query stringlengths 12 2.51k | pos list | neg list | task stringclasses 1
value | instruction dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
The process of Selecting a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical different approach from random noise . | [
"The vetting process for a new cipher design standard usually takes many years and includes exhaustive testing of large quantities of ciphertext for any statistical departure from random noise ."
] | [
"Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall keyspace , which usually means that , if one generates a random key to encrypt a message , weak keys are very unlikely to give rise to a security problem ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the description:",
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Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background . | [
"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship ."
] | [
"The section , used in drifting events since 2002 , is currently used to host a European Drift Championship round ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Formula One World Championship:",
"pos": "Represent the text about Formula One World Championship:",
"neg": "Represent the text:"
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The first race was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso of the Renault F1 team on 28 September 2008 . | [
"Upon resurrection of the event in 2008 , the first race at the Marina Bay location , which was also Formula One 's first night race , was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso driving for the Renault F1 team ."
] | [
"In 2010 De la Rosa drove for the newly-resurrected Sauber team . His team-mate at Sauber was Japanese driver Kamui Kobayashi who impressed at Toyota during the last two races of the 2009 Formula One season ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore , the race is Formula One 's first night race . | [
"The Singapore Grand Prix is a motor race , currently in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship . It is currently held in the Marina Bay area of Singapore ."
] | [
"The circuit was designed by German architect Hermann Tilke , the same architect who designed the Sepang circuit in Malaysia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Sports:",
"pos": "Represent the description about Sports:",
"neg": "Represent the description about Sports:"
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He has played for Å 1\/2 eljezniÄ ar Sarajevo . | [
"He is currently managing FK Å 1\\/2 eljezniÄ ar ."
] | [
"Is was succeeded by BraÅ ovia BraÅ ov ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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Amar Osim ( born 18 July 1967 ) is a former Bosnia and Herzegovina football player . | [
"Amar Osim ( born July 18 , 1967 ) is a former Bosnian football player and now a manager ."
] | [
"Sergej Barbarez ( born 17 September 1971 ) is a former football attacking midfielder from Bosnia and Herzegovina ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description about Sports:",
"pos": "Represent the description about Sports:",
"neg": "Represent the description about Sports:"
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The same features which makes a debugger useful for solving software bugs allows it to be used as a software cracking tool to crack copy protection and other software protection features . | [
"The same functionality which makes a debugger useful for eliminating bugs allows it to be used as a software cracking tool to evade copy protection , digital rights management , and other software protection features ."
] | [
"The originals are still popular with many hackers as they can be dissected and made to do interesting things ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In 2008 , he won a gold medal with the United States national team at the Olympics in Beijing . | [
"On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics ."
] | [
"At the age of 15 , she won the Ladies ' Singles Olympic gold medal in figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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"neg": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Figure skating:"
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Kobe Bryant ( born ) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association . Bryant plays as a shooting guard . | [
"Kobe Bean Bryant ( born ) is an American professional basketball player who plays shooting guard for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ."
] | [
"Derrick Martell Rose ( born October 4 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player who is currently playing for the Chicago Bulls of the NBA ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
"pos": "Represent the Wikipedia description:",
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It is also called a swarm spore . These spores are created by some algae and fungi to multiply themselves . | [
"Also called a swarm spore , these spores are created by some algae , bacteria and fungi to propagate themselves ."
] | [
"Polyps may be solitary or colonial , and some bud asexually by various means , making more polyps ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
"pos": "Represent the sentence:",
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There are two types of flagellated zoospores , whiplash and tinsel or `` decorated '' . | [
"There are two types of flagellated zoospores , tinsel or `` decorated '' , and whiplash ."
] | [
"These are highly modified into retractile tentacles , much larger than the regular tube feet ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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A zoospore is an asexual spore that uses a flagellum for moving around . | [
"A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion ."
] | [
"Flagellates are organisms with one or more whip-like organelles called flagella ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Sergiu Celibidache ( pronounce : SER-zhoo Chay-lee-bee-DAH-ke ) , ( born Roman , Romania , 28 June 1912 ; died 14 August 1996 ) was a Romanian conductor . | [
"Sergiu Celibidache ( ; June 28 , 1912 â `` August 14 , 1996 ) was a Romanian conductor ."
] | [
"Alban Maria Johannes Berg ( February 9 , 1885 â `` December 24 , 1935 ) was an Austrian composer ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . | [
"He regularly taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ."
] | [
"Walter ended his Munich appointment in 1922 and left for New York in 1923 , working with the New York Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall ; he later conducted in Detroit , Minnesota and Boston ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Education:",
"pos": "Represent the description about Education:",
"neg": "Represent the description:"
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Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84 . | [
"Sergiu Celibidache died in La Neuville-sur-Essonne , arrondissement Pithiviers near Paris on August 14 , 1996 , at age 84 ."
] | [
"He died of a heart attack in 1967 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her . The argument lasted for 12 years . | [
"One controversial incident during his tenure with the Munich Philharmonic was a protracted legal battle to oust principal trombonist Abbie Conant that lasted 12 years , with Conant ultimately prevailing ."
] | [
"Despite this , he says the idea of murder , `` haunted me day and night '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The astronomer Hipparchus ( 190-120 BCE ) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle , and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions . | [
"The Greek astronomer and astrologer Hipparchus ( 190-120 BCE ) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle , and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions ."
] | [
"The tropical year in the definition was not measured , but calculated from a formula describing a mean tropical year that decreased linearly over time , hence the curious reference to a specific instantaneous tropical year ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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As the coordinate system is two-dimensional , each point is determined by two polar coordinates : the radial coordinate and the angular coordinate . | [
"The radial coordinate is often denoted by r , and the angular coordinate by Î or t."
] | [
"The exponential function exactly maps all lines not parallel with the real or imaginary axis in the complex plane , to all logarithmic spirals in the complex plane with center at 0 ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text:",
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In mathematics , the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by an angle and a distance . | [
"In mathematics , the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a fixed point and an angle from a fixed direction ."
] | [
"A complex number is a number consisting of a real part and an imaginary part ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Norwich is a city of Connecticut in the United States . | [
"Norwich served as leadership center for Connecticut during the Civil War . Connecticut Governor William Buckingham , who was from nearby Lebanon , used his Norwich home as a de facto office during the conflict ."
] | [
"Radford is a city in Virginia , United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Palau , officially the Republic of Palau , is an island nation . | [
"As a sovereign nation , Palau conducts its own foreign relations . Since independence , Palau has established diplomatic relations with a number of nations , including many of its Pacific neighbors ."
] | [
"Kapingamarangi is an atoll and a municipality in the state of Pohnpei of the Federated States of Micronesia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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It is the Pacific Ocean . Palau is 300 miles ( 500 km ) east of the Philippines . | [
"Palau pÉ Ë laÊ , officially the Republic of Palau , is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean , some 500 miles ( 800 km ) east of the Philippines and 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) south of Tokyo ."
] | [
"Christmas Island is 500 k south of Indonesia and about 2600 k northwest of Perth ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration ( administered by the United States of America ) in 1994 . It is one of the world 's youngest and smallest nations . | [
"Having emerged from United Nations trusteeship in 1994 , it is one of the world 's youngest and smallest sovereign states ."
] | [
"Although its legal status is disputed , it is the effective boundary between China and India ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name Belau . | [
"In English , the name is sometimes spelled Belau in accordance with the native pronunciation ."
] | [
"That name , shortened to just the name of the country , stuck as the name of the American bird ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Palau has a tropical climate all year round . Average yearly temperature is around 82 Â F ( 27 Â C ) . | [
"Palau enjoys a tropical climate all year round with an annual mean temperature of 82 Â F ( 28 Â C ) ."
] | [
"Tibooburra has an arid , desert climate with temperatures soaring above 40 Â Celsius ( 104 Â F ) in summer , often reaching as high as 47 Â C ( 117 Â F ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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What is now Macedonia used to be a state called Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the southern part of the country of Yugoslavia . When that country broke up in 1991 , Macedonia became independent . | [
"After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 , the name of Macedonia became the object of a dispute between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia ."
] | [
"One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav wars after the disintegration of former Yugoslavia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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What is now Macedonia used to be a state called Socialist Republic of Macedonia in the southern part of the country of Yugoslavia . | [
"Following the federation 's renaming as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963 , the People 's Republic of Macedonia was likewise renamed , becoming the Socialist Republic of Macedonia ."
] | [
"One of the hardest tasks during his term was dealing with the crisis of the Yugoslav wars after the disintegration of former Yugoslavia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence:",
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United Nations calls the Republic of Macedonia , `` the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' ( FYROM ) . | [
"It became a member of the United Nations in 1993 but , as a result of a dispute with Greece over its name , it was admitted under the provisional reference of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , sometimes abbreviated as FYROM ."
] | [
"It was a socialist state and a federation made up of six socialist republics : Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , and Slovenia ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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"neg": "Represent the description about Political Science:"
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Greece and the Republic of Macedonia are arguing over the name Macedonia . | [
"After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 , the name of Macedonia became the object of a dispute between Greece and the newly independent Republic of Macedonia . In the south , the Republic of Macedonia borders the region of Greek Macedonia , which administratively is split into three peripheries ( one of them compr... | [
"Montenegro and Macedonia announced their recognition of Kosovo on 9 October 2008 . Albania , Croatia , Bulgaria and Hungary have also recognized the independence of Kosovo ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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An anniversary is a day that celebrates an event that happened on the same day and month , but in a past year . | [
"An anniversary is a day that commemorates and\\/or celebrates a past event that occurred on the same day of the year as the initial event ."
] | [
"In common years January starts on the same day of the week as October , but no other month starts on the same day of the week as October in leap years as the month begins on the same day of the week as August of the previous year . October ends on the same day of the week as February every year and January in comm... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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With an `` open '' proxy , however , any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service . | [
"With an open proxy , however , any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service ."
] | [
"SOCKS uses a handshake protocol to inform the proxy software about the connection that the client is trying to make and may be used for any form of TCP or UDP socket connection , whereas an HTTP proxy analyzes the HTTP headers sent through it in order to infer the address of the server and therefore may only be us... | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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An open proxy is a proxy server which any Internet user can use . | [
"An open proxy is a proxy server that is accessible by any Internet user ."
] | [
"Shared IP addresses such as school and company networks or proxy servers are frequently blocked for vandalism which , unfortunately , may also affect innocent editors on the same network ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Generally , a proxy server allows users within a network group to store and forward Internet services such as DNS or web pages , so that not as much bandwidth is used and it is more controlled . | [
"Generally , a proxy server allows users within a network group to store and forward Internet services such as DNS or web pages to reduce and control the bandwidth used by the group ."
] | [
"This may improve performance slightly in a system used by a single user , but may dramatically increase performance in a system with many users making widely varied requests on the disk surface ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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This is called having `` opposable thumbs '' . | [
"Most species do not have opposable thumbs ."
] | [
"This is sometimes called a `` managed float '' ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge ( January 3 , 1879 â `` July 8 , 1957 ) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge , the President of the United States . She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 . | [
"Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge ( January 3 , 1879 â `` July 8 , 1957 ) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929 ."
] | [
"John Nance Garner IV ( November 22 , 1868 -- November 7 , 1967 ) , was the 44th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( 1931 â `` 33 ) and the 32nd Vice President of the United States ( 1933 â `` 41 ) ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis ( born 4 August , 1973 ) is a Brazilian football player . | [
"Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis ( born on August 4 , 1973 , in Oriente , SÃ # o Paulo ) , known simply as Marcos , is a World Cup winning Brazilian football goalkeeper who won the 2002 FIFA World Cup ."
] | [
"Valdney Freitas da Matta ( born April 20 , 1971 ) is a former Brazilian football player ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence about Sports:",
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It is likely that dirge also came from the old expression Dirige , Domine , Deus meus , in conspectu tuo viam meam ( `` Direct my way in your sight , O Lord my God '' ) . | [
"The English word `` dirge '' is derived from the Latin Dirige , Domine , Deus meus , in conspectu tuo viam meam ( `` Direct my way in your sight , O Lord my God '' ) , the first words of the first antiphon in the Matins of the Office for the Dead ."
] | [
"Although he did not agree in Mary 's veneration , he did advocate the use of the first half of the Hail Mary ( that is , `` Hail Mary , full of grace , the Lord is with thee ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In doubles , the first team to serve has one player serve . | [
"When the serving side loses a rally , the serve immediately passes to their opponent ( s ) ( this differs from the old system where sometimes the serve passes to the doubles partner for what is known as a `` second serve '' ) ."
] | [
"If either contestant failed to complete the row , money was awarded to their opponent . Three sets of cards were played , with three , four , and five in each row ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ) Ë kÊ mÉ n sometimes spelled cummin ) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae , native from the east Mediterranean to East India . | [
"Cumin ( or , ; sometimes spelled cummin ; Cuminum cyminum ) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae , native from the east Mediterranean to East India ."
] | [
"Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ) , also known as stinking nightshade or black henbane , is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia , though it is now globally distributed ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the description:",
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Cabanac-et-Villagrains is a commune . It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France . | [
"Cabanac-et-Villagrains is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
] | [
"Saint-Laurent-d ` Arce is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in south-western France ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the text about Geography:",
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A nova ( plural : novae ) is a nuclear explosion that occurs when gravity from a white dwarf star collects hydrogen from a neighboring star . This process starts nuclear fusion on the white dwarf , and a nuclear explosion results . | [
"novae ) is a cataclysmic nuclear explosion caused by the accretion of hydrogen on to the surface of a white dwarf star , which ignites and starts nuclear fusion in a runaway manner ."
] | [
"If a white dwarf has a close companion star that overflows its Roche lobe , the white dwarf will steadily accrete gases from the star 's outer atmosphere ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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The Parti Quà bà cois want Quebec to become its own country , or succeed from Canada . The Parti Quà bà cois , or PQ was founded by Renà Là vesque . | [
"These are the slogans used by the Parti Quà bà cois in general election campaigns throughout its history ."
] | [
"For the 2007 presidential election , many potential candidates appeared : Franà ois Hollande , Laurent Fabius ( from the left-wing of the party ) , Dominique Strauss-Kahn ( who claimed to represent `` social democracy '' ) , Jack Lang , Martine Aubry and Sà golà ne Royal , who was favored according to the polls ."... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Parti Quà bà cois ( PQ ) is a political party that wants sovereignty for the province of Quebec . | [
"The Bloc Quà bà cois ( BQ ) is a federal political party founded in 1990 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard . It holds close ties to the Parti Quà bà cois , and shares its principal objective : sovereignty ."
] | [
"However , plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the Gaullist opposition in the French National Assembly , who feared that they would lead to calls for autonomy from other rà gions ( such as Brittany , Alsace , or Provence ) , eventually threatening France 's unity as a country ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The current Bloc Quà bà cois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce that he would to try to become the leader of the PQ , on May 11 , 2007 . | [
"Current Bloc Quà bà cois leader Gilles Duceppe was the first to announce his intention to run for party leadership , on 11 May 2007 ."
] | [
"Bowell backed legislation , already drafted , that would have forced Manitoba to restore its Catholic schools , but then postsponed it due to opposition within his Cabinet ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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On June 26 , 2007 Marois won the leadership . Pauline Marois is the current leader of the . | [
"Since June 2007 , the party is headed by Pauline Marois ."
] | [
"Since August 25 , 2010 , he has been the First Mayor of Hamburg ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The Bloc Quà bà cois is a federal political party in Canada that was made in in 1990 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard . | [
"The Bloc Quà bà cois ( BQ ) is a federal political party founded in 1990 by future PQ leader Lucien Bouchard ."
] | [
"He was followed the same day by Pauline Marois . In a surprise move , Duceppe withdrew on the 12th - leaving Marois the only declared candidate ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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On June 26 , 2007 Marois won the leadership . | [
"On 26 June 2007 , still the sole candidate , Marois won the leadership by acclamation ."
] | [
"On May 16 , 2008 , Long quit his role of Assistant General Manager ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In the provincial election of 1976 , the Parti Quà bà cois was elected to the government of Quà bec for the first time and Renà Là vesque , became the premier of Quebec . | [
"In the 1976 provincial election , the Parti Quà bà cois was elected for the first time to form the government of Quebec . The party 's leader , Renà Là vesque , became the Premier of Quebec ."
] | [
"He reestablished universal suffrage , feared by the Republicans at the time who correctly expected the country-side to vote against the Republic , Louis Napoleon took the title Emperor Napoleon III , and the Second Empire began ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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The party was elected again in the 1981 election , but in November 1984 founder Renà Là vesque left the party and the PQ lost the 1985 election . | [
"The PQ was defeated by the Quebec Liberal Party in the 1985 election ."
] | [
"After the free elections of 1990 he retained the presidency ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Pauline Marois also said she was going to try to become leader , but Duceppe changed his mind on the 12th leaving Marois the only candidate . | [
"He was followed the same day by Pauline Marois . In a surprise move , Duceppe withdrew on the 12th - leaving Marois the only declared candidate ."
] | [
"Bowell backed legislation , already drafted , that would have forced Manitoba to restore its Catholic schools , but then postsponed it due to opposition within his Cabinet ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia text:",
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Lizzie McGuire is an American children 's situation comedy television show . | [
"Three Lizzie McGuire video games have been released for the Game Boy Advance : Lizzie McGuire : On the Go ( 2003 ) , Lizzie McGuire 2 : Lizzie Diaries ( 2004 ) , and Lizzie McGuire 3 : Homecoming Havoc ( 2005 ) ."
] | [
"Hannah Montana : The Movie is a 2009 American musical film adaptation of American teen sitcom Hannah Montana ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the sentence about Television:",
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Tuttle is a city of Oklahoma in the United States . | [
"Tuttle is a city in Grady County , Oklahoma , United States ."
] | [
"Hooker is a city in Texas County , Oklahoma , in the United States ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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In 1866 , the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann came up with a system for naming hydrocarbons . The suffixes - ane , - ene , - ine , - one , and - une were used to call the hydrocarbons with 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane it came from . | [
"In 1866 , the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann proposed a system of hydrocarbon nomenclature in which the suffixes - ane , - ene , - ine , - one , and - une were used to denote the hydrocarbons with 0 , 2 , 4 , 6 , and 8 fewer hydrogens than their parent alkane ."
] | [
"Each carbon atom must have 4 bonds ( either C-H or C-C bonds ) , and each hydrogen atom must be joined to a carbon atom ( H-C bonds ) . A series of linked carbon atoms is known as the carbon skeleton or carbon backbone ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
"query": "Represent the Wikipedia sentence:",
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Because of this system , ethylene became ethene . | [
"In this system , ethylene became ethene ."
] | [
"Similarly , ( 0.6 % ) , with a half life of is not usually considered to be radioactive ."
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Some of the parts of an ethylene plant can be : | [
"The process proceeds via the initial complexation of ethylene to a Pd ( II ) center . Major intermediates from the halogenation and hydrohalogenation of ethylene include ethylene dichloride , ethyl chloride and ethylene dibromide ."
] | [
"From simplest to most sophisticated they can be roughly grouped into the following areas :"
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There are other systems in an ethylene plant . | [
"Inhibitors of ethylene perception include compounds that have a similar shape to ethylene , but do not elicit the ethylene response ."
] | [
"In the cookie , the agent of cohesion has become some form of oil ."
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Saint-Michel-en-l ` Herm is a commune . It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Vendà e department in the west of France . | [
"Saint-Michel-en-l ` Herm is a commune in the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
] | [
"Chavagnes-les-Redoux is a commune of the Vendà e department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France ."
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The name Blood and Honour is taken from the motto of the Hitler Youth , Blut und Ehre . | [
"Blood & Honour took its name from the motto of the Hitler Youth , Blut und Ehre , and a song of the same name by Skrewdriver ."
] | [
"The Horst-Wessel-Lied ( `` Horst Wessel Song '' ) , also known as Die Fahne hoch ( `` The Flag Up High '' ) from its opening line , was the anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945 ."
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Ian Stuart Donaldson , singer of the band Skrewdriver , was the founder of Blood and Honour . | [
"Ian Stuart Donaldson , singer of the band Skrewdriver , was the founder and one of the prominent leaders until his death in 1993 ."
] | [
"They later evolved into one of the first neo-Nazi rock bands , playing a leading role in the Rock Against Communism movement and becoming known as the most prominent white power skinhead band ."
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Iraq and Iran entered into warfare on September 22 , 1980 . | [
"Iraq invaded Iran , first attacking Mehrabad Airport of Tehran and then entering the oil-rich Iranian land of Khuzestan , which also has a sizable Arab minority , on 22 September 1980 and declared it a new province of Iraq ."
] | [
"The Nigerian-Biafran War began on July 6 , 1967 and lasted until January 15 , 1970 ."
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Under pressure from the Shah , who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975 , Saddam agreed to kick Khomeini out in 1978 . | [
"However , when Khomeini began to urge the Shi'ite s there to overthrow Saddam and under pressure from the Shah , who had agreed to a rapprochement between Iraq and Iran in 1975 , Saddam agreed to expel Khomeini in 1978 to France ."
] | [
"As a consequence of his outspoken support for Sadat 's Camp David peace treaty with Israel in 1978 , his books were banned in many Arab countries until after he won the Nobel Prize ."
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He was then left completely in control of Iraq . The country never recovered from the Gulf War , economically or with the army . | [
"Saddam , having survived the immediate crisis in the wake of defeat , was left firmly in control of Iraq , although the country never recovered either economically or militarily from the Gulf War ."
] | [
"Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil , and thus keeping prices low , when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt ."
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By the beginning of April Coalition forces had much of Iraq . | [
"By the beginning of April , U.S.-led forces occupied much of Iraq ."
] | [
"In the second operation , Fall Rot ( Case Red ) , executed from 5 June , German forces outflanked the Maginot Line and pushed deep into France ."
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175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and the dead were estimated to be 85,000 . | [
"Some 175,000 Iraqis were taken prisoner and casualties were estimated at over 85,000 ."
] | [
"The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at approximately 10,000 people ."
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U.S. officials attempted to maintain a conciliatory line with Iraq , indicating that while Bush and Baker did not want force to be used , they would not take any position on the Iraqi-Kuwait dispute and did not want to become involved . | [
"U.S. officials attempted to maintain a conciliatory line with Iraq , indicating that while George H. W. Bush and James Baker did not want force used , they would not take any position on the Iraqâ `` Kuwait boundary dispute and did not want to become involved ."
] | [
"In a July 11 letter , he complained that the British did not appear to trust him , and threatened to break off negotiations unless progress was made ."
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The UN placed a trade embargo on Iraq , blocking Iraqi oil exports . | [
"The UN sanctions placed upon Iraq when it invaded Kuwait were not lifted , blocking Iraqi oil exports ."
] | [
"Activists in Portugal , Australia , the United States , and elsewhere pressured their governments to take action , with US President Bill Clinton eventually threatening Indonesia , in dire economic straits already , with the withdrawal of IMF loans ."
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After making some gains , Iraq 's troops began to suffer losses from human-wave attacks by Iran . | [
"After making some initial gains , Iraq 's troops began to suffer losses from human wave attacks by Iran ."
] | [
"As the war drew to a conclusion , the city was once more pulled into heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated ."
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They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam Hussein would pardon them . | [
"They returned to Iraq when they received assurances that Saddam would pardon them ."
] | [
"The United States , which had urged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam , did nothing to assist the rebellions ."
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The U.S. helped Saddam Hussein in the war with Iran , but with Iraq 's take over of the oil-rich emirate of Kuwait in August of 1990 the United States led a United Nations attempt that drove Saddam from Kuwait in February 1991 . | [
"â With Saddam 's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990 an United Nations coalition led by the United States drove Iraq 's troops from Kuwait in February 1991 ."
] | [
"During the Six-Day War of 1967 , the Israelis captured Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula all the way to the Suez Canal , which became the cease-fire line , and roughly half of Syria 's Golan Heights . On June 19 , 1967 , the National Unity Government of Israel voted unanimously to return the Sinai to Egypt and the Golan He... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $ 40 billion worth of arms in the 1980s to fight Iran , nearly all of it on credit . | [
"The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $ 40 billion in aid in the 1980s to fight Iran , nearly all of it on credit ."
] | [
"Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil , and thus keeping prices low , when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt ."
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As Iraq-Kuwait relations rapidly grew worse , Saddam was getting conflicting information about how the U.S. would respond to an invasion . | [
"As Iraq-Kuwait relations rapidly deteriorated , Saddam was receiving conflicting information about how the U.S. would respond to the prospects of an invasion ."
] | [
"Although his status as `` leader of the Arabs '' was badly damaged by the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War and Egypt 's failure to win the War of Attrition against Israel , many in the general Arab population still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom ."
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He soon became the creator of Iraq 's foreign policy and represented the nation in all diplomatic situations . | [
"He soon became the architect of Iraq 's foreign policy and represented the nation in all diplomatic situations ."
] | [
"At that time , some his writings were intended to influence the positions of the Italian Government on certain human rights issues , as was the case with material that he wrote on North Korea ."
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In 1976 Saddam was appointed as a general in the Iraqi army . | [
"In 1976 , Saddam rose to the position of general in the Iraqi armed forces , and rapidly became the strongman of the government ."
] | [
"As President he was concurrently Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army ."
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The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew in the region , particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations , especially Iraq . | [
"The influence of revolutionary Shi'ite Islam grew apace in the region , particularly in countries with large Shi'ite populations , especially Iraq ."
] | [
"Under Hulagu 's leadership , the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power , Baghdad , and also weakened Damascus , causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo ."
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Saddam had pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices and cut back production , but on top of Kuwaiti refusals to do so , Kuwait helped spearhead OPEC 's opposition to the production cuts that Saddam had requested . | [
"Saddam pushed oil-exporting countries to raise oil prices by cutting back production ; Kuwait refused , however . In addition to refusing the request , Kuwait spearheaded the opposition in OPEC to the cuts that Saddam had requested ."
] | [
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Saddam returned to Iraq , but was imprisoned in 1964 when an anti-Ba ` ath group led by Abdul Rahman Arif took power . | [
"Saddam returned to Iraq , but was imprisoned in 1964 ."
] | [
"A few weeks later , he was overthrown in a bloodless coup d' Ã tat by General Ayub Khan , who then declared himself President ."
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The U.S. ambassador to Iraq , April Glaspie , met with Saddam in a meeting on July 25 , where the Iraqi leader said he wanted to keep talks going . | [
"U.S. ambassador to Iraq April Glaspie met with Saddam in an emergency meeting on 25 July 1990 , where the Iraqi leader stated his intention to give negotiations only . ."
] | [
"The United States , which had urged Iraqis to rise up against Saddam , did nothing to assist the rebellions ."
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Helped by the Security Council , a U.S.-led coalition launched missile attacks on Iraq , January 16 , 1991 . | [
"Backed by the Security Council , a U.S.-led coalition launched round-the-clock missile and aerial attacks on Iraq , beginning 16 January 1991 ."
] | [
"When the Taliban refused to hand over Osama Bin Laden to U.S. authorities and refused to disband Al Qaeda bases in Afghanistan , the U.S. and British air forces began bombing al-Qaeda and Taliban targets inside Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom ."
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Together , Iraq and Kuwait had 20 percent of the world 's known oil reserves . | [
"Taken together , Iraq and Kuwait sat on top of some 20 percent of the world 's known oil reserves ; as an article of comparison , Saudi Arabia holds 25 percent ."
] | [
"The United States is the second-leading producer , with more than 7.5 % of world production ."
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According to Saddam , in 1957 , at the age of 20 , Saddam became part of the Ba ` ath Party . | [
"After secondary school Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years , dropping out in 1957 at the age of 20 to join the revolutionary pan-Arab Ba ` ath Party , of which his uncle was a supporter ."
] | [
"His movement eventually acquired tens of thousands of supporters , was virulently opposed by Iran 's Shi ` a clergy , and was suppressed by the Iranian government leading to the persecution and killing of thousands of his followers , called Bà bà s. In 1850 , at the age of thirty , the Bà b was shot by a firing sq... | SimpleWiki | {
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The Iraqi government and military collapsed in three weeks of the beginning of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on March 20 . | [
"The Iraqi government and military collapsed within three weeks of the beginning of the U.S.-led 2003 invasion of Iraq on 20 March ."
] | [
"Foreign policy was the dominant theme throughout the election campaign , particularly Bush 's conduct of the War on Terrorism and the 2003 invasion of Iraq ."
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Washington had been taking measures to start a good relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade . | [
"For one , Washington had been taking measures to cultivate a constructive relationship with Iraq for roughly a decade ."
] | [
"However , the residents of the Boyd County farming community chose to resist the offer and controversy followed for almost two decades ."
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As the war was looming on February 24 , 2003 , Saddam Hussein talked with CBS News anchor Dan Rather for more than three hoursâ '' his first interview with a U.S. reporter in over a decade . | [
"With war looming on 24 February 2003 , Saddam Hussein took part in an interview with CBS News reporter Dan Rather ."
] | [
"Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004 , making him the second-longest-serving director in the agency 's historyâ `` behind Allen Welsh Dullesâ `` as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties ."
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In August 1995 , Rana and her husband Hussein Kamel al Majid and Raghad and her husband , Saddam Kamel Majid , defected to Jordan , taking their children with them . | [
"In August 1995 , Raghad and her husband Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Rana and her husband , Saddam Kamel al-Majid , defected to Jordan , taking their children with them ."
] | [
"Khalid was received by his elder brother Walid bin Walid and was first among the three men to enter Islam ."
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This caused hardship in Iraq and almost destroyed the Iraqi economy and state infrastructure . | [
"This caused immense hardship in Iraq and virtually destroyed the Iraqi economy and state infrastructure ."
] | [
"Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel interests in Egypt and abroad ."
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Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil , and keeping prices low , when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt . | [
"Kuwait was pumping large amounts of oil , and thus keeping prices low , when Iraq needed to sell high-priced oil from its wells to pay off a huge debt ."
] | [
"The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $ 40 billion in aid in the 1980s to fight Iran , nearly all of it on credit ."
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Khomeini , having been exiled from Iran in 1964 , began living in Iraq , at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf . | [
"Khomeini , having been exiled from Iran in 1964 , took up residence in Iraq , at the Shi'ite holy city of An Najaf ."
] | [
"His movement eventually acquired tens of thousands of supporters , was virulently opposed by Iran 's Shi ` a clergy , and was suppressed by the Iranian government leading to the persecution and killing of thousands of his followers , called Bà bà s. In 1850 , at the age of thirty , the Bà b was shot by a firing sq... | SimpleWiki | {
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U.S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the terms of the Gulf War 's cease fire , by developing weapons of mass destruction and other banned weaponry , and violating the UN-imposed sanctions and `` no fly zones . '' | [
"U.S. officials continued to accuse Saddam of violating the terms of the Gulf War 's cease fire , by developing weapons of mass destruction and other banned weaponry , and violating the UN-imposed sanctions ."
] | [
"In the late 1940s , lack of mutual trust was preventing the United States and the Soviet Union from making ground towards international arms control agreements , but by the 1960s steps were being taken to limit both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the environmental effects of nuclear te... | SimpleWiki | {
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On December 9 , 1996 the United Nations allowed Baghdad to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine . | [
"On 9 December 1996 the United Nations allowed Saddam 's government to begin selling limited amounts of oil for food and medicine ."
] | [
"The Reagan administration gave Saddam roughly $ 40 billion in aid in the 1980s to fight Iran , nearly all of it on credit ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There , he became involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ite s and got a strong religious and political following throughout the world . | [
"There he involved himself with Iraqi Shi'ite s and developed a strong , worldwide religious and political following against the Iranian Government , whom Saddam tolerated ."
] | [
"However , Israeli President Moshe Katsav supported and praised him for bridging the gap between the two states ."
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As part of the cease-fire agreement , Iraq agreed to get rid of all poison gas and germ weapons and allow UN observers to inspect the sites . | [
"As part of the cease-fire agreement , Iraq agreed to scrap all poison gas and germ weapons and allow UN observers to inspect the sites ."
] | [
"However , many nations and organizations hoped to deliver assistance and relief to Burma without delay ; most of their officials , supplies and stores were waiting in Thailand and at the Yangon airport , as the Burmese junta declined to issue visas for many of those individuals ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In 1979 Iran 's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution , giving way to an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini . | [
"In 1979 Iran 's Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was overthrown by the Islamic Revolution , thus giving way to an Islamic republic led by the Ayatollah Khomeini ."
] | [
"Zoroastrianism was the state religion of the Sassanid dynasty which lasted until 651 , when Persia was conquered by the forces of Islam ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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He never knew his father , Hussein ` Abd al-Majid , who disappeared five months before Saddam was born . | [
"He never knew his father , Hussein ` Abid al-Majid , who disappeared six months before Saddam was born ."
] | [
"Khan reveals that Ali was not really Hassan 's father , and that Ali was sterile , and that Hassan was actually the son of Baba , and therefore Amir 's half-brother ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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There had also been a rivalry between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s . | [
"There had also been bitter enmity between Saddam and Khomeini since the 1970s ."
] | [
"As a consequence of his outspoken support for Sadat 's Camp David peace treaty with Israel in 1978 , his books were banned in many Arab countries until after he won the Nobel Prize ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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In August 2 , 1990 , Saddam invaded and Kuwait , thus making an international crisis . | [
"On 2 August 1990 , Saddam invaded and annexed Kuwait , initially claiming assistance to `` Kuwaiti revolutionaries , '' thus sparking an international crisis ."
] | [
"His first crusade there was in 1973 , during which he openly denounced apartheid ."
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Army officers , including some with the Ba ` ath party , came to power in Iraq in a military coup in 1963 . | [
"Army officers with ties to the Ba ` ath Party overthrew Qasim in a coup in 1963 ."
] | [
"A few weeks later , he was overthrown in a bloodless coup d' Ã tat by General Ayub Khan , who then declared himself President ."
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Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( April 28 1937 - December 30 2006 ) , was the President of Iraq , from July 16 1979 to April 9 2003 , when he was removed from his position during the War in Iraq led by the United States . | [
"Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic : ' ; 28 April 1937 â `` 30 December 2006 ) was the fifth President of Iraq , serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003 ."
] | [
"Richard Bruce `` Dick '' Cheney ( born January 30 , 1941 ) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States ( 2001-2009 ) , under George W. Bush ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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After Khomeini gained power , small battles between Iraq and revolutionary Iran happened for ten months . They were fought over who controlled the the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway , which divides the two countries . | [
"After Khomeini gained power , skirmishes between Iraq and revolutionary Iran occurred for ten months over the sovereignty of the disputed Shatt al-Arab waterway , which divides the two countries ."
] | [
"The war broke out due to political and ethnic struggles , partly caused by the numerous attempts of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria to secede and form the Republic of Biafra ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Later , Iraq and Kuwait then met for a final negotiation session , which failed . | [
"Later , Iraq and Kuwait met for a final negotiation session , which failed ."
] | [
"The Japanese , with their own objectives in mind , refused to proceed west of Lake Baikal and stayed behind ."
] | SimpleWiki | {
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Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse , and Saddam 's sons , Uday Hussein and Qusay Hussein , became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of terror . | [
"Domestic repression inside Iraq grew worse , and Saddam 's sons , Uday and Qusay Hussein , became increasingly powerful and carried out a private reign of terror ."
] | [
"The directors and guards of the Western powers ( France , Britain , and the United States ) , repeatedly voiced opposition to many of the stricter measures and made near-constant protest about them to their superiors throughout the prison 's existence , but they were invariably vetoed by the Soviet Union , which f... | SimpleWiki | {
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