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Well, over the last 15 years ago, that's about a 16 percent increase in the acidity of the oceans. | well, over the last. 15 years ago that's about. a 16 percent increase in the acidity of the | Well over the last 15 years ago that's about a 16 percent increase in the acidity of the | well, over the last 15 years ago, that's about a 16 percent increase in the acidity of the oceans. |
Wow. | wow. | ||
And over - since the beginning of the pre-Industrial period, we have seen a .1 pH. Now, pH is a logarithmic scale, just like the Richter scale. So a tenfold increase in the concentration of this, of the acid, would represent one pH unit change. | and over - since the beginning of. the pre-industrial period we have seen a .1 ph now ph is a logarithmic. scale just like. the richter scale so a tenfold increase in the concentration, of, this of, the acid would represent one ph unit | And over - since the beginning. of the pre-Industrial period, we have, seen a .1 pH, Now pH is a logarithmic scale just like the Richter scale So a tenfold; increase in the concentration of this of the acid would represent one pH unit | and over - since the beginning of the pre-industrial period, we have seen a .1 ph. now, ph is a logarithmic scale, just like the richter scale. so a tenfold increase in the concentration of this, of the acid, would represent one ph unit change. |
And so what we have seen then is a 30 percent increase in the acidity of the ocean since the beginning of the pre-Industrial world, throughout the world, oceans and surface waters. | and so what. we have seen then is a. 30 percent increase in the acidity of the ocean since the beginning of the pre-industrial, world throughout the world oceans and surface | And so what. we have seen then, is a 30 percent increase in the acidity of the ocean since the beginning of the pre-Industrial world throughout the world oceans and surface | and so what we have seen then is a 30 percent increase in the acidity of the ocean since the beginning of the pre-industrial world, throughout the world, oceans and surface waters. |
Wow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR. I'm Ira Flatow at the Pacific Science Center. You're talking about ocean acidification. | wow this is science, friday from npr i'm ira. flatow at the pacific science center you're talking about ocean | Wow This is, SCIENCE FRIDAY from NPR I'm Ira Flatow at the Pacific Science Center You're talking about ocean | wow. this is science friday from npr. i'm ira flatow at the pacific science center. you're talking about ocean acidification. |
And can a tiny change like that actually affect the life in the oceans? How important is that pH difference? | and can a tiny change like that, actually affect the; life in the oceans? how important is, that ph | And can a tiny change like that actually affect the life in the oceans? How important is that pH | and can a tiny change like that actually affect the life in the oceans? how important is that ph difference? |
Well, let's think of it this way. Everyone here has a very strongly controlled pH system in your body. It's - your pH in your blood is about 7.34, 7.35, something like that. And if you drop that pH by .2 pH units, what we might expect to see in the oceans in about four years, you would go into a coma. Your blood would ... | well let's think of it this way everyone here has a very strongly controlled ph system in your body it's - your ph in your blood is about 7.34, 7.35, something like that and if you drop that ph by .2 ph. units what we might expect. to see in the oceans. in about four years you would go into a coma your. blood would sti... | Well let's think of it. this way Everyone here has a very strongly controlled pH system in your body It's - your pH in your blood, is about 7.34, 7.35, something like that. And if you drop that pH by .2 pH. units what we might expect to see in. the oceans in about, four years you would go into a coma Your blood would s... | well, let's think of it this way. everyone here has a very strongly controlled ph system in your body. it's - your ph in your blood is about 7.34, 7.35, something like that. and if you drop that ph by .2 ph units, what we might expect to see in the oceans in about four years, you would go into a coma. your blood would ... |
Same thing is true for many organisms, particularly organisms that produce a calcium carbonate shell or skeleton. They're very, very sensitive to these changes, particularly - and while they're still living. This is a case for the oysters. There are many species of calcifying organisms that we depend on for food. In fa... | same thing is true for many organisms particularly. organisms that produce a calcium carbonate shell or skeleton they're, very very sensitive to these changes, particularly - and while they're still living this is a case for the oysters there are many species of calcifying. organisms. that we depend on for food in fact... | Same thing is true for many organisms particularly organisms that produce a; calcium carbonate shell or, skeleton They're very very sensitive to these changes particularly - and while they're still living This is a case for the oysters There are many; species of calcifying organisms that, we depend on for food. In fact... | same thing is true for many organisms, particularly organisms that produce a calcium carbonate shell or skeleton. they're very, very sensitive to these changes, particularly - and while they're still living. this is a case for the oysters. there are many species of calcifying organisms that we depend on for food. in fa... |
Well, let's talk right about that with Benoit. You're in hatchery production and research at the Taylor Shellfish Farms in Quilcene, Washington. Have things changed there for oyster growers? | well let's talk right about that with benoit you're in hatchery production and research at the taylor shellfish farms in quilcene washington have; things. changed there for oyster | Well let's. talk right about that with Benoit You're in hatchery, production and research at the Taylor Shellfish Farms in Quilcene Washington Have things changed; there for oyster | well, let's talk right about that with benoit. you're in hatchery production and research at the taylor shellfish farms in quilcene, washington. have things changed there for oyster growers? |
Yes, definitely. You know, in - things - I've always been a little bit bumpy in this business. And I've been doing this for 20 years, and we have been having problems on and off. But since 2009, or in 2009 we really started to observe prolonged problem with larvae. Instead of being just a week or so, it was several mon... | yes definitely. you, know in - things - i've always been a little bit bumpy in this, business and i've been doing this, for 20 years and we have been having, problems on, and off but since 2009, or. in 2009 we really started to observe prolonged problem with larvae instead of, being. just a week, or so it was several, ... | Yes definitely You know in - things - I've always been a little bit bumpy in this business And I've been doing this for, 20 years and we have been having problems on and off But since 2009, or in 2009 we really started to observe prolonged problem with larvae Instead of being just a week, or so it was several months, A... | yes, definitely. you know, in - things - i've always been a little bit bumpy in this business. and i've been doing this for 20 years, and we have been having problems on and off. but since 2009, or in 2009 we really started to observe prolonged problem with larvae. instead of being just a week or so, it was several mon... |
What does it look like? When you see something's going on, what does that mean? | what does it look like? when you see something's going on what does that | What, does it look like? When you see something's going on what does that | what does it look like? when you see something's going on, what does that mean? |
I'm Kaya Daggett, and are there any animals that aren't affected by the pH level changing? | i'm kaya daggett and are there any animals that. aren't affected by the ph level | I'm Kaya Daggett and are there any animals that aren't affected by the pH, level | i'm kaya daggett, and are there any animals that aren't affected by the ph level changing? |
Yes. There's no clip in the gun. He's drunk. He's drunk. He took the clip out of the gun, and he said he was going to threaten the police with it just so they would shoot him, but he does not have a clip in the gun. | yes there's no clip in the gun he's drunk he's drunk he took the clip out of the gun and he said he was going to threaten the police with, it just so they would shoot him but he does not have a, clip in, the | Yes There's no clip in the gun He's drunk He's drunk He took the clip out, of the gun and he. said he. was going to; threaten the police with. it just so they would shoot him but he does not have a clip in the | yes. there's no clip in the gun. he's drunk. he's drunk. he took the clip out of the gun, and he said he was going to threaten the police with it just so they would shoot him, but he does not have a clip in the gun. |
OK, all right. I have an officer there now, OK? OK, just stay on the line with me, please. Hello? | ok. all right i have an officer there now ok? ok just stay on the line with me please | OK all right I have an officer there now OK? OK just stay on; the line. with me please | ok, all right. i have an officer there now, ok? ok, just stay on the line with me, please. hello? |
On the 911 tape, you hear officer Mader on the radio saying, we have a gun here. All the dispatcher says to the cops is... | on the 911 tape you hear officer mader. on the radio saying we have a gun here all the dispatcher says to, the cops | On the 911 tape you hear officer Mader on the radio saying we. have a gun here All the dispatcher says, to, the cops | on the 911 tape, you hear officer mader on the radio saying, we have a gun here. all the dispatcher says to the cops is... |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite of archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED | (soundbite of archived recording) |
Dispatch 31, watch out for a weapon. | dispatch 31, watch out for a | Dispatch 31, watch out for, a | dispatch 31, watch out for a weapon. |
And Mader has his weapon drawn, and he's telling Williams to drop the pistol. | and mader has his weapon drawn and, he's, telling williams to drop the | And Mader has his weapon drawn and he's telling, Williams to drop the. | and mader has his weapon drawn, and he's telling williams to drop the pistol. |
I aim in on him and I say, you know, drop your gun, you know, drop your gun. And he said, I can't do that. Just shoot me. And, you know, I told him, I said, I'm not going to shoot you, brother, just, you know, put down the gun. | i aim in on him and i say. you know drop your gun; you know. drop your gun and he said i can't do that just shoot, me and you know i told him i said i'm not going to shoot you brother just you know put down the | I aim in on him and I say; you know drop your gun you know drop your gun And he said I can't do that Just, shoot me And you know I told him, I said I'm not going to, shoot you brother just, you know put down. the | i aim in on him and i say, you know, drop your gun, you know, drop your gun. and he said, i can't do that. just shoot me. and, you know, i told him, i said, i'm not going to shoot you, brother, just, you know, put down the gun. |
So even though officer Mader doesn't know what Williams' girlfriend told 911 - that the gun is empty and he's trying to commit suicide by cop - Mader didn't shoot. Police get trained on de-escalation, but right now Stephen Mader was leaning more on training from the Marine Corps and experience in Afghanistan, a key dif... | so even though officer mader doesn't know what williams' girlfriend, told 911 - that the gun. is, empty and he's trying to commit suicide by cop - mader. didn't shoot police get trained, on de-escalation but right now stephen mader was, leaning more on training from. the marine corps and experience in afghanistan a key... | So even, though officer Mader doesn't know what Williams' girlfriend told 911 - that the gun. is empty and he's trying to commit suicide by cop, - Mader didn't shoot Police get trained on de-escalation but right. now Stephen Mader was leaning more on training from the Marine Corps and experience in Afghanistan a key, d... | so even though officer mader doesn't know what williams' girlfriend told 911 - that the gun is empty and he's trying to commit suicide by cop - mader didn't shoot. police get trained on de-escalation, but right now stephen mader was leaning more on training from the marine corps and experience in afghanistan, a key dif... |
Before you, you know, go to Afghanistan, they give you training on, you know, you need to be able to - to kind of read people. Not everybody over there is a bad guy, but they all dress the same. That's kind of what the situation was that night. | before you. you know go to afghanistan they. give you, training on you know you need to be able to, - to kind of. read people not everybody over. there is a bad guy but they all dress the same that's kind of what the situation was that | Before you you know go to, Afghanistan they give you training on you know. you need to be able to - to kind of read people Not everybody over there is a bad guy but they all dress the same That's, kind of. what the situation was that | before you, you know, go to afghanistan, they give you training on, you know, you need to be able to - to kind of read people. not everybody over there is a bad guy, but they all dress the same. that's kind of what the situation was that night. |
In Afghanistan, the rules of engagement called for clear, hostile intent before a Marine could open fire. Mader says he didn't have it. | in afghanistan the rules of engagement called for clear hostile intent before a marine could open. fire mader says he didn't have, | In Afghanistan the. rules of engagement called, for clear hostile intent; before a Marine could open fire Mader says he didn't have | in afghanistan, the rules of engagement called for clear, hostile intent before a marine could open fire. mader says he didn't have it. |
For me, it wasn't enough to kind of take someone's life because they're holding a gun that's not pointed at me. | for me it; wasn't enough to kind of take someone's, life because they're. holding a gun that's not pointed at | For me it wasn't enough to kind of take someone's life because they're holding, a gun that's not pointed at | for me, it wasn't enough to kind of take someone's life because they're holding a gun that's not pointed at me. |
But then - and this all happened in seconds - officer Mader's backup arrives. And all they know is the dispatcher said... | but then - and this, all happened in seconds - officer mader's backup arrives and all they know is the dispatcher | But then - and this all happened in seconds - officer Mader's. backup arrives; And all they know is the dispatcher | but then - and this all happened in seconds - officer mader's backup arrives. and all they know is the dispatcher said... |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite, of archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED | (soundbite of archived recording) |
Dispatch 31, watch out for a weapon. | dispatch 31, watch out for a | Dispatch 31, watch. out for a | dispatch 31, watch out for a weapon. |
He starts walking towards them as they're driving up. They get out of their car. | he, starts walking towards them as they're driving up they get out of their, | He starts walking towards them as they're. driving up They get out of. their | he starts walking towards them as they're driving up. they get out of their car. |
Williams' girlfriend is still inside the house, on the line with the 911 dispatcher. | williams' girlfriend is still inside, the house, on. the line with the | Williams' girlfriend is still inside the house on the line with the | williams' girlfriend is still inside the house, on the line with the 911 dispatcher. |
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You need to give it to the officer. | you; need to give it to the; | You need. to give it to the | you need to give it to the officer. |
Their weapons are drawn, and they're screaming at him to drop the gun. | their weapons are drawn and they're screaming at him to drop the | Their weapons are drawn and they're screaming at him to drop the | their weapons are drawn, and they're screaming at him to drop the gun. |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite of archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED. | (soundbite of archived recording) |
They're outside yelling right now. He said he'd put the gun down. (Unintelligible). | they're outside yelling right now he said he'd put the gun down | They're outside yelling right now He said he'd put the gun down | they're outside yelling right now. he said he'd put the gun down. (unintelligible). |
OK, ma'am. Just settle down. | ok ma'am just settle | OK ma'am, Just settle | ok, ma'am. just settle down. |
At that point, he starts waving the gun, you know, back and forth between us. | at that point he starts waving the gun you know back and forth between | At that point he starts waving the gun you know back and forth. between | at that point, he starts waving the gun, you know, back and forth between us. |
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They're firing. They're firing. They're firing. No. | they're firing they're firing they're firing | They're. firing They're, firing They're firing | they're firing. they're firing. they're firing. no. |
One of the officers fired four shots. | one of the officers. fired, four | One of the. officers fired four | one of the officers fired four shots. |
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING) | (soundbite of archived | (SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED | (soundbite of archived recording) |
No, please, please, please, please, please. | no please please please please | No please please please please | no, please, please, please, please, please. |
UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #1: Shots fired, dispatch. Shots fired. | unidentified police officer #1: shots fired dispatch shots | UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #1: Shots fired, dispatch Shots | unidentified police officer #1: shots fired, dispatch. shots fired. |
It's been just 36 seconds since Mader told dispatch there's a gun. One of the bullets hit Ronald Williams in the side of the head, and he's on the pavement. The dispatcher has already called an ambulance, but the officers see there's no hope of giving first aid. | it's been just 36 seconds since mader told dispatch there's a gun one of, the bullets hit ronald williams in the side of the head and he's on; the pavement the dispatcher has already called an ambulance, but the officers see there's no hope of giving first | It's. been just 36 seconds. since Mader told dispatch there's a gun One of the bullets hit Ronald Williams in the side of, the head and he's on the pavement The dispatcher has already called an ambulance but the officers see there's no hope of giving first | it's been just 36 seconds since mader told dispatch there's a gun. one of the bullets hit ronald williams in the side of the head, and he's on the pavement. the dispatcher has already called an ambulance, but the officers see there's no hope of giving first aid. |
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UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #1: Thirty-one, just stay here with the suspect in the driveway. He's down (unintelligible). | unidentified police officer #1: thirty-one just stay here with the suspect in the driveway he's down | UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #1: Thirty-one just stay here, with, the suspect in the driveway He's down | unidentified police officer #1: thirty-one, just stay here with the suspect in the driveway. he's down (unintelligible). |
UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #2: Tony's with him. He's down and out. | unidentified police officer #2: tony's with him he's down and | UNIDENTIFIED POLICE OFFICER #2: Tony's with him He's down and | unidentified police officer #2: tony's with him. he's down and out. |
On the 911 tape, you can hear Mader go inside to make sure the girlfriend and child are OK. | on the 911 tape you can hear mader, go inside to make sure the girlfriend and child are, | On. the 911 tape you can hear Mader go inside to make sure the girlfriend and child are, | on the 911 tape, you can hear mader go inside to make sure the girlfriend and child are ok. |
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Are you hurt? | are you | Are you, | are you hurt? |
No, I'm OK. | no i'm | No I'm | no, i'm ok. |
Is your son OK? | is your son | Is your son | is your son ok? |
He had - he had me downstairs, and he wouldn't let me leave. | he. had - he had me downstairs and he wouldn't let me | He had - he had me downstairs and, he wouldn't let me | he had - he had me downstairs, and he wouldn't let me leave. |
The gun did turn out to be empty. Though, Mader says, to be fair, the officers had no way of knowing that for sure. | the gun did turn out to be empty though mader says to be fair the officers had, no way of knowing, that for | The gun did turn out to be empty Though Mader says to be fair the, officers had no way. of knowing that for | the gun did turn out to be empty. though, mader says, to be fair, the officers had no way of knowing that for sure. |
I show up. It's a suicidal man with a handgun. Put down the gun, and we can talk about it. But when they show up, the first thing they see is this young man waving a gun around him. You know, the one officer felt that his life was in danger along with others, and, you know, he - he decided to fire at the subject. And I... | i show. up it's a suicidal man with a handgun put, down the gun and we can talk about it but when, they show up the first thing they see is this. young man waving a gun around him you know the one officer felt that his life. was in danger along with others and you know he - he decided to fire at. the subject and. i bel... | I show up It's a suicidal man with a handgun Put down the gun and we can talk about it But when they show up the first thing they see is, this young man waving a gun around. him You know the one officer felt that his life, was in danger along with others and, you know he - he. decided to, fire at the subject And. I bel... | i show up. it's a suicidal man with a handgun. put down the gun, and we can talk about it. but when they show up, the first thing they see is this young man waving a gun around him. you know, the one officer felt that his life was in danger along with others, and, you know, he - he decided to fire at the subject. and i... |
What Mader thinks was not justified happened a few days later. Police Chief Rob Alexander told Mader that he was being fired for putting his fellow officers' lives in danger. | what mader thinks was not justified happened a few days later police chief rob alexander told mader that he was being fired, for putting his fellow. officers' lives in | What Mader thinks, was, not justified happened a few days later. Police Chief Rob Alexander told, Mader that he, was being, fired for putting his fellow officers' lives in | what mader thinks was not justified happened a few days later. police chief rob alexander told mader that he was being fired for putting his fellow officers' lives in danger. |
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When the officers arrived on the scene, they see these two in a standoff, pointing guns at each other. And that officer froze. | when the officers arrived on the scene they see these two in a standoff pointing guns at each other and that officer | When the, officers arrived on the scene they see these two in a standoff pointing guns at, each other And that, officer | when the officers arrived on the scene, they see these two in a standoff, pointing guns at each other. and that officer froze. |
The chief held a press conference in September after some negative stories in the newspaper. City Manager Travis Blosser said Mader was fired for reasons besides failing to shoot. | the chief held a press conference in september, after some negative stories in the newspaper city manager travis blosser said mader was fired. for. reasons besides failing to | The chief, held. a press. conference in September after some negative stories in the newspaper City Manager Travis; Blosser said Mader was, fired. for reasons besides failing. to | the chief held a press conference in september after some negative stories in the newspaper. city manager travis blosser said mader was fired for reasons besides failing to shoot. |
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Both illegal searches in a vehicle to the use of profanity with citizens and then, also, contaminating a crime scene of a potential homicide and investigation. | both illegal. searches in a vehicle to the use of profanity with citizens and then also contaminating a crime scene of a potential homicide. and | Both illegal searches in a vehicle to the use of profanity with citizens and then also contaminating a crime, scene of a potential homicide and | both illegal searches in a vehicle to the use of profanity with citizens and then, also, contaminating a crime scene of a potential homicide and investigation. |
The city manager and police chief would not comment further for this story. State Police Sergeant Jim Gibson, who led an investigation of the shooting, told NPR he thought Mader believed he was doing the right thing. But Gibson said the town of Weirton was justified in deciding that, for a variety of reasons, Mader was... | the. city manager and police. chief would, not comment further for this story state police sergeant, jim gibson who led an investigation of. the shooting told npr he, thought mader believed he. was doing the right thing but gibson said the town of weirton was justified in deciding that for a variety of reasons mader wa... | The city manager and police chief would not comment further for; this story State Police Sergeant Jim Gibson who led an investigation of the shooting told NPR he thought Mader believed he was doing the right thing But Gibson said the town. of Weirton was justified, in deciding. that for a variety of reasons. Mader wasn... | the city manager and police chief would not comment further for this story. state police sergeant jim gibson, who led an investigation of the shooting, told npr he thought mader believed he was doing the right thing. but gibson said the town of weirton was justified in deciding that, for a variety of reasons, mader was... |
If I had maybe 30 more seconds, you know, maybe it would have went different. Maybe, you know, I could have talked him down and, you know, just put him in handcuffs that night. | if i had, maybe 30 more seconds you know maybe it, would have went different maybe you know i could have talked him down and you know, just put him in handcuffs that | If I, had maybe 30 more seconds you know, maybe it would. have. went different Maybe. you know I could have talked him down and, you know just put him in handcuffs that | if i had maybe 30 more seconds, you know, maybe it would have went different. maybe, you know, i could have talked him down and, you know, just put him in handcuffs that night. |
The ACLU has been in touch with Mader, and he's considering legal action. In the meantime, he's supporting his wife and their two kids as a commercial truck driver. Quil Lawrence, NPR News. | the aclu, has been in touch with mader and he's considering. legal, action in the meantime he's supporting his wife and their two kids as a commercial truck driver quil lawrence npr | The ACLU has been in touch with Mader and he's considering legal action In the meantime he's supporting his wife and their two kids as a commercial truck driver Quil Lawrence NPR | the aclu has been in touch with mader, and he's considering legal action. in the meantime, he's supporting his wife and their two kids as a commercial truck driver. quil lawrence, npr news. |
So we're back in studio with our law enforcement correspondent, Martin Kaste, after listening to Quil's piece. Pretty remarkable piece. Martin, you get the impression from that story that Officer Mader - that police officer's experience in war made him less likely to use force. Have you seen that anywhere? It is kind o... | so we're back in studio with our law enforcement correspondent martin kaste after listening to quil's piece pretty remarkable piece martin you get the impression from that story that officer mader - that police officer's experience in war made him less likely to use force have you seen that anywhere? it. is kind of cou... | So. we're back in studio with. our law enforcement correspondent. Martin Kaste after listening to Quil's piece Pretty, remarkable piece Martin you get the, impression from that story that Officer Mader - that, police officer's experience in war made him less likely to use force Have you seen that anywhere? It is kind o... | so we're back in studio with our law enforcement correspondent, martin kaste, after listening to quil's piece. pretty remarkable piece. martin, you get the impression from that story that officer mader - that police officer's experience in war made him less likely to use force. have you seen that anywhere? it is kind o... |
Yes, it is. And yet, I hear it - certainly anecdotal, but police chiefs tell me this, too. Dave Wilson is a police chief in a small town in Wisconsin called Shell Lake. He's also an Iraq war veteran. And we talked about those early fears - about a decade ago - that some of these veterans would come home and be violent ... | yes it is and yet i hear it - certainly anecdotal but, police chiefs tell, me this too dave wilson is a police, chief in a small town in, wisconsin called shell lake he's also an iraq war veteran and we talked about those early fears; - about a decade ago - that some of these veterans would come home, and be violent | Yes it is And yet I hear. it - certainly, anecdotal but police chiefs tell me. this too Dave Wilson is, a police chief in a small town in Wisconsin called Shell Lake He's also an Iraq war veteran And, we talked about those early fears - about. a decade ago - that some of these veterans would come. home and be violent | yes, it is. and yet, i hear it - certainly anecdotal, but police chiefs tell me this, too. dave wilson is a police chief in a small town in wisconsin called shell lake. he's also an iraq war veteran. and we talked about those early fears - about a decade ago - that some of these veterans would come home and be violent ... |
It's actually about 180 from what the perception was. Oh, my God, you know, all these trigger-happy grunts coming back from a war zone, going to be shooting our citizens in the street - simply not the case. In fact, if anything else, they have a better understanding of rules of engagement and use of force than others m... | it's actually about 180 from what the perception was oh my god you know all these trigger-happy grunts coming back from a war zone, going to be shooting our citizens in. the, street - simply, not the case in fact if. anything else they have a. better understanding of rules of engagement and use of force than others | It's actually about 180 from what the perception was Oh my, God you know all these, trigger-happy, grunts coming back from a war zone going to be shooting our citizens in. the street - simply not the case In fact if anything else they have a better understanding of. rules of. engagement and. use of force than others | it's actually about 180 from what the perception was. oh, my god, you know, all these trigger-happy grunts coming back from a war zone, going to be shooting our citizens in the street - simply not the case. in fact, if anything else, they have a better understanding of rules of engagement and use of force than others m... |
Now, you heard him talk about the rules of engagement, which are obviously the rules for when to use force in a war zone. Those varied a lot depending on where soldiers and Marines were deployed and when in the war they were there. And I talked about this with Erica Gaston. She's a human rights lawyer who studied the r... | now you heard him talk about the rules of engagement, which are obviously the rules. for when to use force in a war zone those varied a lot depending on where, soldiers and, marines were deployed and when in the war they were there and i talked about this with erica gaston she's a; human rights lawyer who studied the r... | Now you heard him talk about the rules of engagement which are obviously the rules for when to use force in a war zone Those varied a. lot depending on. where; soldiers and Marines were deployed and when in the war they were there And I talked about this with Erica Gaston She's a, human rights lawyer who studied the ru... | now, you heard him talk about the rules of engagement, which are obviously the rules for when to use force in a war zone. those varied a lot depending on where soldiers and marines were deployed and when in the war they were there. and i talked about this with erica gaston. she's a human rights lawyer who studied the r... |
So for example, in Afghanistan, for - especially in the later years of engagement, there was an emphasis on winning hearts and minds and focusing more on stabilizing communities and protecting the civilian population. And what that meant was that they really tightened up a lot of the rules of engagement. | so for example in; afghanistan for - especially in the later years of engagement there was an emphasis on winning hearts and minds and focusing more on stabilizing communities and protecting the civilian population and what that meant was that they really tightened up a lot of the. rules of | So for example in Afghanistan for - especially in the later years of engagement there. was an emphasis on winning hearts. and; minds and focusing more on stabilizing communities and protecting the, civilian population And what. that meant; was that they really tightened up a lot of the rules, of. | so for example, in afghanistan, for - especially in the later years of engagement, there was an emphasis on winning hearts and minds and focusing more on stabilizing communities and protecting the civilian population. and what that meant was that they really tightened up a lot of the rules of engagement. |
She says, for example, during the hearts-and-minds period in Afghanistan, soldiers on patrol might have actually been required to call back to their commanders for permission before shooting someone. That's certainly not the rule for cops here at home. | she says for example during the hearts-and-minds period in afghanistan soldiers on, patrol might have actually been required to call back to their, commanders for permission before shooting someone that's certainly, not the rule for cops here at | She says; for example during the hearts-and-minds period in Afghanistan soldiers on patrol might have actually been required to call back to their commanders for. permission before shooting someone. That's certainly not the. rule for cops here; at | she says, for example, during the hearts-and-minds period in afghanistan, soldiers on patrol might have actually been required to call back to their commanders for permission before shooting someone. that's certainly not the rule for cops here at home. |
So does that mean those combat vets are more hesitant to pull the trigger than other cops are? | so does that mean those combat vets are more hesitant, to pull the; trigger than other cops | So does that mean those combat vets are more hesitant to pull the trigger than other cops | so does that mean those combat vets are more hesitant to pull the trigger than other cops are? |
That word, hesitant, is one I used, too, in talking to them about this, and they didn't like that word. They don't like the idea of them being hesitant so much as patient. And science is starting to to look at this question, too. Stephen James is a fellow I talked to about this. He's a researcher at Washington State Un... | that word hesitant is one i used too in talking to them about this, and they didn't. like that word they don't like the idea of them being hesitant, so much as. patient and science is starting to to look at this question too stephen james is a fellow i talked to, about, this he's a researcher at washington state univer... | That word hesitant is one I used too in talking to them about. this and they didn't like that word They don't like the idea of them being hesitant so much as patient And science is starting, to to look at this question too Stephen James. is a fellow I talked to about this He's a researcher, at, Washington, State Univer... | that word, hesitant, is one i used, too, in talking to them about this, and they didn't like that word. they don't like the idea of them being hesitant so much as patient. and science is starting to to look at this question, too. stephen james is a fellow i talked to about this. he's a researcher at washington state un... |
One possible explanation is that combat vets who have been exposed to extreme violence have a different threat threshold, which means that they're in more control of their physiology, and they're not allowing this fight-or-flight response to drive them into action. | one possible explanation is that combat vets who have been exposed to extreme, violence have a different. threat threshold which means that they're in more control of their physiology and they're not allowing this fight-or-flight. response to drive them into | One possible explanation is that combat vets who have been exposed to, extreme violence have a different threat threshold which means that they're in more control of. their physiology and they're not allowing. this fight-or-flight response to drive them into | one possible explanation is that combat vets who have been exposed to extreme violence have a different threat threshold, which means that they're in more control of their physiology, and they're not allowing this fight-or-flight response to drive them into action. |
Now, this is all still theory. One of the things Stephen James is doing with his research group is actually putting officers through simulators to look at their quick reaction time and then looking as well at their background to see whether or not they're veterans. We don't know definitively whether veterans are differ... | now this is all still theory. one of, the things stephen james is doing, with his research group is actually putting officers through simulators to look at their quick reaction time and then looking as well at their background to see whether or not they're. veterans we don't know definitively. whether. veterans, are di... | Now this is all still theory One of the things Stephen James is doing with his research group is actually. putting officers through simulators to look at their quick reaction time and then looking as well at their; background to see whether or, not they're, veterans We don't, know definitively whether veterans are diff... | now, this is all still theory. one of the things stephen james is doing with his research group is actually putting officers through simulators to look at their quick reaction time and then looking as well at their background to see whether or not they're veterans. we don't know definitively whether veterans are differ... |
NPR's Martin Kaste covers law enforcement. Thanks so much, Martin. | npr's martin. kaste covers law, enforcement thanks so much | NPR's Martin Kaste covers law enforcement Thanks so much | npr's martin kaste covers law enforcement. thanks so much, martin. |
You're welcome. | you're | You're | you're welcome. |
Continuing with our special coverage of President Trump's first 100 days in office, we turn to international affairs and foreign policy. This weekend, the big international story is ongoing tensions with North Korea which defied world pressure yesterday by testing another missile. | continuing with our special coverage of president trump's first 100 days in office we turn to international affairs and foreign policy this weekend the big international story is ongoing tensions with north korea which defied world pressure yesterday by testing another | Continuing with our special coverage of, President Trump's, first 100 days in office we. turn to international affairs and foreign policy This weekend the big international story is ongoing tensions with. North, Korea which defied world pressure yesterday by testing another | continuing with our special coverage of president trump's first 100 days in office, we turn to international affairs and foreign policy. this weekend, the big international story is ongoing tensions with north korea which defied world pressure yesterday by testing another missile. |
As for President Trump, observers are noting that his foreign policy has been marked by a series of decisions seemingly at odds with his rhetoric on the campaign trail from the relevance of NATO to greater involvement in the Syria conflict. To talk more about Trump's foreign policy approach so far, we called Dennis Ros... | as for president trump observers are noting that his foreign, policy has been marked by a series of decisions seemingly, at odds with his rhetoric on the campaign trail; from, the. relevance of nato to greater involvement in, the syria conflict to talk more about trump's foreign policy approach so. far we called dennis... | As for President Trump observers are noting that his foreign policy has been marked by a series of decisions seemingly at odds with his rhetoric. on the campaign. trail from the relevance of NATO to greater involvement in the Syria conflict To talk more about Trump's foreign policy approach; so far we called Dennis Ros... | as for president trump, observers are noting that his foreign policy has been marked by a series of decisions seemingly at odds with his rhetoric on the campaign trail from the relevance of nato to greater involvement in the syria conflict. to talk more about trump's foreign policy approach so far, we called dennis ros... |
Well, so far I would say he does not look so far outside the mainstream. He has acted to reassure allies which was something that was put in doubt during the campaign. He has said explicitly that NATO is relevant. He has had a large number of meetings with foreign leaders. He's now planning a trip abroad. He apparently... | well, so far i would say he does not look so far outside the mainstream he has acted to reassure allies which was something that was, put in doubt during the campaign he has said explicitly that, nato is relevant he has had a large number of meetings with foreign leaders he's now planning a trip abroad he apparently is... | Well so far I would say he does not look so far outside the mainstream He has acted to reassure allies which was something that was put in doubt during the campaign He has said explicitly that NATO is relevant He has had a. large number of meetings, with foreign leaders He's now planning a trip abroad He apparently is.... | well, so far i would say he does not look so far outside the mainstream. he has acted to reassure allies which was something that was put in doubt during the campaign. he has said explicitly that nato is relevant. he has had a large number of meetings with foreign leaders. he's now planning a trip abroad. he apparently... |
He seems to be focused heavily on assuring others that even when he wants there to be more equitable burden-sharing, which by the way when it comes to the sharing of burdens, this is not a new concept. We have had many presidents talk about the need to share burdens. He has put more of a premium on that. But still, he ... | he seems to be focused heavily on, assuring others that; even when he wants, there to be more equitable burden-sharing which by the way when it comes to the sharing. of burdens this is not, a new concept. we have had many presidents talk about. the need to share, burdens he has put more of a premium on that, but still.... | He seems to be; focused heavily, on assuring others that even, when he wants there to be more equitable burden-sharing which by the way. when it comes to the sharing of burdens this is not a new concept We have had; many presidents talk about the need; to share burdens He has put more of a, premium on that But. still, ... | he seems to be focused heavily on assuring others that even when he wants there to be more equitable burden-sharing, which by the way when it comes to the sharing of burdens, this is not a new concept. we have had many presidents talk about the need to share burdens. he has put more of a premium on that. but still, he ... |
So for many people, for some people, let's say, some of his supporters, surely, these represent a change of mind, charitably, or a flip-flop, uncharitably. Do you see some through line among these issues in which you see him as frankly more consistent with precedent than, perhaps, he thought he would be? | so for many people. for some, people let's say some of his supporters surely these represent a change of mind charitably or, a flip-flop uncharitably do you see some through line among these issues in which you see him as frankly more, consistent with precedent than perhaps. he. thought he would | So for many people for some people let's say, some. of his supporters surely these represent a. change of mind charitably or. a flip-flop uncharitably Do you see some through line among these issues in which you see him. as frankly more; consistent with precedent than perhaps he thought he would | so for many people, for some people, let's say, some of his supporters, surely, these represent a change of mind, charitably, or a flip-flop, uncharitably. do you see some through line among these issues in which you see him as frankly more consistent with precedent than, perhaps, he thought he would be? |
I do, but I also think some of this can be accounted for by simply the reality of it's one thing to be a candidate. It's something else to be president. And he's not the first one to discover that. You know, President Clinton when he was a candidate when it referred to Bosnia, he said he was going to carry out a policy... | i do but. i also think some of this, can be accounted for by simply the reality of it's one thing to be a candidate it's something else to be president and he's not the first one to, discover that you know president clinton when he was a candidate when it referred to, bosnia he said he was going to carry out a. policy ... | I do but I also think some, of this can be accounted for by simply the reality of it's one thing to be a candidate It's something else, to be, president And he's not the first one to discover, that You know President, Clinton when he was a candidate when it referred to Bosnia he said he was going to carry out a policy ... | i do, but i also think some of this can be accounted for by simply the reality of it's one thing to be a candidate. it's something else to be president. and he's not the first one to discover that. you know, president clinton when he was a candidate when it referred to bosnia, he said he was going to carry out a policy... |
And when he got in, he didn't do that. He decided it was in a sense more challenging, complicated than they thought. Well, we have seen President Trump say that he was going to label China as a currency manipulator. He didn't do that. He obviously has adopted, I think, a strong position rhetorically on North Korea, but... | and when, he got; in he didn't do that he decided it was in a sense more challenging complicated than they thought. well we have seen president trump say that he was going to label china. as a currency manipulator he didn't do that he. obviously has adopted i think a strong position rhetorically on north korea but he a... | And when he got. in he didn't do that He, decided, it was in a sense more, challenging complicated than they thought Well we. have seen President. Trump say that he was going to label China as a currency manipulator He didn't do that He obviously has adopted I think a strong position rhetorically on North Korea but he ... | and when he got in, he didn't do that. he decided it was in a sense more challenging, complicated than they thought. well, we have seen president trump say that he was going to label china as a currency manipulator. he didn't do that. he obviously has adopted, i think, a strong position rhetorically on north korea, but... |
Well, this gives you a chance, then, either to recall great costume ideas from Halloweens past or simply, in the abstract here, to imagine the ideal Halloween costume for this year that you can think someone else might make. | well this gives you a chance then, either to recall great costume ideas from halloweens past or simply in the abstract here to imagine the ideal halloween. costume for this year that you can think someone, else might | Well this gives you a chance then, either to recall great costume ideas from, Halloweens past or simply, in the, abstract here to imagine the ideal Halloween costume for this year that you can think someone else might | well, this gives you a chance, then, either to recall great costume ideas from halloweens past or simply, in the abstract here, to imagine the ideal halloween costume for this year that you can think someone else might make. |
Halloween costumes, for me personally, have to be scary. I mean, if you didn't have another opportunity during the year, like Mardi Gras, to wear sort of the funny costumes, I would understand, but in our family it's usually a scary costume. | halloween costumes, for me personally have to be, scary. i mean if you didn't have another opportunity during the year like; mardi gras to wear, sort of the funny costumes i would understand but in our family it's usually a scary | Halloween costumes for me personally have. to be scary I mean if you didn't have another opportunity during the year like Mardi, Gras to wear sort of the funny costumes I would understand but in our. family it's usually a scary. | halloween costumes, for me personally, have to be scary. i mean, if you didn't have another opportunity during the year, like mardi gras, to wear sort of the funny costumes, i would understand, but in our family it's usually a scary costume. |
But how scary can a, you know, three and a half foot tall child really be? | but how scary can a you know three and a half foot tall child really | But how scary; can, a you know three and a half foot tall child, really | but how scary can a, you know, three and a half foot tall child really be? |
Well, no, I understand that, and I have actually freaked out a few small people with my own costumes. I tend to, you know, wear these like scary latex dresses, and I have these contact lenses that sort of white out your entire eyeball except for the small, black pupil. | well no i understand that and i have actually freaked out a few small people with my own costumes, i tend. to you know wear these like scary latex dresses and i have these contact, lenses. that. sort of white out your entire eyeball except for the small, black | Well no I understand that and I have actually. freaked out a few small people with my own costumes I tend to you know wear these, like scary latex dresses and I, have these contact lenses that sort of white out your entire eyeball except for the small black | well, no, i understand that, and i have actually freaked out a few small people with my own costumes. i tend to, you know, wear these like scary latex dresses, and i have these contact lenses that sort of white out your entire eyeball except for the small, black pupil. |
Is that something that's actually on the market? | is, that something that's actually on the | Is that something. that's actually on the | is that something that's actually on the market? |
Oh yeah. You can get cat eyes or you can make your eyes, you know, the colored part of your eye, the iris, red. It's really weird. And people will, like, talk to you for a few minutes, and then they'll say I'm sorry, I just can't talk to you. | oh yeah you; can get cat eyes, or you can make your eyes you know the colored part of your eye the iris red it's really weird and people will like talk to you for a few minutes and then they'll say i'm sorry, i just can't talk to | Oh yeah You can get cat eyes or you can make your eyes you know the colored part of your eye the iris red It's really weird And people will like talk to you for a few minutes, and, then they'll, say I'm sorry I just can't talk to | oh yeah. you can get cat eyes or you can make your eyes, you know, the colored part of your eye, the iris, red. it's really weird. and people will, like, talk to you for a few minutes, and then they'll say i'm sorry, i just can't talk to you. |
I bet they do say that. | i bet they do say | I bet they do say | i bet they do say that. |
And then they walk away, yeah. It freaks everyone out, large and small. | and then they walk away yeah it freaks everyone out large and | And then they walk, away, yeah It freaks everyone out, large and | and then they walk away, yeah. it freaks everyone out, large and small. |
Well, some other Project Runway folks worked with NPR.org, our Web site, to put together some suggestions for costumes, and in fact, our listeners can go online and see what those look like. One involved a parent who dresses all in blue holding a blue sheet, and then the child essentially just wears all black and dance... | well some. other project runway folks worked, with npr.org our web site to put together some suggestions, for costumes and in, fact our listeners can go; online and see what those look like one involved a parent who dresses all in blue, holding a. blue sheet and then the, child essentially just. wears all; black, and d... | Well some other Project Runway folks worked with NPR.org our Web site to put together some suggestions for costumes. and in. fact our listeners can go online and see what those look like One, involved a, parent who dresses, all in blue holding a blue sheet and. then the child essentially just wears all. black and dance... | well, some other project runway folks worked with npr.org, our web site, to put together some suggestions for costumes, and in fact, our listeners can go online and see what those look like. one involved a parent who dresses all in blue holding a blue sheet, and then the child essentially just wears all black and dance... |
Like a really clever sort of in the moment ensemble idea. | like a really, clever sort of in the. moment, ensemble | Like. a really clever sort of in the moment ensemble. | like a really clever sort of in the moment ensemble idea. |
Yeah. | yeah. | ||
Gosh no, I don't know, because I tend - like I said, I tend to stick with the scary costumes. But I do like the idea of the iPod tableau. That's a good one. | gosh no i, don't know, because i tend - like i said i tend to stick with the scary costumes but. i do like the idea of the ipod tableau that's a good | Gosh no I don't know, because I tend - like I said I, tend to stick with the scary costumes But I do like the. idea of the iPod tableau. That's a good; | gosh no, i don't know, because i tend - like i said, i tend to stick with the scary costumes. but i do like the idea of the ipod tableau. that's a good one. |
Does what's scary change a great deal with fashion, do you think? Are there things that are just too tacky to be scary in the 21st Century, so you don't do them, or is it the good old fashioned ghosts and goblins and spider webs and bats? | does what's scary change a great deal with fashion do you think? are there things that are just. too tacky to be scary in. the 21st century so you don't do them or. is it the good old fashioned ghosts and goblins and spider webs and | Does what's scary change a great deal with fashion do you think? Are there things that are just too tacky to be scary, in the. 21st Century so you don't do them or is it the good old fashioned ghosts and goblins and. spider webs and | does what's scary change a great deal with fashion, do you think? are there things that are just too tacky to be scary in the 21st century, so you don't do them, or is it the good old fashioned ghosts and goblins and spider webs and bats? |
You know, look. There's nothing like a good, old classic black sweatshirt and sweatpants with a white skeleton painted on it, as far as I'm concerned. I love to see that at Halloween. | you know look there's nothing like a good old classic black, sweatshirt and sweatpants with a white skeleton painted on it as, far, as i'm concerned i love to see that at | You know look There's nothing like a good old classic black sweatshirt and, sweatpants with a white skeleton, painted on it as far, as I'm concerned I love to, see that at | you know, look. there's nothing like a good, old classic black sweatshirt and sweatpants with a white skeleton painted on it, as far as i'm concerned. i love to see that at halloween. |
The little black suit with the skeleton on it. | the little black suit with the skeleton; on | The little black suit with the skeleton. on | the little black suit with the skeleton on it. |
Yeah. | yeah. | ||
Old standby. | old | Old | old standby. |
Yeah. And I saw - my children were watching a rerun of The Little Rascals, and they put all the little rascals in their little black suit with the skeleton painted on them dancing in front of a black sheet. So similar to the iPod sort of tableau. You know, how cute is that to see all these little skeletons just moving ... | yeah and i saw - my children were watching a. rerun of the little rascals and they put all. the little rascals, in their little black suit with the skeleton painted on them dancing in front of, a; black sheet so similar to the ipod sort of tableau you know how cute is that to see all these little skeletons just moving ... | Yeah And I saw - my children, were watching a rerun of The Little Rascals and they put all the little rascals in. their little black suit with the skeleton painted on them dancing in front, of a black sheet So similar to the iPod sort, of tableau You know how cute is that to see all, these little skeletons just moving ... | yeah. and i saw - my children were watching a rerun of the little rascals, and they put all the little rascals in their little black suit with the skeleton painted on them dancing in front of a black sheet. so similar to the ipod sort of tableau. you know, how cute is that to see all these little skeletons just moving ... |
Well, Laura Bennett, thank you very much for talking with us about Halloween. | well laura; bennett thank you very much for talking, with us about, | Well Laura Bennett thank you very much for talking with us about | well, laura bennett, thank you very much for talking with us about halloween. |
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