dataset string | id string | question string | choices list | rationale string | answer string | subject string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13894 | Now machines are widely used all over the world. Why are machines so important and necessary for us? Because they can help us to do things better and faster. A washing machine helps us to wash clothes fast. A printing machine helps us to print a lot of books, newspapers, magazines and many other things fast. Bikes, cars, trains and planes are all machines. They help us to travel faster than on foot. The computer is a wonderful machine. It was invented not long ago. It not only stores information but also stores numbers millions of times as fast as a scientist does. Let's study hard and try to use all kinds of machines to build China into a modern country. Computers can store information and numbers _ a scientist does. | [
"a little faster than",
"as fast as",
"much faster than",
"much more slowly than"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7424 | Raising a baby takes a lot of work, especially when that baby is a king penguin. Now, it looks like climate change will make life even harder for these birds. A new study suggests that warmer waters could make their numbers _ Most king penguins live on the Crozet Archipelago, a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, about 1,000 miles north of Antarctica. After the penguin chicks are born in November (which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere), both parents spend 4 months collecting fish to feed their children. When the fish move to deeper waters in March, the adults leave their chicks alone for months. They swim hundreds of miles south. There, near the Antarctic ice, they spend the winter eating seafood, such as squid, to add their own energy stores. In October, nearly a year after their chicks are born, the parents return to feed and finish raising them. Scientists from the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in prefix = st1 /Strasbourg,France, have been studying king penguins on the Crozet Archipelago for a decade. Starting in 1998, Yvon Le Maho and other researchers implanted electronic ID tags under the skin of hundreds of penguins. The tags have allowed Le Maho's team to know the details about them, such as how long they live, whether they return from their winter trips, and if their chicks manage to survive the winter. Ocean surface temperatures vary from year to year. And former research had shown that fewer squid, fish and other creatures grow when the water is warmer. Le Maho suspected that this drop in the food supply would make it harder for adult penguins to survive the tough times ahead. King penguins can live for up to 30 years. And for now, the population still appears healthy. But a warming trend could cause big trouble for a bird that depends on cold and ice. According to the passage, the adult penguins spend the winter south because _ . | [
"They have to raise their children there",
"they have to raise their chicks there",
"the food supply they need exists there",
"they have to give birth to chicks there"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_11031 | Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be described in one word; radiation . Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected by human senses. It can't be seen or heard, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us. There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can't detect them, sense them, without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can't sense radioactivity without a radiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to human beings and other living things. At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being completely by killing masses of cells in important organs . But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level of radiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damage may not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killed completely. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are only damaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in trouble. They reproduce themselves in an unusual way. They can grow into cancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years. This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage can be done without the knowledge of the person at the time that damage has occurred. A person can be irradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child can be born weak or easy to get serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents. Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth. According to the passage, the danger of nuclear power lies in _ . | [
"nuclear mystery",
"radiation detection",
"radiation level",
"nuclear radiation"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2914 | I am peter Hodes ,a volunteer stem courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips of those , 51 have been abroad, I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last, in all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor to the time they can be implanted in the patient, we've got 72 hours at most, So I am always conscious of time. & I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:"Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you-there are no fights from Washington."So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:"In this box are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient-please, please, you've got to get me back to the United Kingdom."She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plance to be held for me.re-routed me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled. For this courier job, you're consciously aware than that box you're got something that is potentially going to save somebody's life. Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42hours? | [
"He cannot stay away from his job too long.",
"The donor can only wait for that long.",
"The operation needs that very much.",
"The ice won't last any longer."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5125 | For most kids, height isn't something they can change, so what do you do if you don't like how tall or short you are? It might be girls feeling too tall and boys feeling too short but some really tall boys might not like all that height and some shorter girls might get tired of all the jokes or of feeling like they're staying little while their friends are growing up. If you are still worried about your height, talk to your parents and your doctor. Most kids don't have a growth problem that needs help from a doctor, but it's always OK to ask if you're concerned. So for most kids, it seems like there's not much to do but wait to see how it all turns out. But you can do something right now: eat healthy and take care of yourself. If you get the nutrition , sleep, and exercise you need, you're likely to reach your maximum height. In other words, you'll grow as tall as you were meant to grow. And even though you may hear people say it, taking extra vitamins or supplements that you can buy in a store won't help you get taller. Just stick to a healthy diet if you want to be the tallest you can be! Kids who wish they weren't so tall should still eat healthy and take care of themselves, of course. Eating less won't make you end up any shorter unless you really starved yourself and made yourself sick. As they get older, most kids learn to feel comfortable with their height, whether they turn out tall, short, or somewhere in between. We'll feel comfortable with our height _ . | [
"after we tell the parents",
"after we see the doctor",
"when we grow taller",
"when we get older"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_8575 | Cotton farmers in some Indian villages are busily buying Coca-Cola and Pepsi, believing that the sugar in the fizzy( ) drinks kills pests. Farmers say scientists advised them to mix pesticides with a sugary juice to control pests, and they found the mixture cheaper and more effective than pure chemicals-- although soft drink makers and scientists dismissed the remarks. N. Hamunayya, who has become a famous person in his village in the southeastern state of Andhra Pradesh, said his crop survived an attack of pests which had resisted other pesticides. "We found that all the colas had uniform effect on pests. The pests became dead and fell to the ground, "he said. He said the drinks had all the elements they needed : they were cheaper, sticky, fizzy, and attracted ants, which ate the young of the pests. But Thinupathi Reddy, assistant director of the Regional Agri-Research Station, Guntur, says tests had proved such results wrong. "We conducted some field trials on cotton crop at our research station. There was no obvious productivity or destruction of pests, "he says. Statements from Pepsi and Coca-Cola said there was " no scientific basis" for _ . But their dealers are enjoying increasing sales. Mantan Wall, who sells soft drinks in 17 villages in the region, said sales rose up, thanks to the farmers. " For the 10 days between August and September I had successful business. Instead of just 30 cases( each containing a dozen one-litre bottles) of cola, I started selling almost 200 cases, "he said. " We expected the sales to drop after the news over pesticide residues( ) in the cola drinks. Now I have to keep extra supply for the cotton farmers, "he said. In February, an Indian environment group made a report saying drinks made by Coca-Cola and Pepsi contained pesticides and called for tougher safety standards. The U. S firms strongly rejected the findings of the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment and said their products were safe. The drinks can kill pests because _ . | [
"there is some pesticide left in them",
"they are sticky and fizzy",
"they have elements that kill pests",
"they made the pesticide more effective"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5410 | For many years, scientists have warned that smoking tobacco is bad for your health. Yet people around the world still smoke. The World Health Organization tells that almost 5,000,000 people around die each year from the effects of smoking. That number is increasing. WHO officials say tobacco use will have killed more than 8,000,000 people a year by 2020 if nothing is done to control the problem. In the United States, more than forty-sixty million adults currently smoke. American health experts say tobacco use is the leading cause of death in the United States. This year, 440,000 Americans will die of diseases linked to smoking. Smoking tobacco is the leading cause of lung disease. Smoking also has been linked to heart disease and many kinds of cancers. The American Cancer Society says smoking is responsible for about 87% of all lung cancers in the United States. American government health experts say smoking affects not only the smokers. Women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are more likely to have babies with health problems. Pregnant women who smoke are at risk of having a baby who weighs less than normal. Low birth weight babies have an increased risk of early death and may suffer from a number of health disorders. Experts say tobacco smoke also affects the health of people who do not smoke. Smokers may harm the health of family members and people at work when they breathe out smoke from cigarettes. This is called "second-hand smoke". The American Cancer Society says there is no safe way to smoke. It says smoking begins to cause damage immediately. All cigarettes can damage the body. Smoking even a small number of cigarettes is dangerous. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? | [
"Smoking tobacco is the leading cause of lung disease.",
"Smoking also has been linked to heart disease, stroke and many kinds of cancers.",
"Smoker may not harm the health of family members",
"Smoking tobacco is bad for your health, However, people around the world continue to smoke"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2844 | It was Monday. Mrs Smith's dog was hungry, but there was not any meat in the house.Considering that there was no better way, Mrs. Smith took a piece of paper, and wrote the following words on it "Give my dog half a pound of meat. " Then she gave the paper to her dog and said gently:" Take this to the butcher and he's going to give you your lunch today." Holding the piece of paper in its mouth, the dog ran to the butcher's. It gave the paper to the butcher. The butcher read it carefully, recognized that it was really the lady's handwriting and soon did it as he was asked to. The dog was very happy, and ate the meat up at once. At sunset, the dog came to the shop again. It gave the butcher a piece of paper again. After reading it. he gave it half a pound of meat once more. The next day, the dog came again exactly at noon. And as usual, it brought a piece of paper in the mouth. This time, the butcher did not take a look at paper, and gave the dog its meat, for he had regarded the dog as one of his regular customers . However, the dog came again at four o'clock. And the same thing happened once again. At six o'clock,, it came for more meat, and brought with it a third piece of paper. The butcher felt a bit puzzled. He said to himself, "This is a small dog. Why does Mrs Smith feed it with so much meat today?" Looking at the piece of paper, he found that there was a piece of blank paper. He laughed and phoned Mrs Smith. The little dog went to the butcher's _ during the period. | [
"there times",
"four times",
"five times",
"six times"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_12229 | Waiters wanted King Restaurant needs five waiters. If you want to find a new job, you can come here. Please call John at 678-5342. To get to the restaurant, you just have to cross North Road. It's next to the bank. Teachers wanted Do you want to be a teacher? Are you friendly to kids? Can you sing, dance or play the piano? We need a man teacher and a woman teacher to teach music. It's not difficult! Please call Mr. Clark at 415-3440. My lost pet My pet Nini is a small brown cat. I played ball games with Nini in Central Park last Saturday. Then she ran after the ball and did not come back. I am worried about her. If you see her, please call Sara at 283-2585. Thank you! Specials We have some great specials. We have different kinds of noodles, dumplings and soup. Would you like a big bowl of noodles for 12 yuan or a small one for just 8 yuan? You can also order our delicious chicken soup. It's only 9 yuan. Welcome to our restaurant! ,. When did Sara lose her pet? | [
"Last Wednesday.",
"Last Thursday.",
"Last Friday.",
"Last Saturday."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17487 | A light bulb manufacturer claims its light bulb is "twice as bright" per unit of electrical energy consumed as the leading light bulb. If this claim is correct, what factor must be accurately compared between the two bulbs? | [
"how much each bulb weighs",
"how long each bulb lasts",
"how much heat each bulb releases",
"how much metal each bulb contains"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_4502 | While learning the science lessons, I used to get a doubt--why ear, nose, tongue and eyes should be called as special senses? The basic reason is that these are the channels through which we maintain contact with the surroundings. Though apparently it may feel like these are individual sensory organs, they do show some connectivity. Interestingly, our hearing is less sharp after we eat a heavy food. Isn't it good for a sound nap after a stomach-full meal? That does not mean we go deaf after a meal, but the hearing pitch does change after a heavy meal. We usually give credit of the taste to our tongue, but do you know that unless saliva dissolves something, our tongue cannot recognize the taste of the food eaten. Taste is nothing but the food chemicals dissolved in the saliva being sensed by the taste buds present on the tongue. Try to dry off your tongue and mouth with a tissue paper and then taste something. Women are much better smellers than men. They are born with this characteristic ability and can correctly recognize the exact fragrance of the sample. We all can store almost 50,000 different smells, which are strongly tied to the memories. Pupils do not respond to light alone, but to the slightest bit of noise around too. Thus surgeons, watchmakers and those professionals who have to perform a much delicate job do prefer to have a sound-free environment. Even a small noise can enlarge their pupils, change the focus and make their vision less clear. Each and every one of us has a particular or individualistic or characteristic smell, which is unique to us, except the twins. This smell is very subtle yet can be sensed even by a newborn. It may be due to this smell that the newborn recognizes the presence of his parents around. Which of the following may be the best title of this passage? | [
"The Sensitivity of Sensory Organs",
"The Functions and Connections of Sensory Organs",
"A Newborn's Sensory Organs",
"Different Senses Between Men and Woman"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_10935 | As Paige watched the other kids playing football in her local park she longed to join in. But at nearly nine stone (1stone equals 6.35 kilograms), the 11-year-old was too big to enjoy her favorite sport, she was well on her way to being another overweight member of her family. Mandy, her mum was 17th 10 lb and Anne, her grandma 15th 10 lb. Mandy, 39, and Anne, 67, both have a sweet tooth and share a love of all things stodgy. Recent figures show that two-thirds of kids will be dangerously fat by 2050, and overweight kids often become obese adults and live shorter lives as they are at higher risk of everything from heart disease to cancer and type-2 diabetes. Mandy says she knew things had to change for her and her family. Mandy's mum Anne had an even greater motivation for wanting to slim down. Last autumn Paige went along to the Slimming World to keep her mum and grand ma company. In the first week on the Slimming World eating plan, Mandy lost a whopping 9.5lb. Mandy asked Paige to join in. They believed the Free2Go plan is balanced and nutritious and doesn't deprive Paige of anything. Supporting and encouraging each other the whole time, Anne, Mandy and Paige all whittled away their waistlines. Mandy says: "My back problems have cleared up." Anne has also noticed a real difference in her health. She says: "I feel like I've got my old energy back." Paige is almost as delighted with her new wardrobe as she is about her foot balling skills. Mandy adds: "I'm just so proud of Paige. I felt awful because I knew her weight problems were a result of my bad eating habits. But when I see her now it's like she's a different person." How much did Paige weigh when she was only eleven years old? | [
"About 57 kilograms.",
"About 67 kilograms.",
"About 77 kilograms.",
"About 87 kilograms."
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14650 | Sam: Hey, Maria and John. This Thursday is Bill's birthday. Let's think about the presents. Maria: Sure, Sam. I want to give him a computer game. Sam: No, Bill never plays computer games. John: I want to buy a CD of his favourite songs. Sam: Good idea. Bill likes listening to music. Maria: How about buying a birthday cake for him? Sam: Oh, you don't have to do it. His mother usually buys a birthday cake for him. Maria: How about buying him a cinema ticket? I remember Bill likes watching films. Sam: That sounds a good idea. Maria &John: What about you? What would you like to buy for Bill, Sam? Sam: It's a secret. Bill's mother usually buys _ for Bill on his birthday. | [
"a cinema ticket",
"a birthday cake",
"a CD",
"a concert ticket"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15573 | Uncle Wang works in a book shop in the middle of the city. The shop is not far from his home. It is about one kilometer away. So Uncle Wang seldom goes to work by bus. He usually goes bike there by bike, sometimes on foot .It takes him twenty minutes to get there by bike and forty minutes on foot. Today his bike is broken. He wants to walk there. Now he is having breakfast. He leaves home at 7:50 and he walks to work twenty minutes earlier. His work starts at 8:30 in the morning and finishes at 4:45 in the afternoon. His work finished at _ . | [
"4:45",
"5:15",
"4:55",
"5:05"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_22175 | Carnivores' only source of what comes from other animals | [
"flying",
"money",
"restaurants",
"sustenance"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13570 | Jeff Keith has only one leg. When he was 12 years old, Jeff had cancer . Doctors had to cut off most of his right leg. Every day Jeff puts on an artificial leg . With the plastic artificial leg Jeff can ride a bicycle, swim, and play soccer. He can also run. Jeff made a plan with his friends who had plastic legs, too. They decided to run across America. When he was 22 years old, Jeff Keith ran across the United States from the east to the west. He started running in Boston. Seven months later, he stopped running in Los Angeles. He ran 3,200 miles. Jeff stopped in cities on the way to Los Angeles. In every city people gave Jeff money. The money was not for Jeff, but for the American Cancer Society. Jeff is _ , but he can do many things. He is studying to be a lawyer . Jeff says, "People can do anything they want to do. I want people to know that. I ran not only for disabled people. I ran for everybody." ,. It took Jeff _ to run from Boston to Los Angeles. | [
"about four and a half months",
"over two hundred days",
"almost twenty-five weeks",
"less than half a year"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15606 | The technology is improving every year. We will see some very exciting home robots in the next few years. In the future the robots can do lots of things. 1. Getting things In a few years, it will be possible to tell your home robot to get a piece of bread for you. The robot will use its eyes and an arm to get the bread for you. 2. Watering plants Future robots will carry water to water plants. 3. Telling dangers A home robot will find out fire, smoke and other dangers easily. Every night the robot will make its rounds to make sure that everything is right. 4. Looking after children A robot will help us look after our children well while we are not at home. What will robots do when people are not at home? | [
"Robots will do housework with the children.",
"Robots will cook for the children.",
"Robots will look after the children.",
"Robots will smoke with the children."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14363 | One way that scientists learn about man is by studying animals.In this lab, the scientists are studying the relationship between diet and health. They are studying the relationship between the amount of food the mice eat and their health.The mice are in three groups.All three groups are receiving the same healthy food.The first group is eating one cup of food each day, the second group is eating two cups, and the third group is eating three cups. After three years, the healthiest group is the one that is only eating one cup of food each day.The mice in this group are a little thinner. But _ are more active.Most of the day, they are running, playing with one another.Also, they are living longer.Mice usually live for two years.Most of the mice in this group are still alive after three years. The second group of mice is healthy, too.They are active, but not as active as the thinner mice.They are only living about two years. The last group of mice is receiving more food than the other two groups.Most of the day, these mice are eating or sleeping.They are not very active.These mice are living longer than the scientists thought-about a year and a half.But they are not healthy.They are sick more often than the other two groups. People give each group of the mice _ amount of food every year. | [
"a different",
"the same",
"a small",
"a large"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14716 | What do people do with their old, out-of-date but still useful computers? Most people don't know what to do with them. Many old computers are put away in homes. Many more are simply thrown out with the rubbish. Finally, some companies are thinking of ways to bring down the number of old computers. Sony has agreed to help recycle old Sony products . Dell, Hewlett-Packard and other companies now also take back some old computers. In some countries, laws are being passed, too. Computer companies will have to pay for collecting and recycling their used products. And 70% of computer waste must be recycled. The idea behind the laws is that computer companies themselves should pay the cost. That will encourage them to make computers that are easier and cheaper to repair and upgrade . Yet while many people are throwing away good computers, others cannot afford them at all. Hundreds of organizations are working to solve this problem. They collect and repair old computers. Some also teach others how to repair computers. The computers then go to schools, charities and people who need them. Giving a used computer to one of these organizations can turn one person's rubbish into someone else's useful things--and cut down on waste, too. According tothe laws in some countries, computer companies must _ . | [
"collect and recycle most of their products",
"collect all their used products",
"repair and upgrade old computers",
"make more cheaper computers"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_1739 | When reindeer are done with the holiday season, people often wonder what they do during their time off. Well, reindeer are pretty good at taking a vacation during down time. Reindeer of any age are always in a hurry for their own holidays! Rudolph is the most famous reindeer, and he has been known to ride foam noodles in the pool. He loves to get wet and splash around! Comet has a more quiet time during his vacation. You'll often see him looking in the fridge for his favorite cooking ingredient, cheese. He is a great cook and likes to make cheese pizza. Cupid is pretty good at reindeer games, and he is always on the winning team during vacation time. He is always signing up for games all summer long. Donner loves to fly and ride the wind, even in his off time. He is always practicing. That's why he is the best at flying. So, that's what some of the reindeer do in their time off. If you happen to see any reindeer doing funny things, they are on vacation! Why is Cupid always looking in the fridge? | [
"It's one of the reindeer games.",
"He is looking for noodles.",
"He is looking for cheese so he can make pizza.",
"He is looking for water to splash around."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_16878 | My name is Peter. I study in Cambell Middle School. It has a very large building. There are big playgrounds on two sides and a beautiful garden in front. In the building, there is the headmaster's room, the teacher's rooms and thirty-four classrooms. We also have two labs and a library in the building. Our library is on the ground floor. It has books almost on all subjects. It opens after school from Monday to Friday. Our school has uniforms . Boys wear white shirts and blue trousers. Girls wear white blouses and blue skirts. We all wear black shoes and white socks. We study English, Maths, History, Biology, Music and PE at school. My favourite subject is Biology. I think it is fun. Our teachers are nice to us. They check our homework and help us when we need. I love my school and my teachers. How often does the library open? | [
"The library opens two times a week.",
"The library opens three times a week.",
"The library opens four times a week.",
"The library opens five times a week."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13501 | In recent years advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past. New medicines and instruments are being developed every day to extend life. However,some people,including some doctors, are not in favour of these life extending measures,and they argue that people should have the right to die when they want. They say that the quality of life is as important as life itself,and that people should not be forced to go on living when conditions of life have become unbearable(. They say that people should be allowed to die with dignity and to decide when they want to die. Others argue that life under any conditions is better. In recent years, people can live longer than in the past,It's because of _ . | [
"the development of medical technology",
"big hospitals",
"good doctors",
"both B and C"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17809 | In order for a glider to fly, its weight must be opposed by | [
"lift.",
"drag.",
"gravity.",
"friction."
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7322 | It was a long week for Amanda at school. She stayed after school to work on a special project three days in a row. When she got home on Friday, she dropped into the chair with a sigh. "What's going on, Amanda?" her dad asked as he was reading the newspaper. "I have to create a webpage for my technology class, and it is taking a lot more time than I thought it would," Amanda answered. Her dad looked over his newspaper and asked Amanda what the webpage was about. "It's about the difference between newspaper news and Internet news," Amanda said and added, "I have to provide information, examples and illustrations ." "Sounds tough; do you have someone to help you?" her dad asked. "I have a partner named Zach," Amanda replied. "We did research on the Internet today and found some pictures to use." Then Amanda explained to her father the main differences: newspaper news is printed on paper, and Internet news is published online; newspaper news is only available once a day, and Internet news is published almost as soon as the news happens; many newspapers don't even print a daily paper, and Internet news is published around the clock. Amanda's dad asked, "Which type of news do you like better?" "I like Internet news better because I like to learn about the news when it happens," she answered. Her dad said, "I still like newspaper news better because I like to hold the paper in my hands and turn the pages." Amanda dropped into her chair again and said, "You are so old school, Dad." Which of the following may Amanda agree with? | [
"People should pay for Internet news.",
"Newspaper news will soon disappear.",
"Internet news is given to readers in good time.",
"It is wrong to say no to newspaper news."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17104 | Life in the year 3044 is very different from life in the 21st century . We still do many of the things you did, but we do them differently. For example, we now have e-friends to help us and keep us company. An e-friend is a machine that looks just like a human being. It can walk and talk like humans and can do almost the same things as we human beings do. My e-friend is a lot like me and we have much fun together. She helps me with my homework and we often go swimming. She is computerized to take care of me in case anything happens, so I always feel safe when we are together. She can also send me messages, just like old-fashioned e-mail, and I can download information from her memory chip. It's so great to have an e-friend - I feel never lonely and I always have someone to talk to. Actually, I would plan to tell you more about life in the year 3044, I have to send my e-friend to clean up my room, though. Maybe one day I will be able to fly back in time rocket and visit you and old friends. Looking forward to! An e-friend can do the following EXCEPT _ . | [
"It can walk and talk.",
"It can help me with my homework.",
"It can send me message.",
"It can travel back in time."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_3488 | If the hackings taught us anything in 2014, it's actually nothing. Password management firm SplashData released its list of the worst passwords of the year and it's just as terrible as you'd think. The most common leaked password in 2014 was "123456," followed by "password" -- both topped the list the year before, too. While numbers were as popular as ever as passwords, sports terms like "baseball" and "football" were used more often. Birthday years were common too (especially 1989, 1990, 1991 and 1992) and names like "Michael", "Jennifer" and "Hunter" are also among the top 100 worst passwords of 2014. Here's a look at the top 10 worst passwords of the year: 1. 123456 (Unchanged from 2013) 6. 234567890 (Unchanged) 2. password (Unchanged) 7. baseball (New) 3. 12345 (Up 17) 8. dragon (New) 4. 12345678 (Down 1) 9. football (New) 5. qwerty (Down 1) 10. monkey (New) This year's worst passwords are painfully weak, but what were once considered clever password strategies -- using symbols, capitalizations, the number 3 in place of the letter "e" -- are old tricks. It's now recommended to pick a different password for each account you use -- you wouldn't use the same key in all of your locks, and the same goes for passwords. Companies like Facebook, Twitter and Apple are now trying to make hacking more difficult on their services by offering two-factor authentication , which is basically like double locking your door at night. Each time you want to log into that account, the company will send a code to your phone -- it changes after each login attempt, so hackers would have to be in physical possession of your smartphone to know the code. What is recommended in the text to have safer passwords? | [
"Using long and strange passwords.",
"Changing passwords regularly.",
"Replacing \"e\" by \"3\" when setting passwords.",
"Choosing different passwords for different accounts."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_10260 | An extinct mountain goat that was once common in the Pyrenees became the first animal to be brought back from extinction. Researchers used frozen DNA to produce a clone, but the newborn kid died within minutes of birth due to breathing difficulties. The Pyrenean ibex is a type of mountain goat,which is believed to have died out completely in 2000. Before the death of the last known individual(a13-year-old female known as Celia), biologists took cells from her skin and ears. An earlier cloning attempt to use the skin cells failed. But the latest attempt involved the creation of 439 cloned embryos. Of these cloned embryos, 57 were put into the female domestic goats, but only one goat gave birth and the newborn cloned kid died after seven minutes as a result of lung disease. Researchers say that other cloned animals, including sheep, have been born with similar lung disease, but they say that overall the experiment was a major step forward in the effort to bring the ibex back to its mountain home. The leading researcher Jose Folch says, "the cloned kid was genetically like the ibex;in species such as the ibex,cloning is the only possibility to avoid its complete disappearance." The failure to produce a living clone from DNA that was frozen only a decade ago shows the difficulty researchers would face in trying to bring back species that have been extinct for decades or centuries. Researchers have had the idea of bringing back the Tasmanian tiger, which went extinct in 1936. There are, however, other species that have been seriously suggested for cloning,such as the giant panda, the African bongo antelope, the Sumatran tiger and the pygmy hippo. Supporters believe cloning provides hope of keeping these endangered animals alive before they die out. We can conclude from the passage that _ . | [
"cloning has developed quickly in developed countries.",
"no more animals will die out in the future.",
"cloning makes it possible to preserve endangered species.",
"cloning seldom results in physical problems for animals."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_11616 | Emilio and Michi spread the colorful tablecloth on the table. They made room for Drew, who was carrying a dish. "Watch out," Drew warned. "This is pretty hot." A moment later, Kent and Alyssa added another hot dish to the table. "That smells so good!" said Michi. "Are most of the parents here yet? I'm hungry." Kent looked through the doors that led into the hallway. "I think Ms. Milano and Mr.Hasselbach just finished giving _ the garden touring. They should be heading into the cafeteria next." The students of Jefferson Middle School in Saint Louis, US had spent all afternoon preparing for the evening meal. They did their best to transform the lunchroom into a beautiful dining area for their families. As the families found their seats, Ms. Milano asked Drew, Emilio, and Michi to join her at the front of the room. She said, "I just wanted to take a moment to congratulate Drew, Emilio and Michi for their wonderful idea. A year ago, they first came to me with the plan for starting a garden at Jefferson. I wondered whether it would work, but they had thought through everything. Any time I had a question about how we would make this work, they had an answer prepared. As you can see, they were absolutely correct. About three-quarters of the food you will be enjoying came from the school garden. The students prepared the entire meal themselves." Ms. Milano handed Drew, Michi and Emilio a box each. They opened their box as Ms. Milano continued. "As a thank-you to these students for their creative idea and hard work, they have each received a stepping stone for the garden. Their names and date appear on the stones." She turned to them. "Students for years to come will be enjoying the garden that you helped create," she said. "We thought it would be appropriate for them to have a reminder of our garden's founders." They held up their stepping stones and smiled as the crowd clapped. "And now," said Ms Milano, "please help yourself to some of the mouthwatering food our young chefs have prepared. Dinner is served!" According to the text, the food served on the table _ | [
"was served as a lunch",
"was cooked by the students",
"was prepared to thank the kids",
"was entirely from the school garden"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_22320 | Parents genes will determine the rabbits | [
"mate",
"food preferences",
"fur color",
"habitat location"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_9030 | What will power your house in the future?Nuclear,wind,or solar power?According to scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US,it might be leaves -- but artificial ones. Natural leaves are able to change sunlight and water into energy. It is known as photosynthesis .Now researchers have found a way to imitate this seemingly simple process. The artificial leaf developed by Daniel Nocera and his colleagues at MIT can be seen as a special silicon chip with catalysts .Similar to natural leaves,it can split water into hydrogen and oxygen when put into a bucket of water. The hydrogen and oxygen gases are then stored in a fuel cell,which uses those two materials to produce electricity,located either on top of a house or beside the house. Though the leaf is only about the shape of a poker card,scientists claimed that it is promising to be an inexpensive source of electricity in developing countries. "One can imagine villages in India and Africa not long from now purchasing an affordable basic power system based on this technology," said Nocera at a conference of the American Chemical Society. The artificial leaf is not a new idea. The first artificial leaf was invented in 1997 but was too expensive and unstable for practical use. The new leaf,by contrast,is made of cheap materials,easy to use and highly stable. In laboratory studies,Nocera showed that an artificial leaf prototype could operate continuously for at least 45 hours without a drop in activity. The wonderful improvements come from Nocera's recent discovery of several powerful,new and inexpensive catalysts. These catalysts make the energy transformation inside the leaf more efficient with water and sunlight. Right now,the new leaf is about 10 times more efficient at carrying out photosynthesis than a natural one. Besides,the device can run in whatever water is available;that is,it doesn't need pure water. This is important for some countries that don't have access to pure water. With the goal to "make each home its own power station" and "give energy to the poor",scientists believe that the new technology could be widely used in developing countries,especially in India and rural China. The main idea of this passage is _ . | [
"an introduction to the history of artificial leaves",
"a mixture of water power and solar energy",
"giving energy to the poor",
"an invention copying photosynthesis"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_18880 | Which is a distinction between an epidemic and a pandemic? | [
"the symptoms of the disease",
"the geographical area affected",
"the species of organisms infected",
"the season in which the disease spreads"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_4307 | A teenager realized her dream of becoming a professional model three years after a serious car accident. Marita Davies was on her way home from a party when the crash happened. The car that Marita took as a passenger was going the wrong way and crashed into another car driven by a drunken driver named David Hudson, which left her with a broken leg and back. It took the firefighters more than two hours to free the teenager from the damaged car before she was taken to hospital. Marita was in a wheelchair for a year after being bed-ridden for nine months. Marita feared her dream of a modeling career was over. She said, "I was extremely upset and shocked when I knew about my terrible injuries. I thought my dream of becoming a model was over. My leg and back were broken. The crash had broken my confidence and I became quiet and spent less time with other people. I was 16, and at that age all I wanted to do was to go out with my friends." But as her health took a turn for the better, Marita finally came out of the wheelchair and learned to walk. She decided she would still try to follow her dreams, and sent some photos off to some modeling agencies. She did a few unpaid jobs while studying at college. Soon, paid commercial modeling jobs started coming in. Marita was a bit doubtful at first, because the crash had left her with huge scars on her leg and back. She was worried that people wouldn't want her to model for them, but this didn't stop her. Marita had done amazingly well to overcome everything that had been thrown at her in the three years. Finally, Marita became a professional model in 2013. She was signed up for advertising campaigns and appeared in TV ads. When did the accident happen? | [
"In 2008.",
"In 2009.",
"In 2010.",
"In 2011."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_9178 | As they migrate, butterflies and moths choose the winds they want to fly with, and they change their body positions if they start floating in the wrong direction. This new finding suggests that insects may use some of the same methods that birds use for traveling long distances. Scientists have long thought that insects were simply at the mercy of the wind. Fascinating as their skills of flight are, migrating behavior has been difficult to study in insects because many long distant trips happen thousands of feet above ground. Only recently have scientists developed technologies that can detect such little creatures at such great heights. To their surprise, though, the insects weren't passive travelers on the winds. In autumn, for example, most light winds blew from the east, but the insects somehow sought out ones that carried them south and they positioned themselves to navigate directly to their wintering homes. Even in the spring, when most winds flowed northward, the insects didn't always go with the flow. If breezes weren't blowing in the exact direction they wanted to go, the insects changed their body positions to compensate(, ). Many migrating birds do the same thing. The study also found that butterflies and moths actively flew within the air streams that pushed them along. By adding flight speeds to wind speeds, the scientists calculated that butterflies and moths can travel as fast as 100 kilometers an hour. The findings may have real-world applications. With climate warming, migrating insects are growing in number. Knowing how and when these pests move could help farmers decide when to spray their crops. It is not easy to study the migrating behavior of the insects because _ . | [
"the little creatures can fly very fast",
"their flight is long and high above ground",
"the wind's direction is hard to forecast",
"they have no regular migrating courses"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_10312 | Most rain forests lie close to the equator ,where the climate is often mild and there are long hours of sunshine.The warmth of the land heats the air above,causing it to rise and tiny drops of water to fall as rain.The rainfall can reach at least 98 inches a year.This wet,warm world with plenty of sunlight is perfect for plants to grow,so the trees grow fast with green leaves all the year round.The trees themselves also have an effect on the climate.They gather water from the soil and pass it out into the air through their leaves.The wet air then forms clouds,which hang over the treetops like smoke.These clouds protect the forest from the daytime heat and night-time cold of nearby deserts,keeping temperatures fit for plant growth. Rain forests slightly farther away from the equator remain just as warm,but they have a dry season of three months or more when little rain falls.Tree leaves fall during this dry season and new leaves grow when the wet season or monsoon begins.Thus these areas are known as the "monsoon forest". Another type of rain forest grows on tropical mountains.It is often called the "cloud forest" because clouds often hang over the trees like fog. The rain forest is the ideal place for the growth of many different trees.Most of them depend on animals to eat their fruits and spread their seeds.When the fruits are eaten,the seeds inside them go undamaged through animals' stomachs and are passed out in their droppings.The seeds lying on the forest floor then grow into new trees. According to the passage, _ play the most important role in the spreading of seeds. | [
"animals",
"droppings",
"fruits",
"winds"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17634 | After mining removes layers of rock from a hillside, new plants begin to grow in the cracks of the bare rock. The plants beginning to grow are an example of which natural process? | [
"secondary succession in an existing ecosystem",
"new species developing in an ecosystem",
"species competition in a community",
"primary succession in a new habitat"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15946 | My name is Frank White. I'm fourteen years old. I was born on May 13th, 1992. Mike is my good friend. His birthday is May 15th.He is only 12 years old now. Every year on May 14th,we have a birthday party together at our school. We often have a pop concert. I play the guitar. He plays the drums. Many friends come to our party. We are very happy . _ May 14th. | [
"Frank's birthday is",
"Mike's birthday is",
"They have a basketball game on",
"They have a birthday party on"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_1327 | Recycling of a resource, such as paper, is important because | [
"paper companies cannot make enough paper.",
"using recycled paper reduces the cutting of new trees.",
"most paper is made from species of trees that are endangered.",
"recycled paper is less expensive than paper made without recycling."
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_4939 | Ellen Parker was worried about her health. She could not walk very quickly and it was difficult for her to climb stairs . She was soon out of breath. "I think I had better go to the doctor, " she thought. She went to the doctor and told him her problem. "I'm not at all surprised, "he said. "It's obvious what your problem is." He examined her and then gave her some advice."If you don't do what I say, Mrs. Parker," he said. "You will have a heart attack . It could kill you." Ellen was very worried as she left the doctor's. She knew that she had to take his advice but that would not be easy and it would take time. The next day she went shopping. The first shop she went into was a butcher's shop . "I'd like ten pounds of steak , please," she said. "Certainly, madam," the butcher answered and went into the cold room and found a large piece of steak. He brought the huge piece of meat back into the shop and placed it on the scale . "That's just ten pounds," he said. "That's big enough," Mrs. Parker said. The butcher worked out the price. "At $ 4.99 a pound that will be $ 49.90, please. Would you like me to cut it into small pieces for you?" "Oh, I don't want to buy the meat," Mrs. Parker said. "If you don't want to buy it," the butcher said angrily, "Why did you ask me to get it for you?" "My doctor told me that I am overweight and have to lose ten pounds. I wanted to see what ten pounds of flesh looked liked." . What did the doctor think might happen to Ellen? | [
"she might put more on weight.",
"She might stop eating too much.",
"She might have a heart attack.",
"She might go to another doctor."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13252 | The brain receives information from the outside world through the sensory system.This information is collected through the eyes,the nose,the ears,the mouth and the surface of the body.It is then kept in the memory.In fact,scientists do not completely understand how the memory works but they are not sure how much information that the human brain can store.Also, it appears that the information is never lost.Very old people often remember things that happened in their childhood which have not come to their minds for sixty to seventy years.If we have kept something in our memory, it is here.But can we get it out again and use it? That is the difficulty. Some of the information we receive only goes into the Short Term Memory.We only keep this information for a minute or two,then we lose it.This temporary memory is very important in our thinking and understanding.It is used,for example,when you try to remember a name that someone told you a moment ago or a telephone number that you are going to dial .School children in class often seem to use the Short Term Memory if they are not interested in the subject.When school teachers describe this,they say that things go"in one ear and out in the other".But if a child is interested,he puts the information in his Long Term Memory, and he never loses it.Long Term Memory depends heavily on our understanding of the meaning of the information we receive. Very old people can remember something happened _ . | [
"recently",
"about seventy years ago",
"in their thirties",
"in their classroom"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5641 | The Crowne Plaza Hotel in Copenhagen is offering a free meal to any guest who is able to produce electricity for the hotel on an exercise bike linked to a generator ,The idea is to get people fit and reduce their carbon footprint. Guests will have to produce at least 10 watt hours of electricity -- roughly 15 minutes of cycling for someone of average fitness. Guests staying at Plaza Hotel will be given meat tickets worth $36 once they have produced 10 watt hours of electricity. The bicycles will have smart phones attached to the handlebars measuring how much power is being generated for the hotel. The plan, a world-first, will start on 19 April and run for a year. Only guests staying at the hotel will be able to take part. Frederikke Toemmergaard, hotel spokeswoman, said, "Many of our visitors are business people who enjoy going to the gym. There might be people who will cycle just to get a free meal, but generally I don't think people will take advantage of our programme," Copenhagen has a long-standing cycling tradition and 36% of locals cycle to work each day, one of the highest percentages in the world, according to the website visitcopenhagen.dk. US environmental website treehugger.com recently voted Copenhagen the world's best city for cyclists. "Because Copenhagen is strongly connected with cycling, we felt the bicycle would work well as a symbol of the hotel's green profile ." If successful, the electric bicycle meal programme will be spread to all Crowne Plaza hotels in the UK, the hotel said in a statement. How can a participant get a free meal? | [
"By becoming a professional cyclist.",
"By cycling to produce some electricity.",
"By linking a smart phone to a bicycle.",
"By monitoring his or her carbon footprint."
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_9991 | Millions of people die of hunger in Southern Africa every year, but when prefix = st1 /Zambiawas offered thousands of tons of free maize by theUS, the government politely said no. "We don't know whether the food is safe," said Zambia's Commerce, Trade and Industry Minister Dipak Patel. His worries are shared by countries around the world that are _ aboutAmerica's genetically modified (GM) crops. Just last week, EU member nations were discussing whether or not to import GM sweet corn from theUS. Ever since people started farming, they have tried to crossbreed plants to make them stronger or better tasting. At one time, only related plants could be crossed with each other. But when GM techniques were developed in the 1970s, scientists were able to put a single gene from a living creature into an unrelated creature. This means they can make crops more productive and resistant to disease by adding genes from other species. They can also create food with special characteristics, such as "golden rice", which is enriched with vitamin A. But many people believe GM foods are a health risk. "If left to me, I would certainly not eat GM foods," said Scottish scientist Arpad Pusztai. "We are putting new things into food which haven't been eaten before. The effects on the immune system are not easy to predict." At the moment, the official argument is that GM foods "are not likely to present risks for human health". But there are still many questions to be answered as the foods are produced in different ways. Some experts believe the genetic material added to plants can transfer to humans and give damage to our bodies. Further harm could be caused by the genes from GM plants crossbreeding with naturally produced crops. We learn from the passage _ . | [
"people have discovered that GM foods will do harm to human health",
"millions ofZambiapeople die of eating too much GM foods",
"people are still not sure if GM foods will do harm to human health",
"genetic material added to plants will damage our bodies sooner or later"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_21456 | If enough dirt is able to accumulate over a carcass, then eventually that carcass may | [
"be solidified in stone",
"be frozen in carbonate",
"be melted to a tree",
"become a source of water"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_6132 | March Break Leadership Camp The aim of this FREE program is to develop an awareness of race relations, diversity, an equal issue for students in Grades 6-8. Place: The Central Library Room Time: March 16&17, 2009 from 9:00 am to 3:00 pm Pick up and hand in registration forms at the Central Library. All forms must be handed in by March 6th. Space is limited. Please send any questions related to the program to Becky George, the Public Library 905-831-6265 ext 6230 or email: pickering-younity@hotmail.com Free Your Space......Free Your Mind At the Central Library: Wednesday, May 13thfrom7:00 pm to 8:30 pm This time management course will help you to create more balance and time in your life. In today's increasingly stressful times, it is becoming more difficult to spend quality time with family and friends. This course will provide positive solutions and strategies to achieve peace. Book Club for Teens At the Central Library: Every 2ndThursday at 7:00 pm Do you enjoy reading? Part of the pleasure of reading comes from meeting with others to discuss characters, plots or style. Come to trade ideas and questions, and make new friends. This program is currently full but for more information, please call 905-831-6265 ext 6232. Computer Training Group computer classes for teens will be provided at the Central Library in March, April, and May. Registration starts at 9:30 am on Friday, March 6thfor the March session; Friday, March 27thfor the April session; and Friday, April 24thfor the May session. A valid Public Library card is required for all computer training sessions. Call the Central Library for more information or to register, 905-831-6265 ext 6243. Limit 10 participants per class. If you want to do computer studies, you need to _ . | [
"register for each session a month in advance",
"find other students to form a group",
"go to the library to register by yourself",
"own a valid Public Library card"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_9054 | Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children (MGHfC) have invented a new term that describes dangers associated with cigarette smoke: third-hand smoke. Study results published in January, 2009 discuss how third-hand smoke is especially dangerous for children. Have you ever walked into a room that had the smell of cigarette smoke, regardless of the fact that a fan was moving the air and no one was smoking at the time? This is what researchers are calling third-hand smoke -- and it represents the poisonous deposits that are left behind long after a cigarette is put out. Cigarette smoke contains gases and small particles that are deposited on every surface it comes in contact with, for example, the smoker's hair and clothing, or the environment the cigarette was smoked in. It's dangerous for young children who may crawl on polluted surfaces. Third-hand smoke is a serious health risk for our kids, especially those who live in the homes of smokers. Jonathan Winickoff, lead author of the study, explains, "When you come into contact with your baby, even if you're not smoking at the time, he or she comes in contact with those poisons. And if you breast-feed, the poisons will transfer to your baby in your breast milk." Winickoff adds however, that nursing a baby if you're a smoker is still a better choice than bottle-feeding. Researchers involved in the study also surveyed more than 1,500 families in an effort to learn about adult attitudes regarding the danger third-hand smoke represents to their children and how that might affect smoking in the home. Approximately 95 percent of nonsmokers and 84 percent of smokers believe that secondhand smoke is dangerous for children. On the issue of whether third-hand smoke threatens the health of children, 65 percent of nonsmokers and 43 percent of smokers felt that third-hand smoke harms kids. When asked about rules regarding smoking in the home, approximately 88 percent of nonsmokers said they don't allow smoking, while only 27 percent of smokers forbid smoking in the home. However, both non-smokers and smokers who felt that third-hand smoking was harmful to children's health were more inclined to restrict smoking in their homes. The following measures to prevent the effect of third-hand smoke are effective except _ . | [
"keeping kids out of room when you smoke",
"cleaning the house to get rid of poisons",
"making yourself clean before contacting kids",
"trying to forbid smoking in home"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_6842 | Here in Alaska, the wolf almost disappeared a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport. However, laws were passed to protect the wolves from sportsmen and people who catch the animals for their fur. So the wolf population has greatly increased. Now there are so many wolves that they are destroying their own food supply. A wolf naturally lives on animals in the deer family. People there also hunt deer for food. Many of the animals have been destroyed by the very cold winters recently and by changes in the plant life there. When the deer can't find enough food, they die. If the wolves continue to kill large numbers of deer, the deer will disappear some day. And the wolves will, too. So we must change the life cycles there. If we killed more wolves, we would save them from starving. We also save deer and some farm animals. In another northern state, wolves attack cows and chickens for food. Farmers want the United States government to send a team of scientists to study the problem. They believe it is necessary to kill wolves in some areas and to protect them in places where there is a small population. Why is it that if wolves go on killing a good many deer the wolves will die out? | [
"Because wolves will have no deer to kill.",
"Because people will kill them for punishment.",
"Because killing deer is dangerous.",
"Because wolves mainly live on deer."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_16755 | There is an old English saying.It tells us that we must go to bed early and get up early in the morning.Then we shall be healthy.We shall also be rich and clever.This is true.The body must have enough sleep to be healthy.Children of young age should have ten hours' sleep every night.Children who do not have enough sleep cannot do their work well and they may not be healthy.The body also needs exercise.Walking, running, jumping and playing games are all exercise.Exercise keeps the body strong.Exercise also helps the blood to move around inside the body.It is very important.Our blood moves to all parts of our body.The head also needs blood.Exercise helps us to think better. Children of young age should have _ hours' sleep every day. | [
"ten",
"nine",
"eleven",
"twelve"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7881 | Saturday 28 April, 2001: Dennis Tito was setting off on his holiday. Mr. Tito's journey was certainly unusual! So was the transport he chose, and the price of his trip. The 60-year-old multi-millionaire from New York was sitting on board a Russian spaceship. He was on a journey to the International Space Station. It might have been a routine trip for the two astronauts who were traveling with him, but for him it was certainly no ordinary journey. Dennis Tito was the first tourist ever in space, and he had paid the sum of $20 million to go there. As the spacecraft left the earth's atmosphere, Tito drank a glass of fruit juice to celebrate and looked down at the earth's blue-green surface. Two minutes later, he was sick. Luckily it was only a minor problem. He soon recovered, and from then on enjoyed a smooth journey. When he arrived at the space station, there was a big smile on his face. "A great trip!" he commented. "I love space." For a long time space travel was something for heroes. But all this is going to change. Companies like ProSpace are investing large amounts of money in space travel. They want space and space travel to belong to the public, not just governments. There are other plans, like voyages through space from one side of the world to the other. Maybe we will be able to depart from New York at nine o'clock in the morning, and arrive an hour later-- in Tokyo! Such a schedule would allow the business traveler to return to New York on the same day, and still have eight hours for a meeting! Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? | [
"Business Travelers",
"Space Tourists",
"A Space Exploration",
"A Frightening Adventure"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_9910 | A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct species. The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard Universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants -- the Asian elephant, African forest elephant, and African savanna elephant. Once they obtained DNA sequences from two fossils , mammoths,and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths. The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists. There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species, but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species. Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species, despite the elephants' significant size differences. The savanna elephant has an average shoulder height of 3.5 metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5 metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA. Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the Department of Animal Sciences at the University of Illinois, said, "We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purposes. Since 1950,all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinctive animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority for conservation purposes." The researchers' conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant's _ . | [
"DNA",
"height",
"weight",
"population"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_20640 | Robotics would have great difficulty in existing if these had yet to be invented. | [
"pots",
"cats",
"desktops",
"paper towels"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_372 | In New York State, an observer will usually see the Sun rise in the | [
"north",
"south",
"east",
"west"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17725 | Which disease is correctly paired with the cause of the disease? | [
"athlete's foot - fungi",
"malaria - viruses",
"influenza - bacteria",
"pneumonia - protists"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5771 | Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines, say UK researchers. Their study found that theobromine , found in cocoa, was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine, which was considered the best cough medicine at present. The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment. "While coughing is not necessarily harmful it can have a major effect on the quality of life, and this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem," said Professor Peter Barnes. Ten healthy volunteers were given theobromine, codeine or placebo, a pill that contains no medicine, during the experiment. Neither the volunteers nor the researchers knew who received which pill. The researchers then measured levels of capsaicin, which is used in research to cause coughing and as a sign of how well the medicines are stopping coughs. The team found that, when the volunteers were given theobromine, the capsaicin needed to produce a cough was around a third higher than in the placebo group. When they were given codeine they needed only slightly higher levers of capsaicin to cause a cough compared with the placebo. The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity , which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments, theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness. According to Professor Barnes, theobromine _ . | [
"cannot be as effective as codeine",
"can be harmful to people's health",
"cannot be separated from chocolate",
"can be a more effective cure for coughs"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5639 | An English traveler spent a few weeks in Sweden. When he was about to return home,he found that he had only enough money left to get a ticket to England. Thinking the matter over, he decided that as it was only a two days' voyage he could get home without eating anything. So he bought a ticket with that little money he had and went on board the ship. He closed his ears to the sound of the lunch bell,and when dinner came,he refused to go down to the place where people had their dinner, saying that he did not feel well. The following day he did not get up until breakfast was over, pretending that he had overslept himself. At lunch time, too, he kept out of the way. By the time of dinner,however,he became so hungry that he could even eat paper. "I can't stand this any longer, " he said to himself."I must have something to eat." At the dinner table he ate everything put in front of him.When he was quite full, he felt stronger and at once went to see the waiter. "Bring the bill, " he said to the waiter. "The bill?" said the waiter in surprise. "Yes, " answered the traveler. "There isn't any bill here," said the waiter,"On this ship meals are already included in the ticket." How many meals did the English traveler eat during his two-day voyage? | [
"One.",
"None.",
"Six.",
"There."
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7154 | Hemophilia results when a gene fails to produce the protein needed for the blood to clot ,or change from a liquid to a solid .The fault gene is passed from parents to children .People with hemophilia suffer uncontrolled bleeding .This can result in pain , tissue swelling and permanent damage to joints and muscles. One in every ten thousand males has the most common kind of hemophilia .It is extremely rare for females to have it. Patients can be treated with the missing clotting substance .They generally can lead normal lives. Scientists say gene treatment may be a possible way to cure hemophilia in the future .Researchers consider hemophilia the best disease for gene treatment because it is caused by a single fault gene .Also ,only a small increase in the missing clotting substance could provide good results .They tested gene treatment in six patients with severe hemophilia. First ,they removed skin cells from the patients' arms .The researchers grew the cells in the laboratory .They added copies of the needed gene taken from healthy people .Then they created hundreds of millions of genetically changed cells .They placed these cells into the patients' stomachs.After four months ,the amount of blood clotting substance in the blood increased in four of the six patients .Some of the patients reported a decrease in bleeding problems .However ,ten months later ,the clotting substance was no longer in the patients' blood .It is not clear if the implanted cells died or the added genes stopped working. The researchers say the study showed that gene treatment is safe for people with the most common kind of hemophilia .But others expressed concern about the treatment because the effects were only temporary. Which of the following is NOT true about hemophilia? | [
"It is caused by a fault gene and is passed from parents.",
"It causes uncontrolled bleeding.",
"People with hemophilia don't have any physical damage and can lead normal lives.",
"It doesn't succeed in making protein needed for blood to form into clots."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13567 | When I was seven years old, my family made me an ant farm. First, we put clean sand in a thin glass box. Then we waited for the ants to arrive. After the ants were in the glass farm, they started to make tunnels . I was amazed that each one knew exactly what to do. Each had its own job. On the fifth day a tragedy happened. I put my face so close to the glass farm that I knocked it over. All the tunnels fell down. Although the ants remained alive after their earthquake, one by one began to die. I was scared as I watched them give up building their tunnels to carry the bodies to a corner the farm. My mother said that the ants were dying of sadness. They simply could not stand that their tunnels were gone. Although much time has passed, I still think of that ant farm. Mom had hoped it would teach me about the natural world, but it taught me much more. Over the years, I came to realize the importance of teamwork. Working together, the ants were able to make an amazing world for themselves. I also learned that they should be admired for their hard work. But there was an even larger lesson that I did not realize until recently: Adversity is a natural part of life, and must be accepted. Unlike the ants, we cannot give up when we are sad. We have to realize that if a tunnel is gone, we must build another. Giving up, I say, is not a good choice. Which statement is WRONG according to the passage? | [
"The writer knocked the glass box over because he put his face so close to the glass farm.",
"The ants didn't die one by one after the tunnels were destroyed.",
"Like people, teamwork is very important for the ants.",
"Giving up isn't a good way when we meet trouble."
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13250 | When you are ill, you should go to see a doctor. After the doctor looks you over, he will give you a note to take to the _ for some medicine. Chemists are usually good at reading doctors' notes. But sometimes doctors write too badly and even the chemist can not read them. One day a woman wrote to a doctor to invite him to have dinner with her family . The doctor wrote an answer, but he wrote too badly and the woman could not read it. She asked her husband, "I don't know whether he is going come or not. I don't want to call and say that I don't understand him. " Her husband thought for a few minutes and then he had a good idea. "Take it to the chemist," he said , "He will be able to read it for us." "That's a good idea." said the woman. She went to the chemist's shop and gave the doctor's note to him. The chemist looked at it for a long time. "Could you wait a moment, Miss?" he said . Then he went to the back of the shop. After a few minutes he came back, carrying a large bottle. He gave the bottle to the woman. "Take a teaspoon every day." said the chemist to the woman. The husband wanted his wife to _ . | [
"go to the chemist to get some medicine",
"call the doctor have dinner with them",
"read the note again",
"take the reply to the chemist for help"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_21058 | A seeing eye dog is able to do this better than his master: | [
"open a door",
"speak out loud",
"talk to friends",
"observe visually"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7707 | A single night of taking the drug Ecstasy can cause serious brain damage and speed up the start of Parkinson's disease , scientists say. Just two or three Ecstasy tablets can permanently destroy brain cells that affect movement and reasoning, according to American research that links the drug to Parkinson's for the first time. A study by a team at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, involving squirrel monkeys and baboons found that both species suffered permanent damage to key cells, which are lost in Parkinson's, after receiving three low doses of Ecstasy at three-hour periods. The study is particularly important because baboons are one of the best animal models for the human brain. George Ricaurte, who led the research, said that the widespread abuse of drug might have caused severe damage. "The most troubling result is that young adults using Ecstasy may be increasing their risk of developing Parkinsonism as they get older." Alan Leshner, a former director of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, said, "This study emphasizes the multi-aspect damage that Ecstasy causes to users. We've long known that repeated use damages brain cells. But this study shows that even very occasional use can have long-lasting effects on many different brain systems. It sends an important message to young people: don't experiment with your own brain." Janet Betts, a mother whose teenage daughter Leah died after a single Ecstasy tablet in 1995, said, "This comes as no surprise. But people can't see the effects at first, and they say it won't happen to them. We'll see the symptoms later, just as we have with smoking." Why are squirrel monkeys and baboons involved in the experiments? | [
"Because these animals usually take drugs.",
"Because their brain is similar to human beings.",
"Because there is a model in the animals' brains.",
"Because they will soon get well after the experiment."
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_18384 | What information is needed to calculate the speed of a car? | [
"the road conditions and type of tires",
"the type of engine and the amount of gas used by the engine",
"the car length and distance traveled",
"the distance travel"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_8247 | As a teenager in 1972, Bill Gates boasted that he would be a millionaire by the time he was 20. While he did not quite achieve that goal, only 15 years later, he was a millionaire. And by 1992, as head of the Microsoft company, he became the richest man in America with assets of nearly US $ 6.3 billion. Born in Seattle, Washington on 28, October, 1956, Gates was named William Henry after his father and grandfather. From the beginning, he was an extremely energetic and intelligent child. He had read the entire world book encyclopedia by the age of nine. His favorite subjects at school were science and math and his favorite pastime was "thinking". Gates first started to play with computers at the age of 13. Before long he became an expert at working the school's computer. After his graduation from secondary school, Gates was accepted by the three top universities in the USA-Princeton, Harvard and Yale. He chose Harvard and began classes there the next autunm, majoring maths. But he was still obsessed with computers and spent as much time in the computer laboratories as he did in the lecture halls. By 1975, Gates and a partner, Paul Allen, had developed a software program called BASIC. This was not the first program ever created, but its inventors were the first to decide that people who wanted to use it should pay for it. BASIC was a success because until it came along, there had been no efficient way of getting computers to carry out instructions. Although he had not completed his degree, Gates left university and went to work full time for the new company he had formed called Microsoft. His next project was the software program that made him famous and very rich. It was called DOS, short for Disk Operating System, and it was purchased by IBM in 1980. Today it is the operating system used in more than 14 million personal computers around the world. As chief executive officer of Microsoft, Gates is known as a bright man, but one who is not easily satisfied. He is quick to criticize his staff and hates to be questioned about decisions he has made. He was regarded as a loner and unfashionable boring computer nut until his marriage to Microsoft manager Melinda French on New Year's Day 1994. Yet to many people now, Gates, is a person who is, in spite of his great wealth, humble and ordinary. He spends his money carefully. He eats in fast food restaurants and flies economy class. And when praised for Microsoft's great success, he has been heard to say, "All we do is put software in a box and if people see it in the stores and like it, they buy it." Before the development of BASIC, _ . | [
"no one was interested in computer software",
"software programs were not considered commercial projects",
"software programs were very expensive",
"no one wanted to pay for computer software"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_12265 | Mary had some troubles, so she went to see the doctor. He was a new doctor, and did not know her. So he first asked her some questions. One of the questions was, "What is your age?" "Well..." Mary answered, "I don't quite remember, doctor, but I will try to think." She thought for a while and then said, "Yes, I remember now, doctor. When I married, I was twenty-two years old, and my husband was thirty then. Now he is sixty, I know, and that is twice thirty. And so I am twice twenty-two. That is forty-four, isn't it?" Mary went to see the doctor because _ . | [
"she had a headache",
"she had a fever",
"she had caught a cold",
"she wasn't feeling well"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14198 | Help wanted Can you spend two hours a week doing some gardening? We are in need of help from 2 pm to 4 pm every Saturday. If you word like to help out, please call Elaine at 4435--7792 A Telephone Message From:Jessica To:Lucas Date: May5 Time:15:00 Message: She says that you must put on Your sports shoes, cap and sunglasses; bring Somefood and drinks at the school gate at 8 am tomorrow. Tel: 8467-6352. Taken by:Jim Found Feb13,2016/6/30 An ipad was found in the library on the morning of Feb12. Please call 3345--67898 or come to Class 2, Grade 8 to get it. Lost March 7, 2016 Lost near Man Street. Puppy is 6 months old. He is a black schnauzer . He is very important to me. Reward . Please call Allen at 8956--7778. What will Jessica and Lucas do? | [
"Go to a party.",
"Go to a movie.",
"Go climbing.",
"Go shopping."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_11578 | Google Glass, a wearable computer, will not go on sale for many months. But the resistance is already under way. The glasses-like device, which allows users to access the Internet, take photos and shoot videos, has been banned by a bar in Seattle, because according to the bar' owner, the bar was "kind of a private place." Besides, large parts of Las Vegas will not welcome wearers. Google Glass is a pair of glasses with a tiny computer attached to the right earpiece and has the ability to capture any chance encounter and broadcast it to millions. As personal technology becomes increasingly invisible, it is causing questions of whether it will rob people of privacy. As Google sees it, Glass is a revolutionary new way to quickly and effortlessly connect people with information. Google stresses that Glass is a work in its early stage, with test versions now being released to 2,000 developers. The company hopes they'll be seen as normal and become accepted in the same way smart phones are. The wearer has to speak or touch the device to activate it, and must look directly at someone to take a photograph or video of them. "We are thinking very carefully about how we design Glass because new technology always raises new issues," said Courtney Hohne, a Google spokeswoman. Critics view Glass as an unfriendly new technology that could rob people of what few privacy they have left. They think Google is downplaying the privacy and security risks. According to Google, it's obvious when someone is taking pictures or recording a video on Glass. Developers, however, are pushing the limits. One created a small sensation in tech circles with a program that eliminated the need for gestures or voice commands. To snap a picture, all the user needed to do was wink . Imagine a surveillance device that you could wear on your body all day without anyone being the wiser. Out on the street, in the subway, at a bar or cafe, people would never know whether the stranger next to them is secretly recording their every move. It is really a privacy disaster. According to Google Company, which of the following statements about Google Glass is NOT true? | [
"Google Glass is an immature product.",
"They are acting cautiously in designing Google Glass.",
"People can take photos without eyeing the objects.",
"Google Glass is just as normal as a smart phone."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_802 | What is one way to change water from a liquid to a solid? | [
"decrease the temperature",
"increase the temperature",
"decrease the mass",
"increase the mass"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7685 | There once lived in China a very foolish king and queen. One day the queen had a baby daughter. When they saw their baby, they both cried out, "My goodness! How small it is! It's hairless and toothless! It's a monster!" They sent for all the doctors in the country and ordered them to prepare some medicine for her. "When she drinks your medicine, she must grow to the right size and have hair and teeth," the king said, "If you don't do this, you'll have a beating." The doctors thought it impossible, but they dared not say anything against the king's order. Just then and old doctor stepped forward. "Oh, we shall certainly obey your order," he said, "but it takes time. We have to dig a mineral from the Kun Lun Mountains when the snow melts for the second time. The snow melts on those mountains only once in six years. So we need twelve years." At last the king agreed and the doctors took away the little princess. On her twelfth birthday, they brought her back to her parents with long black hair and beautiful teeth. The king and queen were very happy and gave the doctors expensive presents. _ the king wouldn't have given them expensive presents. | [
"Had the doctors not brought back a beautiful girl",
"If the doctors hadn't found the minerals",
"Had the doctors not been able to prepare the magic medicine?",
"If the daughter were still a monster twelve years later"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15330 | Can you think of a sentence? It has the word "and" five times, without any words in between? There is one at the end of this story. There was an inn. It was called "The Horse and Cart". Many people came to have a drink and chat with each other after work. It had a sign outside it, and there was a horse, a cart and some letters in the sign. But the sign was getting old, so the owner of the inn decided to have a new one. He went to a painter and asked him to draw one and write "The Horse and Cart" on it in large letters. A few days later, he went to see how the painter was getting on. He liked the picture of the horse and cart very much, but he did not like the writing at all. He said to the painter, "No, no! There's too much room between HORSE and AND and AND and CART!" There was a _ outside the inn. | [
"blackboard",
"house",
"painter",
"sign"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15102 | Here is a picture of Mr Wang's family. The man in the middle is Mr Wang, the father. The woman is the mother. They only have a daughter. Her name is Wang Jia. She is 14 years old. She is a good student in Foreign Language School. Her classmates like her very much, and her parents like her very much, too. Is Wang Jia a student of Foreign Language School? _ | [
"No, she isn't.",
"No, she is.",
"Yes, she isn't.",
"Yes, she is."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_12970 | Wen Feng Store Sale Goods Colors Price(each) Socks Black, white, green $3 Sweater Black $15 Hat Blue, white $4 T-shirt Red, green $14 Shoes Black and white $25 Bag Blue $5 ,. The store has hats in _ . | [
"all colors",
"blue, white and black",
"blue and black",
"white and blue"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_19445 | If a cow is offered a choice, it will turn down | [
"a bale of hay",
"a piece of carrot",
"a chunk of apple",
"a chunk of pork"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2858 | While all my classmates seen to be crazy about a one-way ticket to Mars , I'd rather say Mars is totally unsuitable for human existence. People won't have enough food supplies there, and the terrible environment would make it impossible for them to live a long life. Besides, the journey won't be safe. Can anybody explain to me just why people would go to Mars, never to return? Steve Minear, UK Here are the things you can think of: the desire to explore a foreign and unique environment, the excitement of being the first humans to open up a new world, the expectation of fame and glory...For scientists there is another reason. Their observations and research will probably lead to great scientific achievements. Donal Trollop, Canada There are already too many people on the Earth. I think that sometime before the end of the century, there will be a human colony on Mars. It will happen when people finally realize that tow-way trips to the red planet Mars are unnecessary. Most of the danger of space Flight is in the launches and landings. Cutting the trip home would therefore reduce the danger of accidents, save a lot of money, and open the way to building an everlasting human settlement on another world. Enough supplies can be sent on ahead. And every two years more supplies and more people will needs, and Mars is far more pleasant than the other planets in the outer space. Paul Davies. USA Paul Davies points out that _ . | [
"humans need only a one-way ticket to Mars.",
"two-way trips to Mars will be made safe soon",
"it is easy to reduce the danger and cost of flights to Mars",
"it is cheap to build an everlasting human settlement on Mars"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13253 | Every living thing on Earth is either a plant or an animal, right? Wrong! Many organisms in our world are neither. Some of them float through the air, and some lie hidden in the ground. They do not need sunlight to survive, and if the weather becomes too cold, they can become inactive until conditions improve. What are these? They are called fungi , and you see them almost every day. Many kinds of fungi seem _ , such as the green black things that appear on the food which are left too long in the refrigerator. But other kinds are not so bad. For example, the yeast that is used to make bread and mushrooms are both fungi. What makes fungi different from plants and animals? An animal can move around by itself. Fungi get around too, but they don't have feet, wings, or tails. They have to wait for wind or some other outside force to move them. Plants are different from fungi because they have chlorophyll . It helps them make food from the energy in sunlight. Fungi do not have chlorophyll. Some fungi are bad, while others are not. Some fungi cause diseases, such as athlete's foot, which makes feet uncomfortable. Other kinds of fungi can be used to make medicines, which have saved many lives. Fungi clean up more than wounds, though. They are the world's first recyclers. Without fungi, our world would be a mess. Since fungi cannot make their own food as plants do, they must get their food elsewhere. Many fungi get their food from dead plants. They break them down and turn them into soil. The fungi get a meal, and the world gets a housecleaning. According to the passage, _ . | [
"fungi can move everywhere by themselves",
"fungi are unable to survive in cold conditions",
"some fungi can make food from the energy in sunlight.",
"some fungi are useful to humans and the environment"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17003 | Look at the picture. What can you see? In the picture there is a big table with a lot of things on it. There are three bottles of orange juice, two glasses of milk, some bread, cakes and so on. look, there is a cat under the table. It's Kate's cat. Its name is Mimi. I think it like them very much. No, Mimi. You can't have them. All the things on the table are not for you. They are for Jim and Kate. They have them for lunch. POLLY is a bird. Now it's on the window. It's eating a banana. Where is the cat? It's _ . | [
"behind the door",
"under the table",
"near the window",
"on the floor"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_8068 | Today, nearly 400 animals are listed as threatened or endangered animals in the United States. Many are at risk of becoming extinct or disappearing permanently. Unless efforts to save these vulnerable animals succeed, many of the country's greatest creatures will be lost forever. From the facts listed, guess which animals are endangered. Click on the picture to find out more about each of these animals in trouble. American Crocodile *American crocodiles are about 12 feet long. They live on land and in shallow water, swamps and marshes. *American crocodiles like to float in the water with only their eyes and noses above the water surface. *American crocodiles eat mostly small animals, which they grab with their strong jaws and sharp teeth. *American crocodiles lay eggs. They hide their eggs under twigs and leaves, or bury them in the sand. *Some crocodiles help their young hatch, and then carry them to the water in their mouth. Habitat Southern Florida, Mexico, Central and South American, Caribbean islands. Why It's Endangered Overhunted for its skin and habitat destruction. Peninsular Bighorn Sheep *Bighorn sheep can weigh as much as 280 pounds and stand about 3 feet tall. *They live in dry, desert mountain ranges, near rocky cliffs. *Bighorn sheep eat grass, twigs and leaves. *Male sheep are called rams and can be recognized by their huge, brown horns. The horns curl back over the ears, down,and up past the cheeks. *They live in herds or groups. The male sheep with the biggest horns are usually in charge. Male horns can weigh as much as 30 pounds. *Males will use their massive horns to fight. The fights can last as long as 24 hours. *Females are called ewes. They are smaller than rams and have shorter, smaller horns. Habitat Nevada and California to west Texas and south into Mexico. Why It's Endangered Loss of habitat, hunting illegally, drought and disease. Rams make use of their massive horns to _ . | [
"master the herds",
"show their beauty",
"fight with others",
"hunt for food"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13206 | There are two main kinds of sports. These two kinds of sports are team sports and individual sports. Team sports are such sports as baseball,basketball and volleyball. Team sports need two separate teams. The teams play against each other. They compete against each other in order to get the best score. For example, in a football game, if Team A gets 7 points and Team B gets 3 points,Team A wins the game. Team sports are sometimes called competitive sports. Besides team sports, there is another main type of sporting activity. It's individual sports. In individual sports there are no teams. People play individual sports such as swimming, skiing and running. Of course, it is possible to compete in individual sports. It is possible to keep a score in individual sports. The main difference, however, between team sports and individual sports is that team sports always require more than one person. In a football match, Team A gets 0 and Team B gets 2, then _ . | [
"Team A wins",
"Team B wins",
"both Team A and Team B win",
"both Team A and Team B lose"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_16985 | Hi there , How are you ? Thanks for your last e-mail . You want to know how I get to school , right ? Well ,I usually leave my home at about 8:00 and walk to the bus stop . The school bus usually comes at about 8:15 .My school is about 20 kilometers from my home .It takes about 40 minutes to get there by bus .The bus ride is never boring because I always talk to my classmates . Tom thinks _ is never boring . | [
"the bus",
"the school",
"the e-mail",
"the bus ride"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2664 | The common cold is the world's most widespread illness, which is probably why there are more myths(,) about it than any of the other illnesses. The most widespread mistake of all is that colds are caused by cold.They are not.They are caused by viruses passing on from person to person.You catch a cold by coming into contact, directly or indirectly, with someone who already has one.If cold causes colds, it would be reasonable to expect the Eskimos to suffer from them forever.But they do not.And in isolated Arctic regions explorers have reported being free from colds until coming into contact again with infected people from the outside world by way of packages and mail dropped from airplanes. At the Common Cold Research Unit in England, volunteers took part in Experiments in which they gave themselves to the discomforts of being cold and wet for long stretches of time.After taking hot baths, they put on bathing suits, allowed themselves to be doused with cold water, and then stood about dripping wet in drafty rooms.Some wore wet socks all day while others exercised in the rain until close to exhaustion.Not one of the volunteers came down with a cold unless a cold virus was actually dropped in his nose. If cold and wet have nothing to do with catching colds, why are they more frequent in the winter? In spite of the most painstaking research, no one has yet found the answer.One explanation offered by scientists is that people tend to stay together indoors more in cold weather than at other times, and this makes it easier for cold viruses to be passed on. No one has yet found a cure for the cold.There are drugs and pain suppressors such as aspirin, but all they do is to relieve the symptoms. What does the passage mainly discuss? | [
"The reason and the way people catch colds.",
"The continued spread of colds.",
"The experiments on colds.",
"The myths about colds."
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_4086 | An 80-year-old man was sitting on the sofa in his house along with his 45-year-old highly educated son. Suddenly a crow perched on their window. The father asked his son, "What is this?" The son replied, "It is a crow." After a few minutes, the father asked his son the 2 time, "What is this?" The son said, "Father, I have just now told you 'It's a crow'." After a little while, the old father again asked his son the 3 time, "What is this?" At this time some expression of was felt in the son's tone when he said to his father. "It's a crow, a crow, a crow." A little after, the father again asked his son the 4 time, "What is this?" This time the son shouted at his father, "Why do you keep asking me the same question again and again, although I have told you so many times 'IT IS A CROW'. Are you not able to understand this?" A little later the father went to his room and came back with an old tattered diary, which he had maintained since his son was born. On opening a page, he asked his son to read that page. When the son read it, the following words were written in the diary: "Today my little son aged three was sitting with me on the sofa, when a crow was sitting on the window. My son asked me 23 times what it was, and I replied to him all 23 times that it was a crow. I hugged him lovingly each time he asked me the same question again and again for 23 times. I did not at all feel irritated, I rather felt affection for my innocent child." How old was the father when he wrote down this page in the diary? | [
"35 years old",
"38 years old",
"45 years old",
"80 years old"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_1905 | Which of the following is one reason that quartz is classified as a mineral? | [
"It can be manufactured.",
"It comes in different colors.",
"It has a specific crystal structure.",
"It can be melted at high temperatures."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_10389 | From the moment that an animal is born it has to make decisions . It has to decide which of the things around it are for eating , and which are to be avoided ; when to attack and when to run away . The animal is , in fact , playing a very dangerous game with its environment , a game in which it must make decision--a matter of life or death . Animals' ability to act reasonably is believed to come partly from what we may call "genetic learning" , which is different from the individual learning that an animal does in the course of its own lifetime . Genetic learning is learning by a species --animals of the same kind--as a whole , and it is achieved by selection of those members of each generation that happen to act in the right way . However , the role of genetic learning depends upon how similar the future environment is to the past . The more important individual experience is likely to be , the less important is genetic learning as a means of getting over the problems of the survival game . Because most animals live in ever changing evironments from one generation to the next , it is not surprising to find that very few species indeed depend wholly upon genetic learning . In the great majority of animals , their particular ways of acting in a new environment are a compound of individual experience added to the action patterns animals are born with .That is why animals can survive . The animal's life will come to an end_. | [
"if the animal makes a wrong decision",
"if the animal plays a dangerous game",
"when the animal attacks its enemy",
"when the animal runs too slowly"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7106 | Deep in the western Amazon rainforest, live butterflies that drink turtle tears. That sounds like a line straight out of a fantasy novel, but it's one hundred percent real life! It's an unusual sight--a crowd of butterflies flying around the eyes of yellow-spotted river turtles, trying to get a little tear.s. The poor turtles try to avoid them, hut the butterflies insist drinking their tears until they've had their fill. The butterflies are likely attracted to the turtles' tears because the liquid drops contain salt, specifically sodium, an important mineral that is rare in the western Amazon rainforest, said Phil Torres, a scientist who does much of his research at the Tambopata Research Center in Peru and is associated with Rice Univtrsity. Turtles get plenty of sodium through their largely carnivorous diet. Meat contains significant levels of the salt, Torres told LiveScience. But herbivores butterflies sometimes .struggle to get this extra mineral source, he added. Torres explained the western Amazon rainforest is lower in sodium than many places on earth, because it t is over l,000 miles away from the Atlantic Ocean---a main source of salt. The region is also cut off from the mineral dirt blown towards the west from the Andes Mountains. Most of these windblown minerals are removed from the air by the rain before they have a chance to reach the western Amazon. In fact, the butterflies have other sources to get sodium besides turtles' tears, which include animal urine , muddy river banks, sweaty clothes and so on. People can't help wondering if the process is painful for turtles. Torres said it's not completely clear, but the teary effort probably has little effect on the turtles, other than perhaps making them more vulnerable to their enemies like big cats, since the butterflies can block out their vision. We can conclude from the passage | [
"the butterflies like eating meat for getting salt .",
"the turtles like the butterflies drinking their tears",
"turtle tears are the only source of salt for the butterflies",
"the Andes Mountains lies east of the western Amazon rainforest"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_13505 | Please come to meet a family from Canada. The girl's name is Wendy. Her family are in China now. Her father and mother work in Shanghai. Wendy's father is an office worker and her mother teaches English in a school. Wendy has two brothers but no sisters. They are all students but they are in different school. She is in Grade Eight and her brothers are in Grade Six. They love their schools. Wendy usually goes to school with her brothers _ . Sometimes their father takes them in his car. In the afternoon, they have lunch at school.They like to play with their classmates. And they often help each other. Wendy and her brothers are in _ | [
"the same school",
"the same class",
"the same grade",
"different grades"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17394 | Which is an example of a chemical change? | [
"a rusting car fender",
"a spinning top",
"a spilled bucket of water",
"a melting popsicle"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_697 | A snack consists of peanuts, sunflower seeds, raisins, almonds, and chocolate pieces. Which statement describes why this is a mixture? | [
"It is made up of more than one substance.",
"It is impossible to separate the substances.",
"The components retain their original properties.",
"The components chemically combine with each other."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_8210 | The horsepower was first used two hundred years ago. James Watt had made the world's first widely used steam engine. He had no way of telling people exactly how powerful it was, for at that time there were no units for measuring power. Watt decided to find out how much work one strong horse could do in one minute. He called that init one horsepower. With this unit he could measure the work his steam engine could do. He discovered that a horse could lift a 3,300-pound weight 10 feet into the air in one minute. His engine could lift a 3,300 pound weight 100 feet in one minute. Because his engine did ten times as much work as the horse, Watt called it a ten-horsepower engine. What does one horsepower mean? It means _ . | [
"one horse's power",
"what one strong horse can do in one minute",
"what one horse can do in a day",
"what work one horse can do as much as possible"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_667 | Mrs. Gordon's class studies maple trees. Which property can the students measure with a meter stick? | [
"the mass of a leaf",
"the volume of its sap",
"the length of a branch",
"the temperature of its bark"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_12046 | In today's world, we rely on computers as never before.They are used for everything from ordering a pizza to running hospitals and military defense systems.Banking and credit card information is stored and accessed by computers.So what happens when a computer gets infected with a virus? One effect is that people's access to their e-mail accounts is cut off.A more serious possible consequence is that billions of dollars could be lost. A virus is a computer program that copies itself onto other programs and infects them. Similar to an easily spread disease, a computer virus goes from computer to computer, either adding to or changing the tasks a program is designed to do. The first computer viruses were created in the mid '80s and had varying effects.Some caused files to be deleted, or made the letters on the screen appear to fall off.Others displayed a specific message once the computer was turned on. Viruses today are much more widespread and dangerous than ever before.Perhaps the most damaging to date has been the "I Love You" virus."I Love You" appeared in May 2000 and has possibly been the most destructive virus in terms of monetary loss. The virus is released when an attachment to a fake e-mail message is opened.By changing the names of files on computers, "I Love You" makes them difficult to access.It also searches for important personal information, including passwords, which it sends to a web site for others to see. It is estimated that more than 45 million people in 20 countries have had their computers infected by the "I Love You" virus.Some say the cost of repair and lost business has been more than US$10 billion. If you own a computer, it is important to keep it in good health by installing an anti-virus program.If updated frequently, it will protect your e-mail access-not to mention your wallet. How does "I Love You" virus spread? | [
"It is spread when an e-mail account is opened.",
"It is spread through on-line chatting.",
"It is spread through e-mail.",
"It spreads from web site to web site."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_19634 | Do objects change size with distance for Stevie Wonder? | [
"Yes",
"No",
"sometimes",
"maybe"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_17347 | Which best describes a proton? | [
"negatively charged and has a negligible mass",
"negatively charged and part of the nucleus",
"positively charged and part of the nucleus",
"negatively charged and orbits the nucleus"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2470 | An article published recently in the scientific journal Nature is shedding new light on an important, but so far little has been appreciated, aspect of human evolution. In this article, Professors Dennis Bramble, and Daniel Lieberman suggest that the ability to run was a decisive factor in the development of our species. According to the two scientists, humans possess a number of anatomical features that make them surprisingly good runners. "We are very confident that strong selection for running,which came at the expense of the historical ability to live in trees-was helpful in the origin of the modern human body form," says Bramble, a biology professor at the University of Utah. Traditional thinking up to now has been that the upright body form of modern humans has come about as a result of the ability to walk, and that running is simply a by-product of walking. Furthermore, humans have usually been regarded as poor runners compared to such animals as dogs, horses or antelopes. However, this is only true if we consider fast running over short distances. Even Olympic athlete can hardly run as fast as a horse can gallop, and can only keep up a top speed for fifteen seconds or so. Horses and antelopes, on the other hand, can run at top speed for several minutes, clearly outperforming us in this respect. But when it comes to long-distance running, humans do astonishingly well. They can maintain a steady pace for miles, and their overall speed compares favorably with that of horses or dogs. Bramble and Lieberman examined twenty-six anatomical features found in humans. One of the most interesting of these is the nuchal ligament . When we run, it is this ligament that prevents our head from pitching back and forth or from side to side. Therefore, we are able to run with steady heads held high. The nuchal ligament is not found in any other surviving primates , although the fossil record shows that Homo erectus, an early human species that walked upright, much as we do, also had one. Then there are our Achilles tendons at the backs of our legs, which have nothing to do with walking. When we run, these tendons behave like springs, helping to push us forward. Furthermore, we have low, wide shoulders, virtually disconnected from our skulls (the bony part of the head), another anatomical adaptation which allows us to run more efficiently. But what evolutionary advantage is gained from being good long-distance runners? One assumption is that this ability may have permitted early humans to obtain food more effectively. "What these features and fossil facts appear to be telling us is that running evolved in order for our direct ancestors to compete with other carnivores (animals that eat meat) for access to the protein needed to grow the big brains that we enjoy today." says Lieberman. The passage does NOT tell us that _ | [
"early humans had an advantage in obtaining food thanks to the running ability",
"fossils help us better understand human evolution.",
"our Achilles tendons are an adaptation for running efficiently",
"big brains may have been evolved for running long-distance"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_1052 | A parent and a child share several characteristics. Both individuals are tall, have curly hair, are good cooks, and have freckles. Which of these characteristics is a learned behavior? | [
"being tall",
"having curly hair",
"being a good cook",
"having freckles"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_19963 | What color is a stick bug? | [
"brown",
"gray",
"green",
"black"
] | null | A | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14095 | Yang Liwei circled the earth 14 times in 21 hours on October 15 and 16, 2003, landing on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia. Looking a little tired, Yang stepped out of Shenzhou V, smiling and waving at the waiting people. "I feel very good." Yang said to Premier Wen Jiabao on the phone. Yang said to a newspaper, "For our motherland and me, this is a great moment." China's _ of Shenzhou V shows a higher starting point. It has two special systems to protect the spaceman, but neither Russian rockets nor American ones have. Yang didn't know that he was chosen as China's first spaceman until just before the launch. Although Yang was excited at the news, he still slept at 8p.m. as usual and was woken up at 8p.m. the next morning. Before the launch, Yang ate Chinese traditional food-dumplings. We all know that travelers usually eat them before going on a journey for good luck. A stamp Success of China First Manned Space Flight was issued on October 16, 2003, making China the third country to send a spaceman into outer space. Which of the following statement is right? | [
"There is no difference between China's spaceship and other countries.",
"Yang Liwei knew he would be China's first spaceman long before.",
"From the news, Yang Liwei was too excited to fall asleep.",
"Yang was proud of the flight."
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_14996 | The most common disease in the world is the cold. It often starts with a sore throat . You sneeze and your nose runs. You usually have a headache, too. Often you have a cough later. It's not a serious disease, but you can feel quite bad. There isn't a cure for a cold, but you can take some medicine to make you feel better. For example, you can take aspirin to get rid of your headache. It is good to rest. and to drink a lot of water, too. A doctor once told me."With the right medicine. a cold will last for seven days. With no medicine, it will go on for a whole week!" A long time ago, people understood that some plants made them feel better. For example, the juice of lemons makes a sore throat feel better. In modern times, scientists have found out which chemicals are in them. Man, of our medicines today are made from those chemicals. There are some diseases that we can't cure yet. And nobody has found a cure for old age. But because of modern medicines, the average people now live longer than their grandparents. A cold often starts with _ . | [
"headache",
"a cough",
"a pain in your throat",
"feeling a little cold"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_5180 | Are you a forgetful person? You might be able to blame your genes, a new study in the journal Neuroscience Letters suggests. Researchers from the University of Bonn have identified a variant on the DRD2 gene that seems to be associated with increased forgetfulness. Everyone has one of two variants of the DRD2 gene, the difference is just one letter in the genetic code: Some people have the cytosine (C) variant, while others have the thymine (T) variant. The researchers wanted to see how having one variant over another was associated with forgetfulness. To test this, they analyzed the DRD2 gene of 500 study participants, and also had the participants answer surveys about their forgetfulness (such as how often they misplaced their keys, or forgot names). Most of the study participants--three quarters of them--had the thymine gene variant, while the other quarter had the cytosine gene variant. Researchers found an association between more forgetfulness problems and having the thymine gene variant of DRD2. Meanwhile, the cytosine gene variant seemed to have a protective effect against forgetfulness. However, "there are things you can do to compensate for forgetfulness; writing yourself notes or making more of an effort to put your keys down in a specific location--and not just anywhere," study researcher Dr. Sebastian Markett, of the University of Bonn, said in a statement. Research has also suggested that some age groups are more forgetful than others. A recent national poll showed that millenials, who were born between the early 1980s and the early 2000s, are actually more likely than seniors to be absent-minded with things like what day of the week it is, where they put their keys and remembering to bring their lunch. Meanwhile, another study recently published in the journal BMC Psychology showed that men are more likely than women to experience minor memory problems. Which section of a newspaper is the test most probably taken from? | [
"Health.",
"Nature.",
"People.",
"Science"
] | null | D | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_619 | Scientists know that Earth is constantly changing. They are familiar with the processes that are repeated daily, monthly, and yearly. Which of these is a natural event that can be predicted to occur monthly? | [
"volcanic eruptions",
"earthquake activity",
"phases of the moon",
"precipitation amounts"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_2711 | On the old-time farm in America, there were chickens, cows, pigs and horses. But there were very few machines. Most of the work was done by the farm family. Sometimes more workmen were needed in busy seasons. Work done by horses took up 79 percent; by men, 15 percent; and machine work only took up 6 percent. Today all that has changed. On many modern farms machines now will do 96 percent of the work, while man does 3 percent. As for horses, they do 1 percent of the whole work. The children go to school by bus every morning; the parents work on the farm or in the house and other people's help is hardly needed. Their work has been replaced by a whole army of farm machines. Today on an American farm machines do _ times more work than in the past. | [
"17",
"16",
"15",
"14"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_7350 | Grasshoppers are having to change their song -- one of the iconic sounds of summer -- to make themselves heard above the noise of road traffic, ecologists have discovered. The study, published in the British Ecological Society's journal Functional Ecology, is the first to show that human-made noise affects natural insect populations. Animals use sound to communicate for many reasons, including marking out territory, warning of predators and finding mates, and although previous research shows birds, whales and even frogs change their calls in noisy environments, the impact of human-made noise on insects has been neglected until now. Ulrike Lampe and colleagues from the University of Bielefeld in Germany caught 188 male bow-winged grasshoppers, half from quiet locations and half from beside busy roads. The grasshoppers use their song to attract mates. The team then studied the differences in the two groups' songs in the laboratory. To encourage them to sing they exposed the males to a female grasshopper, and then recorded their courtship songs. Analysis of almost 1,000 recordings revealed grasshoppers living beside noisy roads produced different songs to those living in quieter locations. According to Lampe: "Bow-winged grasshoppers produce songs that include low and high frequency components. We found that grasshoppers from noisy habitats increase the volume of the lower-frequency part of their song, which makes sense since road noise can mask signals in this part of the frequency spectrum ." The team's findings are important because traffic noise could be upsetting the grasshopper's mating system . "Increased noise levels could affect grasshopper courtship in several ways. It could prevent females from hearing male courtship songs properly, prevent females from recognizing males of their own species, or _ females' ability to estimate how attractive a male is from his song," Lampe explains. Having discovered that human-made noise affects insect communication, the researchers now want to learn more about how the mechanism works, and whether the grasshoppers adapt to noise during their development as larvae , or whether males from noisy habitats produce different songs due to genetic differences. The bow-winged grasshopper is a common species in Central Europe. Adults occur mainly between July and September, preferring dry grasslands. Around 1.5 cm long, they vary in colour from green and browns to red and purple. The male's song consists of 2 second-long phrases that increase in amplitude towards the end. The beginning of a phrase is characterized by slower ticking sounds that increase in speed and amplitude, leading to a buzzing sound towards the end of the phrase. A courtship song usually includes 2 phrases. The author wrote the article to _ . | [
"introduce how grasshoppers make noises to attract mates.",
"raise the awareness of protecting bow-winged grasshoppers.",
"inform us of a recent discovery of ecological research.",
"warn us that human-made noise has changed ecological system."
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_310 | Which model is used by scientists to determine the properties of elements? | [
"a Punnett square",
"the Periodic Table",
"a pedigree chart",
"the rock cycle"
] | null | B | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_15047 | Johnson likes swimming in a small river near his house. But then his father goes to work in a big city and Johnson goes with his family. Their new house has a garden, but the garden is very small Johnson is not very happy. "Is there a river near the house?"He asks his father on the first morning." No, there isn't. But there is a big park near here. And there's a pool in it. ""We are going there this afternoon. "says his father. Johnson is happy. Johnson and his father go to the park in the afternoon. Johnson wants to walk near the pool. But he sees a sign. His father reads it to him: "Warning: This pool is dangerous.365 people fell into it. "Johanson looks into the pool carefully, then he says,"I can't see them. There is a _ near Johnson's new house. | [
"small river",
"big park",
"small garden",
"big pool"
] | null | C | |
mmlu_stem | mmlu_stem_11646 | Well, when the huge wave hit the boat, my safety belt broke and I was swept overboard. I don't really understand how it happened, but it did. I heard someone yell out, but then my boat, Wild One, went off into the darkness and I was alone in a very rough sea. I then spent five and a half hours in the water. The place where it happened was, oh, about 50 kilometers from shore. It was likely that I wouldn't see another day, but I always thought I'd overcome the difficulties. At first I was watching out for Wild One. The rest of the crew knew I was gone, so they were sure to come back and look for me. After a while, I saw the boat's lights when it came looking for me. They were within about 300 meters of me, but the spotlight just missed me. The reason why they didn't see me was because of the huge waves. You know, I started sailing when I was seven, and started ocean racing when I was about eighteen, but I'd never been overboard before. I believed I was going to survive, but it was very cold, and as the hours passed I started to get desperate----and frozen! It was around 5 am when I saw the lights of a tanker coming towards me. I figured it was probably my last chance. At first, I thought they were going to miss me, and then they made a slight turn and I yelled out "Help!" and they heard me. Then another yacht appeared. These guys were terrific. They gave me dry clothes, and then one jumped into the bunk and hung onto me. They covered us with as much dry clothing as they could, and the guy in with me stayed to transfer his body heat to me. One of the guys who saved him jumped into the bunk in order to _ . | [
"cover him with more dry clothes",
"warm him with his body heat",
"comfort him",
"congratulate him"
] | null | B |
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