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A Field Marshal is the highest rank in the British Army , and some other armies , such as the German Army . | [
"Field Marshal is a military officer rank . Today , it is the highest rank in the armies in which it is used , one step above a general or colonel-general ."
] | [
"The battalion is usually part of a regiment , group or a brigade , depending on the organizational model used by that service ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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A Field Marshal is the highest rank in the British Army , and some other armies , such as the German Army . The equivalent rank in the U.S. Army is the Five-star General . | [
"The French rank of field marshal should not be confused with the rank of Marshal of France , which was the highest rank of the Ancien RÃ gime and is in effect the highest French rank today ( although in theory it is not an actual rank but a `` state dignity '' ) ."
] | [
"He also had a noted military career and was a World War II and Vietnam War veteran , who rose to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force Reserve ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The rank of Field Marshal is never awarded except to a General who has commanded an army in war . | [
"In 1793 , during the French Revolution , the rank of field marshal was replaced by the rank of brigade general . The rank insignia of field marshal was two stars ( one star being used for a senior colonel rank ) ."
] | [
"During World War I , the medal was awarded to military personnel , units above the level of company and civilians for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Saint-Privat is a commune in the Ardà che dà partement in southern France . | [
"Saint-Privat is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | [
"Arlebosc is a commune in the Ardà che department in southern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
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Tsukioka Yoshitoshi ( 1839 - June 9 , 1892 ) ( Japanese : æ å è å ; also called Taiso Yoshitoshi å è è å ) was a Japanese artist . | [
"Tsukioka Yoshitoshi ( 1839 â `` June 9 , 1892 ) ( ; also named Taiso Yoshitoshi ) was a Japanese artist ."
] | [
"OgyÅ `` Sorai ( March 21 , 1666 , Edo , Japan -- February 28 , 1728 , Edo ) , pen name Butsu Sorai , was a Japanese Confucian philosopher ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Lebanon is a city of Illinois in the United States . | [
"Lebanon is a city in St. Clair County , Illinois , United States ."
] | [
"Brazil is a city in Clay County , Indiana , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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To the north is Libya , to the south is the Central African Republic , to the east is Sudan , and to the west are Cameroon , Nigeria and Niger . The population of Chad is about 11,000,000 people . | [
"Chad is in north central Africa , lying between latitudes 7 Â and 24 Â N , and 13 Â and 24 Â E. Chad is bounded to the north by Libya , to the east by Sudan , to the west by Niger , Nigeria and Cameroon , and to the south by the Central African Republic ."
] | [
"Henan is China 's second most populous province with a population of over 94 million . If it were a country by itself , Henan would be the 12th most populous country in the world , behind Mexico and ahead of the Philippines ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Chad , officially the Republic of Chad , is a landlocked country in Central Africa . | [
"Chad ( ; , ' ) , officially known as the Republic of Chad , is a landlocked country in central Africa ."
] | [
"Panama , officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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To the north is Libya , to the south is the Central African Republic , to the east is Sudan , and to the west are Cameroon , Nigeria and Niger . | [
"It is bordered by Libya to the north , Sudan to the east , the Central African Republic to the south , Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest , and Niger to the west ."
] | [
"The Transcaucasus is bordered on the north by Russia , on the west by the Black Sea and Turkey , on the east by the Caspian Sea , and on the south by Iran ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Until the mid-1980s , television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks . | [
"Until the mid-1980s , television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks ."
] | [
"The budgets for films distributed by these companies are even smaller than those of ones distributed by a larger studio , but these companies are still able to profit off their sales ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Many early television networks ( e.g. the BBC , NBC or CBS ) began as radio networks . | [
"Many early television networks ( e.g. the BBC , NBC or CBS ) evolved from earlier radio networks ."
] | [
"Financed by McDonald 's , the special was originally simulcast on April 21 , 1990 on all three major American television networks ( by supporting their Saturday morning characters ) : ABC , NBC , and CBS , most independent stations , as well as cable networks Nickelodeon and USA Network ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Entertainment:"
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A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations . | [
"A television network is a telecommunications network for distribution of television content , whereby a central operation provides programming to many television stations or pay TV providers ."
] | [
"An Internet service provider ( ISP ) is a company that provides access to the Internet . Access ISPs connect customers to the Internet using copper , wireless or fiber connections ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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SÃ ndor Kocsis ( born 21 August 1929 - died 22 July 1979 ) is a former Hungarian football player . He has played for Hungary national team . | [
"Sà ndor Kocsis Pà ter ( September 21 , 1929 - July 22 , 1979 ) was a Hungarian footballer who played for Ferencvà ros TC , Budapest Honvà d , Young Fellows Zà 1\\/4 rich , FC Barcelona and Hungary ."
] | [
"Arthur Machado ( born 1 January 1909 - Death 20 February 1997 ) is a former Brazilian football player ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In some countries , municipalities are referred to as `` communes '' ( for example , French commune , Italian comune or Swedish kommun ) . | [
"Municipalities are sometimes referred to as `` communes '' ( for example , French commune , Italian comune , Romanian comunÄ , Swedish kommun and Norwegian\\/Danish kommune ) ."
] | [
"However , in some cities it is a subdivision of the city ( e.g. , London , New York City , and Montreal ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Historically , the word `` dirham '' is comes from ` dirhem ' which comes from the name of a Greek coin , the Drachm ; the Byzantine Empire controlled the Levant and traded with Arabia , circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward . | [
"Historically , the word `` dirham '' is derived from the name of a Greek coin , the Drachma ( Î Ï Î Ï Î 1\\/4 Î ) ; the Greek-speaking Byzantine Empire controlled the Levant and traded with Arabia , circulating the coin there in pre-Islamic times and afterward ."
] | [
"The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC , in the context of the struggle of Babylonia with Elam , but it remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods until it was finally abandoned during the Sassanid period shortly before the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Armenian dram is a currency whose name bears a similar origin . | [
"Compare the Armenian dram for a currency whose name bears a similar origin ."
] | [
"If a word is of Persian or Arabic origin , the level of speech is considered to be more formal and grand ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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The dinar is a currency used in the Muslim world but originating with the Romans . | [
"Also compare dinar for another currency circulated in the Muslim world but originating with the Romans ."
] | [
"It has been under the rule of various empires throughout history , for the longest period being part of the Persian Empire ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Near the end of the 7th century , the coin became an Islamic currency . It had the name of the sovereign and a religious verse on it . | [
"It was this currency which was initially adopted as an Arab word ; then near the end of the 7th century the coin became an Islamic currency bearing the name of the sovereign and a religious verse ."
] | [
"The Persian reliefs that depicted the important historical events ; and the Greek axons and the Roman Albums , with their decorative designs and announcements , were quite similar to today 's posters ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Chà cents tillon-sur-Chalaronne is a commune . | [
"Chà cents tillon-sur-Chalaronne is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France ."
] | [
"ESPE Basket Chà cents lons-en-Champagne is a Chà cents lons ' basketball team ."
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Sexual arousal is the feeling animals and humans get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse . | [
"Sexual arousal , or sexual excitement , is the arousal of sexual desire , during or in anticipation of sexual activity ."
] | [
"By watching a partner masturbate , one finds out the methods they use to please him - or herself , allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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VultureÅ ti is a commune found in Suceava County , Romania . | [
"VultureÅ ti is a commune located in Suceava County , Romania ."
] | [
"Brodina is a commune located in Suceava County , Romania ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Rashad Anton Evans ( born September 25 , 1979 in Niagara Falls , New York ) is a American mixed martial artist that currently fights for the UFC and fights out of Albuquerque , New Mexico . | [
"Rashad Anton Evans ( born September 25 , 1979 ) is an American mixed martial artist from Niagara Falls , New York , currently signed to the Ultimate Fighting Championship where he is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion ."
] | [
"Jamar Shipman ( born April 21 , 1985 in Elizabeth , New Jersey ) , better known by his ring name Jay Lethal , is an American professional wrestler , currently working for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Evans is a former UFC Light Heavyweight Championship and was the winner of The Ultimate Fight season 2 in the heavyweight division . | [
"Evans won the heavyweight division of The Ultimate Fighter 2 . Evans lost the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship by way of knockout to then undefeated Lyoto Machida at UFC 98 ."
] | [
"At UFC 58 , St-Pierre defeated former UFC welterweight champion B.J. Penn to become the number-one contender for the UFC welterweight title ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil is a commune . It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France . | [
"La Madelaine-sous-Montreuil is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ."
] | [
"Vitry-en-Artois is a commune and in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Geography:",
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Brunehamel is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France . | [
"Brunehamel is a commune in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France ."
] | [
"Mont-d ` Origny is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
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For the province , see Province of Arica . For the region , see Region of Arica and Parinacota . | [
"The Arica and Parinacota Region was created on October 8 , 2007 under Law 20.175 , promulgated on March 23 , 2007 by President Michelle Bachelet in the city of Arica ."
] | [
"Camarones is a city and commune in the Arica y Parinacota Region in Chile ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
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Arica is a city in Chile . It is the capital of the Region of Arica and Parinacota and the Province of Arica since October 2007 . | [
"Among the attractions are the Arica Morro de Arica , the `` founding square '' ( for the civic center of town ) , the Cathedral of San Marcos de Arica , the former house of the Governor , the House of Culture , railway station Arica-La Paz , the Archaeological and Anthropological Museum of San Miguel de Azapa , Se... | [
"Alto Hospicio is a Chilean municipality and commune located next to Iquique , in the Iquique Province , I Region ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Geography:",
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It is the capital of the Region of Arica and Parinacota and the Province of Arica since October 2007 . | [
"The city is the capital of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region ."
] | [
"Camarones is a city and commune in the Arica y Parinacota Region in Chile ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Geography:",
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Arica is a city in Chile . | [
"Arica is a commune and a port city with a population of 185,269 in the Arica Province of northern Chile 's Arica and Parinacota Region , located only 18 k south of the border with Peru ."
] | [
"Cienfuegos is one of the provinces of Cuba ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The game was released in North America on March 29 , 2009 for the Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 and the Wii and was released on April 14 , 2009 in North America for the PlayStation 2 . | [
"The game was released in North America on the PlayStation 3 , Wii , and Xbox 360 on March 29 , 2009 and on PlayStation 2 on April 14 , 2009 , with a European release in May 2009 ."
] | [
"Re : coded was released in Japan on October 7 , 2010 , January 11 , 2011 in North America , and on January 14 , 2011 in Europe ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Video game ratings and rankings:",
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Guitar Hero : Metallica is a rhythm game that was made by Neversoft with other help from Activision . | [
"Guitar Hero : Metallica is a music video game developed by Neversoft and distributed by Activision ."
] | [
"Just Bring It ( exciting pro wrestling 3 in japan ) is a professional wrestling video game released on the PlayStation 2 console by THQ and developed by YUKE 's Future Media Creators ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Christopher Stephen Grayling ( born April 1 , 1962 ) is an English politician and a current Minister of State in the Department for Work and Pensions . | [
"Christopher Stephen `` Chris '' Grayling ( born 1 April 1962 ) is a British politician ."
] | [
"Owen William Paterson ( born 24 June 1956 ) is a British Conservative Party politician . He is the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for North Shropshire and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He is the Member of Parliament for the Epsom and Ewell constituency in the United Kingdom . | [
"He is the Conservative Member of Parliament for Epsom and Ewell ."
] | [
"Dame Anne Begg , DBE ( born 6 December 1955 ) is a British Labor Party politician , who has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aberdeen South since 1997 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He said the song could `` raise chills up the spine . '' | [
"Hers is a voice that can raise chills up the spine , and , when she is in a mood like this , the sense of foreboding will rivet your attention ."
] | [
"He said later that `` it was a nightmare when they were wiped out ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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AOL Radio Blog 's Nadine Cheung says the song is `` sung from the perspective of a scorned lover , who is finally able to see the light , but despite regretful sentiments , reconciliation is not an option here . '' | [
"According to Nadine Cheung from AOL Radio Blog the song is `` sung from the perspective of a scorned lover , who is finally able to see the light , but despite regretful sentiments , reconciliation is not an option here . ''"
] | [
"She performed ` Losing Grip ' at the Juno Awards of 2003 . It is about Lavigne `` losing grip '' with her boyfriend as they are just not meant to be ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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The song has `` martial arts '' , `` pounding piano keys '' ( played by Neil Crowley ) and `` chanting backing singers '' . | [
"The song features `` martial beats '' , `` pounding piano chords '' ( played by Neil Cowley ) and `` chanting backing singers '' ."
] | [
"The song contains broadly the same melody as the opening version , but with different lyrics and omitting the `` It 's wonderful to be here '' section ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He said that the song started with `` a stroked acoustic guitar . '' But he described its end as `` stomping '' and one that has hand-clapping . | [
"Starting with a stroked acoustic guitar , this breakup-mourning track builds to a stomping , hand-clapping climax that affirms the English knack for rejiggering the sound of Black American roots music . ''"
] | [
"Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone magazine has noted `` Yellow '' is `` unrepentantly romantic '' , adding that `` the band creates a hypnotic slo-mo otherworld where spirit rules supreme '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The song was praised by critics for Adele 's powerful voice , the lyrics and the song 's instrumentation . | [
"The song received critical acclaim for Adele 's powerful vocals , the powerful set of lyrics and the song 's instrumentation ."
] | [
"My Arms , Your Hearse marked the beginning of a shift in the band 's sound , focusing less on guitar harmonies and more heavily on progressive metal riffs ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Music:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Music:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Music:"
} |
Lipshutz praised Adele 's vocal performance . | [
"Lipshutz also praised Adele 's vocal performance by writing , `` Adele 's noticeable leap in vocal confidence highlights the track ."
] | [
"He joined Casaya after Melinda 's elimination ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The song debuted at number two in the United Kingdom . There , it became Adele 's third top-ten single . | [
"The song debuted at number two in the United Kingdom , becoming Adele 's third top ten single ."
] | [
"The album debuted at number 64 in the US , and number nine in Sweden , higher than any previous Opeth release ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Music:",
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The song was written by Adele and Paul Epworth . Adele has described it as a `` dark blues-y gospel disco tune '' . | [
"The song was written by Adele and Paul Epworth and has been described by Adele as a `` dark blues-y gospel disco tune '' ."
] | [
"The song has been noted as one of the highlights of the album by fans , as well as the band themselves , with guitarist Noel Gallagher labeling it `` deceptively brilliant '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Music:",
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Rolling Stones Barry Walters gave `` Rolling in the Deep '' a positive review . He said Adele 's voice was `` powerful but not particularly pop '' in the song . | [
"Rolling Stones Barry Walters gave the song a positive review stating '' `` Rolling in the Deep '' finds the 22-year-old in bluesy gospel mode , sounding powerful but not particularly pop ."
] | [
"Lipshutz also praised Adele 's vocal performance by writing , `` Adele 's noticeable leap in vocal confidence highlights the track ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Jason Lipshutz from Billboard praised the chorus of the song and its instrumentation . | [
"Jason Lipshutz from Billboard complimented the song 's `` sweeping chorus '' and felt that the song `` places a similar emphasis on its refrain but its multilayered instrumentation gives the English singer 's wail a previously unheard depth . ''"
] | [
"The song has been noted as one of the highlights of the album by fans , as well as the band themselves , with guitarist Noel Gallagher labeling it `` deceptively brilliant '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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`` Rolling in the Deep '' is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele . It is from her second studio album , 21 . | [
"`` Rolling in the Deep '' is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele from her second studio album 21 ."
] | [
"`` Born This Way '' is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga , from her second studio album of the same name ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Critics have said Adele 's vocals are like Wanda Jackson 's `` dirty-blues growl . '' | [
"Adele 's vocals have been described as having a `` a hint of ( ( Wanda Jackson ( Wanda ) Jackson ) ) 's dirty-blues growl . ''"
] | [
"Rolling Stones Barry Walters gave the song a positive review stating '' `` Rolling in the Deep '' finds the 22-year-old in bluesy gospel mode , sounding powerful but not particularly pop ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It reached number one in Belgium , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . It also reached top ten in Austria , Canada , Denmark , Ireland , New Zealand , and Norway . | [
"It peaked at number one in Belgium , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands and Switzerland , and became a top ten hit in Austria , Denmark , Ireland , New Zealand , and Norway ."
] | [
"The duo achieved chart success with their first single `` Walking on a Dream '' which peaked at number ten on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and reached number sixty four on the UK Singles Chart ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The Sun called the song an `` epic , foot-stomper of a pop anthem . '' They said it had a thumping piano . | [
"The Sun called the song `` an epic , foot-stomper of a pop anthem with thumping piano and a vocal you would expect from a veteran of 20 years on the road . ''"
] | [
"Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone magazine has noted `` Yellow '' is `` unrepentantly romantic '' , adding that `` the band creates a hypnotic slo-mo otherworld where spirit rules supreme '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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The Deccan is the home of the Marathi , who were 30 % of the population . | [
"The Deccan is the home of the Marathi , who constituted 30 % of the population ."
] | [
"Following a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire ( In the period of Emperor Rajendra Chola I ) of southern India it began to gradually decline in importance ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It began in the 17th century as trading posts of the British East India Company , but later grew to include much of western and central India , as well as parts of Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula . | [
"It was established in the 17th century as a trading post for the English East India Company , but later grew to encompass much of western and central India , as well as parts of post-partition Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula ."
] | [
"However it is declining in many areas including the Northern and Western United States , Oceania ( Australia and New Zealand ) , northern Europe ( including Great Britain , Scandinavia and other places ) , France , Germany , the Canadian provinces of Ontario , British Columbia , and Quebec , and parts of Asia ( es... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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During the 18th century , the Maratha Empire grew quickly , conquering Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the Mughal Empire . | [
"During the 18th century , the Hindu Maratha Empire expanded rapidly , claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire ."
] | [
"Saugor was the seat of a Maratha governor , and the northern portion of the territory was ceded by the Maratha Peshwa , the southern portion , which included Jabalpur and the upper Narmada River valley , was ceded by the Bhonsle maharaja of Nagpur ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In Sindh Islam had been the main religion since the Arab conquest in the 8th century . | [
"In Sindh Islam had been the predominant religion from the Arab conquest in the 8th century ."
] | [
"Because of the natural harbor , Chittagong had been an important location for trade , drawing Arab traders as early as the 9th century CE ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
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The first battle between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai . The treaty meant that the island of Salsette , next to Bombay island , was given to the British . | [
"The first conflict between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island , was ceded to the British , while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia ."
] | [
"Saugor was the seat of a Maratha governor , and the northern portion of the territory was ceded by the Maratha Peshwa , the southern portion , which included Jabalpur and the upper Narmada River valley , was ceded by the Bhonsle maharaja of Nagpur ."
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The Konkan had various Christian castes , because of the rule of the Portuguese . | [
"The Konkan is notable for various Christian castes , owing their origin to Portuguese rule ; while in the Carnatic , Lingayatism , a Hindu reformation movement of the 12th century , was embraced by 45 % of the population ."
] | [
"They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ , that of the Church and that of their patrons , the dynastic history of the local rulers ."
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British territory became bigger in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803 . | [
"British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803 ."
] | [
"The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10 , 1763 , and war in the European theater of the Seven Years ' War was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on February 15 , 1763 ."
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In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the weakening Mughal control allowed lots of local rulers to become independent . | [
"In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states ."
] | [
"After some decades of expansion , the Pandyan Empire was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power ."
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The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209 people . | [
"The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209 ."
] | [
"By 1858 , of the roughly 1,000 free residents of Auburn , some 500 were students ."
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In 1668 Bombay was given to the East India Company for a yearly payment of  # 10 . | [
"So lightly was the acquisition esteemed in England and so unsuccessful was the administration of the crown officers , that in 1668 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company for an annual payment of  # 10 ."
] | [
"Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army , an annual pension of  # 360 , and a lump sum of over  # 6,000 ."
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In 1687 Bombay became the capital of the Company 's territories in India . However in 1753 Calcutta was in charge of the Government of Bombay . | [
"In 1687 Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company 's possessions in India ; but in 1753 the government of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta ."
] | [
"The first conflict between the British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island , was ceded to the British , while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia ."
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The Bombay Presidency was a former province of British India . | [
"The Bombay Presidency was a province of British India ."
] | [
"Lahore Division was originally an administrative division of the Punjab Province of British India ."
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By religion the population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim , 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Zoroastrian , and about 200,000 Christian . | [
"By religion the population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim , 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Zoroastrian , and approximately 200,000 Christian ."
] | [
"Other important Christian denominations include Roman Catholicism ( 4.7 % ) , Protestantism ( 3.7 % ) , Pentecostalism ( 1.5 % ) and the Romanian Greek-Catholic Church ( 0.9 % ) ."
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The British took over Surat in 1800 . | [
"The British annexed Surat in 1800 ."
] | [
"The city was essentially founded after Britain ceded the island to France in 1887 ."
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In Gujarat the main religion is Hinduism , although Muslim kingdoms have left their influence in many parts of the province . | [
"In Gujarat the predominant religion is Hinduism , although Muslim kingdoms have left their influence in many parts of the province ."
] | [
"Sindhi is the most widely used language but Thari is also spoken amongst the original inhabitants of Larkana , which shares similarities with the Sindhi language ."
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The first British settlement in the Bombay Presidency was in 1618 , when the East India Company established a factory at Surat . The British were protected by a charter from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir . | [
"The first English settlement in the Presidency known as Western Presidency was in 1618 at Surat , when the East India Company established a factory at Surat in present-day Gujarat , protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir ."
] | [
"After the loss of the post at Tayoan , the Dutch East India Company made several attempts to recapture it , and even formed an alliance with the Qing Empire to battle Koxinga 's fleet ."
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In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganised into Bombay State , which included the princely states . | [
"In 1950 Bombay Province was reorganized into Bombay State , which included the princely states formerly under the political authority of Bombay Province ; these princely states were merged into the new state after their rulers acceded to India ."
] | [
"The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories were attached to the North-Western Provinces , which included the British Dominions in the southern portion of present-day Uttar Pradesh state ."
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The main languages of the Presidency were Sindhi in Sindh , Kutchi in Kutch , Gujarati and Hindustani in Gujarat , Marathi in Thana and the central division , Gujarati and Marathi in Khandesh , and Marathi and Kannada in the southern division . | [
"The chief languages of the Presidency were Sindhi in Sindh , Kutchi in Kutch , Gujarati and Hindustani in Gujarat , Marathi in Thana and the central division , Gujarati and Marathi in Khandesh , and Marathi and Kannada in the southern division ."
] | [
"He seems to have spent most of his life wandering in the area between and including North Karnataka , through Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh , and into Gujarat as far as the Narmada River ."
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At its greatest extent , the Bombay Presidency was made up of the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state , including the regions of Konkan , Desh , and Kandesh , and northwestern Karnataka state of India ; It also included Pakistan 's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden ... | [
"At its greatest extent , the Bombay Presidency comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state , including the regions of Konkan , Desh , and Kandesh , and northwestern Karnataka state of India ; It also included Pakistan 's Sindh province and the British territory of Aden ... | [
"The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories was a region of British India , located in central part of present-day Madhya Pradesh state in central India ."
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In 1661 Bombay was given to the British government , as part of the dowry of Catherine of Braganza when she married Charles II of England . | [
"In 1661 it was ceded to the English crown , as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage with Charles II of England ."
] | [
"When Elizabeth was six years old , in 1603 , Elizabeth I of England died and her father , James , succeeded to the thrones of England and Ireland ."
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Ryuji Kitamura ( born 15 March 1981 ) is a Japanese football player . He plays for Matsumoto Yamaga . | [
"Ryuji Kitamura is a Japanese football player who plays for Matsumoto Yamaga F.C. ."
] | [
"Paulo Antonio de Oliveira ( born 16 July 1982 ) , or simply Paulinho , is a Brazilian football striker who plays for Ventforet Kofu ."
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Lewes is a city of Delaware in the United States . It is in Sussex County , which is in the south part of the state . | [
"Lewes is named after the town of Lewes in England , which also is situated in a county named Sussex ( from which Sussex County , Delaware , takes its name ) ."
] | [
"Poughkeepsie is a city in the state of New York , United States , which serves as the county seat of Dutchess County ."
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He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006 . | [
"He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama , first elected in 2002 , and re-elected in 2006 ."
] | [
"She is the second woman elected to the United States Congress from Oklahoma and the first since 1921 when Alice Mary Robertson was elected to Congress and served for one term from 1921 to 1923 ."
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Robert Renfroe `` Bob '' Riley ( b. October 3 , 1944 ) is the 52nd and current Governor of the U.S. state of Alabama . | [
"Robert Renfroe `` Bob '' Riley ( born October 3 , 1944 ) is an American politician in the Republican Party ."
] | [
"Charles Bradford `` Brad '' Henry ( born July 10 , 1963 ) was the 26th Governor of the U.S. state of Oklahoma ."
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This is about the speed with which the echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites . The word aculeatus means `` spiny '' or `` equipped with spines '' . | [
"The name Tachyglossus means `` quick tongue '' , in reference to the speed with which the Echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites , and aculeatus means `` spiny '' or `` equipped with spines '' ."
] | [
"However , skippers have the antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet hook , while the typical butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae , and moth-butterflies have feathered or pectinate ( comb-shaped ) antennae similar to `` moths '' ."
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The subspecies are also different from each other as to hairiness , spine length and width , and the size of the claws on their back feet . | [
"The subspecies also differ from one another in their hairiness , spine length and width , and the size of the grooming claws on their hind feet ."
] | [
"Appearing as small white discs , the photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and at the base of the two fins , but are absent from the underside of the caped arms ."
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During courtship â '' observed for the first time in 1989 â '' males locate and pursue females . | [
"During courtship -- observed for the first time in 1989 -- males locate and pursue females ."
] | [
"Early writers assumed the female sang when it is in fact the male ."
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Many groups have myths about the animal ; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry , young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat . | [
"Many groups have myths about the animal ; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat ."
] | [
"The creature also preys on young children , robs graves , drinks blood , steals coins and eats the dead , taking on the form of the one they previously ate ."
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The Short-beaked Echidna is an iconic animal in modern Australia . It appears on the Australian five-cent piece ( the smallest denomination ) and on a $ 200 commemorative coin released in 1992 . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna is an iconic animal in contemporary Australia , notably appearing on the Australian five-cent piece ( the smallest denomination ) , and on a $ 200 commemorative coin released in 1992 ."
] | [
"One-dollar coins were introduced in 1984 , followed by two-dollar coins in 1988 ."
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Little is known about their distribution in New Guinea , they have been found in southern New Guinea between Merauke in the west , to the Kelp Welsh River , east of Port Moresby in the east , where they may be found in open woodland . | [
"Little is known about their distribution in New Guinea . They have been found in southern New Guinea between Merauke in the west and the Kelp Welsh River , east of Port Moresby , in the east , where they may be found in open woodland ."
] | [
"At the peninsulaâ s widest point , it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River , in the southeast , across to the west coast ( just south of the Aboriginal community of Kowanyama ) ."
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The spines , which may be up to 50 mm long , are modified hairs , mostly made of keratin . | [
"The spines , which may be up to 50 m long , are modified hairs , mostly made of keratin ."
] | [
"Corms are small brown globules up to 4.5 c in diameter and are shrouded in a dense mat of parallel fibers ."
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This has conservation implications for the endangered species of echidna from the genus Zaglossus , and to a lesser extent for the Short-beaked Echidna . | [
"The failure of captive breeding programs has conservation implications for the endangered species of echidna from the genus Zaglossus , and to a lesser extent for the Short-beaked Echidna ."
] | [
"Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species ."
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The mouth of the Short-beaked Echidna can not open wider than 5 mm . The body of the Short-beaked Echidna is , except for the underside , face and legs , covered with cream-coloured spines . | [
"The nostrils and the mouth are at the distal end of the snout ; the mouth of the Short-beaked Echidna can not open wider than 5 m. The body of the Short-beaked Echidna is , with the exception of the underside , face and legs , covered with cream-coloured spines ."
] | [
"It has thick , coarse fur with color ranging from pale gray to brown ; its throat , chest and belly have a paler color ."
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The male is often observed to roll the female onto her side and then assumes a similar position so that the two animals are abdomen to abdomen . | [
"After prodding and sniffing her back , the male is often observed to roll the female onto her side and then assume a similar position himself so that the two animals are abdomen to abdomen , having dug a small crater to lie in ."
] | [
"By contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus , the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape , the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines ."
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The Short-beaked Echidna has been included in several postal issues : it was one of four native species to appear on Australian postage stamps in 1974 , where it was the 25 cent stamp ; it appeared on a 37 cent stamp in 1987 , and again in 1992 when it was on the 35 cent stamp . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna has been included in several postal issues : it was one of four native species to appear on Australian postage stamps in 1974 , when it was on the 25-cent stamp ; it appeared on a 37-cent stamp in 1987 , and in 1992 it was on the 35-cent stamp ."
] | [
"Gray was also interested in postage stamps ; on 1 May 1840 , the day the Penny Black first went on sale , he purchased several with the intent to save them , thus making him the world 's first known stamp collector ."
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Like the platypus it has a low body temperature â '' between 30 and 32 Â C. Unlike the platypus , which shows no evidence of torpor or hibernation , the body temperature of the echidna may fall as low as 5 Â C. The Echidna does not pant or sweat and normally seeks shelter in hot conditions . | [
"Like the Platypus , the Echidna has a low body temperature -- between 30 a -- but , unlike the Platypus , which shows no evidence of torpor or hibernation , the body temperature of the Echidna may fall as low as 5 Â . The Echidna does not pant or sweat and normally seeks shelter in hot conditions ."
] | [
"This is unusual for reptiles , because their skin is thick and scaly , but experiments with the black-and-yellow sea snake , Pelamis platurus ( a pelagic species ) , have shown that this species can satisfy about 20 % of its oxygen requirements in this manner , which allows for prolonged dives ."
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The tongue of the Short-beaked Echidna is the animal 's only way of catching prey . It can stick out up to 180 mm outside the snout . | [
"The tongue of the Short-beaked Echidna is the animal 's sole means of catching prey , and can protrude up to 180 m outside the snout ."
] | [
"Although only the size of a very small mouse ( 65 to 80 mm and 10 to 14 g ) , it can leap and glide up to 25 metres ."
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Species of the Tachyglossidae are egg-laying mammals ; together with the related family Ornithorhynchidae , the Platypuses , they are the only living monotremes in the world . | [
"Species of the Tachyglossidae are egg-laying mammals ; together with the related family Ornithorhynchidae , they are the only extant monotremes in the world ."
] | [
"Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species ."
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It is not threatened with extinction , but human activities , such as hunting , habitat destruction , and the introduction of foreign predatory animals and parasites , have reduced the places where the Short-beaked Echidna can be found in Australia . | [
"It is not threatened with extinction , but human activities , such as hunting , habitat destruction , and the introduction of foreign predatory species and parasites , have reduced the distribution of the Short-beaked Echidna in Australia ."
] | [
"These particular animals , such as the American Crocodile and Asian brown tortoise , have evolutionary links to the age of the dinosaurs ."
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Trains of up to ten males may follow a single female in a courtship ritual that may last for up to four weeks ; the duration of the courtship period varies with location . | [
"Trains of up to ten males -- often with the youngest and smallest male at the end of the queue -- may follow a single female in a courtship ritual that may last for up to four weeks ; the duration of the courtship period varies with location ."
] | [
"A twelve-year field study , published in 2003 , found that the Short-beaked Echidna reaches sexual maturity between five and twelve years of age , and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years ."
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Like the other monotremes , the Short-beaked Echidna lays eggs . The monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs . | [
"Like the other extant monotremes , the Short-beaked Echidna lays eggs ; the monotremes are the only group of mammals to do so ."
] | [
"Obdurodon differed from modern Platypuses in that it had molar teeth ( in the modern platypus , individuals lose their teeth upon reaching adulthood ) ."
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Following the gestation period , a single rubbery-skinned egg between 13 and 17 millimetres in diameter is laid directly into a small , backward-facing pouch that has developed on her abdomen . | [
"Following the gestation period , a single rubbery-skinned egg between 13 a in diameter and 1.5 a in weight is laid from her cloaca directly into a small , backward-facing pouch that has developed on her abdomen ."
] | [
"The parietal eye is only visible in hatchlings , which have a translucent patch at the top center of the skull ."
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By contraction of various parts of this muscle the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape . The most common shape change is achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines . | [
"By contraction of various parts of the panniculus carnosus , the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape , the most characteristic shape change being achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened , so protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines ."
] | [
"The old skin breaks near the mouth and the snake wriggles out , aided by rubbing against rough surfaces . In many cases , the cast skin peels backward over the body from head to tail in one piece , like pulling a sock off inside-out ."
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The muscles of the Short-beaked Echidna have a number of unusual features . | [
"The musculature of the Short-beaked Echidna has a number of unusual aspects ."
] | [
"The honey badger possesses an anal pouch which , unusually among mustelids , is reversible , a trait shared with hyenas ."
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The way in which puggles drink the milk is not yet known , but they have been observed drinking large amounts during each feeding period , since mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days . | [
"They have been observed ingesting large amounts during each feeding period , and mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days in order to find food ."
] | [
"The Waved Albatross , on the other hand , makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair 's territory , as much as 50 m , sometimes causing it to lose the egg ."
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The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals . | [
"The brain and central nervous system of the Short-beaked Echidna have been extensively studied for evolutionary comparison with placental mammals , particularly with its fellow monotreme , the Platypus ."
] | [
"This hypothesis recognized differences between microbats and megabats and acknowledged that flight has only evolved once in mammals ."
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When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' , located along the roof of the buccal cavity . This allows the animal to both capture and grind food . | [
"When the tongue is retracted , the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous `` teeth '' , located along the roof of the buccal cavity , allowing the animal both to capture and grind food ."
] | [
"The feeding apparatus ( stomotheca ) differs from other arachnids in that ingestion is not restricted to liquid , but chunks of food can be taken in ."
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Short-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere where there is a good supply of food . | [
"Short-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere that has a good supply of food ."
] | [
"In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are abundant termite-filled fallen logs ."
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The claws on the back feet are longer and curve backwards to help cleaning and grooming between the spines . | [
"The claws on the hind feet are elongated and curve backwards to enable cleaning and grooming between the spines ."
] | [
"A dangling appendage that extends from the head of the fish attracts small animals to within striking distance of the fish ."
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Sticking out the tongue is achieved by contracting the circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forward , and contraction of two muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible . | [
"Protrusion of the tongue is achieved by contracting circular muscles that change the shape of the tongue and force it forwards and contracting two genioglossal muscles attached to the caudal end of the tongue and to the mandible ."
] | [
"It is fleshy in humans and other mammals , the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws , and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth , visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye ."
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Retraction requires the contraction of two internal muscles . | [
"Retraction requires the contraction of two internal longitudinal muscles , known as the sternoglossi ."
] | [
"The SNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction , including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles , skin , and sense organs ."
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The Echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 mm long . | [
"The Echidna 's fur may be infested with what is said to be the world 's largest flea , Bradiopsylla echidnae , which is about 4 m long ."
] | [
"and stands almost 2 m ( 6 ft. ) tall , the scientific name , Macropus giganteus ( gigantic large-foot ) , is misleading , as the Red Kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is , at 85 kg , larger ."
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He named the species Myrmecophaga aculeata . He thought it might be related to the South American anteater . | [
"He named the species Myrmecophaga aculeata , thinking it might be related to the South American anteater ."
] | [
"Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels , beavers , and mountain beavers on this basis ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
} |
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