamentary helminth with a 110 x 0.2 mm size was removed from under the mucous membrane of the eyeball. Patient S, born in 1954, is a designer engineer working in Pavlodar. A hyperemic spot which, with time, transformed into a 1 x 5 mm node, appeared in the left groin area. The larva migrans phenomenon, i.e., a parasite movement over a considerable distance under the skin, was detected. The process was accompanied by pain in the elbow and radiocarpal joints and an edema of the tongue. On 25 Sep 90, a 110 x 0.2 mm nematode was pulled from under the eyeball mucous membrane. Patient P, a retiree born in 1930, is also a resident of Pavlodar. She fell ill in late February 1992 when she noted a hyperemic tumor-like formation on the forehead. She was bothered by severe headaches. The tumor disappeared several days later. On 8 March, she had sharp pain in the right eye and developed photophobia and lacrimation. On 20 March, a 106 x 0.2 mm nematode was removed from under the eyeball mucous membrane at the eye department of the oblast hospital. Patient M from Uralsk is a retiree. In February 1992, she noted an edema on the front of the right crus and a zigzag-shaped reddening as well as pain in the area of the knee joint. Some time later, the reddening moved lower, and a pea-sized tumor appeared on the rear surface of the right crus. The movement of the reddening was accompanied by itching. After self-treatment of the tumor with Vishnevskiy ointment, no recovery was noted. After she sought medical assistance, the tumor was operated on, and a white 110-mm-long nematode was pulled from the purulent wound. All patients recall numerous mosquito bites during the summer and none left Kazakhstan. The helminths extracted from them were sent to the republican sanitary and epidemiological station for identification; they are encapsulated preadolescent males belonging to the Dirofilaria repens species. Dirofilarioses are transmissible helminthisms. They are widespread in the world among dogs, but foxes, wolves, coyotes, tigers, and wild cats may be the final ``host,'' although |
FBIS3-61508_4 | Cases of Dirofilariosis in Kazakhstan | oblast hospital. Patient M from Uralsk is a retiree. In February 1992, she noted an edema on the front of the right crus and a zigzag-shaped reddening as well as pain in the area of the knee joint. Some time later, the reddening moved lower, and a pea-sized tumor appeared on the rear surface of the right crus. The movement of the reddening was accompanied by itching. After self-treatment of the tumor with Vishnevskiy ointment, no recovery was noted. After she sought medical assistance, the tumor was operated on, and a white 110-mm-long nematode was pulled from the purulent wound. All patients recall numerous mosquito bites during the summer and none left Kazakhstan. The helminths extracted from them were sent to the republican sanitary and epidemiological station for identification; they are encapsulated preadolescent males belonging to the Dirofilaria repens species. Dirofilarioses are transmissible helminthisms. They are widespread in the world among dogs, but foxes, wolves, coyotes, tigers, and wild cats may be the final ``host,'' although humans are only accidental ``hosts.'' Humans are infected in the areas of habitat of invaded animals through mosquito bites of the Aedes, Cubex and Anopheles species. The filaria development phase prior to the invasion stage depends on the intermediate ``host'' (10-20 days). After entering the mosquito's stomach together with the blood, the Drepens microfilaria migrate into the insect body cavity for 1.5 days. After reaching the invasion stage, the larva migrate into the head and mouth organs of the mosquitos and from there--into the human organism through bites. An increase in the gnat population was noted in Pavlodar and Uralsk between 1982 and 1991: the mean seasonal indicator rose by twofold. Such a widespread proliferation of insects in the aforesaid regions is the factor which determine the unfavorable situation with the transmissible disease, including Dirofilariosis. Bibliography 1. T.K. Besedina, N.A. Khokholnikova. Filariases cases in Alma-Ata. In: Materialy IX itogovoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii KIEM (Proceedings of the Ninth Concluding Scientific and Practical Conference at the Kazakhstani Institute for Experimental Medicine). Alma-Ata, 1986, pp. 321-224. 2. I.Yu. Gasanov, A.R. Iskanderov. Case of dirophilaria repens detection in a resident of Turkmenia. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnyye bolezni. 1988, 82 pp. 3. Ye.Ye. Rumyantseva, V.M. Voropayeva, V.A. Martyunina. Dirofilariosis cases in Maritime kray. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnyye bolezni No. 6, 1985, p. 6. 4. Chun-Syun. Dirofilariosis cases in Chimkent oblast. Meditsinskaya parazitologiya i parazitarnyye bolezni No. 4, 1972, p. 483. |
FBIS3-61510_0 | Activation Therapy of Limb Injuries Complicated by Wound Infection With Millimeter Wavelength Radiation | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by N.D. Devyatkov, Yu.F. Kamenev, Ye.V. Polyak, T.B. Rebrova, A.G. Sarkisyan, Yu.A. Toporov, Z.I. Urazgildeyev, Central Traumatology and Orthopedics Institute imeni N.N. Priorov, Moscow, and Istok Scientific Production Association, Fryazino; UDC 616.155.33-008.6-073.916] [Abstract] The role of EHF (millimeter wavelength) treatment as a means of nonspecific activation therapy and the effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMI), especially low-intensity millimetric radiation, on recovery processes are examined. To this end, the outcome of EHF treatment of 66 patients with limb injuries complicated by would infection with the help of the Yav-1 device under optimum operating conditions is discussed in detail. The patients were divided into two groups: 49 injured and 17 control patients. The irradiation duration varied within 30-60 min, and therapy consisted of 10-15 procedures whereby the wound or chest area (or both) were exposed. The electromagnetic irradiation duration must be sufficient for the development of adaptation reactions (AR) in the organism, or activation or training. The morphological and functional changes in the course of adaptation reactions under radiation, the dynamics of the organism's adaptation reactions under EHF therapy, and the dynamics of the organism's adaptation reaction changes during EHF therapy as a function of exposure localization are summarized. The use of adaptation reactions makes it possible to substantiate the selection of exposure duration and method and the number of treatment sessions for patients with limb wounds complicated by purulent infection. This helps to manifest the therapeutic properties of EHF treatment more fully. It is noted that the above method does not exhaust all possible millimeter wave treatment methods. Tables 3; references 20. |
FBIS3-61511_0 | Status of Immune System Exposed to Low-Level Ionizing Radiation: Studies in the 10-Kilometer Zone of the Chernobyl Disaster | pp 470-478 937C0332A Moscow RADIATSIONNAYA BIOLOGIYA. RADIOEKOLOGIYA Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by V. A. Malyzhev, I. I. Pelevina, G. G. Afanasyev, S. M. Gordiyenko, I. B. Gubriy, T. I. Klimenko, R. G. Lukashova, I. V. Petrova, and T. A. Sergeyeva, Institute of Experimental Radiology,Ukrainian Radiation Medicine Research Center, Kiev, and Institute of Chemical Physics imeni N. N. Semenov, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, under the rubric ``Investigation of the Sequelae of the Chernobyl Disaster''; UDC 614.876:621.038.58] [Abstract]Studies were carried out on (DBAxC57Bl)F[.sub]1[/] and DBA mice exposed to radiation in cages placed on radionuclide-contaminated soil for 1, 7 or 14 days in the village of Yanov; dosage of gamma rays constituted 0.024, 0.168 and 0.336 Gy. Proliferation of T lymphocytes was activated with all these doses. With the two lower doses there was accumulation mostly of the T helper type and with the highest dose, of the N suppressor type. In some cases mice were exposed to x-rays in single doses of 0.25-1.0 Gy. Changes in antibody production, relative weight and cellularity of the thymus and spleen, T lymphocyte content of peripheral blood and spleen, subpopulations of T lymphocytes in the spleen, ratio of Lyt1[.sup]+[/]/Lyt2[.sup]+[/] cells in peripheral blood and spleen. Labeled monoclonal antibodies and phenotypic markers, immunization with ram erythrocytes, lymphocyte cultures, [.sup]3[/]H-thymidine uptake and other methods were used to test humoral immunity, hemolysin and hemagglutinin titers, proliferative activity of splenocytes, blast formation and radioactivity of samples, at different post-exposure times. With lower doses there was activation of some immunological effector functions and with higher ones they were inhibited. The demonstrated proliferation of lymphoid cells, including suppressors, as the dosage of ionizing radiation builds up in the case of prolonged exposure to low levels thereof, triggers autonomous control attenuating the induced increase in lymphocytes and inhibiting effector manifestations of immunity. More precise interpretation of immunological responses of humans who had been in the zone of the Chernobyl accident or other contaminated regions is recommended, since use of immunostimulants is not only inadvisable, but even harmful in such cases. Figures 7, tables 2, references: 5 Russian, 4 Western. Rossiyskaya akademiya nauk, Otdeleniye biokhimii, biofiziki i khimii fiziologicheski aktivnykh soyedineniy RAN, 1993 |
FBIS3-61517_0 | Fetal Tissue Transplants at MIBM | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Andrey Semenov, under the title: RThe Fruits of Abortions: The Transplantation of Human Embryonal Tissues: TKnow-howU and EthicsS, under the rubric: RWhatUs New in MedicineS] [Text] An International Institute of Biological Medicine [MIBM] has been created at the Russian Scientific Research Center of Perinatology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology. Investigations and treatment of patients suffering, as commonly believed, from incurable and fatal illnesses, e.g., Down syndrome, diabetes, ParkinsonUs disease, AlzheimerUs disease, and many others, including various immune system deficiency syndromes, will treated in it. Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Gennadiy Sukhikh, who has become its General Director, has headed the Institute. The transplantation of human embryonal tissues is the method of treatment of so extensive spectrum of diseases. The first studies in this sphere appeared as far back as the 1920s, and moreover, in the USSR, recounted Chairman of the Council of the MIBM, Dr. Michael Molnar, an American of Hungarian extraction. But due to the exceptionally powerful anti-abortion movement in the US and Western Europe, governmental support of research projects, including the use of human fetal tissues, is so restricted that the progress achieved by Western medicine in this field is very slight for practical purposes. As a result, the development of new treatment technologies along these lines has not been noted. Russia is a different business.S Russia is in fact a different business. Abortions had already been permitted in the Soviet Union for several decades, and until the present, have unfortunately remained the main method for the regulation of the birth rate; this is supported by the existing public health system. About four million abortions are carried out annually within the walls of medical establishments, and presumably as many criminal abortions. Thus, the resources of human embryonal tissues which are intended for use in the MIBM are comparable only with the reserves of oil and gas. At first there were funds, and facilities, equipment, and personnel as well. The Russian Scientific Research Center of Perinatology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology of the Russian Federation Ministry of Health and the Biocellular Research Organization, Ltd. (USA) created the Russian joint-stock company, RMIBMS, officially registered in Russia. The charter fund was distributed in the following manner: Biocellular Research Organization, Ltd. - 51 per cent; Center - 49 per cent. Such a distribution of contributions will undoubted be reflected, sooner or later, in the economic policy of the MIBM and |
FBIS3-61517_5 | Fetal Tissue Transplants at MIBM | into account, that is not so low. For the treatment of burns, for example, there is enough tissue from one fetus; three to four fetuses may be required for the treatment of female infertility, when there is the possibility of compensating the ovaries. How many first-class fetuses does the Institute need in a year? About 500 abortions are required. There already is an agreement with several of the capital's regional antenatal clinics. When the system will be organized and the women recognize that the abortion can be done at the highest medical level, without detriment to reproductive function, the problem of supplying the Institute will be solved. However, at first we expect some shortage. Physicians throughout the word are struggling to reduce the number of abortions, while today it seems that you are interested in increasing their number. Isn't this amoral? The number of abortions in the world and here in Russia will decrease. This is inevitable. And our interest infetal tissue will hardly affect the statistics. Moreover, humanity will never entirely relinquish abortions. Do you not fear criticism of your activities? What we are doing of course destroys many moral stereotypes. But we are physicians, and thus, rationalists. Aren't you in danger of the fact that commercialization of this type of treatment may lead to moral catastrophe, or even to crimes? Human embryonal tissues will never be the object of commerce, since this field has always been under the professional control of the health protection system. That means that nowhere and to no one should the thought occur that abortions could at some time become an object from which material benefit is extracted, if medical science discovers an opportunity for the use of human embryonal tissues in treatment technologies. All of our pediatric patients will be hospitalized together with their parents in the pediatric unit of the Central Clinical Hospital of the Russian Government's Medical Center. Adult patients will undergo treatment in the corresponding departments of the Central Clinical Hospital [TKB], which, from the point of view of its material and technical level, is equipped and staffed in accordance with the standards of the US and the countries of Western Europe. RI would like to note that the WHO has been familiar with our project since the beginning of its existence, follows its development, collaborates with us at present, and intends to preserve it in the future. When the |
FBIS3-61518_0 | Effectiveness of Zhiger' Lactate Product in Prevention and Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Yu.A. Sinyavskiy, I.K. Timofeyeva, K.M. Mendigaliyeva, Scientific Center of Regional Nutrition Problems, Alma-Ata; UDC 641.56:577.4+616-08+612.273.664.002:616-084] [Abstract] The high incidence of iron deficiency anemia which, according to WHO, affects 84-90% of women in some parts of the world, and the lack of data on the assimilability and side effects of iron preparations prompted the Scientific Center of Regional Nutrition Problems at the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences to develop a new lactic product--Zhiger--with a specific antianemic effect. It is prepared on the basis of cow's milk with a special serum lactis or whey, vitamins, trace elements (Fe and Cu), and other biologically active components. The product has good organoleptic indicators and contains 2.5-2.7 g of protein, 2.4-2.6 g of fat, and 3.6 g of carbohydrates per 100 ml. Clinical tests of the new preparation were carried out at the Alma-Ata oblast hospital on anemic patients and patients diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The behavior of the hemoglobin, erythrocyte, color index, serous iron, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (SOE) in the blood before and after treatment with Zhiger, the behavior of certain hemopoietic indicators in anemic patients against the backdrop of gastritis before and after treatment with Zhiger, and the behavior of certain hemopoietic indicators in anemic patients before and after therapy (control group) are summarized. The findings demonstrate that Zhiger leads to a verifiable change in the hematologic indicators when used on patients with anemia of first degree. In patients with anemia of second degree, treatment resulted in positive blood indicator dynamics. Tables 4. |
FBIS3-61524_0 | Radioecological Studies in Kiev Reservoir Littoral Zone Before and After Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by I.V. Pankov, Ye.N. Volkova, Z.O. Shirokaya, Hydrobiology Institute at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Kiev; UDC [(577.34:574.5):621.31](282.247.32)] [Abstract] Radioecological studies of the Kiev reservoir's littoral zone conducted both before (1979-1986) and after (1986-1991) the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident are reviewed, and the importance of the littoral areas due to the development of a many aquatic plants and invertebrates is stressed. A comparison of the radionuclide accumulation levels and parameters in the littoral component would make it possible realistically to assess the impact of radiative contamination, understand the radionuclide dynamics in abiotic and biotic components, and identify the radionuclide accumulation traits in hydrobionts at various trophic levels under the conditions of global and accident-related radioactive contamination of plain reservoirs. The study methods and materials and sampling procedures are outlined. The radionuclide concentration was measured by radiochemistry and _g_-spectrometry methods using an instrument consisting of a DGDK-40A detector, a system of Vektor input modules, and AI-4096-A90 amplitude analyzer. The concentration of long-lived radionuclides ([.sup]90[/]Sr and [.sup]137 [/] Cs) in the ecosystem components in 1979, the accumulation coefficients, contribution, and ratio of long-lived radionuclides in the ecosystem components in 1979, the contribution of [.sup]90[/]Sr and [.sup]134[/] Cs+[.sup]137[/]Cs to the total radioactivity of ecosystem components in 1986-1991, and the radionuclide accumulation coefficients in the ecosystem components in May-Jun 86 are summarized. The study shows that the radionuclide concentration dynamics are due to the washing out of radioactive elements from the 30 km zone around the nuclear plant and depend on the complex hydrological and hydrochemical processes in the estuary of the Pripyat river and littoral zone. Since 1987, strontium made a dominant contribution to the radionuclide content in the water and mollusks while cesium has been detected in fish since mid-1986 and in higher aquatic plants--since 1988. Figures 4; tables 4; references 4. |
FBIS3-61526_0 | Hydrobiological Characteristics of Gulf of Finland's Neva Bay | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by A.F. Alimov, V.N. Nikulina, V.Ye. Panov, I.V. Telesh, N.P. Finogenova, Zoology Institute at Russia's Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg; UDC 574.5(282.247.21)] [Abstract] Concerns that the 22.2 km dam and flood protection barriers along the St. Petersburg sea front will aggravate the already strained environmental conditions in the Neva bay and eastern end of the Gulf of Finland necessitated a comprehensive evaluation of the bay's hydrobiological characteristics. To this end, staff of the Fresh Water and Experimental Hydrobiology Laboratory of the Zoology Institute at Russia's Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg carried out hydrobiological research aimed at clarifying the bay ecosystem functioning. In so doing, the phytoplankton and chlorophyll concentrations are studied on the basis of the 1984-1989 and 1992 data; the phytoplankton sedimentation samples are processed using conventional hydrobiological procedures, and the chlorophyll concentration is measured in acetone extracts with the help of a spectrophotometer. The sampling procedure is outlined. The findings reveal that the Neva river estuary is characterized by a twin-peak seasonal phytoplankton dynamics curve with the aquatic plant biomass maximum of up to 15 mg/l in the spring. The blue-green, green, and diatom algae are dominant during the summer and fall period. The average zooplankton population and biomass in the Neva river bay in June of 1984 and 1991, Shannon's diversity index in the oligochete colonies in various sections of the Neva bay, and the oligochete biomass in the Neva bay are summarized. The study of the hydrobiont colony structure and functioning reveals that the significant changes which occurred during the 1984-1991 period reflect the continuing water contamination and changes in the hydrological conditions which are attributed to seawall construction. The need for further long-term systematic observations and a special estuary ecosystem monitoring program is stressed. A negative trend whereby research budgets are being cut is noted. The prerequisites for stabilizing the environmental conditions in the Ladoga, Neva, Neva bay, and Gulf of Finland system are formulated. Figures 5; tables 3; references 17. |
FBIS3-61530_0 | Thymus and Tumor 5'-Nucleotidase Activity After Bradykinin Injection to Tumor-Bearing Mice | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by G.A. Sukhanova, G.V. Potapova, S.A. Narbutovich, Tomsk Medical Institute; UDC 616.438-008.931-02:615.225.2]-07] [Abstract] The catalytic activity of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase), a lipid-dependent enzyme of the cell plasmatic membrane, which is manifested in hydrolyzing extracellular AMP and the formation of extracellular adenosine, and the properties of bradykinin--a vasoactive peptide capable of stimulating the thymus cell division and inhibiting the thymocyte membrane lipid peroxidation--whose effect on the state of tumor cells is relatively unknown prompted an investigation into the activity of the thymus and tumor cell 5'-nucleotidase after bradykinin injection to mice during the development of allogenic and syngenic transplanted tumors with different proliferation stimulant effects. To this end, BALB/c and noninbred 18-22 g mice were used in the experiment. The former mice were inoculated with P-815 macrocytoma (syngenic for the H-2D hystocompatibility complex) while the latter were subcutaneously injected with allogenic Crocker sarcoma. Bradykinin triacetate was administered intravenously after seven days to both groups. The 5'-nucleotidase activity was measured by the inorganic phosphate formation as a result of the 5'-AMP hydrolysis. The experimental procedure is outlined. The 5'-nucleotidase activity in the mice thymus after the bradykinin injection and the number of tumoral node cells after the bradykinin injection at the tumor development stage are summarized, and the activity of thymus and tumor cell 5'-nucleotidase after the bradykinin injection to tumor-bearing mice is plotted. Bradykinin injection to intact mice leads to a considerable increase in the thymus cell 5'-nucleotidase activity, peaking after 6 h; the effect of the bradykinin injection on the allogenic and syngenic tumors differed. The study shows that bradykinin stimulates the 5'-nucleotidase activity in the thymus of tumor-bearing mice while the effect of bradykinin on the tumor cell enzyme activity is less marked, especially under syngenic conditions. It is noted that the 5'-nucleotidase activity is a rather informative indicator of the thymus cell status which characterizes the tumor cell sensitivity to bradykinin. The study of the 5'-nucleotidase activity may be used for assessing the effect of antitumoral preparations under experimental conditions. Figures 1; tables 1; references 6: 4 Russian, 2 Western. |
FBIS3-61541_0 | Russian Scientist Discusses Common Global Information Space | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Article by Vladimir Gurvich; under the title RA Global Information System Is Not a Utopia: Its Design Has Been Developed by International Scientists, under the rubric Perspective] [Text] The International Academy of Information-Disseminating Technology [MAI] was established in 1991. At the present time it has 80 regional divisions in Russia, the countries of the CIS [Commonwealth of Independent States], Europe and America, where its 1,200 members and corresponding members work. The Academy has set as its principal aim the objective of promoting in every way possible the construction of a society in which each individual may freely use the information resources accumulated by mankind. Right now the International Academy of Information-Disseminating Technology is actively preparing to hold an International Forum on Information-Disseminating Technology. It will take place in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions from 23 through 26 November. I was talking to the First Vice-President of the International Academy of Information-Disseminating Technology, a leading scientist in the field of computer technology, Eduard Evreinov. As far back as the 1950's he proposed principles for increasing the output of computer processes that have been widely recognized throughout the world. The line I am working along is the construction of a system of high-output facilities which use the model of the collective. Its essence resides in the fact that the calculations are not done by one person, but by several. The summation of common efforts increase the power of the operations being performed many fold. The President of our Academy, Ivan Yuzvishin, has advanced the following theory on the basis of these principles: let us build a society consisting of small cells, for example, microregions, and let them interact with one another, and agree on their relationships with one another. That is, the entire society will acquire the structure of a honeycomb. What I am saying can be illustrated by the situation which has developed between Russia and Tatarstan, in which just such an interaction model has been used. When I told the President of Tatarstan, Shaymiyev, that he was acting in the vein of YuzvishinUs model, he had not known this, but he was pleased that the correctness of his policy has been confirmed by science. In this case the issue is not self-isolation, but the fact that each country or sovereign republic itself determines the internal regulations of its life. When, on the |
FBIS3-61541_4 | Russian Scientist Discusses Common Global Information Space | to work with you, using the AcademyUs resources, and to return the profits towards its development. If we accept an organization or group of scientists into the International Academy of Information-Disseminating Technology, and they don't have the resources to do the work, the Academy offers them credit. Eduard Vladimirovich, the situation relating to information science in the USSR, and now in Russia, has always been complicated; in this field we have seriously lagged behind the advanced countries. What can the Academy do to change the situation? I must say that the information science situation in Russia can't be looked at apart from the rest of the world. Information has become the main product of society. And it is everywhere; to use it effectively we need unified means of transmitting it. The International Academy of Information-Disseminating Technology has worked out a design for a global computer system. A model that brings together individual users and consumers of information into a single common system lies at its base. I have called it provisionally an information enterprise. But information is a product which does not require people to be near one another while they are using it. That is, this information-distributing enterprise should function both in a single-user mode, and when the need arises, as an all-encompassing global structure. It should encompass the entire world. Of course, such a system cannot be made immediately on a world-wide scale; one can start with fairly small units, such as a single city. However, so far there are not enough resources either in Russia or even in the West to bring all this about. So that's the system. But, domestic computer technology is also not at an advanced level. As far as theoretical developments go, there we are not behind. Transputers have been produced in England since the beginning of 1980's. They work on principles that I proposed in the 1960's. Now the capacity of transputers has reached 100 billion operations per second. People are working on transputers here as well, and more improved models are being developed than are produced in the West. We are behind in technology; we don't have plants which are capable of producing the equipment. But we cannot fail to get our manufacturing in order, because a country like Russia cannot get by only with imported machines. And the Academy is ready to provide assistance in the resolution of this problem. |
FBIS3-61543_5 | Problems of Moldovan Academy of Sciences Discussed | the scientists of different countries and only through the constant sharing of ideas, opinions, results, and experience. Our Academy of Sciences already has considerable experience in international ties. However, until the proclamation of the independence of the republic the ties were confined for the most part just to the former union republics and were in many respects of an episodic nature, with the exception, perhaps, of Ukraine and Belarus, with whose scientists we cooperated more intensively, and this cooperation is continuing. In practice we did not have direct ties not just with capitalist countries, but even with the countries of the former Soviet bloc. While the few ones that were maintained were carried out only with the permission of the All-Union Academy or with its aid. The situation changed after 1990, when the real opportunity appeared to establish direct scientific ties with any countries of the world, including in the form of contracts and agreements, including the elaboration of joint themes, the establishment of international laboratories, and so on. In 1992 alone we concluded a new agreement with the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Athens National Polytechnical University and agreed on joint scientific research with scientists of Poland. Steps were taken toward cooperation with scientific centers of Italy, Sweden, Great Britain, France, Germany, China, India, and Turkey. Our traditional ties with the former Soviet republics are also not being severed. In the same 1992 our Academy of Sciences participated in an international meeting of academies of Great Europe in Stockholm, at which there was an interested discussion on the means of developing cooperation, on the exchange of information and specialists, and on the participation of the academies in the joint elaboration of global problems in such areas as ecology, airspace, and health care. I want to note that at the academies of the countries of Western Europe they are greatly alarmed by the formed situation in science and, in particular, in academic science in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In connection with this the conference participants came forth with an appeal to governments and international organizations to support science in every way in the countries of the former Soviet bloc. This year our Academy has already taken part in the international conference "Scientific Policy in the Service of Great Europe," which was held in Germany. Here the Academy of Sciences of Moldova was recommended for membership in the |
FBIS3-61544_1 | NATO, Akademgorodok Seek Areas for Cooperation | radiation perturbations.... Technologies for disarmament, environmental protection, high-tech technologies for high-level investigation of human resources were mentioned as the priority areas of NATO research programs. Do these remarkable, peaceful programs mean that NATO, the most powerful military group with its objectively inherent power-oriented attitudes, will miraculously change suddenly into some sort of international humanitarian organization? The answer is easy. Even now, the North Atlantic bloc has something to protect and someone against whom to defend itself. And for a long time it will remain a military entity, and, God willing, let it be only defensive. But expressly this implies that friendly business relations will be established with it. Of course it was difficult for Siberian scientists to behave as equal partners with representatives from the West at this meeting: the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences is in distress, as is all of Russian science. Scientists are engaged in a feverish search for funding. Yet the products of major research, as validly noted by Boris Saltykov, the Russian minister who spoke here, are sometimes sold abroad for outrageously low prices. But if scientific developments become, at least in part, a commodity, the Siberians must be given their due: some solid results were submitted in the best way. It must be conceded that the Western emissaries arrived here quite well prepared. Upon meeting Professor Gerdt Maier, representative of the FRG aerospace research establishment, I was amazed at how well he was informed, not only about academic, but also industrial research of the Siberian scientists. What was particularly remarkable is that, while the official documents of the seminar listed the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences and NATO research services as organizers, the circle of foreign participants at the meeting was much broader. Prominent figures attended: representatives of authoritative international organizations such as UNESCO and Pangis (pan-African working network of geological information systems), the international "Kazimir" project that deals with investigation of rift zones--faults in the earth's crust, the Association for Environmental Study in Rome, International Institute of Systems Analysis in Vienna, and International Institute of Forest Studies in Moscow, headed by Academician Aleksandr Isayev of Siberia. But it is not at all a matter of listing well-known names and brilliant institutes: the logic of development of science leads increasingly to alliances of researchers from previously separated fields of knowledge and remote continents of our planet. The study |
FBIS3-61562_39 | RF Law on Public Health Fundamentals of Russian Federation Legislation on Public Health Care Section I. General Statutes Article 1. Public health care Section II. Competence in the Public Health Field of the Russian Federation, Republics of the Russian Federation, Autonomous Oblasts, Autonomous Okrugs, Krays, Oblasts, Cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Local Self-Government Agencies Article 5. Competence of the Russian Federation Section III. Organization of Public Health Care in the Russian Federation Article 9. Authority of highest Russian Federation State executive and administrative agencies in the field of public health care Section IV. Citizen Rights in the Field of Health Care Article 17. Rights of Russian Federation citizens to health care Section V. Rights of Different Population Groups in the Field of Health Care Article 22. Family rights Section VI. Rights of Citizens When Receiving Sociomedical Aid Article 30. Patient rights Section VII. Medical services in family planning and birth control Article 35. Artificial insemination and embryo implants Section VIII. Guarantees of Sociomedical Aid to Citizens Article 38. Primary medico-sanitary aid Section IX. Expert Medical Opinions Article 49. Expert opinion on temporary inability to work Section X. Rights and Social Protection of Medical and Pharmaceutical Personnel Article 54. Right to engage in health care and pharmaceutical work Section XI. International Collaboration Article 65. International collaboration in the field of health care of citizens Section XII. Liability for Inflicting Harm to Citizens' Health Article 66. Bases for indemnification if harm is inflicted to citizens' health | Article 34. Medical aid without consent of citizens Medical aid (medical certification, hospitalization, observation and isolation) without the consent of citizens or their legal representatives is permitted for individuals with diseases that present a hazard to others, suffering from serious mental illness or individuals who have committed socially dangerous acts, on the basis and following procedure established by legislation of the Russian Federation. The decision to carry out medical certification and observation of citizens without their consent or the consent of their legal representatives is made by a physician (conference of physicians), while the decision for hospitalization of citizens without their consent or the consent of their legal representations is made by a court. Rendering medical aid without consent of citizens or consent of their legal representatives involves epidemic-control measures and is regulated by sanitary legislation. Certification and hospitalization of individuals with serious mental illness is performed without their consent following procedure established by the Law of the Russian Federation ``On Psychiatric Care and Guarantees of Citizen Rights When Rendered.'' As to individuals who have committed socially dangerous acts, compulsory medical steps can be taken on the basis and following procedure established by legislation of the Russian Federation. Section VII. Medical services in family planning and birth control Article 35. Artificial insemination and embryo implants Every adult woman of child-bearing age has the right to artificial insemination and embryo implantation. Artificial insemination of a woman and implantation of an embryo are performed in institutions licensed for this type of activity, with the written permission of the spouse (or a single woman). Information about performed artificial insemination and embryoimplantation, as well as identity of the donor, is privileged. A woman has the right to information about the procedure for artificial insemination and embryo implantation, about medical and legal aspects of consequences, about results of medicogenetic testing, external data and nationality of the donor, which is furnished by the physician who performs the medical intervention. Illegal performance of artificial insemination and embryo implantation are subject to criminal liability as established by legislation of the Russian Federation. Article 36. Artificial abortion Every woman has the right to decide independently the question of motherhood. Artificial abortions are performed at a woman's request within the first 12 weeks of the gestation period, when socially indicated within 22 weeks, and any stage of pregnancy whenever medically indicated and with the woman's consent. Artificial abortions are performed |
FBIS3-61562_67 | RF Law on Public Health Fundamentals of Russian Federation Legislation on Public Health Care Section I. General Statutes Article 1. Public health care Section II. Competence in the Public Health Field of the Russian Federation, Republics of the Russian Federation, Autonomous Oblasts, Autonomous Okrugs, Krays, Oblasts, Cities of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Local Self-Government Agencies Article 5. Competence of the Russian Federation Section III. Organization of Public Health Care in the Russian Federation Article 9. Authority of highest Russian Federation State executive and administrative agencies in the field of public health care Section IV. Citizen Rights in the Field of Health Care Article 17. Rights of Russian Federation citizens to health care Section V. Rights of Different Population Groups in the Field of Health Care Article 22. Family rights Section VI. Rights of Citizens When Receiving Sociomedical Aid Article 30. Patient rights Section VII. Medical services in family planning and birth control Article 35. Artificial insemination and embryo implants Section VIII. Guarantees of Sociomedical Aid to Citizens Article 38. Primary medico-sanitary aid Section IX. Expert Medical Opinions Article 49. Expert opinion on temporary inability to work Section X. Rights and Social Protection of Medical and Pharmaceutical Personnel Article 54. Right to engage in health care and pharmaceutical work Section XI. International Collaboration Article 65. International collaboration in the field of health care of citizens Section XII. Liability for Inflicting Harm to Citizens' Health Article 66. Bases for indemnification if harm is inflicted to citizens' health | electricity, in accordance with existing legislation. The procedure for retraining and advanced training of medical and pharmaceutical personnel, assigning a qualification category is determined in accordance with these Fundamentals by the Russian Federation Ministry of Health, health ministries of republics of the Russian Federation, jointly with professional medical and pharmaceutical associations. Article 64. Wages and compensations Medical and pharmaceutical workers, as well as researchers, professorial and teaching staff of higher and secondary medical and pharmaceutical educational institutions, and medical departments of universities are remunerated for their work in accordance with their qualifications, tenure and duties they perform, as stipulated in the labor agreement (contract). Medical and pharmaceutical workers have the right to compensatory payment, as percentage of regular wages, for working under deleterious, difficult and hazardous conditions, as well as other preferential treatment as stipulated in labor legislation of the Russian Federation, republics of the Russian Federation, legal acts of autonomous oblasts, autonomous okrugs, krays, oblasts, cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. The list of categories of workers with the right to raises, allowances and payments in addition to their wages, as well as other forms of compensation and preferential treatment, is established by the Russian Federation Government in agreement with trade unions. Procedure and conditions for payment of compensations and preferential treatment of researchers in the State and municipal health care systems, as well as professorial and teaching staff of higher and secondary medical ad pharmaceutical educational institutions and medical departments of universities conform to procedure and conditions for payment of compensations and preferential treatment of medical and pharmaceutical workers. Mandatory State personal insurance coverage in the sum of 120 times the regular monthly wages is set up for medical, pharmaceutical and other workers in the State and municipal health care systems, whose work involves a threat to their life and health, in accordance with the list of jobs involving a threat to life and health of workers that is approved by the Russian Federation Government. In the event of harm to the health of medical and pharmaceutical workers in the performance of their job or professional duties, they are compensated in an amount and following procedure established by legislation of the Russian Federation. In the event of death of workers in the State and municipal health care systems while performing their job or professional duties in the course of rendering medical care or carrying out research, families of |
FBIS3-61574_10 | RF Decree on Pricing of Drugs and Medical Supplies List of population groups and disease categories, in the outpatient treatment of which medically prescribed drugs and medical supplies are dispensed free of charge, and list of drugs and medical supplies Population groups All Drugs for: Parents and wives of servicemen who died of wounds, concussion or mutilation sustained in defense of the nation or in performing other military duties, or as a result of illness related to being on the front, citizens employed in Leningrad during the siege at enterprises, institutions and organizations of that city that were awarded the ``For defense of Leningrad'' medal, citizens awarded the ``Resident of Leningrad under siege'' badge All drugs, medical rehabilitation equipment, bedpans, urinals and dressing materials for: List of population groups under outpatient treatment of whom drugs, which do not appear on the list of essential and most important drugs, are dispensed when prescribed by physicians of medical-preventive institutions at a 50 percent discount off free prices. | participants in underground nuclear arms testing, performance and implementation of work on collection and burial of radioactive substances: All drugs, free fabrication and repair of dental prostheses (with the exception of prostheses made of precious metals) Individuals who have or have had radiation sickness or who became disabled as a result of radiation accidents and their sequelae at other (than the Chernobyl AES) civilian or military nuclear installations, as a result of testing, training and other work related to all types of nuclear installations, including nuclear arms and space technology: All drugs, free fabrication and repair of dental prostheses (with the exception of prostheses made of precious metals). Small ethnic populations of the North in Chukotsk, Koryaki, Yamal-Nenetskiy, Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrugs, Severo-Evenskiy, Srednekanskiy and Olskiy rayons of Magadan Oblast: All drugs Categories of diseases Childhood cerebral paralysis: Drugs for treatment of this category of diseases Hepatocerebral dystrophy and phenylketonuria: Protein-free food, protein hydrolysates, enzymes, psychostimulants, vitamins, biostimulants Cystic fibrosis (in children): Enzymes Acute intermittent porphyria: Analgesics, beta-blockers, phosphadene, riboxin, androgens, adenyl AIDS, HIV infection: All drugs Oncological diseases: All drugs, dressing materials for incurable oncological patients Hematological diseases, hemoblastosis, cytopenia, hereditary hemopathies: Cytostatics, immunosuppressants, simmunocorrective agents, steroid and nonsteroid hormones, antibiotics and other agents for treatment of such diseases and correction of complications of therapy Radiation sickness: Drugs needed to treat this disease Leprosy: All drugs. Tuberculosis: Antituberculosis agents, liver-protective agents. Severe brucellosis: Antibiotics, analgesics, nonsteroid and steroid anti-inflammatory agents Chronic, severe, systemic skin diseases: All drugs for treatment of these diseases. Bronchial asthma: Drugs prescribed for this disease. Rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, systemic (acute) lupus erythematosus, spondylitis deformans: Steroid hormones, cytostatics, colloid gold preparations, anti-inflammatory nonsteroid agents, antibiotics, antihistamines, cardiac glycosides, coronarolytics, diuretics, Ca antagonists, K preparations, chondroprotective agents. Myocardial infarction (first 6 months): Drugs needed to treat this disease. Postoperative condition after heart valve replacement: Anticoagulants. Organ and tissue transplants: Immunosuppressants, cytostatics, steroid hormones, antifungal, antiherpetic and anti-immunoviral agents, antibiotics, uroseptics, anticoagulants, disaggregants, coronarolytics, Ca antagonists, K preparations, hypotensive, spasmolytic, diuretic, liver-protective agents, pancreatic enzymes. Diabetes: All drugs. Pituitary dwarfism: Anabolic steroids, somatotropic hormone, sex hormones, insulin. Premature sexual development: steroid hormones, parlodel, androcur. Multiple sclerosis: Drugs needed for treatment of this disease. Myasthenia: Anticholinesterase drugs, steroid hormones. Myopathy: Drugs needed for treatment of this disease. Marie's cerebellar ataxia: Drugs needed for treatment of this disease. Parkinson's disease: Anti-parkinsonism drugs. Chronic urological diseases: Pezzer catheters. Syphilis: Antibiotics, bismuth |
FBIS3-61577_0 | Decree on Ensuring Product Safety | Language: Russian Article Type:CSO [Decree No 2 On Ensuring Safety of Products to Human Health, signed by S. F. Bezverkhiy, chairman of Russian Gosstandart and Ye. N. Belyayev, chairman of Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor on 5 Jan 93] [Text]State Committee of the Russian Federation for Standardization, Metrology and Certification [Gosstandart], State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Oversight [Goskomsanepidnadzor] of the Russian Federation Decree For the purpose of prevention of deleterious effects on human health of factors related to production and use in the national economy and by consumers of products that are potentially hazardous to human health, and in execution of the RSFSR Law ``On Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Public'' and Russian Federation Law ``On Protection of Consumer Rights,'' the Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor and Russian Gosstandard hereby decree: 1. To establish that the mandatory certification of safety of products,to which the hygienic requirements stipulated by the Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor apply, is carried out in the presence of a hygienic certificate, which is issued by Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor agencies following procedure established by this committee 2. Accreditation of certification agencies and testing centers (laboratories) for the right to certify and test for safety and harmlessness to human health is carried out jointly by Russian Gosstandart and Goskomsanepidnadzor agencies authorized to perform this work following procedure established by instruments of the Certification System, GOST R. 3. To delegate to the Russian republic information-analysis center of the Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor (to L. G. Podunov) the duties of theorganizational and methodological center of the Russian Goskomsanepidnadzor dealing with participation of the State sanitary and epidemiological service in joint work with the Russian Gosstandart for accreditation of organizations that carry out certification of merchandise (work, services), as well as testing laboratories (centers) for carrying out certification tests. |
FBIS4-14_0 | Beijing Reiterates Stance Against Sanctions | In a move that could complicate international efforts to maintain pressure on Libya for its alleged involvement in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and a French airliner in 1989, Beijing has forcefully reiterated its opposition to sanctions against Libya and expressed greater support for Libya's position than in the past. Meeting with Libyan foreign minister 'Umar Mustafa al- Muntasir on the second day of his 28-30 March visit to Beijing, PRC Foreign Minister and Vice Premier Qian Qichen restated the position Beijing adopted against sanctions when it intensified its support of Libya prior to the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) vote imposing sanctions in March 1992. According to a 29 March Xinhua account of the talks, Qian said that Beijing continues to "disapprove of imposing sanctions against Libya, let alone stepping up sanctions," and "favors settlement of the Lockerbie crisis through consultation and negotiation by the parties concerned." Reiterating China's "opposition to terrorism of any description," Qian said that the sanctions had "escalated tensions in the region" and should be settled "through peaceful means." Last November the PRC Ambassador to the United Nations Li Zhaoxing had similarly registered Beijing's authoritative opposition to new UNSC sanctions against Libya, declaring that "to intensify sanctions" against Libya may further "complicate" the problem (Xinhua, 12 November 1993). Although Qian's remarks did not revise China's official stance on sanctions, he seemed to express stronger public support for Libya's views than has appeared in previous PRC media coverage of the issue, treatment suggesting that Beijing wishes to further distance itself from the West on this question. Stating that "China fully understands and sympathizes with Libya's plight" and "does not want to see the situation worsen," Qian went on to express "appreciation" for Libya's "flexibility" in trying to settle the problem through "peaceful negotiations." Qian gave no indication of how China will vote on any future UNSC resolutions to toughen the sanctions. China abstained from voting on Resolution 748 authorizing sanctions in 1992 and again on the UNSC resolution approving new sanctions last November (Xinhua, 31 March 1992, 12 November 1993). (AUTHOR: SIMON. QUESTIONS AND/OR COMMENTS, PLEASE CALL CHIEF, CHINA ANALYSIS TEAM, (703) 733-6097.) EAG/HEBBEL JEG 07/0045Z APR |
FBIS4-18_0 | Yugoslavia-Croatia: Milosevic Tells RSK to Shape Up | In an apparent effort to strengthen the claim that the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) in Croatia is a sovereign state, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic has called on the Serbs of the RSK to put their house in order by ending what he labeled extremist politics and lawlessness. His meeting in Belgrade on 6 April with RSK "President" Milan Martic and "Premier-designate" Borisav Mikelic was aimed at demonstrating his support for the two leaders and putting an end to the infighting that has blocked the formation of a new government in the RSK since the December 1993 elections. Milosevic sharply attacked "extremists and extremism" and denounced "individuals" who are "up to their necks in crime" and threaten to "tarnish" the Serbian nation's reputation. He singled out the Serbian Radical Party and "other irresponsible groups and individuals," saying they have engaged in "destructive" politics in the RSK assembly. He was likely referring to the Radicals and to former RSK president Milan Babic and his wing of the Serbian Democratic Party, who have tried to block Martic's and Mikelic's efforts to form a new RSK "Government" (Tanjug and Belgrade TV, 6 April). Babic, who had been offered the deputy premiership in an effort to form a coalition government, recently announced that he had "postponed" talks about his participation in the coalition (Tanjug, 30 March). Even before Babic's announcement, Martic had complained that assembly infighting was leading the "state" into "total chaos and anarchy" (Belgrade TV, 23 March). Suggesting that Milosevic's intervention may have had its intended effect, Mikelic declared that he would put together a government by 9 April and that the Krajina Serbs are "on the road of calming down passions" (Tanjug, 7 April). Like recent statements of other FRY leaders, Milosevic's 6 April remarks gave no hint that he would backtrack on the Serbian claims that the RSK has the right to self-determination and that Croatia never established its sovereignty over the territory held by the Serbs. (See Note 1) He also continues to steadfastly defend the Serbs' right eventually to incorporate all territory they inhabit into a Greater Serbia. Moreover, his statements at a press conference during a 5 April visit to Romania suggest that he continues to view all Serbs in former Yugoslavia as embodying a single political entity for which he has the right to speak. Denying that the Serbs are the aggressors, he claimed that the |
FBIS4-19_5 | PACIFIC RIM ECONOMIC REVIEW -- 7 APRIL 1994 | at the urging of both the Chinese and Japanese Governments, Japan's auto parts firms are moving aggressively to establish joint ventures to produce and sell auto parts in China. According to statistics compiled by the Ministry of Finance and retrieved from the Nikkei Telecom News and Retrieval Database, exports of Japanese four-wheel vehicles to China surged in 1993. Passenger vehicle exports on a U.S.-dollar basis expanded 148 percent compared to 1992. In 1993 Japan's automakers exported more than $3 billion worth of passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses to China, including Hong Kong. These large increases occurred despite high tariffs on auto-related imports, which, according to the 5 January NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN (NIKKEI), included a 220 percent tariff on gasoline-powered automobiles. A breakdown of Ministry of Finance statistics concerning auto exports to China and Hong Kong from 1990 through 1993, via the Nikkei Telecom News and Retrieval Database, is as follows (figures are in millions of dollars): Passenger Vehicles Trucks Buses Total China 1990 $34 $78 $21 $133 1991 $73 $184 $55 $312 1992 $246 $328 $133 $707 1993 $610 $458 $179 $1,247 Hong Kong 1990 $331 $126 $44 $501 1991 $511 $172 $70 $753 1992 $1,103 $257 $117 $1,477 1993 $1,445 $288 $114 $1,847 Unclear Prospects for Increased Auto Exports to China - On 1 January 1994 the Chinese Government lowered tariffs on imported automobiles, but these reductions are unlikely to lead to dramatically higher imports of Japanese vehicles, according to the 5 January NIKKEI. Tariffs on cars with gasoline and diesel engines still remain at between 110 and 150 percent. Furthermore, according to NIKKEI, while the Chinese Government is lowering these tariffs to facilitate its accession into GATT, it will continue to "manage" imports to protect domestic production. In fact, according to the 10 March SANKEI SHIMBUN, Japanese automakers expect exports of four-wheel vehicles to China in 1994 to fall to "about half" the level of 1993--to about 100,000 units, including finished cars and knockdown kits. Japanese manufacturers also fear that Chinese policy reforms will lead to new import barriers, so they are adopting a "cautious stance," especially with regard to passenger vehicles. As an example of the automakers' divergent planning, SANKEI cited the case of Isuzu Motors, which primarily makes commercial vehicles. The company plans to export "about the same number of vehicles" as last year. In contrast, the main passenger car manufacturers, such as Toyota and Nissan, |
FBIS4-19_45 | PACIFIC RIM ECONOMIC REVIEW -- 7 APRIL 1994 | relations between the two countries. SOUTHEAST ASIA: Activities of Machine Tool, Industrial Machinery Firms - Matsuura Machinery, a leading manufacturer of machining centers based in Fukui Prefecture, plans to increase its sales efforts in Southeast Asia. To do this, the firm will create a position within its International Division responsible for Southeast Asia, and in April it will send two or three managers to Southeast Asia to begin sales activities. It will also create a Singapore- based network of sales agent offices. Matsuura is making this move because its primary customers, Japan's electrical machinery manufacturers, are shifting their production bases to Southeast Asia. Matsuura has exported over 5,500 machining centers to the United States, but it has sold less than 30 in Southeast Asia. It plans to increase sales in Southeast Asia to the level of more than one machining center per month. (Tokyo NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN 15 Mar 94 p 11) Aoyagi Seisakujo, a manufacturer of metal working machinery based in Fukuoka Prefecture, will export a numerically controlled stainless steel V-groove fluting machine to a Malaysian metalworking company through the Taiwanese trading company Kuanshi Maoyi. Aoyagi has sold similar kinds of specialized machinery to Taiwanese metalworking companies, but this is its first export to Malaysia. Aoyagi plans to use Kuanshi Maoyi to increase its sales in Southeast Asia and China. (Tokyo NIKAAN KOGYO SHIMBUN 7 Mar 94 p 23) Maruka Machinery Co., a construction machinery manufacturer located in Osaka, will expand its overseas operations by establishing local corporations and branch offices in Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, and by establishing an Asia Office within its Overseas Headquarters. Maruka is also studying expansion into China, where it is currently negotiating a sale of ten pieces of construction machinery. (Tokyo NIKAAN KOGYO SHIMBUN 11 Mar 94 p 11) VIETNAM: Firms Expanding Offices, Forming Investment Plans - According to figures compiled by the Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), some 80 to 85 Japanese companies have opened offices in either Ho Chi Minh City or Hanoi, the 15 March NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN (NIKKEI) reports. Among the major firms that have recently opened offices in Vietnam are Honda Motor, Yamaha Motor, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Honda opened a three-man office in Ho Chi Minh City in early March, according to the 15 March NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN. The manager is a branch-level Honda official, who is assisted by two Vietnamese employees. The office |
FBIS4-19_52 | PACIFIC RIM ECONOMIC REVIEW -- 7 APRIL 1994 | who started handling glass made by the U.S. firm PPG Industries a year ago is quoted as saying that there is "no problem for Japanese glass wholesalers, even those belonging to the keiretsu of a certain glass manufacturer, in handling foreign glass." Hatta also points to efforts by the U.S. glass industry to increase sales in Japan. PPG has been steadily increasing the number of Japanese companies that handle its products. Also, U.S. Guardian Industries, which formerly was the "severest critic" of the Japanese glass market, now ships glass products on specially designed steel pallets that are suitable for distribution in Japan. Hatta reports that recently more U.S. glass manufacturers have contacted Japanese glass wholesalers. Up until this year, however, "U.S. glass manufacturers have not tried to sell their products to Japanese wholesalers." He notes that according to a survey conducted in December 1993 by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, 70 percent of Japan's 380 glass wholesalers responded that they had never been contacted by a foreign glass manufacturer. Machine Tools/Robotics - Fanuc, Yamazaki Conclude Agreements With Chinese Firms -- Fanuc, a leading machine tools company and industrial robot manufacturer, has signed a contract with the Nanjing Machine Tool Factory to supply it with Fanuc's wire electrical discharge machine technology. Nanjing Machine Tool will both display and begin taking orders for wire electrical discharge machines at the upcoming machine tools exhibition in Beijing. By providing wire electrical discharge machine technology to the Nanjing firm, Fanuc will be creating a customer for the numerically controlled equipment produced by Fanuc's own Beijing joint venture company, Beijing Fanuc Electromechanics Co. Ltd. This joint venture was formed in December 1992 with the Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute to manufacture numerically controlled equipment for China's machine tool market. Fanuc will also begin importing cast parts for industrial robots from Nanjing Machine Tool Factory to lower its manufacturing costs. Currently, Fanuc uses about 400 tons of cast parts per month, half of which are imported from South Korea. (Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN 25 Mar 94 p 12) Fanuc has also signed a contract to supply carbon dioxide lasers on an original equipment manufacture basis to the Hangzhou Forging Press Factory based in Hangzhou, Jiangsu Province. The contract calls for Fanuc to supply computer numerically controlled equipment, servomotors, and laser oscillators for a 2-kw laser to Hangzhou Forging Press, which will use the equipment and |
FBIS4-20_5 | RUSSIA: TRIAL OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS SCIENTIST RAISES SECRECY | may be dropped if circumstances change. The new circumstance is the new constitution which guarantees everyone the right to "look for, receive, transmit, produce and distribute information by any legal means. The list of information comprising state secrets is determined by federal law. The list of state secrets has not been published yet. Therefore criminal charges can be dropped." (ITAR-TASS 4 Feb 94) PRESSURE FOR INCREASED SECRECY The Mirzayanov investigation and trial took place against a background of pressure on the government to take action to protect state secrets and prevent what is perceived as the detrimental transfer of secret technology to the West and Japan. Over the past two years, numerous articles have appeared in Russian newspapers criticizing the "cheap sale" of Russian technology and warning of the dangers of Western S&T aid programs. In 1992, for example, several articles appeared criticizing the U.S. Department of Energy's nuclear research contract with the Kurchatov Institute, because the United States was "getting Russia's best nuclear scientists" for a "very insignificant amount" (RADIKAL, Aug 92). Similar criticism was doled out over a 1992 high-power laser deal made with Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (IZVESTIYA, 3 Nov 92). Russia's space program has also received an enormous amount of criticism for not getting an adequate return on its technology and services. For example, the $7.5-million sale of Russia's Topaz-2 nuclear reactor is regularly cited as a "technology giveaway," which, because of its alleged SDI applicability, is also a threat to Russian security (ROSSIYSKAYA GAZETA, 9 Nov 93). In 1992, Russian Space Agency Director Yuriy Koptev claimed that Russia was losing over a billion rubles a year due to the leakage of information or technology sales (RABOCHAYA TRIBUNA, 13 Nov 92). Although most articles stress the economic aspect of technology transfer, the problem is also seen as a national security issue. According to an article by two analysts at the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of International Economic and Political Research, "national technological security is an integral part of national security," and the "undermining" of national technological security" is becoming uncontrollable. The two scholars warned that "detailed knowledge regarding our potential enables the West to identify the most promising lines of research and the most qualified and productively working scientific personnel for their later use in the interests of the development of Western science and technology and the Western economy as a whole." The article went on |
FBIS4-21_1 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-014--WEST EUROPE | contents in no way represent the policies, views, or attitudes of the U.S. Government. All comment or analysis contained herein is attributable to the cited media source, unless otherwise indicated. TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURES: France--Controversy Over Work Benefits Continues EU Most New Jobs in Public Sector FRANCE Reaction to U.S. Unfair Trade List; editorial on Bentsen, Change in International Goals; Balladur Support for Swedish Matra Sale Reported; Socialist Party Details Economic Platform; Fears of Losing Bosnia Contracts Expressed; Coface To Go Private; Business Confident in Recovery GERMANY G-7 Jobs Summit Viewed as Ineffective; Russia Presses For Special Export Credit Terms; Belarus Business Potential, Problems Probed; Czech Skoda Firm Buys Thuringian Company; Privatization of Heavy Machinery Complex Near Completion GREECE Greece-Cyprus Defense Cooperation; Investments for 1994 Seen 'Meager' ITALY Treasury Minister Insists on Lower Interest Rates; New Japanese Auto Import Quota Criticized; Businessmen Say Single Market Brings No Benefit 11 ECONOMIC BRIEFS France, Greece, Sweden FEATURE France: Controversy Over Work Benefits Continues Despite Prime Minister Edouard Balladur's withdrawal of the Job Training Contract (CIP) provision of his Five-Year Employment law, which allowed lower minimum wages (SMIC) for soffle youth categories and provoked student demonstrations throughout the country, French social unrest over other provisions in the law is likely to continue, according to French media reporting. The media lays the blame for much of this unrest on the national education system and entrenched French adherence to "fixed and outdated ideas" of social fairness. Economic journalist Delphine Gerard comments in the Paris business daily LA TRIBUNE DESFOSSES on 30 March that following the turmoil over the CIP (which some opponents dubbed a Youth SMIC), the government again faces controversy over implementing provisions of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur's Five-Year Employment law. A government decree proposal currently being reviewed on changing the rules for the 40-hour work week has been rejected by the labor unions and may provoke more social unrest in the weeks to come. This rejection, combined with the reservations of employers, is a new "hard blow" for the government, Gerard maintains, and the government may have to again do an "about face" as it did in the CIP controversy. In fact, Labor Minister Michel Giraud has already indicated that he could not pass the law "by force." According to Gerard, labor unions and employers are reticent to support such an ambitious" bill, which provides companies flexibility in managing work schedules, for various |
FBIS4-21_9 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-014--WEST EUROPE | reports that the EU has already announced that by the end of the month it will publish "a report on trade barriers erected by the United States against EU products." (DiI) (Paris LE FIGARO Le Fig-Eco supplement in French 2, 3 Apr 94 p I) EDITORIAL ON BENTSEN, CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL GOALS--Washington correspondent Jacqueline Grapin, writing in LE FIGARO, points to recent speeches by U.S. Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen as proof that the United States no longer uses its presence in international financial organizations as a "means of philanthropy, hiding its entrepreneurial spirit behind humanitarian rhetoric," but now openly uses its membership in them to increase its economic influence in the world. Members of Congress demand that the administration be accountable to the electorate, Grapin notes, and in their view the future unit of account will be the creation of employment in the United States. To respond to this pressure, the U.S. administration has taken numerous steps to make the most of its large influence in international financial organizations, such as at the World Bank where the United States has increased the size of its commercial section in the office of the Bank's U.S. administrator. Grapin notes that it is well known that U.S. companies often are told of new bids for large projects linked to World Bank programs before the projects are even reviewed by the Bank's administrative council. Evidently, Grapin writes, the new goals of the current U.S. administration are to act for the good of "America Inc." and should make Europeans "stop and think" and should prod them into "mobilizing." Grapin argues that final proof of such a change in U.S. goals can be found in recent speeches by Bentsen and she quotes these speeches extensively. In particular, while she points out that Bentsen is not responsible for U.S. diplomacy but for defending the financial interests of the United States, she contends that Bentsen "spoke the truth" when he requested funds from Congress for multilateral financial institutions. Grapin cites Bentsen as saying before the foreign affairs section of the House budget committee that the "clear lesson" for the United States is that the money the United States sends abroad through international financial organizations comes back to the United States in multiples through exports and new jobs for Americans. Furthermore, Grapin quoted Bentsen as stating that U.S. goals for multilateral banks in 1994 were to increase U.S. exports, |
FBIS4-22_2 | Iliescu Calls for an End to Yugoslav Sanctions | Iliescu expressed his displeasure with continuation of the sanctions. Criticizing unnamed "international bodies" for not treating the crisis in former Yugoslavia with "adequate understanding," he charged that they were taking an "approach" that "has been quite dangerous'' for Yugoslavia and ''for the stability'' of the the entire region." The UN sanctions have caused "suffering to all innocent people'' and ''nobody stands to gain'' from the continuation of this abnormal situation" (Dimineata, 29-30 January). At about the same time, Bucharest radio quoted FRY Foreign Minister Vladislav Jovanovic's claims that, during Jovanovic's January visit to Bucharest, Iliescu said Romania had never advocated and never supported" the "inhuman and very harmful sanctions" (Bucharest radio, 25 January). Iliescu has not been observed to deny the accuracy of Jovanovic's recollection. Other States Claim Firm Stand At least for now, the other states bordering the FRY continue to declare their intentions to do their best to enforce the sanctions: -- Foreign Ministers Stanislav Daskalov of Bulgaria and Alfred Serreqi of Albania recently met in Tirana and, according to the Albanian media, declared that the "embargo against Serbia must not be lifted" (ATA, 29 March). -- Following a visit to Belgrade, Hungarian Foreign Minister Geza Jeszensky reiterated his country's stance that Hungary "supports the lifting of sanctions" only if "Belgrade meets international expectations" (Budapest radio, 7 February). Moreover, he denied that Hungary would "ease sanctions" enforcement "in return for a more tolerant policy" in the FRY toward Serbia's Hungarian minority population (MTI, 7 February). -- While the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia has sought relief from the UN for the severe impact of the sanctions on its economy, President Kiro Gligorov has insisted that his country has "consistently" done its "part in the implementation" of the sanctions (Nova Makedonija, l October 1993). Implications While Iliescu did not threaten to end enforcement of sanctions in Romania as long as they are still legally in force, his statements suggest that Romanian officials are unlikely to take vigorous enforcement. Indeed, Romanian border guards and customs officials may well take Iliescu's remarks as a signal that they should look the other way at sanctions violators. Moreover, other frontline states may question the wisdom of taking strong enforcement action if Romania begins to gain economically by allowing the sanctions regime to deteriorate on its borders. (AUTHOR. NASH. QUESTIONS AND/OR COMMENTS, PLEASE CALL CHIEF ANALYST, EUROPE/LATIN AMERICA GROUP, (703) 733-6120.) ELAG/GILISON/ta 08/1931z apr |
FBIS4-29_16 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-015--EAST EUROPE | the construction of aqueducts in Albania was signed in Frankfurt on 3 March 1994. The agreement was signed between the German Bank Kreditanstalt Fuer Wiederaufbau (KfW) (Reconstruction Loan Association) represented by Manfred Mueller, former state secretary and Kreditanstalt Presidency member, and the Albanian Bank, represented by Dylber Vrioni, Albanian Bank governor. Mr. Mueller expressed his pleasure for the developments so far in the field of delivery of financial means by the German side. He said that the bank he represents will support the Albanian Government's commitment for an efficient use of the German aid. Mr. Mueller said he will further help to perfect the banking system in Albania. (Tirana ATA in English 1114 GMT 4 Mar 94 AU) PUBLIC MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION INSTITUTE: The Public Management and Administration Institute was inaugurated in the presence of Prime Minister Meksi in Tirana on 4 March. The institute will train management specialists for private and state sectors and help them stay abreast of contemporary methods and practices. The institution is financed by the UNDP (United Nations Development Program) with an initial contribution of $600,000. These funds will be used to train new private sector managers with contemporary concepts. Prime Minister Aleksander Meksi voiced the government's support to this important institution. The first courses at the institute will begin during the second week of March. (Tirana ATA in English 1347 GMT 5 Mar 94 AU) SHKODER URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT: The Rural Development Foundation this month will begin to implement the project on urban development of Shkoder City in the framework of a new initiative by the World Bank. The Rural Development Foundation Director Genc Juka and Shkoder Mayor Filip Guraziu signed an agreement on 5 March. Mr. Juka told ATA that after the completion of the Shkoder project, the foundation will continue its work for the rural development of this district. This is the second year that this foundation has been carrying out its activity in Albania. During the past year, it realised a pilot project, while this year the foundation will carry out its normal activity. Among the foundation projects, we can mention the assistance to other districts in northeastern Albania. This year, the World Bank will put approximately $8 million at the foundation's disposal. The World Bank's new initiative is expected to amount to $200,000. According to the agreement, the tender will be over by 15 March. The private firm that will win |
FBIS4-29_40 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-015--EAST EUROPE | September, is to be about Kc230,000 (almost $8,000), which is 20 percent more than the present model. With the serial production of the new type of Favorit launched, the old (present) type will be terminated. The production of the Formans and pick-ups is to continue. In the first two months of this year, Skoda registered a 13- percent decline of its world sales in comparison with the same period in 1993. In the Czech Republic the sales dropped to half, while a decline of 70 percent, the sale of a mere 833 cars, was registered in Slovakia. (Prague CTK in English 1500 GMT 19 Mar 94 AU) CONSTRUCTION BUSINESS INCREASES 13.3 PERCENT: According to preliminary results, domestic construction firms carried out work worth Kc6.62 billion, which is 13.3 percent more than in January last year. (MLADA FRONTA DNES in Czech 21 Mar 94 p 14 AU) DANISH FIRM BUILDS WIND-POWERED ELECTRIC POWER STATION: A wind- powered electric power station with an output of 225 kilowatts -- the first of its kind in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe -- will be put into operation on the Hostyn Hill near Bystrice pod Hostynem in the Kromeriz region. The power station was built by the Danish firm Vestas for the price of about Kc9 million. (Prague HOSPODARSKE NOVINY 21 Mar 94 p 2 AU) CSA-AIR FRANCE VENTURE ENDED: Three agreements ending the Czechoslovak Airlines (CSA)-Air France joint venture were initialed at 03:00 (02:00 GMT) on 22 March, Czech Transport Minister Jan Strasky announced. The five parties to the agreements -- CSA, Air France, the National Property Fund, Konsolidacni Banka, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) -- only initialed the agreements because the EBRD management must approve them before they are signed. (Prague CTK in English 1011 GMT 22 Mar 94 AU) AIR FRANCE REPRESENTATIVES RESIGN FROM CSA: All five members of the board of directors and the one member of the supervisory council of Czechoslovak Airlines (CSA) representing Air France submitted their letters of resignation yesterday at CSA's extraordinary general meeting, Deputy Transport Minister Ivan Foltyn said 22 March. Their resignation is valid, he said, but it is still being discussed at the general meeting. Within 35 days a regular general meeting is to be called, at which the issue of the new shareholder composition of CSA is to be addressed, Foltyn said. The airlines' Articles of Association |
FBIS4-29_47 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-015--EAST EUROPE | marketing and advertising services and an exhibition of technology, products and services for developing towns and villages is taking place in Brno. (Prague CTK in English 1140 GMT 22 Mar 94 AU) INFORMATION ON WEAPONS TO IRAN NOT PRECISE, RDP GROUP SAYS: Information on the export of Czech arms to Iran is not precise, director general of the RDP Group joint stock company Jan Vlcek told journalists today. The company was just mapping out the market, he added. Vlcek was reacting to an article published in February in the weekly RESPEKT, according to which director general of the Plzen-based Skoda company Lubomir Soudek was discussing in Tehran with Iranian authorities possible supplies of ground-to-ground missiles and the modernization of T-72 tanks last December. The weekly said that the RDP asked in a letter from Vlcek Trade and Industry Minister Vladimir Dlouhy for help in granting a license for arms exports to Iran. The export of the technology was for the Czech Republic an advantageous bid in terms of financial and technical parameters, the letter read. The contract consisted of technological equipment for the existing Iranian factory, know-how documents and the training of Iranian workers by Czech experts, the paper quoted from the letter. Vlcek stated that the "mapping out" of the Arabic market was conducted by the RDP with the consent of the government and called the reports published in RESPEKT "disinformation" and groundless. (Prague CTK in English 1714 GMT 2 Mar 94 AU) BAN EXPECTED ON SALE OF ARMS TECHNOLOGY TO IRAN: The possibility that the RDP Group of Czech arms manufacturers could negotiate exports to Iran of repair technology for the T-72 tank is apparently not very likely. RDP Group Director General Jan Vlcek asked Industry and Trade Minister Vladimir Dlouhy to make a political decision whether his company may enter the Iranian market. Minister Dlouhy, according to his spokesman Kamil Cermak, is awaiting, however, the stance of the Foreign Minister Josef Zieleniec and Defense Minister Antonin Baudys. A source from diplomatic circles, who does not wish to be identified, told MLADA FRONTA DNES yesterday that the Foreign Ministry intends to honor international obligations and, on principle, not export arms to high-risk regions. Although Iran is not among the countries to which the sale of arms is banned, many countries consider Iran a very high-risk region. "After all, the situation in Iran is not calm and clear. It |
FBIS4-29_131 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-015--EAST EUROPE | introduction of customs on imported tobacco. The state tobacco industry produced 85 billion cigarettes last year. However its share in the market supply of tobacco products has been declining for several years now while private cigarrette plants have been increasing their production. Last year, private firms, including those with foreign capital, produced almost 5 billion cigarettes. Lewandowski said that further delay in the privatization of the state-owned tobacco plants may cause that they will be "pushed out" of the Polish market and thus the interests of workers of those plants and tobacco growers may be endangered. (Warsaw PAP in English 1901 GMT 16 Mar 94 AU) ECOLOGICAL FUND TO SUPPORT INVESTMENT PROJECTS: The council of the "Ekofundusz" Ecological Fund has approved 16 new investment projects to improve environment protection, says Maciej Nowicki, the Fund's president, adding that they would receive financial support from the Fund. Nowicki said that the funds at the disposal of "Ekofundusz" represent 10 percent of the ecoconversion of the Polish debt towards banks gathered in the Paris Club. So far, the United States, France, Switzerland and Finland agreed to such form of debt reduction. "Ekofundusz" has earmarked 327 billion zlotys (some $15 million) for the implementation of 25 eco-related projects between November 1992 and the end of 1993. This year, "Ekofundusz" will support projects linked with the protection of the Baltic Sea, endangered birds, and the limitation of emission of gases. (Warsaw PAP in English 1903 GMT 16 Mar 94 AU) THOMSON-POLKOLOR GAINS ISO 9000 CERTIFICATE: Thomson-Polkolor, Poland's largest manufacturer of TV picture tubes at Piaseczno, south of Warsaw, received an ISO 9000 certificate, which means that production quality management meets international standards. The certificate covers four factories, producing seven groups of product. Thomson-Polkolor chose 150 9000, the internationally recognized quality system, particularly respected by customers from the EU, in order to ensure better quality standards of its products. Thomson-Polkolor is a Franco-Polish company set up in the second half of 1991. Thomson Tubes and Displays, a branch of the Thomson consumer electronics company specializing in the production of TV picture tubes, has 51 percent of shares in the enterprise. (Warsaw PAP in English 1629 GMT 3 Mar 94 AU) U.S.-POLISH ECONOMIC RELATIONS ASSESSED: Despite a growing trade deficit, Polish-U.S. economic relations in 1993 were marked by progress and augured well for subsequent years, according to the Polish economic counselor's office in Washington. Exports from Poland |
FBIS4-29_143 | FOREIGN PRESS SURVEY--FB PSE 94-015--EAST EUROPE | of commercial companies were endorsed in fields considered to be of maximum importance by the Romanian Government, such as agriculture, metal processing, and machine building. (Bucharest ROMPRES in English 0521 GMT 21 Mar 94 AU) BALKAN BUSINESS COOPERATION CENTER OPENS: A delegation of the Romanian Development Agency (ARD) attended Monday, 21 March, the opening in Bucharest of the Romanian branch of the Balkan Center for Cooperation Between Small and Medium-Sized Businesses, established at Romania's initiative in October 1992 at Varna, Bulgaria. Adhering to it were the national bodies in charge of small and medium-sized business development policies in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Turkey. The center has a permanent secretariat at the Romanian Development Agency, financed by the Romanian Government. The secretariat has two offices, one in Thessaloniki and the other one in Istanbul, to be-inaugurated in March, both being sponsored by their host countries. The Romanian delegation attending the opening of the Thessaloniki subsidiary is to discuss bilateral relations between ARD and the Hellenic organization for small and medium-sized businesses and their joint activities related to technical assistance and training. (Bucharest ROMPRES in English 1314 GMT 21 Mar 94 AU) 'INTERNATIONAL BANK OF RELIGIONS' OPENS: Officially inaugurated on 1 March 1994 in a modern Bucharest headquarters, the International Bank of Religions opened its gates for the public on Monday, 21 March 1994. Initially called the Romanian Interconfessional Bank, "the International Bank of Religions aims to become the bank of all the faithfuls, the bank of those who pray for their daily bread and of the businessmen who are convinced that their prosperity is coming also from God," reads a press communique released to ROMPRES news agency. Initiated by the International Ecumenical Center, its main founding member operating in Romania under the aegis of the UNESCO National Committee, the International Bank of Religions launched its public subscription on 25 February 1993 and has now several hundreds of shareholders among whom businessmen from the United States, Africa, the Gulf area etc. A unique bank of its kind in the world, the International Bank of Religions aims to become a bridge between good faithfuls all over the world, regardless of their religion. Among the bank's founding members are several representatives of all officially recognized denominations in Romania. Besides the support provided for the confessional activity of these denominations, the new banking institution has a concrete business programme in the oil industry, in |
FBIS4-32_5 | Moscow Condemns NATO Gorazde Strike, Lack of Consultation | was a "slap in the face" to Yeltsin and would have an adverse effect within Russia, creating, indirectly, a "telling strike against Russian reforms" and benefitting "the national patriots" (Moscow radio, 12 April; Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 13 April). -- Former Ambassador to the United States Vladimir Lukin, a member of the moderately reformist Yavlinskiy bloc and chairman of the Duma's international affairs committee expressed "disappointment" at the "very unfortunate, badly timed" strikes which had occurred just when Russian diplomatic efforts were bringing results. He faulted the lack of "preliminary consultations" with Russia and called for convening the UN Security Council to determine if the attacks were in line with UN resolutions. While admitting that some Serb commanders "may have been at fault," he warned that the air strikes will "unavoidably complicate" the situation (ITAR-TASS, 12 April). -- The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), whose leader Vladimir Zhirinovskiy had called for the bombing of NATO bases in Italy in retaliation, denounced the air strikes, warning of the possibility of unleashing world war in the Balkans and stating that the "Russian people support their Serb brothers" (ITAR-TASS, Interfax, 11 April). Media Reaction The Russian media across the political spectrum expressed regret at the air strikes, with most commentary expressing anger that Moscow was not consulted in advance, (See box) and some warning that NATO's actions were becoming a factor in Russia's domestic political struggle: -- The pro-Yeltsin newspaper Izvestiya tried to present a balanced view, expressing strong doubts about Serbian actions, but also warning that NATO's response would have unfavorable consequences for Russia. A front-page 12 April report filed from Belgrade maintained that the NATO attack "was to be expected." Saying that Russia had "repeatedly warned" the Bosnian Serbs, who had been "attacking" Gorazde for "the past two weeks," of the "danger of the situation," the article charged that the Serbs had assured Russia that there would be no "exacerbation of the situation," but "immediately broke their word." Another article the same day trenchantly observed that Belgrade only began extolling "Slav unity" after sanctions against Serbia were introduced and claimed that Serb diplomacy was mainly directed at pitting Russia against the West. A 13 April Maksim Yusin article titled "NATO Resolve and Serb Stubbornness Put Russian Diplomacy in Difficult Position," stressed that events are "taking a most undesirable turn for Moscow." Claiming that Russia had been "winning one diplomatic victory after another" when the |
FBIS4-34_5 | Moscow Condemns NATO Gorazde Strike, Lack of Consultation | was a "slap in the face" to Yeltsin and would have an adverse effect within Russia, creating, indirectly, a "telling strike against Russian reforms" and benefitting "the national patriots" (Moscow radio, 12 April; Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 13 April). -- Former Ambassador to the United States Vladimir Lukin, a member of the moderately reformist Yavlinskiy bloc and chairman of the Duma's international affairs committee expressed "disappointment" at the "very unfortunate, badly timed" strikes which had occurred just when Russian diplomatic efforts were bringing results. He faulted the lack of "preliminary consultations" with Russia and called for convening the UN Security Council to determine if the attacks were in line with UN resolutions. While admitting that some Serb commanders "may have been at fault," he warned that the air strikes will "unavoidably complicate" the situation (ITAR-TASS, 12 April). -- The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), whose leader Vladimir Zhirinovskiy had called for the bombing of NATO bases in Italy in retaliation, denounced the air strikes, warning of the possibility of unleashing world war in the Balkans and stating that the "Russian people support their Serb brothers" (ITAR-TASS, Interfax, 11 April). Media Reaction The Russian media across the political spectrum expressed regret at the air strikes, with most commentary expressing anger that Moscow was not consulted in advance, (See box) and some warning that NATO's actions were becoming a factor in Russia's domestic political struggle: -- The pro-Yeltsin newspaper Izvestiya tried to present a balanced view, expressing strong doubts about Serbian actions, but also warning that NATO's response would have unfavorable consequences for Russia. A front-page 12 April report filed from Belgrade maintained that the NATO attack "was to be expected." Saying that Russia had "repeatedly warned" the Bosnian Serbs, who had been "attacking" Gorazde for "the past two weeks," of the "danger of the situation," the article charged that the Serbs had assured Russia that there would be no "exacerbation of the situation," but "immediately broke their word." Another article the same day trenchantly observed that Belgrade only began extolling "Slav unity" after sanctions against Serbia were introduced and claimed that Serb diplomacy was mainly directed at pitting Russia against the West. A 13 April Maksim Yusin article titled "NATO Resolve and Serb Stubbornness Put Russian Diplomacy in Difficult Position," stressed that events are "taking a most undesirable turn for Moscow." Claiming that Russia had been "winning-one diplomatic victory after another" when the stress |
FBIS4-38_1 | PERSPECTIVES SELECTIONS ARE BASED SOLELY ON FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS, | Dec 93.) (NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN 2 Mar 94)* Stephen M. 733-6343 Aerospace (France) The National Office for Aerospace Studies and Research (ONERA) has tested a solid-fuel supersonic-combustion ramjet (scramjet) engine containing a plexiglass combustion chamber. The chamber, which consists of a short, uniform section attached to a flared section, is fueled by hot airflow at Mach 1.5. During the test a small amount of gaseous hydrogen was injected into a "stabilization zone" in the chamber's inlet to help maintain combustion at supersonic speeds. ONERA achieved exhaust speeds of Mach 1.1 to 1.4 and up to 87 percent combustion efficiency, with a calibration ratio of between 0.49 and 0.66. Heat buildup and friction inside the chamber, however, contributed to a 50- to 70- percent drop in stagnation pressure throughout the chamber. (AIR & COSMOS/AVIATION INTERNATIONAL 10-16 Jan 94)* Alexis M. 733-6345 Biotechnology (Russia) A recent press report describes a biotechnology R&D contract between the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences' Institute of Biomedical Chemistry and the US company Procter & Gamble as the "start of a new stage" in the Russian "brain drain" that is characterized by the "wholesale purchase" of entire groups of scientists at well-equipped research facilities. Both the Russian and American partners will retain rights to medicines jointly developed under the five-year contract for collaboration in the identification of new proteinases, basic research on the computer- aided design of drugs, and the development of antiallergens. (IZVESTIYA 9 Feb 94) Roberta D. 733-6331 (Russia) A Russian scientist at the Academy of Sciences' Physical Chemistry Institute has developed and patented geobioscotula (GBS), a non-antibiotic, anti-infectious therapeutic agent. The researcher produced GBS by saturating water with copper and silver ions through electrolysis, using a copper-silver alloy plate as an anode. GBS is reported to be effective in killing viruses and bacteria and in treating infectious diseases. The scientist achieved positive results in 70 percent of patients to whom GBS was administered in clinical tests and is seeking government permission for further testing to determine optimum concentrations and methods of application for the treatment. (NEZAVISIMAYA GAZETA 15 Feb 94) Roberta D. 733-6331 High-Energy Physics (Japan) Ritsumeikan University plans to install a powerful synchrotron radiation facility at its Science and Engineering Faculty campus, due to open in April 1994 in Kusatsu City, Shiga Prefecture. The radiation facility is expected to be operational in the spring of 1996. Equipped with large superconducting magnets developed by |
FBIS4-38_15 | PERSPECTIVES SELECTIONS ARE BASED SOLELY ON FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS, | to national defense. The article maintained that the distinction between civilian and military use of nuclear technology is unclear, and that products with defense applications can be "derived" by improving South Korea's use of nuclear power. The article highlighted the engineer's remark that South Korea "must vigorously invest right now in research and development of the nuclear power industry, so that we can make use of it under new conditions if the situation changes. We have to maintain at least a technical capability." Similarly, a senior researcher at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology's (KIST's) Policy Management Research Institute wrote in the July 1993 issue of KUKBANG KWA KISUL that "South Korea needs to establish a new policy that can achieve the two national goals of economic development and national security." What is needed, according to the KIST researcher, is a "coordinated program" to develop "dual-use technology" with both civilian and military applications, that will enable South Korea to "deal with changes as the need arises." The 4 August 1993 CHUGAN MAEGYONG made the same basic plea for "dual technologies," developed through coordination between the South Korean Defense Ministry, the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy (MOTIE), and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). In the 30 August 1993 MAEIL KYONGJE SINMUN (MKS), the head of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), which was directly responsible for two of the dual-use projects listed below, wrote that South Korea's present task is to create an independent national defense based on high technology appropriate to the post-cold-war era and developed through greater cooperation between the military and industrial sectors. New Technology, Equipment With Potential Weapons Applications Recent South Korean and Japanese media reports describe some commercial technologies developed or acquired by South Korean companies and government institutes that could be used to design or manufacture highly advanced weapons. All of the technologies listed below qualify by widely accepted criteria as dual-use in the sense described above. -- An electron-beam welder developed jointly by the Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals (KIMM) and Korea Ion for some 200 million won ($250,000) can be used for precision welding and to join different types of metals (MKS 23 Oct 93). -- An ion-nitriding electric furnace and numerically-controlled, gas-powered metal-cutting machinery has been developed by KIMM (CHUGAN MAEGYONG 29 Dec 93). -- An ultra-high precision (nanometer-scale) lathe has been developed by |
FBIS4-38_20 | PERSPECTIVES SELECTIONS ARE BASED SOLELY ON FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS, | have been concluded by South Korea's three largest defense contractors, Daewoo Heavy Industries (MKS 8 Jan 93), Samsung Aerospace (HKS 1 Aug 93), and Hyundai--which reportedly sent some 30 PhDs to Russia to study "satellite technology" (HKS 31 Jul 93), and has a joint venture with the aerospace firm Yakovlev (CHUNGANG ILBO 5 Nov 93). A 24 December 1992 CHUGAN CHOSON report describes how an unnamed South Korean company successfully bribed a Russian technician to hand over electronics technology that could not be obtained through formal channels. On 5 November 1993, YONHAP reported some details of an S&T agreement signed by China and South Korea on 20 September 1993, including joint development of a "multipurpose satellite, aircraft design and testing technology, and medical lasers." The satellite project was described by YONHAP as paving the way for a Chinese- Korean partnership in the defense industry. Citing diplomatic sources, YONHAP also noted that "cooperation in nuclear energy may be not only in the reactor sector but could possibly develop into a closer and wider partnership in the field." In addition, the 5 October 1993 CHOSON ILBO reported on an agreement with Israel concerning scientific cooperation on several levels. The paper observed that Israel, which is shifting much of its state-funded research from military to civilian projects, is entering the agreement partly out of "concern about employment for its high-level S&T personnel in defense-related industries." William H. 733-6521 FRANCE: EXPERIMENTAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE Topic Sentence: France plans to develop a 1.5-ton experimental telecommunications satellite to be launched by mid-1998. Key Points: The French Government has approved the development by the French aerospace industry of an experimental telecommunications satellite for use by both military and commercial customers. The satellite will conduct experiments in geostationary orbit on technologies for ion propulsion, active antennas, and onboard switching systems. The $410 million development project will be open to participation by France's traditional European aerospace partners. French Minister of Industry, Post, Telecommunications, and Foreign Trade Gerard Longuet has approved the development of an experimental telecommunications satellite recommended in a government report that identifies the advanced technologies that will be critical to the French space communications industry by the end of the decade (AIR & COSMOS/AVIATION INTERNATIONAL 20 Dec 93-2 Jan 94). The report, written in collaboration with the private and public sectors, identifies experiments in geostationary orbit to validate technologies for ion propulsion, active antennas, and onboard switching systems |
FBIS4-38_36 | PERSPECTIVES SELECTIONS ARE BASED SOLELY ON FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS, | (scramjet) technology studies will be carried out by the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR) in cooperation with Russia's Central Institute of Aerohydrodynamics, which has been involved in the program since 1992. Alexis M. 733-6345 RUSSIA: MILITARY ELECTRONIC MEDICAL TREATMENT CONVERTED TO CIVILIAN USE Russia has declassified and begun selling an electronic stimulant pill developed in 1984 by the Soviet military. The capsule contains a power source and a microprocessor that stimulates organs by sending them electrical pulses through nerve endings in the stomach and intestine. The pill is eliminated from the body within 25 to 30 hours, but its therapeutic effect lasts for several months. The developers claim that in addition to enhancing immunity and physical stamina, the pill reverses intractable coma and shock and that it may have applications in oncology. Since developing the capsule, researchers have determined that applying a thin layer of zinc, copper, or silver to the pill's surface facilitates absorption of the metal ions by the blood, increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. The pill was clinically tested at the Institute of Surgery and the military initially produced it in small quantities for treatment of elites. Since 1991, the plant has converted to civilian production, and Russia's Ecomed scientific production association has begun selling the capsule through pharmacies (TRUD 12 Mar 94; MOSCOW NEWS No 7, 18-24 Feb 94). Roberta D. 733-6331 JAPAN: ELECTROSTATIC MOTOR FOR MICROMACHINES Matsushita Research Institute has developed a miniature electrostatic motor for micromachines by combining semiconductor manufacturing technology with machining techniques. The motor, 1.4 millimeters in diameter and approximately 10 millimeters long, consists of a rotating shaft laminated with a dielectric substance and electrode and supported by a bearing attached to a substrate. The tube-like bearing contains 16 electrodes, separated from the shaft by an 11-micron gap. Electrostatic force generated by the sequential application of 350 volts to the electrodes drives the motor at 100 revolutions per minute. Its torque is about 500 times that of other motors of comparable size. Matsushita developed the motor as part of a contract with the Micromachine Center, a nonprofit foundation established in January 1992 within the Machinery and Information Industries Bureau under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). The Micromachine Center is working under MITI's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) as an information "clearinghouse" in MITI's 10-year micromachine program (fiscal years 1991 to 2000). (NIKKEI SANGYO SHIMBUN 21 |
FBIS4-38_40 | PERSPECTIVES SELECTIONS ARE BASED SOLELY ON FOREIGN NEWSPAPERS, | the Japan Defense Agency and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, promotes the development of Japanese defense technology and equipment, monitors foreign technology, lobbies on behalf of its corporate members, and cooperates with the government on export controls. (FB PN 94-036, 21 Mar 94) Stephen M. 733-6343 EUROPE/INTERNATIONAL: HIGH-TECH INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHTS This report includes articles on French research policy, a German semiconductor laser research program, an agreement between China and the German company DASA for the development and marketing of telecommunications and Earth observation satellites, and a list of annual reports for various European companies involved in R&D of economically competitive technologies. (FB PN 94-037, 22 Mar 94) Bryan C. 733-6335 GRAY LITERATURE Technology Issues Division has acquired the proceedings, other conference-related papers, and corporate and organization reports listed below, copies of which are available upon request for a period of six months from the date of this PERSPECTIVES--contact Cathy G. (703) 482-4182. All contractor requests must be received in writing, by letter (FBIS/CSG/PPD, GE47 OHB, Washington, DC 20505) or by fax ((703) 734- 9408), on the sponsoring agency's letterhead and signed by the contracting officer technical representative. Please use the number in parentheses at the end of the paragraph when requesting proceedings. PROCEEDINGS 23rd EUROPEAN SOLID STATE DEVICE RESEARCH CONFERENCE, held 13-16 September 1993 in Grenoble, France. The 969-page proceedings contains abstracts of 189 papers in English by authors from Europe, Asia, Russia, and the United States. Topics covered in the proceedings include modeling of silicon and compound semiconductor devices, low-frequency and microwave noise, thin-film transistors, silicon bipolar devices, complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, lasers, dielectrics, silicides, and detectors and surface lasers (v9n3-1). STRATEGIC PROGRAM FOR INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (SPRINT) CONFERENCE ON THE FUTURE OF RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE, held 16-17 November 1993 in Brussels, Belgium. Project reports obtained at the SPRINT conference include (v9n3-2): "The European Network of Research and Technology Organizations: Synopsis of Projects," a 125-page booklet in English that summarizes 62 SPRINT projects involving more than 200 organizations in the European Union; "Innovation Project and Marketing Policy in European Research Centers," a 56-page report in English that presents the results of a survey conducted by six European research organizations to analyze the commercial exploitation of new technologies and expertise by government-sponsored research centers; "Typical Steps in Starting up SME Research Projects," a 56-page report that was compiled by 13 research organizations from |
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