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Anatomical closure of ductus arteriosus occurs at –
Circulatory adjustments at birth These are brought about because of a shift from placental dependance for gas exchange in the fetus to pulmonary gas exchange in the neonate. 1) Pulmonary circulation Immediately after birth lungs expand due to the first few breaths of the neonate. This causes a fall in pulmonary vas...
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Rheumatoid factor is directed against-
harshmohan textbook of pathology *detection of circulating autoantibody called rheumatoid factor against Fc poion of autologous IgG in about 80% of cases
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Most sensitive investigation for air embolism is
C i.e. Doppler Ultrasound
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Under the National Programme for Control of Blindness, the goal is to reduce the prevalence of blindness to a level of -
To reduce prevalence of blindness in population from 1.38% to 0.31% by 2000. Ref- Park&;s textbook of Preventive and social medicine 24th edition. .
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Conjugate vaccine are available for the prevention of invasive disease caused by all of the following bacteria except:
Ans. (d) Neisseria meningitidis (Group B) Note: Conjugate vaccines are available for: a. Hemophilus influenza B. b. Menigococcal serotypes A, C, Y and W-135. c. Streptococcalpneumoniae(pneumococcus).
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Which of the following is not required for conversion of acetyl CoA to palmitate?
The pathway conves acetyl-CoA to palmitate and requires NADPH, ATP, Mn2+, biotin, pantothenic acid, and as cofactors. Ref: Harper 28th edition, chapter 23.
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Nutrient artery to Femur is a branch of
Femur gets its nutrient artery from 2nd perforating Branch arising from profunda femoris artery.
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All are stages of anaesthesia except-
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Allodynia o Stages of anaesthesia are Stage of analgesia ( stage 1), stage of delirium or excitment (stage 2), stage of surgical anesthesia (stage 3) and stage of medullary'- paralysis (stage 4).o Guedel described four stages of ether anesthesia known as Guedel stages.Stages of anaesthesiao GAs cause ...
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Kuppuswamy socioeconomic status scale comprises of -
Kuppuswamy &;s socio-economic status scale education occupation family income per month (refer pgno:690 park 23 rd edition)
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Early strict toilet training can result in
A condition in which a child resists having bowel movements, causing impacted stool to collect in the colon and rectum and lead to leakage. Common causes of this symptom Encopresis can have causes that aren&;t due to underlying disease. Examples include sneezing, constipation, incontinence due to lack of potty training...
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Xray showing air column between soft tissue mass and posterior wall of nasopharynx is suggestive of -
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Antrochoanal polyp o On xray.antrochoanal polyp appears as a soft tissue density and shows a column of air between the soft tissue mass and posterior wall of nasopharynx.
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To which of the following family of chemical mediator of inflammation,the lipoxins belong
ref Robbins 7/e p69 lipoxins are a recent addition to the family of bioactive products generated from arachidonic acid.they have anti inflammatory activity
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Not present in Sideroblastic anaemia is ?
Ans. is 'b' i.e., Decreased transferrin saturation Sideroblastic anemia Sideroblastic anemia is a type of anemia in which the body has adequate amount of iron but is unable to corporate it into hemoglobin. Pathogensis o The basis defect is a failure to completely form heme molecules, whose biosynthesis takes place paly...
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Which of the following tests can differentiate MRKH from testicular feminizing syndrome
Karyotyping is best to differentiate between MRKH and testicular feminization syndrome.
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The posterior urethra is best visualized by ?
Voiding cystourethrography is the best method to visualize posterior urethra. Remember, Urethra can be imaged radiographically in two ways. Anterograde techniques --> Best for visualization of posterior urethra. (This is done along with voiding cystourethrography or with voiding following excretory urography) Retrograd...
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Which nerve is damaged in fracture surgical neck humerus -
Ans. is 'a' i.e., Axillary Complications of fracture surgical neck humeruso Shoulder stiffness.o Axillary nerve is particularly vulnerable, both from the injury and from surgeryo Axillary artery injury o Malunion o Nonunion o Myositis ossificans
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A herd immunity of over - % is considered necessary to prevent epidemic spread of diphtheria-
Ans. is 'd' i.e., 70% o A herd immunity of over 70% is considered necessary to prevent epidemic spread, but some believe that the critical level may be as high as 90%.Diphtheriao Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of corynebacterium diphtheriae.o Source of infection - cases or carrier...
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Drug of choice for schizophrenic patient with poor oral absorption is?
Clozapine REF: Kaplan and sadock's synopsis in psychiatry 10th ed p. 489-490 Antipsychotics can be categorized into two main groups: the older conventional antipsychotics, which have also been called first-generation antipsychotics or dopamine receptor antagonists (DRA), and the newer drugs, which have been called seco...
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Most common infections after splenectomy are
Oppounist post-splenectomy infection is caused by capsulated bacteria.Post-splenectomy septicaemia may result from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitides, Haemophilus influenzae and Escherichia coli.Bailey and love 26th edition pg: 1096
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Type of inheritance in MELAS -
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes - abbreted to MELAS - is one of the family of mitochondrial cytopathies, which also include MERRF, and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. It was first characterized under this name in 1984. A feature of these diseases is that they are caused b...
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During bilateral adrenalectomy, intra-operative dose of hydrocoisone should be given after:
Patients undergoing surgical treatment of endogenous hypercoisolism require glucocoicoid replacement. Steroids are not given pre-operatively because these patients are already hypercoisolemic. Instead hydrocoisone 100 mg IV is given after the removal of second hyperplastic adrenal gland.
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Which of the following tumors is characterized histologically by pseudopalisading, necrosis, endoneural proliferation, hypercellularity, and atypical nuclei?
The features listed in the question are characteristic of a glioblastoma multiforme. Astrocytomas, the most common primary brain tumors in adults, range from low-grade to very high-grade (glioblastoma multiforme). These grades of astrocytomas include grade I (the least aggressive and histologically difficult to differe...
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Spiral ganglion innervates which cells in the following diagram
Ans. (a) A(Ref: Ganong, 25th ed/p.202)Spiral ganglionContains cell bodies of the auditory nerve whose peripheral axons innervate hair cells on the organ of Corti90% to 95% of these sensory neurons innervate the inner hair cells (point A)Only 5-10% innervate the more numerous outer hair cells
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A 30 year old male presented with pain in lower extremities, aggravated by walking. He gives the history of cigarette smoking. In this patient prevalence of which histocompatibility antigen is increased?
The history suggests that the patient is suffering from Buerger disease. There is increased prevalence of HLA-A9 and HLA-B5 in these patients. HLA DISEASE HLA-B8 Myasthenia gravis, Graves Disease HLA-DR2 Narcolepsy HLA-DR3 Myasthenia gravis, Celiac sprue HLA-DR4/DW4 Rheumatoid ahritis
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Marker of glomus tumor -
Additional studies using immunohistochemical techniques revealed that malignant glomus tumors are characterized by the presence of MIB-1, p53, Bcl-2, and CD34. Up to 4% of the tumors are functional and produce clinically significant levels of catecholamines, norepinephrine, or dopamine with symptoms mimicking a pheochr...
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A patient has small, oval multiple ulcers in oral cavity with red erythematous margins. The diagnosis is:
Aphthous ulcer Small and oval multiple ulcers in oral cavity Has red erythematous margins Syphilitic ulcer Firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration Tubercular ulcer Firm, nontender erythematous nodules that soften, ulcerate, and form sinuses.
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Absolute contraindication for IUCD are all except
Absolute contraindications Suspected pregnancy Undiagnosed vaginal bleeding Cancer cervix Previous ectopic pregnancy Relative contraindications Distoions of the uterine cavity due to Congenital malformations Fibroids Anaemia Menorrhagia Reference : Park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, Page ...
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Rape is defined under: September 2010
Ans. A: IPC-375 IPC-375 defines rape. A man is said to commit "rape" who, except in the case hereinafter excepted, has sexual intercourse with a woman under circumstances falling under any of the six following descriptions: ? First: - Against her will. Secondly: - Without her consent. Thirdly: - With her consent, when ...
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Least common cause of ambiguous genitalia in female genotype:
Ans. C. Fetal steroid sulphatase deficiencyRef: Sperojf, 9th/ed, pll9ExplanationPlacental sulfatase deficiency# There is an X-linked metabolic disease characterized by a placental sulfatase deficiency in the syncytiotrophoblast, and postnatally, ichthyosis, occurring in about 1 in 2000-3000 newborn males.# Patients wit...
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Most common malignancy found in Marjolins ulcer is -
Ans. is 'b' i.e., SCC o Malignancy arising in burn scar is k-'a Marjolin s ulcer. It is most commonly squamous cell ca, although basal cell carcinoma may also be seen.
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Babloo a 10-year-old boy presents with # of the humerus. X-ray reveals a lytic lesion at the upper end. Likely condition is
Here, two options are there which are included in the differential diagnosis of the lytic lesion in the proximal humerus, i.e., unicameral bone cyst and aneurysmal bone cyst. We cannot differentiate between two on the basis of information provided in the question. However, the best option here is a unicameral bone cyst...
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Most common type cancer gallbladder in a patient with gallstones
The most common cancer in a patient with gallstones is adenocarcinoma(90%).Occasionally squamous cell carcinoma,adenosquamous or carcinoid tumour can occur. Reference: SRB&;s manual of surgery,5th edition, page no.659
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All are tocolytics except
Misoprostol is indicated in cervical ripening prior to Labour whereas tocolytics inhibit uterine contractions and keep the uterus quiescent. Reference: Textbook of Obstetrics : Sheila Balakrishnan pg. 573,196
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Frey's Syndrome is due to injury of which of the following nerve branch
* Auriculo temporal nerve is the Post ganglionic parasympathetic nerve which on injury during parotidectomy, results in Gustatory sweating syndrome known as Frey's syndrome after 2-3 months. * Auriculotemporal nerve is the branch of Mandibular division of Trigeminal Nerve( 5th Cranial Nerve) Ref:- Surgery Sixer 3rd Edi...
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Which of the following is not a teiary amine
Refer kDT 7/e p 108,113 The structure of teiary and quaternary amine is depicted in the picture As seen in the diagram, quaternary amine are ionized and thus water soluble. These drugs are not able to cross the blood brain barrier Atropine hyoscine and physostigmine are teiary amines (and thus lipid soluble) and can cr...
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Onset of LH surge precedes ovulation by:
LH surge 36 hrs (24- 36 hrs) before ovulation. LH peak 12 hrs before ovulation.
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Rave drug is ?
Rave drugs are ectasy (MDMA), gamma-hydroxybutyrate and rohypnol.
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Which of the following is present in Paneth cells?
Paneth cells, located in the basal poion of the intestinal crypts below the stem cells, are exocrine cells with large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm. The granules contain the bactericidal enzyme lysozyme, an arginine-rich protein, and zinc. Paneth cell granules undergo exocytosis to release ...
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The following features are hallmarks of postprimary pulmonary tuberculosis except-
Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas, with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages. When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, they fuse together to form a giant multinuc...
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The virus causing which of the following disease produces both intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies ?
Cytopathic effect consist of multinucleate syncytium formation with numerous acidophilic nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions REF:ANANTHANARYANAN TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PGNO.512
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Nucleotides serve all of the following roles, EXCEPT:
Nucleotide Nucleic acids are polynucleotides CAMP and cGMP are cyclic nucleotides involved in signaling pathways. ATP is the cellular currency of energy Membrane is made up of phospholipids and cholesterol and not nucleotides.
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Which is not a branch of cavernous pa of internal carotid aery?
Internal carotid aery is a terminal branch of common carotid aery. It first runs through the neck (cervical pa), then passes through the petrous bone(petrous pa), then courses through the sinuses(cavernous sinuses)and lastly lies in relation to the brain(cerebral pa). AREA OF DISTRIBUTION Cervical pa of the aery does n...
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Stain for fat, all except:
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Congo redo Congo red is not used in lipid staining. It is used in the staining of amyloid protein.Staining for lipidsExamplesStain usedNon nolar linidsUnconjugatedlipidsFatty acidsOil red O, Sudanblack, Sudan III & IVFilipinSchultzCalcium lipaseCholesterolCholesteryl estersMono, di and Tri-glyceridesE...
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MC site of injury to the ureter during a hysterectomy is: March 2004
Ans. C i.e. Site of crossing by the uterine aery
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Keratomalacia is associated with:
A i.e. Measles Measles and diarrhoea can cause vit A deficiency and thus lead to keratomalacia Q
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Butterfly rash is associated with: September 2006, September 2012
Ans. B: SLE Cutaneous LE may be pa of an uncommon disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Only a few people with cutaneous LE also have SLE. The most common presentation is with a malar eruption or 'butterfly rash' (red patches across the cheeks). Other skin changes in SLE are photosensitivity (a rash on all...
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A 14 year old girl on exposure to cold has pallor of extremities followed by pain and cyanosis. In later stages of life she is most prone to develop:
Answer is B i.e. (Scleroderma): Pallor of extremities, followed by pain and cyanosis suggests a diagnosis of Reynaud's Phenomenon. Reynaud's phenomenon as the presenting manifestation is most strongly associated with scleroderma or systemic sclerosis. Reynaud's Phenomenon and Scleroderma Reynaud's phenomenon (RP) is th...
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Infected gangrene of skin and subcutaneous tissues is ?
Answer- B. Wet gangreneWet gangene When overlying skin of dry gangrenous tissue is devitalized, bacterial infection is superimposed.More commonly due to venous occlusion then aerial occlusion.
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A 6-year-old girl complains of otalgia, fever, and irritability. Physical examination reveals a stiff, bulging, red tympanic membrane. Previous history of ear infections is denied. Clinical response to amoxicillin is maximized on which of the following durations?
Prospective nonrandomized evaluations of treatment duration of acute otitis media reveal no difference in outcome if given over 5-day, 7-day, or 10-day duration. However, 10-day treatment is indicated for children with history of acute otitis media within the preceding month.
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Which of the following fluoroquinolone has broadest spectrum activity against bacteria ?
Ans. is'c'i.e., TrovafloxacinFouh generation quinolones/fluoroquinolones have broadest spectrum.These are trovafloxacin, fleroxacin, gemifloxacin, prulifloxacin, sitafloxacin and clinafloxacin.
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A 28 years old female at term presents with gush of fluid and regular contractions. Prenatal investigations reveals Rh negative, antibody negative, husband- Rh positive homozygous. After 10 hours her labor progresses and delivered 3600g baby via normal vaginal delivery. Placenta did not separate spontaneously and manua...
Answer: c) Direct Coomb's testRh NEGATIVE PREGNANCYINVESTIGATION OF Rh NEGATIVE MOTHERSI-Husband's blood grouping & Rh typing.II-Obstetric History: If the woman is primi, it is unlikely for the baby to be affectedIII-Antibody detection: In all cases of Rh negativity, albumin antibody is detected by indirect Coomb's tes...
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RPGN(rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis) caused by-
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Previously called Wegener granulomatosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a necrotizing vasculitis characterized by a triad of the following: * Necrotizing granulomas of the upper-respiratory tract (ear, nose, sinuses, throat) or the lower-respiratory-tract (lung) or both * Ne...
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True about nutritional rickets -a) Craniotabesb) Multiple #c) Widening of wristd) ↓ Phosphate in serume) Growth retardation
Craniotabes, widening of wrist and growth retardation occur in rickets. Serum phosphate is low.
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Vitamin K dependent clotting factors include all EXCEPT
VITAMIN K DEPENDENT CLOTTING FACTORS ARE: Factor II (Prothrombin) Factor VII (Proconvertin/Stable factor) Factor IX (Christmas factor/ Antihemophilic Factor B) Factor X (Stuart Prower factor) Protein C Protein S NOTE' Clotting factors inhibited by Antithrombin III are: Factor IX, X, XI & XII
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All are true about nitrous oxide except ?
Ans. is 'd' i.e., Good muscle relaxant Nitrous oxide N,O It is also called laughing gas. It has good analgesic but poor muscle relaxant activity. Second gas effect and diffusion hypoxia occur with N20 only. N20 is the only anaesthetic repoed to produce hematologic toxicity and neurotoxicity with long term administratio...
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Right eye superotemporal quadrantopia, left eye centrocaecal scotoma with headache. Site of lesion is:
Ans. (a) Left optic nerve + chiasmaRef: Kanski 7/e, p. 826-827This type of field defect is seen in meningiomas where the lesion is at the junction of optic nerve and the chiasma. This is called "junctional scotoma of Traquair". (VFD No. 3-Text)
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Viroids are ?
Genome much smaller than those of known virus. Agent is a protien free low molecular wt RNA REF:ANANTHANARYANAN TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY 9EDITION PDNO.442
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A 25 years female was found in the room with 100% burns on her body. The tongue was protruding out; the body was in pugilistic attitude with heat ruptures, peeling of skin, and heat haematoma and heat fractures of the skull. Carboxyhemoglobin was 25% and soot particles were present in the trachea. Which of the combinat...
Presence of carbon particles (soot) in respiratory passages and elevated level of carboxy-hemoglobin confirms that victim was alive when the burn occurred. i.e. Ante-mortem burn.
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Altered perception of real objects is
Illusion: A misinterpretation of stimuli arising from an external object(s). Hallucination: A perception that occurs in the absence of a stimulus. Delusion: A false, unshakable belief which is not amenable to reasoning, and is not in keeping with the patient's socio-cultural and educational background. Delirium: it is ...
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Q. Initial Antihypeensive agent of choice in a patient with stable ischemic hea disease is
Answer is A (Beta-Blockers) Beta Blockers are recommended as First Line Agents of choice for treatment of hypeension in hypeensive patients with Stable Ischemic Hea Disease.
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A 20-year-old man fell from the parallel bar during the Olympic trial. A neurologic examination reveals that he has a lesion of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. Which of the following muscles is most likely weakened by this injury?,
The pectoralis major is innervated by the lateral and medial pectoral nerves originating from the lateral and medial cords of the brachial plexus, respectively. The subscapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, and teres minor muscles are innervated by nerves originating from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
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False about ropivacaine
Ropivacaine contains only S enantiomer so cardiotoxicity is less than bupivacaine (but still higher than lignocaine). Anaesthetic propeies (onset, intensity; duration of I action) of ropivacaine are almost similar to bupivacaine.
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After which of the following gestational age is a dead baby said to be a still born ?
The term stillborn refers to the death of a fetus after 28 weeks of gestation or death of a fetus weighing 1000gms.
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Normal daily faecal fat excretion:
Fats excretion less than 7 gm per day in feces is considered normal. More than this amount in feces indicates malabsorption; more than 8 gm/day in feces is called steatorrhea
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Forceps are preferred over vacuum for the delivery because of the following, reasons except?
Ans. a. Vacuum requires more clinical skills than forceps (Ref: Dutta 7/e p579, 581)Forceps requires more clinical skills than forceps vacuum.Advantages of Ventouse:It is comfortable and has lower rates of maternal trauma and genital tract lacerationsReduced maternal pelvic floor injuries and is advocated as the instru...
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Normal pressure in superficial venous system of leg while walking is
Pressure in superficial venous system decreases to 30 mmHg while walking as blood flows from superficial to deep veins.
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Warfarin therapy is prolonged by all except:
Barbiturates (but not benzodiazepines), carbamazepine, rifampicin and griseofulvin induce the metabolism of warfarin.The dose of anticoagulant determined during therapy with these drugs would be higher: if the same is continued after withdrawing the inducer- marked hypoprothrombinemia can occur causing fatal bleeding. ...
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Gamma efferent system is involved in
(D) All of the above # Motor neurons of y efferent system are regulated to a large degree by descending tracts from a number of areas in the brain.> Golgi tendon organs, are stimulated by both passive stretch and active contraction of the muscle.> The muscles are generally hypotonic when the rate of y efferent discharg...
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In takayasu aeritis there is
Takayasu aeritis affects the aoa, its major branches and occasionally the pulmonary aeries. The typical age at onset is 25-30 years, with an 8 : 1 female-to-male ratio. It has a worldwide distribution but is most common in Asia. Takayasu aeritis is characterised by granulomatous inflammation of the vessel wall, leading...
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The impoant coreceptors for HIV to bind with CD4 receptors are:
The primary cellular receptor for HIV is CD4 (Helper subset of T cells). HIV has two major coreceptors: CCR5 and CXCR4 (for fusion and entry)ALSO KNOW:Kaposi's sarcoma cannot be explained completely by the immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection. Ref: Harrison, Edition-18, Page-1519.
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All of the following are true regarding zenkers diveiculum except
PHARYNGEAL POUCH Also called hypopharyngeal diveiculum or Zenker's diveiculum, it is a pulsion diveiculum where pharyngeal mucosa herniates through the Killian's dehiscence--a weak area between two pas of the inferior constrictor. AETIOLOGY :- Exact cause is not known. It is probably due to spasm of cricopharyngeal sph...
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In donovanosis-
Ans. is `a' i.e., Pseudolymphadenopathy Donovanosis Caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. C. granulomatis is ? - Gram negative - Encapsulated - Nonmotile - Intracellular It shares many morphologic and serologic characteristic (antigenic) and > 99% homology at the nucleotide level with Klebsiella. Clinical manifest...
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Which of the following drug is used in sickle cell anemia?
Ans. a. Hydroxyurea The only drug approved by US FDA for the treatment of sickle cell anemia is hydroxyurea.Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia* The only drug approved by US FDA for the treatment of sickle cell anemia is hydroxyurea.* Hydroxyurea increases total and fetal hemoglobin in children with sickle cell disease.*...
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Human placenta is:
Ans-A (Hemochorial) Ref: DC Dutta's Textbook of Obstetrics, 7th edn, pg 28Explanation:Human placentaStarts developing at 6 weeks and completed by 12 weeksHuman placenta is discoid, hemochorial, deciduateDevelopment of placentaFetal part - chorion frondosumMaternal part - deciduas hasalisCleavage of placenta following d...
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A 35 year old man taking steroids for a long time on withdrawal developed fever and generalised pustules all over his body, what can be possible cause?
Pustular psoriasis develops on -1. Withdrawal of systemic coicosteroids2. Application of contact irritants like coal tar, dithranol
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All of the following may be seen in patients of cardiac tamponade, except:
Kussmaul's sign is an increase rather than the normal decrease in CVP during inspiration, is most often caused by severe right-sided hea failure; it is a frequent finding in patients with constrictive pericarditis or right ventricular infarction. Kussmaul's sign is present in constrictive pericarditis and its is a clin...
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Stimulation of peripheral chemoreceptors causes:
Peripheral chemoreceptor in the carotid and aoic bodies can produce variable effects on hea rate- Direct Effect: Vagal stimulation- Bradycardia Indirect effect : Hypoxia- Peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation - Hyperventilation and increased catecholamine secretion - Tachycardia and increased cardiac output Chemorecepto...
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A elderly female presented with history of progressive right-sided weakness and speech difficulty. She gives a history of a fall in her bathroom two months back. The most likely clinical diagnosis is :
Answer is D (Left chronic subdural haematoma) : Progressively increasing right sided focal neurological signs over a period of one month along with papilloedema suggest a diagnosis of an IntraCranial Space Occurring Lesion. (ICSOL). Given the history of head trauma in an elderly female chronic subdural haematoma is the...
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A person suffers from B27 associated reactive ahritis, urethritis and conjunctivitis. Which is most likely organism involved in this case?
Agents responsible for Reiter's syndrome: Salmonella enteritidis S. typhimurium S. heidelberg Yersinia enterocolitica Y. pseudotuberculosis Campylobacter fetus Shigella flexneri Genitourinary pathogens (such as Chlamydia or Ureaplasma urealyticum) Ref: Suurmond D. (2009). Section 14. The Skin in Immune, Autoimmune, and...
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Battles sign is extopic manifestation of?
Ecchymosis over the mastoid procens following fracture of middle cranial fossa is called Battles sign.
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True about conversion of 20C fatty acid conversion to prostaglandin synthase
Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins Prostaglandins are derived from the PUFA, the three series being derived from the following fatty acids. 1 series (1 double bond) -from Linoleic acid 2 series (2 double bonds)-from Arachidonic acid 3 series (3 double bonds)-Eicosa Penta-enoic Naturally occurring PGs belong to the 2 series...
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Call - Exner bodies are seen in :
Granulosa cell tumour
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Muscle supplied by median nerve:
A, B, C, i.e. Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis, & First lumbricals
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Tetrodotoxin blocks
A i.e. y Na+ during action potentialInhibitors & toxinsSodium dependent glucose transpoer (SGLT or Na+ glucose co transpoer) is inhibited by phlorizinQ whereas, phloretin inhibits sodium (Na+) independent glucose transpoer (GLUT 2) in intestineQ.Fish neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (applied externally) block Na' channelsQ (esp...
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Active reabsorption of glucose occurs in the ?
B i.e. Proximal tubuleProximal convoluted tubule (early pa) reabsorbs almost all of glucose, amino acids, protein, lactate & inorganic phosphate and most (65%) of bicorbonate,Na+,11)0, K+ and CI Q. PCT is also an impoant site for secretion of organic acids and bases such as oxalate, urate, bile salts, H+ and catecholam...
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The antidiabetic drug with anorectic effect is
Oral hypoglycemic agents Enhance insulin secretion Sulfonylureas ( K-ATP channel blockers )I - TolbutamideSafer in elderly & those prone to hypoglycemia, Controls postprandial hyperglycemia II - Glibenclamide, Glipizide, Gliclazide, GlimepiridePotent drugs with lower incidence of hypoglycemic attacks Meglitinide analog...
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Most common mode of lead poisoning-
Mode.of absorption of lead is by inhalation, ingestion and through skin.Most cases of industrial lead poisoning is due to inhalation of fumes and dust of lead or its compounds.(Ref.PARK'S textbook of preventive and social medicine 21st edition page no.748)
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Shoest acting coicosteroid he following is?
Sho acting steroids - Coisone Hydrocoisone Intermediate acting - Prednisone Prednisolone Triamcinolone Long acting - Dexamethasone Betamethasone Paramethasone
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A patient who underwent extensive bowel resection is on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for 1 month. Endoscopy done after one month reveals diffuse gastric mucosal atrophy. Which enzyme deficiencies are most likely responsible for gastric mucosal atrophy in this patient?
Ans. (c) Gastrin and CCK(Ref: Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology,5th ed p.284)Gastrin and CCK deficiencies can cause Gastric mucosal atrophy
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Oogonia at the time of bih, is present in which of the following stage of meiosis?
Oogenesis Near the time of bih, all primary oocytes have staed prophase of meiosis I, but instead of proceeding into metaphase, they enter the diplotene stage, a resting stage during prophase that is characterized by a lacy network of chromatin Primary oocytes remain in prophase and do not finish their first meiotic di...
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Compartment devoid of neurovascular bundle
Posterior superficial compartment of leg is devoid of neurovascular bundle
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In amyloidosis Beta pleated sheet will be seen in-
Beta pleated sheets in amyloidosis is seen by X- ray crystallography. Basic Pathology, Robbins. Page no.:156
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Enzyme involved in Variegate porphyria
Enzyme InvolvedType Major Signs and SymptomsResults of Laboratory TestsProtoporphyrinogen oxidaseVariegate porphyria (hepatic)Photosensitivity, abdominal pain,neuropsychiatric symptomsUrinary ALA, PBG, and coproporphyrinIII and fecal protoporphyrinIX increasedRef: Harper&;s Biochemistry; 30th edition; Chapter 31 Porphy...
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Size of paicle for aerosol therapy/respirable dust is?
Ans. is 'b' i.e., 1-5 o The two type of devices used for aerosol therapy are matered-dose inhalers and nebulizer. Both devices provide a range of paicle sizes that includes the desired 1-5 range.
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Rules followed amongst medical professionals which are mutual ?
Ans. is 'a' i.e.,Medical etiquettes Medical etiquettesMedical etiquettes : It refers to existing customs of brotherhood among members of medical profession, i.e. couesy followed between members of medical profession, e.g. it is a custom not to charge another doctor or his close relatives. Medical ethicsThe earliest cod...
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EEG rhythm recorded from the surface of the scalp during REM sleep -
B i.e. Beta
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The fastest acting schizonticidal drug among the following is:
Artemether-lumefantrine ​ Lumefantrine is an orally active, high efficacy, long-acting erythrocytic schizontocide, related chemically and in mechanism of action to halofantrine and MQ. Like the other schizontocides, vivax hypnozoites are not affected. Lumefantrine is highly lipophilic; absorption starts after 2 hours o...
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All of the following trigger the intrinsic pathway of programmed cell death, except:
Apoptosis is also referred to as 'programmed cell death'. Mitochondrial (Intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis is triggered due to cellular injury caused by: Growth factor withdrawal DNA damage (by radiation, toxins, free radicals) Protein misfolding (ER stress) Death receptor (Extrinsic) pathway of apoptosis is triggered by...
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Merciful anosmia is seen in
Merciful anosmia is seen in atrophic rhinitis(Ozaena). There is foul smell from the nose, but the patient himself is unaware of smell due to marked anosmia due to degenerative changes Ref: Dhingra 7e pg 173.
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Adson's test is used for determining vascular insufficiency. It is useful in:-
Adson's test is used for determining vascular insufficiency due to Cervical rib.
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