query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
It has a highly sensitive optic nerve . It has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat . | [
"It has a highly sensitive optic nerve , and has been shown to have visual discrimination and spatial memory comparable to those of a rat ."
] | [
"In the case above the photoreceptors for red light in the retina are fatigued , lessening their ability to send the information to the brain ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days , during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow . | [
"Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days after copulation , during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow ."
] | [
"During mating season , these salamanders will travel upstream , where the female lays two strings of over two hundred eggs each ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild , and the longest-lived echidna in captivity reached 49 years of age in a zoo in Philadelphia in the US ."
] | [
"Males grow up to a body length of 3 m long and weigh up to 135 k. Females reach a body length of up to 1.1 m long and weigh up to 35 k. Tails can be from 0.9 t long . The average Red Kangaroo stands approximately 1.5 m tall ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The Short-beaked Echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) is 1 of 4 living types of echidna . It is also known as the Spiny Anteater because it eats ants and termites . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna ( Tachyglossus aculeatus ) , also known as the Spiny Anteater because of its diet of ants and termites , is one of four living species of echidna and the only member of the genus Tachyglossus ."
] | [
"Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Biology:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Biology:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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The wombat adapted the spears as its own defense and turned into an Echidna . | [
"The wombat adapted the spears for its own defense and turned into an Echidna ."
] | [
"It refers to the large Achilles tendon needed to use the sickle claw on the foot , which was the major combat organ of dromaeosaurids ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Fur color changes with geographic location . | [
"Colouration of the fur and spines varies with geographic location ."
] | [
"It occurs as an accidental further south in Central America ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous . This mucus both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which stick to it . | [
"The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous , which both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites , which adhere to it ."
] | [
"After regurgitating the gastric pellet , it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus , suggesting that it , like humans , does not relish the scent of its own excretions ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are many termite-filled fallen logs . | [
"In Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are abundant termite-filled fallen logs ."
] | [
"The Soldier may be found in a variety of open , subtropical habitats such as citrus groves , weedy water edges where host plants occur , dry fields , etc. and in New Mexico ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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There is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body . | [
"The panniculus carnosus is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body ."
] | [
"Cheeks constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna , but no captive-bred young have survived to be adults . | [
"Up until 2006 , only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna , but no captive-bred young have survived to maturity ."
] | [
"The latter is a difficult task , and only a few young have been successfully raised sinceâ '' notably at Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria . The leading figure in these efforts was David Fleay , who established a platypussaryâ '' a simulated stream in a tankâ '' at the Healesville Sanctuary , where breeding was su... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is larger than the Australian mainland species . | [
"Short-beaked Echidnas are typically 30 t in length , have a 75 m snout , and weigh between 2 a. However , the Tasmanian subspecies , T. a. setosus , is smaller than its Australian mainland counterparts ."
] | [
"There are two subspecies of the Western Grey : Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus of Kangaroo Island , and Macropus fuliginosus melanops , which has a range of different forms that intergrade clinally from west to east ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In Australia , it is the most widespread native mammal . In New Zealand it is known as the Mungwe in the Daribi and Chimbu languages . | [
"The species is found throughout Australia , where it is the most widespread native mammal , and in coastal and highland regions of southwestern New Guinea , where it is known as the Mungwe in the Daribi and Chimbu languages ."
] | [
"Gunnedah and the surrounding areas were originally inhabited by Aborigines who spoke the Kamilaroi ( Gamilaraay ) language ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Captive breeding is difficult , partly because of the relatively infrequent breeding cycle . | [
"Although it considered easy to keep Echidnas healthy in captivity , breeding is difficult , partly due to the relatively infrequent cycle ."
] | [
"It is possible , if unlikely , that continued selection pressure could bring about a complete absence of tusks in African elephants . The effect of tuskless elephants on the environment , and on the elephants themselves , could be dramatic ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Short-beaked Echidnas find food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their beak , and regularly feast on ants and termites . | [
"They locate food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their snout , and regularly feast on ants and termites ."
] | [
"After eating up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal , it drags itself to a sunny location to speed digestion , as the food could rot and poison the dragon if left undigested for too long ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The duration of lactation is about 200 days , and the young leave the burrow between 180 and 240 days . | [
"The duration of lactation is about 200 days , and the young leave the burrow after 180 to 205 days , usually in January or February , at which time they are around 800 a. There is no contact between the mother and young after this point ."
] | [
"Older males can get much larger , reaching at least 3200 k and occasionally weighing 4500 k. Male hippos appear to continue growing throughout their lives ; females reach a maximum weight at around age 25 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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The eyes are small and at the base of the wedge-shaped beak . | [
"The eyes are small , approximately a 9 m diameter sphere and at the base of the wedge-shaped snout ."
] | [
"These moths are easily distinguishable by the vaguely human skull-shaped pattern of markings on the thorax ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Because the neck can not be seen , the head and body appear to join together . | [
"Because the neck is not externally visible , the head and body appear to merge together ."
] | [
"The cowry 's smooth surface allows the needle to be positioned under the cloth more easily ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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They have fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black . The underside and short tail are also covered in fur . | [
"Insulation is provided by fur between the spines , which ranges in color from honey to a dark reddish-brown and even black ; the underside and short tail are also covered in fur ."
] | [
"The pilot fish is of a dark blue to blackish-silver color , with the belly being lighter in color ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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A twelve-year field study , published in 2003 , found that the Short-beaked Echidna reached sexual maturity between five and 12 years of age , and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years . | [
"A twelve-year field study , published in 2003 , found that the Short-beaked Echidna reaches sexual maturity between five and twelve years of age , and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years ."
] | [
"Older males can get much larger , reaching at least 3200 k and occasionally weighing 4500 k. Male hippos appear to continue growing throughout their lives ; females reach a maximum weight at around age 25 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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The Short-beaked Echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the surviving three species of the genus Zaglossus that live in New Guinea . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna is the only member of its genus , sharing the family Tachyglossidae with the extant species of the genus Zaglossus that occur in New Guinea ."
] | [
"Goodfellow 's Tree-kangaroo ( Dendrolagus goodfellowi ) , also called the Ornate Tree Kangaroo , belongs to the family Macropodidae , which includes kangaroos , wallabies and their relatives , and the genus Dendrolagus , with eleven other species ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Another story tells of a greedy man that kept food from his tribe ; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes , where he was turned into an Echidna , the spears becoming his spines . | [
"Another story tells of a greedy man who kept food from his tribe ; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes , where he turned into an Echidna , the spears becoming his spines ."
] | [
"Devastated , Niobe fled back to Mount Sipylus and was turned into stone , and , as she wept unceasingly , waters started to pour from her petrified complexion ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The species was a totem for some groups , including the Noongar people from Western Australia , who called the animal the Nyingarn . | [
"The species was a totem for some groups , including the Noongar people from Western Australia ."
] | [
"The name Kalganup is believed to be the Noongar word for ` place of many waters ' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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There are five subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna , each live in different areas . | [
"There are five subspecies of the Short-beaked Echidna , each found in a different geographical location ."
] | [
"The Red-necked Wallaby ( Macropus rufogriseus ) is a medium-sized marsupial macropod , common in the more temperate and fertile parts of eastern Australia , including Tasmania ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines . It has a special nose ( snout ) and a special tongue that lets the echidna catch its prey at a great speed . | [
"The Short-beaked Echidna is covered in fur and spines and has a distinctive snout and a specialized tongue , which it uses to catch its prey at a great speed ."
] | [
"They locate food by smell , using sensors in the tip of their snout , and regularly feast on ants and termites ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Rawalpindi ( Urdu : Ø Ø Ù Ù Ù 3\/4 Ù Ú Û RÄ walpindÄ `` ) is a city in the Pothohar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad , in the province of Punjab . It is the military headquarters of the Pakistan Armed Forces and also served as the nation 's capital while Islamabad was being constructed in the 1960s . | [
"' ( Urdu , Punjabi : , RÄ walpindÄ `` ) is a city in the Pothohar region of Pakistan in Punjab province near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad , in the province of Punjab ."
] | [
"Vehari District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan - the city of Vehari is the capital of the district ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text about Geography:",
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According to tradition , she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 28th century BC . | [
"According to tradition , she discovered silk and invented the silk loom in the 27th century BC ."
] | [
"Alexander the Great conquered this empire in the 4th century BC ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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She is credited with inventing the silk reel , which joins thin silk threads into a thicker thread strong enough for weaving . | [
"She is attributed with inventing the silk reel , which joins fine filaments into a thread strong enough for weaving ."
] | [
"In general , yarns become stronger with more twist ( also called worst ) , longer fibers and thicker yarns ( more fibers ) ; for example , thinner yarns require more twist than do thicker yarns to resist breaking under tension ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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She asked her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees , where she could keep the worms that made these cocoons . | [
"She persuaded her husband to give her a grove of mulberry trees , where she could domesticate the worms that made these cocoons ."
] | [
"Where there was no pasture or water , the Bedouin fed their horses dates and camel 's milk ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Leizu shared what she found out with others and the knowledge became common . | [
"Leizu shared her discoveries with others and the knowledge became widespread in China ."
] | [
"Being grateful , the French king spread around the information about the food which had cured him ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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Another story says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons . | [
"Another says that she found silkworms eating the mulberry leaves and spinning cocoons ."
] | [
"One day in 1928 , while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup , Copeman noticed that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that silk was first made in China . | [
"It is not known how much , if any , of this story is true , but historians do know that China was the first civilization to use silk ."
] | [
"For reasons not altogether clear , it is less common in Victoria ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Leizu was a legendary Chinese queen . | [
"Leizu was a legendary Chinese empress and wife of the Yellow Emperor ."
] | [
"Very little is known about Empress Fu 's life before or after she became an empress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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When the silk ran out , she saw a small cocoon , and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk . | [
"When the silk ran out she saw a small cocoon and realized that this cocoon was the source of the silk ."
] | [
"Sometimes the mirror was shown on his chest , and sometimes smoke would emanate from the mirror ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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The antimony is in its +3 oxidation state . | [
"It contains antimony in its +3 oxidation state ."
] | [
"A perchlorate ( compound ) is a compound containing this group , with chlorine in oxidation state +7 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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Antimony triiodide is a red solid . It is made by reacting antimony with iodine or by reacting concentrated hydriodic acid with antimony trioxide . | [
"It may be formed by the reaction of antimony with elemental iodine , or the reaction of antimony trioxide with hydroiodic acid ."
] | [
"Mercury ( I ) bromide is prepared by the oxidation of elemental mercury with elemental bromine or by adding sodium bromide to a solution of mercury ( I ) nitrate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence:"
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Antimony triiodide is a chemical compound . Its chemical formula is SbI3 . | [
"Antimony triiodide is the chemical compound with the formula SbI3 ."
] | [
"Sodium selenide is a inorganic compound of sodium and selenium with the chemical formula Na2Se ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Versainville is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France . | [
"Versainville is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | [
"Sainte-Marie-Outre-l ` Eau is a French commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Geography:"
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This page is for architects from Japan . | [
"See also List of Japanese architects ."
] | [
"This category contains a list of people from Massachusetts ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The town is an example of the medieval fortified town known as a bastide . It was founded by Philip the Bold in 1281 . | [
"The town , an example of the medieval fortified town known as a bastide , was founded by Philip the Bold in 1281 ."
] | [
"The Treaty of Paris was signed on April 12 , 1229 between Raymond VII of Toulouse and Louis IX of France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description about History:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about History:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:"
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Domme is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France . | [
"Domme is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
] | [
"Le Puy is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the sentence about Geography:"
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He had to leave Russia because of Stalin , who was now his own enemy and wanted to harm Trotsky . Stalin had a Soviet spy murder Trotsky in Mexico in 1940 . | [
"The reorganization caused yet another conflict between Trotsky and Stalin in late September ."
] | [
"The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial , and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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The Mount Cayley volcanic field is named after Mount Cayley . | [
"Because these features are related to the stratovolcano of Mount Cayley , the volcanic field is commonly referred to as the Mount Cayley volcanic field ."
] | [
"Although part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt within the Cascade Volcanic Arc , it is not considered part of the Cascade Range ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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In 1882 , Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam and he is best known for some work there in 1890 . | [
"In 1882 , Vogel became the Director at the Astrophysical Observatory Potsdam . and he is best known for a discovery he made there in 1890 ."
] | [
"Struve came out in favor of the name Neptune on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Hermann Carl Vogel ( born April 3 1841 , died August 13 1907 ) was a German astronomer . | [
"Hermann Carl Vogel ( April 3 , 1841 -- August 13 , 1907 ) was a German astronomer ."
] | [
"Heinz Wewers ( born 27 July 1927 - 29 August 2008 ) was a German footballer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Vogel found that the color of some stars changed over time , becoming red and then later becoming blue . | [
"Vogel found that the spectra of certain stars shifted slightly over time , moving toward the red and then later toward the blue ."
] | [
"Most observed white dwarfs have relatively high surface temperatures , between 8,000 K and 40,000 K. A white dwarf , though , spends more of its lifetime at cooler temperatures than at hotter temperatures , so we should expect that there are more cool white dwarfs than hot white dwarfs . Once we adjust for the sel... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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Erlen is a municipality of the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland . | [
"Erlen is a municipality in the district of Bischofszell in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland ."
] | [
"Biberist is a municipality in the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Geography:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Geography:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description about Geography:"
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jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline . | [
"Many music critics have argued that Rimes ' vocals were only a reproduction of Cline 's original sound , while others have disagreed . Allmusic has called Rimes ' vocals `` rich and powerful . ''"
] | [
"Joanna Noà `` lle Blagden Levesque ( born December 20 , 1990 ) , professionally known as JoJo , is an American recording artist and actress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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Rimes was born in Mississippi , August 28 , 1982 . | [
"LeAnn Rimes ( born August 28 , 1982 ) is an American country singer-songwriter , actress , and author ."
] | [
"Mello was born in New Haven , Connecticut on October 18 , 1960 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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( ( Image : LeAnn Rimes Yahoob . jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline . | [
"LeAnn Rimes was born Margaret LeAnn Rimes ( in Pearl , Mississippi ) ; the only child of Belinda Butler Rimes and Wilbur Rimes ."
] | [
"Joanna Noà `` lle Blagden Levesque ( born December 20 , 1990 ) , professionally known as JoJo , is an American recording artist and actress ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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jpg thumb ( 450x600 ) px right LeAnn Rimes ) ) Margaret LeAnn Rimes , known as simply LeAnn Rimes , is an American country singer-songwriter and actress notable for rich vocals matching that of Patsy Cline . Her debut album Blue was released in 1996 . | [
"Rimes made her breakthrough into country music in 1996 ."
] | [
"She is the younger sister of singer Loretta Lynn ( 19 years younger ) and a distant cousin of singer Patty Loveless . Crystal Gayle has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , near Loretta Lynn 's star ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty . | [
"In 1944 this `` transforming principle '' was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty ."
] | [
"In 1946 and 1947 , Lederberg took a leave of absence to study under the mentorship of Tatum at Yale University ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Griffith thoought some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent . | [
"Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent ."
] | [
"While there they discovered that tiny amounts of glutathione inhibited protein synthesis in reticulocytes , and that tiny amounts of RNA killed the synthesis all together ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride . | [
"Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Stanley Cohen , Annie Chang and Leslie Hsu successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride ."
] | [
"Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called `` transfection '' . | [
"Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryotic cells is usually called `` transfection '' ."
] | [
"Rather , plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community . Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery 's experiments accepted . | [
"The results of Avery et al . 's experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery 's experiments we... | [
"Robert William Holley ( January 28 , 1922 -- February 11 , 1993 ) was an American biochemist , he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 ( with Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall Warren Nirenberg ) for describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA , linking DNA and protein synthesis ."
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They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria ` transformation ' . | [
"They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria `` transformation . ''"
] | [
"In early 1948 , she made the surprising discovery that both Dissociator and Activator could transpose , or change position , on the chromosome ."
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By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumor and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants . | [
"By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the cancer and adding in novel genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants ."
] | [
"They are a type of reporter gene used in laboratory microbiology , molecular biology , and genetic engineering to indicate the success of a transfection or other procedure meant to introduce foreign DNA into a cell . Selectable markers are often antibiotic resistance genes ; bacteria that have been subjected to a ... | SimpleWiki | {
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This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research . | [
"This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for molecular cloning in biotechnology and research ."
] | [
"Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells w... | SimpleWiki | {
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Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells . | [
"Transformation may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells including animal and plant cells , however , because transformation has a special meaning in relation to animal cells indicating progression to a cancerous state , the term should be avoided for animal cells w... | [
"One such approach , successfully attempted by Craig Venter and others at The Institute for Genomic Research , involves engineering existing prokaryotic cells with progressively fewer genes , attempting to discern at which point the most minimal requirements for life were reached ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be got into bacterial cells . The other two are conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) , and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host ) . | [
"Transformation is one of three processes by which exogenous genetic material may be introduced into bacterial cell , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) , and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host ) ."
] | [
"Unlike viruses , plasmids are `` naked '' DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host , though some classes of plasmids encode the sex pilus necessary for their own transfer ."
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James Warren `` Jim '' Jones ( May 13 , 1931 â `` November 18 , 1978 ) was an American preacher and religious leader . His church was called the `` People 's Temple '' . | [
"James Warren `` Jim '' Jones ( May 13 , 1931 â `` November 18 , 1978 ) was the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple , which is best known for the November 18 , 1978 mass murder of more than 900 Temple members in Jonestown , Guyana along with the killings of five other people at a nearby airstrip ."
] | [
"Abbot Howard `` Abbie '' Hoffman ( November 30 , 1936 -- April 12 , 1989 ) was a political and social activist who co-founded the Youth International Party ( `` Yippies '' ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He was drafted with the 13th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks . | [
"He was selected in the first round of the 1997 NHL Entry Draft , 13th overall , by the Chicago Blackhawks ."
] | [
"Rodgers was selected in the first round ( 24th overall ) of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers ."
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Daniel Cleary ( born December 18 , 1978 in Carbonear , Newfoundland and Labrador ) is an NHL ice hockey left and right winger that currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings . | [
"Daniel Cleary ( born December 18 , 1978 ) is a Canadien professional ice hockey winger playing for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League . On June 4 , 2008 , Cleary became the first player from Newfoundland and Labrador to get his name on the Stanley Cup when the Red Wings won hockey 's top prize ."
... | [
"Jochen Hecht ( born June 21 , 1977 ) is a German professional ice hockey player , an alternate captain of the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ."
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Crillon-le-Brave is a commune of 398 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France . | [
"Crillon-le-Brave is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France ."
] | [
"Allauch ( Alaug in Occitan ; ) is a commune situated east of Marseille in the department of Bouches-du-Rh à ne in the Provence-Alpes-C à te d'Azur region of France ."
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The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007 . | [
"The Hyundai i30 is a small family car by South Korean automaker Hyundai Motor Company ."
] | [
"The SEAT Toledo is an automobile built and marketed by Spanish automaker SEAT , part of Volkswagen Group . The Toledo name was first introduced to the SEAT line-up in May 1991 , with the third and more recent generation was introduced in late 2004 as a 2005 model year car ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Atlantic Sun Conference is a NCAA conference that play in the NCAA Division I. The conference is headquartered in Macon , Georgia and features universities and colleges from the southeastern United States . | [
"The Atlantic Sun Conference ( A-Sun ) is a college athletic conference operating in the Southeastern United States . The conference participates in the NCAA 's Division I ; it does not sponsor football ."
] | [
"The University supports 22 men 's and women 's varsity teams and a number of club teams , plus a significant intramural sports program . The Fordham Rams are members of NCAA Division I and compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference in all sports except football ."
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Affoltern am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of ZÃ 1\/4 rich in Switzerland . | [
"Affoltern am Albis is a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of ZÃ 1\\/4 rich in Switzerland ."
] | [
"MÃ 1\\/4 mliswil-Ramiswil is a municipality in the district of Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland ."
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Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers ( born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown , Barbados ) is a former West Indian cricketer . | [
"Sir Garfield St Aubrun Sobers AO , OCC ( born 28 July 1936 in Bridgetown , Barbados ) is a former cricketer who captained West Indies ."
] | [
"Robert Graeme Pollock , known as Graeme , ( born 27 February 1944 in Durban , Natal Province , Union of South Africa ) is a former cricketer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Maast-et-Violaine is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France . | [
"Maast-et-Violaine is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France ."
] | [
"Barzy-en-Thi à rache is a commune in the department of Aisne in Picardy in northern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Ouffià res is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France . | [
"Ouffià res is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
] | [
"Saint-Beno à t-d ` Hà bertot is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France ."
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The front pair wear down and drop out in pieces as the Two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth and the old molars shift forward . | [
"As the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces , the back pair shifts forward , and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth ."
] | [
"His original horns recede and are now white in color , erupting in pairs along the length of his head ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Fossil Loxodonta have only been found in Africa , where they developed in the middle Pliocene . | [
"Fossil members of Loxodonta have only been found in Africa , where they developed in the middle Pliocene ."
] | [
"The Green River fossils date about 48 mya , but cover several million years , including the transition between the moist early Eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-Eocene ."
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With regard to the number of toenails : the African Bush Elephant normally has 4 toenails on the front foot and 3 on the hind foot , the African Forest Elephant normally has 5 toenails on the front foot and 4 on the hind foot ( like the Asian elephant ) , but hybrids between the two species commonly occur . | [
"With regard to the number of toenails : the African bush elephant normally has four toenails on the front foot and three on the hind feet , the African forest elephant normally has five toenails on the front foot and four on the hind foot ( like the Asian elephant ) , but hybrids between the two species commonly o... | [
"The Tasmanian form , Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus , usually known as Bennett 's Wallaby is smaller ( as island species nearly always are ) , has longer , shaggier fur , and breeds in the late summer , mostly between February and April ."
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African elephants are the two species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta , one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae . | [
"African elephants are the species of elephants in the genus Loxodonta ( Greek for ` oblique-sided tooth ' ) , one of the two existing genera in Elephantidae ."
] | [
"The White Rhinoceros or Square-lipped rhinoceros ( Ceratotherium simum ) is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafaunal species left ."
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Their tusks are teeth , the second set of incisors become the tusks . | [
"Their tusks are teeth ; the second set of incisors become the tusks ."
] | [
"Many predatory mammals have protractile claws that can partially hide inside the animal 's paw , especially the Felidae , where almost all of its members have fully protractible claws ."
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The African elephant nominally has governmental protection , but poaching is still a serious issue . | [
"The African elephant nominally has governmental protection , but poaching for the ivory trade can devastate populations ."
] | [
"Most wildlife biologists are concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats although reinstatement is increasingly being used ."
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They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food , and , fighting each other during mating season , or defending themselves against predators . | [
"They are used for digging for roots and stripping the bark off trees for food , for fighting each other during mating season , and for defending themselves against predators ."
] | [
"However , the mother does protect the young in the water for a few days until they learn to fend for themselves ."
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At about 40 to 60 years of age the elephant no longer has teeth and will likely die of starvation , a common cause of death . | [
"At about 40 to 60 years of age , the elephant no longer has teeth and will likely die of starvation , a common cause of death ."
] | [
"However , the skull is damaged , causing some paleontologists to speculate that it was involved in a fight shortly prior to death ."
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Human encroachment into or adjacent to natural areas where bush elephants occur has led to recent research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans , including the discovery that playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees are remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an are... | [
"Human encroachment into or adjacent to natural areas where bush elephants occur has led to recent research into methods of safely driving groups of elephants away from humans , including the discovery that playback of the recorded sounds of angry honey bees is remarkably effective at prompting elephants to flee an... | [
"However , it may be difficult to reintroduce EW species into the wild , even if their natural habitats were restored , because survival techniques , which are normally passed from parents to offspring during parenting , may be lost ."
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An example of this poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chadâ '' elephant herds there were substantial as recently as 1970 , with an estimated population of 400,000 ; however , by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000 . | [
"An example of how the ivory trade causes poaching pressure is in the eastern region of Chadâ '' elephant herds where as recently as 1970 there was an estimated population of 400,000 ; however , by 2006 the number had dwindled to about 10,000 ."
] | [
"There are an estimated 125,000 to 150,000 hippos throughout Sub-Saharan Africa ; Zambia ( 40,000 ) and Tanzania ( 20,000 â `` 30,000 ) possess the largest populations ."
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Lyoto Machida , nicknamed `` The Dragon '' is a mixed martial arts fighter from Salvador , Brazil . Machida fights in the Light Heavyweight division and is a former Ultimate Fighting Championship Light Heavyweight champion . | [
"Lyoto Carvalho Machida ( ; born May 30 , 1978 ) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist from Salvador , Brazil who fights as a Light Heavyweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) ."
] | [
"Kenneth Wayne Shamrock ( born Kenneth Wayne Kilpatrick ; February 11 , 1964 ) is an American mixed martial arts ( MMA ) fighter , a UFC Hall of Famer and also a professional wrestler ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas . It is the county seat of Wyandotte County . | [
"Kansas City is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Kansas and is the county seat of Wyandotte County ."
] | [
"Allison is a city in and the county seat of Butler County , Iowa , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 . | [
"John Sheehan was appointed Marshal in 1875 , by Mayor Eli Teed ."
] | [
"He was elected Vice President in 1944 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area . About two million people live in this region . | [
"It is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area , a region of over two million people ."
] | [
"Ardmore is a business , cultural and tourism city in and the county seat of Carter County , Oklahoma , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The city is part of the `` Unified Government '' . This also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville . | [
"The city is part of the `` Unified Government '' which also includes the cities of Bonner Springs and Edwardsville ."
] | [
"Kansas City , Kansas is a portion of the Kansas City , Missouri media market ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The first city election was held on October 22 , 1872 . It resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle . | [
"The first city election was held October 22 , 1872 , by order of Judge Hiram Stevens of the Tenth Judicial District , and resulted in the election of Mayor James Boyle ."
] | [
"The Post Office was established on May 24 , 1897 , and took its name from Koweta Mission ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Kansas City is a suburb of Kansas City , Missouri and is the third largest city in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area . | [
"Kansas City , Kansas is a portion of the Kansas City , Missouri media market ."
] | [
"Ardmore is a business , cultural and tourism city in and the county seat of Carter County , Oklahoma , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Kansas City is situated near `` Tornado Alley '' , a region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada meets warm air from the Gulf of Mexico . This situation causes the formation of powerful storms . | [
"Kansas City is situated in `` Tornado Alley '' , a broad region where cold air from the Rocky Mountains and Canada collides with warm air from the Gulf of Mexico , leading to the formation of powerful storms ."
] | [
"In summer , the state , especially southern and eastern Utah , lies in the path of monsoon moisture from the Gulf of California ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It was one of the 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890 â `` 1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time . . | [
"It was one of the nation 's 100 largest cities for many US Census counts , from 1890 to 1960 , including 1920 , when it had over 100,000 residents for the first time ."
] | [
"It has a population ( including surrounding rural areas ) of approximately 750,000 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Kansas-Missouri border area became the first battlefield in the conflict over slavery that led to the American Civil War . | [
"The Kansas-Missouri border area became the first battlefield in the conflict over slavery and southern secession that led to the American Civil War ."
] | [
"The present Constitution of the State of Kansas was originally known as the Wyandotte Constitution to distinguish it from three proposed constitutions that preceded it . The Wyandotte Constitution was drawn up at Wyandotte ( now part of Kansas City ) in July 1859 , and was the fourth constitution voted on by the p... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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He was also Chief of Police . | [
"He was also Chief of Police , having a force of five men ."
] | [
"On May 16 , 2008 , Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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On March 30 , 2011 , Internet search company Google Inc. announced that Kansas City had been selected as the site of an experimental fiber-optic network that Google will build at no cost to the city . | [
"On March 30 , 2011 , Google announced that Kansas City had been selected as the site of an experimental fiber-optic network that Google will build at no cost to the city ."
] | [
"Netflix 's success has inspired a number of other DVD rental companies both in the United States and abroad , but none of the purely online companies appear to approach Netflix in terms of market share or revenues . Wal-Mart began an online rental service in October 2002 , but left the market in May 2005 and now h... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Kansas City formed in 1868 . It was first officially mentioned in October 1872 . | [
"Kansas City , Kansas formed in 1868 and incorporated in October 1872 ."
] | [
"Dover was incorporated in 1864 , 100 years after its founding ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas made the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present . | [
"In June 1880 , the Governor of Kansas proclaimed the city of Kansas City a city of the second class with the Mayor Samuel McConnell present ."
] | [
"Beveridge and his supporters succeeded and Marianna became the county seat of the county justice and civil authority , even though it was never officially proclaimed the county seat ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Its prefecture is Besanà on . | [
"The prefecture ( capital ) is Besanà on ."
] | [
"The county 's main river gives it its name : the DÃ cents mboviÅ # a River ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Doubs is a department found in the of France in the Franche-Comt à region . | [
"It was created from part of the former province of Franche-Comt à ."
] | [
"The Territoire de Belfort is a department in the Franche-Comt à region of eastern France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is similar to the finance ministers of other nations . | [
"This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries ."
] | [
"Acting as a provider of loans is one of the principal tasks for financial institutions ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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From Morris 's 1784 resignation until 1789 , the young union 's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board . | [
"From 1784 to 1789 , the confederation 's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board ."
] | [
"Criticism of the bank , that the President is always a citizen of the United States , nominated by the President of the United States ( though subject to the `` approval '' of the other member countries ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Note : Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington , but Morris declined this office ; thus the 1st Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton - appointed at Morris 's suggestion . | [
"Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington , but Morris declined this office ; thus the first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton , who was appointed at Morris 's suggestion ."
] | [
"He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from Maryland , and the third United States Secretary of War ( 1796 â `` 1800 ) , under presidents George Washington and John Adams ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury . He is concerned with finance and monetary matters , and , until 2003 , some issues of national security and defense . | [
"The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury , which is concerned with financial and monetary matters , and , until 2003 , also with some issues of national security and defense ."
] | [
"The White House National Security Council ( NSC ) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the Executive Office of the President... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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