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Brett won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985 batting a .370 which included a four-hit performance in game 7 of the world series . | [
"Brett then batted .370 in the World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals including a four-hit performance in Game 7 ."
] | [
"While the Yankees were 15-2 in Series Appearances during that time , they would lose again in 1957 , 1960 , 1963 , and 1964 , for a record of 4-5 in World Series over the next decade ."
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He raises money for the disease ALS ( amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ) or better known as Lou Gehrig 's Disease . | [
"Brett has also continued to raise money for ALS ( amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ) , commonly known as Lou Gehrig 's Disease ."
] | [
"It is the birthplace of Alois Alzheimer who first identified the symptoms of what is now known as Alzheimer 's Disease ."
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In aviation , flight attendants â '' also known as cabin crew , stewards , air hosts\/hostesses , or stewardesses , â '' are members of a cabin crew employed by airlines to ensure the safety and comfort of the passengers aboard commercial flights as well as on select business jet aircraft . | [
"Flight attendants or cabin crew ( also known as stewards\\/stewardesses or air hosts\\/hostesses ) are members of an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety and comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights , on select business jet aircraft , and on some military aircraft ."
] | [
"Business class is a travel class available on many commercial airlines and rail lines ."
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The first three are Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Novosibirsk . Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,311,252 in 2002 , and one of 1,438,133 in 1989 . | [
"Nizhny Novgorod , colloquially shortened to Nizhny , is the fourth largest city in Russia , ranking after Moscow , St. Petersburg , and Novosibirsk ."
] | [
"Its population , per the 2000 census , was 63,348 ."
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Nizhny Novgorod ( Russian : Ð Ð Ì Ð Ð 1\/2 Ð Ð Ð Ð 3\/4 Ì Ð Ð Ð 3\/4 Ñ Ð 3\/4 Ð , often shortened to Nizhny ) is the fourth largest city in Russia . | [
"Russian Railways department - Gorkovskaya Railroad ( Ð `` Ð 3\\/4 Ñ Ñ Ð Ð 3\\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ñ Ð Ð Ð '' Ð Ð Ð 1\\/2 Ð Ñ Ð Ð 3\\/4 Ñ Ð 3\\/4 Ð Ð ) , which operates some 5,700 km of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region ( of which some 1,200 are in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ) , is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod ."... | [
"Vojvodina , officially called Autonomous Province of Vojvodina ( Serbian : Ð Ñ Ñ Ð 3\\/4 Ð 1\\/2 Ð 3\\/4 Ð 1\\/4 Ð 1\\/2 Ð Ð Ð 3\\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ Ð Ð 1\\/2 Ð Ð ' Ð 3\\/4 Ñ Ð Ð 3\\/4 Ð Ð Ð 1\\/2 Ð , Autonomna Pokrajina Vojvodina , ; ; ; ; ; Rusyn : Ð Ð Ñ Ð 3\\/4 Ð 1\\/2 Ð 3\\/4 Ð 1\\/4 Ð 1\\/2 Ð Ð Ð 3\\/4 Ð Ñ Ð Ñ -- Ð 1... | SimpleWiki | {
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It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District . | [
"Population : It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region , and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District ."
] | [
"Dobryanka is considered to be one of the oldest inhabited localities of Perm Krai ."
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A central government that makes policy and puts it into practice for the people at large is not how the Iroquois handle government . | [
"A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government ."
] | [
"There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government , which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service ."
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However , after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements â `` led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies â `` the future United States wanted revenge . | [
"However , after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements â `` led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies â `` the future United States reacted with vengeance ."
] | [
"The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War ."
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When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he thought it was a central government . | [
"When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he interpreted it as a central government ."
] | [
"Symbolically , the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door , as they were located in the east closest to the Hudson , and the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the `` tribal longhouse '' , the territory they controlled in New York ."
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Evidence from archaeology shows that Iroquois ancestors lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 AD . | [
"Archaeological evidence shows that Iroquois ancestors lived in the Finger Lakes region from at least 1000 AD ."
] | [
"Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 5000-4000 BC in northern Europe ."
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Today , the Iroquois live mostly in New York and Canada . | [
"Today , the Iroquois live primarily in New York and Canada ."
] | [
"By 1830 there were 36 and Native Americans still occupied large areas of land in northeast and far western Alabama ."
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After the the Europeans arrived , many Iroquois became Christians , among them Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk-Algonkin parents . | [
"After the arrival of the Europeans , many Iroquois became Christians , among them Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk-Algonkin parents ."
] | [
"During the French and Indian War ( North American part of the Seven Years ' War ) , the Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , both traditional enemies of the Iroquois ."
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According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on what the local communities think . | [
"According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on assessments of community consensus ."
] | [
"Rather , stratocracy is a form of military government in which the state and the military are traditionally the same thing and government positions are always occupied by military leaders ."
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The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the `` People of the Longhouse '' , are a group of several tribes of indigenous people of North America . | [
"The Iroquois , also known as the Haudenosaunee or the `` People of the Longhouse '' , are an association of several tribes of indigenous people of North America ."
] | [
"Before settlement , Clay County was home to the Cherokee Indians , who was a tribe of Native Americans that made their home in Southeastern United States ( principally Georgia , the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee ) They were one of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' because of their assimilation of European-American... | SimpleWiki | {
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This interpretation became influential , but some scholars have since argued that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the way that Morgan thought . | [
"This interpretation became influential , but some scholars have since argued that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought ."
] | [
"For the same reason , the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community , as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate . The original senate was the Roman Senate , which la... | SimpleWiki | {
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The first Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations , as it was made up of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Seneca . | [
"The original Iroquois League was often known as the Five Nations , as it was composed of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Seneca nations ."
] | [
"Menominee gets its name from a regional Native American tribe known as the Menominee , which roughly translates into `` Wild Rice '' . The area was originally the home of the Menominee Indian Tribe ."
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The Confederacy broke up after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War . | [
"The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War ."
] | [
"However , after a series of successful operations against frontier settlements â `` led by the Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies â `` the future United States reacted with vengeance ."
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When the soil eventually became less fertile , the Iroquois moved . | [
"When the soil eventually lost its fertility , the Iroquois migrated ."
] | [
"Encouraged by their women , the men united the four clans and defeated the bandits who preyed on the area ."
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Symbolically , the Mohawk guarded the eastern door , as they lived in the east closest to the Hudson River , and the Seneca guarded the western door of the `` tribal longhouse '' , the land they controlled in New York . | [
"Symbolically , the Mohawk were the guardians of the eastern door , as they were located in the east closest to the Hudson , and the Seneca were the guardians of the western door of the `` tribal longhouse '' , the territory they controlled in New York ."
] | [
"This island , which was formed by digging a canal through a small peninsula , remained as the single place of direct trade and exchange between Japan and the outside world during the Edo period ."
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Women could own property including homes , horses and farmed land , and when they married , they could keep their property without it being given to their husbands . | [
"Individual women could hold property including dwellings , horses and farmed land , and their property before marriage stayed in their possession without being mixed with that of their husband 's ."
] | [
"On the other hand , if he chose to dispose of a parcel of land , the serf or serfs associated with that land went with it to serve their new lord . Further , a serf could not abandon his lands without permission , nor could he sell them ."
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This suggests that while the different Iroquoian tribes had the same historical and cultural origin , they came apart over a long enough time that their languages became different . | [
"This suggests that while the different Iroquoian tribes had a common historical and cultural origin , they diverged as peoples over a sufficiently long time that their languages became different ."
] | [
"In America , topography has recently become an additional synonym , though in many parts of the world it retains its original more general meaning of description of place ."
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The Iroquois hoped that helping the British would also bring favors after the war . | [
"The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war ."
] | [
"In July 1780 , he sought and obtained command of West Point in order to surrender it to the British ."
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There were about 30,000 tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States in 1995 . | [
"Tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States in 1995 numbered about 30,000 in total ."
] | [
"Settlement proceeded fairly quickly and there were about 400 residents in the 1840s ."
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In the 2000 census , 80,822 people in the United States said they were Iroquois , with 45,217 of them claiming only an Iroquois background . | [
"In the 2000 census , 80,822 people in the United States claimed Iroquois ethnicity , with 45,217 of them claiming only Iroquois background ."
] | [
"Among them about 73 % come from Europe ( many of Albanian origin ) , 9 % from Africa , 9 % from the Americas and 8 % from Asia Including people holding multiple citizenship , 54.4 % of people living in Geneva hold a foreign passport ."
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When Americans and Canadians of European descent began to study Iroquois customs in the 18th and 19th centuries , they found that women assumed a position in Iroquois society that was about equal in power to that of the men . | [
"When Americans and Canadians of European descent began to study Iroquois customs in the 18th and 19th centuries , they observed that women assumed a position in Iroquois society roughly equal in power to that of the men ."
] | [
"In the courts of Europe , particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries , a mistress often wielded great power and influence ."
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After the war , the ancient central fireplace of the League was made again at Buffalo Creek . | [
"After the war , the ancient central fireplace of the League was reestablished at Buffalo Creek ."
] | [
"Soon afterward a new marketplace was opened , as well as St. Peter 's and Paul 's hospital and a gymnasium ."
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Important festivals were at the same time as the major events of the agricultural calendar , including a harvest festival of thanksgiving . | [
"Key festivals coincided with the major events of the agricultural calendar , including a harvest festival of thanksgiving ."
] | [
"Little information on Egyptian rituals for Isis survives , however , it is clear there were both priests and priestesses officiating at her cult rituals throughout its entire history ."
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During the French and Indian War ( the North American part of the Seven Years ' War ) , the Iroquois took the side of the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , both of whom had been enemies of the Iroquois in the past . | [
"During the French and Indian War ( North American part of the Seven Years ' War ) , the Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , both traditional enemies of the Iroquois ."
] | [
"Before settlement , Clay County was home to the Cherokee Indians , who was a tribe of Native Americans that made their home in Southeastern United States ( principally Georgia , the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee ) They were one of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' because of their assimilation of European-American... | SimpleWiki | {
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Traditionally , the Iroquois were a mix of farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , although most of their food came from farming . | [
"The Iroquois were a mix of farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , though their main diet came from farming ."
] | [
"Before settlement , Clay County was home to the Cherokee Indians , who was a tribe of Native Americans that made their home in Southeastern United States ( principally Georgia , the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee ) They were one of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' because of their assimilation of European-American... | SimpleWiki | {
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As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River in Ontario . | [
"As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River ."
] | [
"His land was sold for  # 2,000 to John Coghill , who now owned all the land on the south , east and north of the town ."
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A woman choosing to divorce a husband who was not being a good husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling , taking any of his possessions with him . | [
"A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband was able to ask him to leave the dwelling , taking any of his possessions with him ."
] | [
"From this point onward he began living a radical Christian life giving his property over to his wife , while the remainder of his belongings he distributed as alms to the poor ."
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After the people who spoke Iroquoian came together as different tribes , which were mostly in what is now central and upstate New York , in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an group known today as the Iroquois League , or the `` League of Peace and Power '' . | [
"After the Iroquoian-speaking peoples coalesced as distinct tribes , based mostly in present-day central and upstate New York , in the 16th century or earlier they came together in an association known today as the Iroquois League , or the `` League of Peace and Power '' ."
] | [
"Before settlement , Clay County was home to the Cherokee Indians , who was a tribe of Native Americans that made their home in Southeastern United States ( principally Georgia , the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee ) They were one of the `` Five Civilized Tribes '' because of their assimilation of European-American... | SimpleWiki | {
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Members of the League speak Iroquoian languages that are very different from those of other Iroquoian speakers . | [
"Members of the League speak Iroquoian languages that are distinctly different from those of other Iroquoian speakers ."
] | [
"The Siouan ( a.k.a. Siouan proper , Western Siouan ) languages are a Native American language family of North America , and the second largest indigenous language family in North America , after Algonquian ."
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When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Iroquois lived in what is now the northeastern United States , mostly in what is today upstate New York , west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region . | [
"When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Iroquois were based in what is now the northeastern United States , primarily in what is referred to today as upstate New York west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region ."
] | [
"The Piedmont blues was named after the Piedmont plateau region , on the East Coast of the United States from about Richmond , Virginia to Atlanta , Georgia ."
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The British government made the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the war , which said that white people could not live past the Appalachian Mountains , but this proclamation was largely ignored by the settlers , and the Iroquois agreed to move this line again at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 , where they sold the ... | [
"The British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the war , forbidding white settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains , but this proclamation was largely ignored by the settlers , and the Iroquois agreed to adjust this line again at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ( 1768 ) , whereby they sold the B... | [
"This irregularity in the boundary is the result of territorial disputes in the late 17th century , culminating with New York giving up its claim to the area , whose residents considered themselves part of Connecticut , in exchange for an equivalent area extending northwards from Ridgefield to the Massachusetts bor... | SimpleWiki | {
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The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan , and the chief 's sister was responsible for nominating the next chief . | [
"The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan , and the chief 's sister was responsible for nominating his successor ."
] | [
"He firmly accepted the role of a hereditary aristocracy and the value of primogeniture , and while he endorsed the idea that a woman could head a state , he held that she could not be effective as the head of a family ."
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If a couple broke up , the woman kept the children . | [
"If a couple separated , the woman kept the children ."
] | [
"However , if one member of a pair dies or disappears , the other will choose a new mate ."
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The Iroquois League has also been called the Iroquois Confederacy . | [
"The Iroquois League has also been known as the Iroquois Confederacy ."
] | [
"Menominee gets its name from a regional Native American tribe known as the Menominee , which roughly translates into `` Wild Rice '' . The area was originally the home of the Menominee Indian Tribe ."
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Some modern scholars now think the League and the Confederacy are different . | [
"Some modern scholars now make a distinction between the League and the Confederacy ."
] | [
"Those asterisked were considered the overall leader of the party ."
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The Onondaga , who lived in the center of Haudenosaunee territory , were keepers of the League 's ( both literal and figurative ) central flame . | [
"The Onondaga , whose homeland was in the center of Haudenosaunee territory , were keepers of the League 's ( both literal and figurative ) central flame ."
] | [
"According to their tradition , The Great Peacemaker introduced the name at the time of the formation of the League ."
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The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions , or a woman could appear at the men 's council to speak , presenting the view of the women . | [
"The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties , or a woman could appear at the men 's council as an orator , presenting the view of the women ."
] | [
"Instead , the commune would promise to exact revenge on the attacker , the threat of revenge being a form of defense ."
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According to their tradition , The Great Peacemaker came up with the name at the time the League was formed . | [
"According to their tradition , The Great Peacemaker introduced the name at the time of the formation of the League ."
] | [
"The Onondaga , whose homeland was in the center of Haudenosaunee territory , were keepers of the League 's ( both literal and figurative ) central flame ."
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The Iroquois call themselves the `` Haudenosaunee '' , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' or more accurately , `` They Are Building a Long House . '' | [
"The Iroquois refer to themselves as the `` Haudenosaunee '' , which means `` People of the Longhouse , '' or more accurately , `` They Are Building a Long House . ''"
] | [
"Menominee gets its name from a regional Native American tribe known as the Menominee , which roughly translates into `` Wild Rice '' . The area was originally the home of the Menominee Indian Tribe ."
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Fishing was also a big source of food because the Iroquois lived near a large river ( St. Lawerence River ) . | [
"Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois were located near a large river ( St. Lawerence River ) ."
] | [
"Menominee gets its name from a regional Native American tribe known as the Menominee , which roughly translates into `` Wild Rice '' . The area was originally the home of the Menominee Indian Tribe ."
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It is difficult to figure out exactly how many Iroquois there are today . | [
"The total number of Iroquois today is difficult to establish ."
] | [
"The Badeshi people there stopped using their native language completely few generations ago ."
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After coming together in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in present-day Kentucky to find more hunting grounds . | [
"After becoming united in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in present-day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds ."
] | [
"By 1830 there were 36 and Native Americans still occupied large areas of land in northeast and far western Alabama ."
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The clans were matrilineal , which means that clan ties were traced through the mother 's line . | [
"The clans were matrilineal , that is , clan ties were traced through the mother 's line ."
] | [
"The responsibility to maintain the vendetta usually falls on the closest male relative to whoever has been killed or wronged , but other members of the family may take the mantle as well ."
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During the American Revolution , many Tuscarora and the Oneida took the side of the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain . This was the first major split among the Six Nations . | [
"During the American Revolution , many Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain , thereby marking the first major split among the Six Nations ."
] | [
"Historical evidence shows that Ashe county was inhabited by Native Americans , which included the Cherokee , Creek , and Shawnee tribes ."
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Traditional Iroquois religious beliefs became somewhat more popular again in the second half of the 18th century by the teachings of the Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake . | [
"Traditional religion was revived to some extent in the second half of the 18th century by the teachings of the Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake ."
] | [
"During the American Revolution , many Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain , thereby marking the first major split among the Six Nations ."
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They brought a message , called the Great Law of Peace , to the fighting Iroquoian nations . | [
"They brought a message , known as the Great Law of Peace , to the squabbling Iroquoian nations ."
] | [
"The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War ."
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Once they stopped most of their fighting , the Iroquois fast became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th-century northeastern North America . | [
"Once they ceased most of their infighting , the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th-century northeastern North America ."
] | [
"In the 16th and 17th centuries , trade expanded to the Baltic Countries ."
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In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle saw that no Iroquois treaty came into effect unless it was approved by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation . | [
"In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation ."
] | [
"The chief of a clan could be removed at any time by a council of the mothers of that clan , and the chief 's sister was responsible for nominating his successor ."
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Civitavecchia is a city in the region of Lazio , Italy . | [
"Civitavecchia is a town and comune of the province of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio ."
] | [
"Latina is the capital of the province of Latina in the Lazio region , in central Italy ."
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It is 80 km north of Rome . It has a sea port . | [
"A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea , it is located 80 kilometers west-north-west of Rome , across the Mignone river ."
] | [
"The town 's area is 4.69 km and the average altitude 5 m. Despite its low average height , the town contains two hills which form the natural limits of the commune :"
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When these rings were discovered by a team led by Edward Guinan , originally they thought that the rings may not be complete rings . | [
"The first of these planetary rings was discovered in 1968 by a team led by Edward Guinan , but it was later thought that this ring might be incomplete ."
] | [
"There are no images or direct observations of the material thought to be absorbing the plasma , but the likely candidates would be difficult to detect directly ."
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After reviewing the documents , some historians now think that Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier . | [
"After reviewing the documents , they suggest that `` Adams does not deserve equal credit with Le Verrier for the discovery of Neptune ."
] | [
"If he coined the name , then one theory is that he may have been referring to William Everard , commissioner of crown lands ( though no record of that Everard has been found ) ."
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In England , Challis suggested the name Oceanus . | [
"In England , Challis put forward the name Oceanus ."
] | [
", which thus includes Berwick . )"
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The largest , and the only one big enough to have the shape of a sphere is Triton , ( pronounced : Ë traÉ tÉ n ) discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself . | [
"The largest by far , comprising more than 99.5 percent of the mass in orbit around Neptune and the only one massive enough to be spheroidal , is Triton , discovered by William Lassell just 17 days after the discovery of Neptune itself ."
] | [
"Its diameter is estimated at 72 km ( assuming albedo of 0.04 ) making it the second largest irregular satellite of Uranus , half the size of Sycorax , the biggest irregular satellite of Uranus ."
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From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six new moons of Neptune . | [
"From July to September 1989 , Voyager 2 discovered six new Neptunian moons ."
] | [
"The diagram illustrates its orbit in relation to other prograde irregular satellites of Saturn ."
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The moon was credited for causing Neptune 's ring arcs when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 . | [
"This occultation had been attributed to ring arcs , but when Voyager 2 observed Neptune in 1989 , it was found to have been caused by the moon ."
] | [
"Once the discovery was made , a search of older Cassini images revealed this small satellite in observations from as far back as June 2004 ."
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French almanacs promptly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus and Leverrier for the new planet . | [
"French almanacs quickly reintroduced the name Herschel for Uranus , after that planet 's discoverer Sir William Herschel , and Leverrier for the new planet ."
] | [
"Hermann Goldschmidt announced the discovery of the ninth moon of Saturn in April 1861 , which , he said , orbited between Titan and Hyperion . Goldschmidt 's discovery was never confirmed , and Chiron was never seen again ."
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Comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists think the extreme course may be characteristic of flows in the interior of the planet and not the result of Uranus ' sideways rotational movement . | [
"However , in comparing the magnetic fields of the two planets , scientists now think the extreme orientation may be characteristic of flows in the planets ' interiors ."
] | [
"The shape of Proteus is close to a sphere with the radius of about 210 km , although deviations from the spherical shape are largeâ '' up to 20 km ; scientists believe it is about as large as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a perfect spherical shape by its own gravity ."
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Neptune has a total of 13 known moons . | [
"Neptune has 13 known moons ."
] | [
"The new rings bring the total number of Uranian rings to 13 ."
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A very small outward expansion to the Leverrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is surrounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57,000 km . | [
"A faint outward extension to the Le Verrier Ring has been named Lassell ; it is bounded at its outer edge by the Arago Ring at 57000 km ."
] | [
"At the Voyager 2 images Cressida appears as an elongated object , the major axis pointing towards Uranus ."
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NASA 's Voyager 2 probe made a quick flyby of the planet with its closest encounter on August 25 , 1989 , and was the last planet to have been visited by at least one spacecraft . | [
"Voyager 2s closest approach to Neptune occurred on August 25 , 1989 . Since this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit , it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton , regardless of the consequences to the trajectory , similarly to what was done for Voyager 1s encounter with Saturn and it... | [
"The most surprising discovery in the Jovian system was the existence of volcanic activity on the moon Io , which had not been observed either from the ground , or by Pioneer 10 or 11 ."
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Neptune can not be seen with naked eye alone , since Neptune 's normal brightness are between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0 , which can be out-shined by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres , and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno and 6 Hebe . | [
"Neptune is never visible to the naked eye , having a brightness between magnitudes +7.7 and +8.0 , which can be outshone by Jupiter 's Galilean moons , the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids 4 Vesta , 2 Pallas , 7 Iris , 3 Juno and 6 Hebe ."
] | [
"Juno is one of the larger asteroids , perhaps tenth by size and containing approximately 1.0 % the mass of the entire Main asteroid belt . It is the second-most-massive S-type asteroid after 15 Eunomia ."
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But Galileo was not credited for the discovery since he thought Neptune was a `` fixed star '' instead of a planet . Because of Neptune 's slow movement across the sky , Galileo 's small telescope was not strong enough to detect Neptune as a planet . | [
"On both occasions , Galileo mistook Neptune for a fixed star when it appeared very closeâ '' in conjunctionâ '' to Jupiter in the night sky ; hence , he is not credited with Neptune 's discovery ."
] | [
"All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could , if they were farther away from Jupiter , be sighted from Earth without a telescope ."
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A telescope or strong binoculars will show Neptune as a small blue dot , similar in appearance to Uranus . | [
"A telescope or strong binoculars will resolve Neptune as a small blue disk , similar in appearance to Uranus ."
] | [
"All four Galilean moons are bright enough that they could , if they were farther away from Jupiter , be sighted from Earth without a telescope ."
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At 10.243 kg , Neptune 's mass puts the planet between Earth and the largest gas giants ; Neptune has seventeen Earth masses but just 1\/18th the mass of Jupiter . | [
"With a mass of 1.0243 kg , Neptune is an intermediate body between Earth and the larger gas giants : its mass is seventeen times that of the Earth but just 1\\/19th that of Jupiter ."
] | [
"10 Hygiea is an asteroid located in the main asteroid belt . With somewhat oblong diameters of 350 â `` 500 km , and a mass estimated to be 2.9 % of the total mass of the belt , it is the fourth largest object in the region by volume and mass. ."
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The pictures sent back to Earth from Voyager 2 in 1989 became the basis of a PBS all-night program called Neptune All Night . | [
"The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program , Neptune All Night ."
] | [
"He continued to refine his designs ; the most elaborate message he helped to develop and assemble was the Voyager Golden Record that was sent out with the Voyager space probes in 1977 ."
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It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous orbit , and is slowly moving into Neptune and will one day be torn apart when it passes the Roche limit . | [
"It is close enough to Neptune to be locked into a synchronous rotation , and it is slowly spiraling inward because of tidal acceleration and eventually will be torn apart , in about 3.6 billion years , when it reaches the Roche limit ."
] | [
"Amphirite 's orbit is less eccentric and inclined than those of its larger cousins ; indeed , it is the most circular of any asteroid discovered up to that point . As a consequence , it never becomes as bright as Iris or Hebe , especially as it is much further from the Sun than those asteroids ."
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Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was temporarily called as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' . | [
"Shortly after its discovery , Neptune was referred to simply as `` the planet exterior to Uranus '' or as `` Le Verrier 's planet '' ."
] | [
"The moon did not receive its present name until 1975 ; before then , it was simply known as ' or Jupiter Satellite VI , although calls for a full name appeared shortly after its and Elara 's discovery ; A.C.D. Crommelin wrote in 1905 : Unfortunately the numeration of Jupiter 's satellites is now in precisely the s... | SimpleWiki | {
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Uranus and Neptune are not exactly the same type of gas giants like to Jupiter and Saturn , but are rather ice giants , meaning they have a larger solid core and are also made of ices . | [
"Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus , and both have compositions which differ from those of the larger gas giants Jupiter and Saturn ."
] | [
"Earth is a terrestrial planet , meaning that it is a rocky body , rather than a gas giant like Jupiter ."
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In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , a cyclonic storm system the size of Eurasia , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft . | [
"In 1989 , the Great Dark Spot , an anti-cyclonic storm system spanning 13000 Ã -- 6600 km , was discovered by NASA 's Voyager 2 spacecraft ."
] | [
"The photographs taken by Voyager 1 showed Metis only as a dot , and hence knowledge about Metis was very limited until the arrival of the Galileo spacecraft ."
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The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group more south than the Great Dark Spot . | [
"The Scooter is another storm , a white cloud group farther south than the Great Dark Spot ."
] | [
"Twelve hours later , it organized into a tropical storm ."
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Challis later found out that he had seen the planet twice in August , failing to recognize it owing to his careless approach to the work . | [
"Challis later realized that he had observed the planet twice in August , failing to identify it owing to his casual approach to the work ."
] | [
"The lighting conditions in 's part of the orbit were different during these two observations , however , with the discovery being made when the region was strongly backlit by the sun ."
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Neptune was then discovered that very night on September 23 , 1846 , within 1 Â of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , and about 10 Â from Adams ' prediction . | [
"The very evening of the day of receipt of Le Verrier 's letter on September 23 , 1846 , Neptune was discovered within 1 Â of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be , and about 12 Â from Adams ' prediction ."
] | [
"On February 18 , 1930 , after nearly a year of searching , Tombaugh discovered a possible moving object on photographic plates taken on January 23 and January 29 of that year ."
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Neptune , is the eighth and last planet from the Sun in the Solar System . | [
"Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun in our Solar System ."
] | [
"The rings of Saturn are the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System ."
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Some discovered planets that have similar masses like Neptune are often called as `` Neptunes '' . just as astronomers refer to various extra-solar `` Jupiters . '' | [
"In the search for extrasolar planets Neptune has been used as a metonym : discovered bodies of similar mass are often referred to as `` Neptunes '' , just as astronomers refer to various extra-solar bodies as `` Jupiters '' ."
] | [
"This definition excluded Pluto as a planet and added it as a member of the new category `` dwarf planet '' along with Eris and Ceres ."
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It originally was completely dark , but as Voyager came closer to the planet , a bright core developed and is seen in most of the highest resolution images . | [
"It initially was completely dark , but as Voyager 2 approached the planet , a bright core developed and can be seen in most of the highest-resolution images ."
] | [
"At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of Umbriel ( like those of the other moons ) was pointed towards the Sun , so the northern ( dark ) hemisphere could not be studied ."
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Although it is the second most massive Neptunian moon , it has only one quarter of one percent of the mass of Triton . | [
"Although the second-most-massive Neptunian moon , it is only one-quarter of one percent the mass of Triton ."
] | [
"Tidal interactions have also meant that Triton 's orbit , already close to Neptune , is slowly decaying further , and predictions are that some 3.6 billion years from now , Triton will pass within Neptune 's Roche limit . This will result in either a collision with Neptune 's atmosphere or the breakup of Triton , ... | SimpleWiki | {
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Neptune 's blue color is much brighter compared to Uranus ' , which has a similar amount of methane , so there might be another reason why Neptune is blue . | [
"As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan . Since Neptune 's atmospheric methane content is similar to that of Uranus , some unknown atmospheric constituent is thought to c... | [
"On the other hand , if it is brightly colored like the neighbouring moon Miranda , it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest outer satellites ."
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Important absorption bands of methane happen at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum . | [
"Prominent absorption bands of methane occur at wavelengths above 600 nm , in the red and infrared portion of the spectrum ."
] | [
"Low-energy waves on the electromagnetic spectrum are generally not , including radio waves , microwave radiation , infrared radiation and visible light ."
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Neptune 's planetary rings have a weird `` clumpy '' arrangement . Although the cause is currently unknown but some scientists think that it may be because of the gravitational contact with small moons that orbit near them . | [
"These rings have a clumpy structure , the cause of which is not currently understood but which may be due to the gravitational interaction with small moons in orbit near them ."
] | [
"The space probe 's cameras detected complex structures in the rings of Saturn , and its remote sensing instruments studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its giant moon Titan ."
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Struve gave support of that name on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences . | [
"Struve came out in favor of the name Neptune on December 29 , 1846 , to the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences ."
] | [
"Over the period 1840 â `` 1843 , similar work was carried out by engineer Ludwig A. Colding though it was little known outside his native Denmark ."
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Neptune 's second known moon ( by order of distance ) , the odd moon Nereid , has one of the most unusual orbits of any satellite in the solar system . | [
"Neptune 's second known satellite ( by order of discovery ) , the irregular moon Nereid , has one of the most eccentric orbits of any satellite in the solar system ."
] | [
"Amphirite 's orbit is less eccentric and inclined than those of its larger cousins ; indeed , it is the most circular of any asteroid discovered up to that point . As a consequence , it never becomes as bright as Iris or Hebe , especially as it is much further from the Sun than those asteroids ."
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Like Uranus , the source of this heating is unknown , but the differences are larger : Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is strong enough to create the fastest winds seen in the Solar System . | [
"Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun , yet its internal energy is sufficient to drive the fastest planetary winds seen in the Solar System ."
] | [
"Tidal interactions have also meant that Triton 's orbit , already close to Neptune , is slowly decaying further , and predictions are that some 3.6 billion years from now , Triton will pass within Neptune 's Roche limit . This will result in either a collision with Neptune 's atmosphere or the breakup of Triton , ... | SimpleWiki | {
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Neptune also has similarities with Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted comparative to its rotational axis at 47 Â and offset at least 0.55 radii ( about 13,500 kilometres ) from the planet 's physical center . | [
"Neptune also resembles Uranus in its magnetosphere , with a magnetic field strongly tilted relative to its rotational axis at 47 Â and offset at least 0.55 radii , or about 13500 km from the planet 's physical center ."
] | [
"Pickering attempted to compute an orbit , which showed a fairly high inclination ( 39.1 Â to the ecliptic ) , fairly large eccentricity ( 0.23 ) and a semi-major axis ( 1,457,000 km ) slightly less than that of Hyperion ."
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Five new unusual moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 . | [
"Five new irregular moons discovered between 2002 and 2003 were announced in 2004 ."
] | [
"It was discovered by Matthew J. Holman , Brett J. Gladman , et al . on August 14 , 2002 , though it went unnoticed until 2003 ."
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Soon Neptune was internationally agreed among many people and was then the official name for the new planet . | [
"Soon Neptune became the internationally accepted name ."
] | [
"Galileo steadfastly refused to use Marius ' names and invented as a result the numbering scheme that is still used nowadays , in parallel with proper moon names ."
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This absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane gives Neptune its blue hue . | [
"As with Uranus , this absorption of red light by the atmospheric methane is part of what gives Neptune its blue hue , although Neptune 's vivid azure differs from Uranus 's milder cyan ."
] | [
"Arrhenius used the infrared observations of the moon by Frank Washington Very and Samuel Pierpont Langley at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh to calculate the absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2 and water vapor ."
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Later , an international agreement decided that both Le Verrier and Adams together deserved credit . | [
"Eventually an international consensus emerged that both Le Verrier and Adams jointly deserved credit ."
] | [
"Over the period 1840 â `` 1843 , similar work was carried out by engineer Ludwig A. Colding though it was little known outside his native Denmark ."
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Triton is the coldest object that has been measured in the solar system , with temperatures of â ' 235 Â C ( 38 K , â ' 392 Â F ) . | [
"In 1989 , Triton was the coldest object that had yet been measured in the solar system , with estimated temperatures of â ' 235 Â ."
] | [
"On top of Mount Everest , at 8,848 m elevation , the pressure is about 260 mbar ( 26.39 kPa ) and the boiling point of water is 69 Â C. ( 156.2 Â F ) ."
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Later images showed clouds that moved even faster than Scooter . | [
"Subsequent images revealed even faster clouds ."
] | [
"However , as it neared western North America it fell apart ."
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However , on November 2 , 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet . | [
"Some five years later , however , on November 2 , 1994 , the Hubble Space Telescope did not see the Great Dark Spot on the planet ."
] | [
"At the time , he saw only three of them , and he believed them to be fixed stars near Jupiter ."
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Unlike all other large planetary moons , Triton has a retrograde orbit , showing that the moon was probably captured , and maybe was once a Kuiper belt object . | [
"Unlike all other large planetary moons in the Solar System , Triton has a retrograde orbit , indicating that it was captured rather than forming in place ; it probably was once a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt ."
] | [
"Some small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions ."
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Several other rings were discovered by the Voyager cameras . Also with the thin Adams Ring about 63,000 km from the center of Neptune , the Leverrier Ring is at 53,000 km and the wider , smaller Galle Ring is at 42,000 km . | [
"The three main rings are the narrow Adams Ring , 63000 km from the center of Neptune , the Le Verrier Ring , at 53000 km , and the broader , fainter Galle Ring , at 42000 km ."
] | [
"Romulus , the outermost moon , would be about 0.89 Â across , slightly bigger than the closer but smaller Remus , which would be about 0.78 Â across ."
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Although Heinrich d'Arrest was still a student at the Berlin Observatory , he suggested that a newly drawn map of the sky , in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted area , could be compared with the current sky to look for the displacement characteristic of a planet , as compared to a fixed star . | [
"Heinrich d'Arrest , a student at the observatory , suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier 's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet , as opposed to a fixed star ."
] | [
"Some astronomers have argued that Thule 's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at precisely the distance from the Sun Thule does , in the same way ( though with the reverse effect ) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more inner parts of the asteroid belt ."
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The atmosphere of Neptune is made up mostly of hydrogen , with a smaller amount of helium . | [
"At high altitudes , Neptune 's atmosphere is 80 % hydrogen and 19 % helium ."
] | [
"A star begins as a collapsing cloud of material composed primarily of hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of heavier elements ."
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} |
The gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring , are now thought to have created the arcs . | [
"Astronomers now believe that the arcs are corralled into their current form by the gravitational effects of Galatea , a moon just inward from the ring ."
] | [
"On the other hand , if it is brightly colored like the neighbouring moon Miranda , it would be even smaller than Cupid and comparable to the smallest outer satellites ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia description:"
} |
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