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Well, you know, that's sort of in response to a reaction that I get, particularly if I'm wearing my myoelectric arm. You know, most people haven't seen one of those and when they see it moving around, opening and closing, you know, the first - often the first question I get is, you know, are you controlling that with y...	well, you know that's sort of in response to a reaction that. i get particularly; if. i'm wearing my myoelectric arm you know, most people haven't seen one of those and when they see it moving around opening and closing you know the first. - often. the first question i, get is you; know are you controlling that with yo...	Well you know that's; sort of in response to. a reaction; that I get particularly if I'm wearing my myoelectric arm You know most people haven't seen one of those and when, they see it moving around opening and; closing you know the first - often the first question I get is you know are you controlling that with your b...	well, you know, that's sort of in response to a reaction that i get, particularly if i'm wearing my myoelectric arm. you know, most people haven't seen one of those and when they see it moving around, opening and closing, you know, the first - often the first question i get is, you know, are you controlling that with y...
And I guess I think that we can do better. Another project that I'm working on my graduate research at Duke University now, will be working on the new DARPA Revolutionizing Prosthetics 2009 Project. And you know, that program probably will come up with something that compares much more favorably with a human hand and a...	and i guess i. think that we, can do better another project that, i'm working. on my graduate research. at. duke university. now will be working on the new. darpa revolutionizing prosthetics 2009 project and you know that. program probably will come up with something that, compares much more favorably with a human. han...	And I guess I think that. we can do better Another project that I'm working on my graduate. research at Duke University now. will be working on the new DARPA Revolutionizing; Prosthetics 2009 Project And you know that program probably will come up with something that compares much more favorably with, a human hand and....	and i guess i think that we can do better. another project that i'm working on my graduate research at duke university now, will be working on the new darpa revolutionizing prosthetics 2009 project. and you know, that program probably will come up with something that compares much more favorably with a human hand and a...
Jonathan Kuniholm speaking with us from the studios of WUNC in Durham, North Carolina.	jonathan kuniholm, speaking with us from the studios of wunc in durham north	Jonathan Kuniholm speaking; with us from the studios of WUNC in Durham North	jonathan kuniholm speaking with us from the studios of wunc in durham, north carolina.
Mr. Kuniholm, thanks very much for speaking with us.	mr kuniholm thanks very much for speaking with,	Mr. Kuniholm thanks very much for speaking with	mr. kuniholm, thanks very much for speaking with us.
Thank you. It was my pleasure, Scott.	thank you it, was my pleasure	Thank you It was my pleasure	thank you. it was my pleasure, scott.
This is TALK OF THE NATION. I'm Neal Conan in Washington.	this is talk of the, nation i'm neal conan in	This is TALK OF, THE NATION I'm Neal Conan in	this is talk of the nation. i'm neal conan in washington.
Tomorrow it's "Science Friday" and guest host Joe Palca will be here to talk about the space shuttle mission which is off to a tense start with news that pieces of insulating foam broke away from the fuel tank during takeoff, the same culprit that caused the Columbia disaster. The Discovery mission...	tomorrow it's "science. friday" and guest host joe palca will be here, to talk about the space shuttle mission which is off to a tense start with news that, pieces of insulating foam broke away from the fuel tank during takeoff the same culprit. that. caused the columbia disaster the discovery miss...	Tomorrow it's "Science Friday" and guest host Joe Palca will be here to talk. about the space shuttle; mission which is off, to a tense start with news that pieces of insulating foam broke away from the. fuel tank during takeoff the same, culprit that caused the Columbia disaster The, Discovery mis...	tomorrow it's "science friday" and guest host joe palca will be here to talk about the space shuttle mission which is off to a tense start with news that pieces of insulating foam broke away from the fuel tank during takeoff, the same culprit that caused the columbia disaster. the discovery mission...
Forty years ago this week, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed into law a bill to create Medicare and Medicaid. Ensuring a level of health care for the nation's poor and elderly. the two programs became the strongest legacy of Johnson's Great Society, but they were not an easy sell. In his State o...	forty years ago this week president lyndon b johnson, signed into law a bill to create medicare and medicaid ensuring a level of health care for the nation's poor and elderly the two programs became the strongest legacy of johnson's great, society but they were not an easy sell in his state of th...	Forty years ago this week, President Lyndon B Johnson signed into law. a, bill, to create Medicare and Medicaid Ensuring a. level. of health care for the nation's poor and, elderly. the two programs became the. strongest legacy of Johnson's Great Society but they were not an easy sell In his Stat...	forty years ago this week, president lyndon b. johnson signed into law a bill to create medicare and medicaid. ensuring a level of health care for the nation's poor and elderly. the two programs became the strongest legacy of johnson's great society, but they were not an easy sell. in his state o...
(Soundbite of 1964 State of the Union address)	(soundbite of 1964 state of. the, union	(Soundbite of 1964 State of, the Union	(soundbite of 1964 state of the union address)
President LYNDON B. JOHNSON: We must provide hospital insurance for our older citizens financed by every worker and his employer under Social Security...	president lyndon, b johnson: we must provide hospital insurance for our older citizens financed by every. worker and his employer under social	President LYNDON B JOHNSON: We, must provide hospital. insurance for our older citizens, financed by every worker and his, employer under Social	president lyndon b. johnson: we must provide hospital insurance for our older citizens financed by every worker and his employer under social security...
(Soundbite of applause)	(soundbite of	(Soundbite of	(soundbite of applause)
...to protect him in his old age in a dignified manner without cost to the Treasury against the devastating hardship of prolonged or repeated illness.	...to, protect him in his old age in a dignified manner without cost to the treasury against the devastating hardship of prolonged or. repeated,	...to protect him in his old age in a dignified manner without cost to the Treasury against the devastating hardship of. prolonged or repeated	...to protect him in his old age in a dignified manner without cost to the treasury against the devastating hardship of prolonged or repeated illness.
(Soundbite of applause)	(soundbite of	(Soundbite of	(soundbite of applause)
Joining us to tell us more about the creation of Medicare and Medicaid is Robert Ball, who served as commissioner of Social Security in the Johnson administration. He helped plan and helped later run Medicare. He joins us from his home in Mitchell, Maryland, and welcome to TALK OF THE NATION.	joining us to tell us more about the creation of medicare and medicaid is robert ball who served as commissioner of social security. in the johnson administration he helped, plan and helped. later, run medicare he joins us from his home in mitchell maryland and welcome. to talk of the	Joining us to tell us, more. about the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. is Robert Ball who served as commissioner of Social Security in the Johnson administration He. helped plan and helped later run Medicare He joins us from, his home in Mitchell Maryland and welcome to. TALK OF THE	joining us to tell us more about the creation of medicare and medicaid is robert ball, who served as commissioner of social security in the johnson administration. he helped plan and helped later run medicare. he joins us from his home in mitchell, maryland, and welcome to talk of the nation.
It's good to be here.	it's good to be	It's good to be	it's good to be here.
Where did the idea for these programs come from?	where did the idea for these programs come	Where did the idea for these. programs come,	where did the idea for these programs come from?
Well, originally, everybody who was for Medicare as it developed had originally been for a national health insurance plan, covering everybody. That goes back to the Truman administration. But when we couldn't get anywhere with that, we backed up and said, `Well, what group could we cover? What coul...	well originally everybody who was for. medicare as, it developed had originally been for, a national, health insurance plan covering everybody that goes back to, the truman administration but when. we couldn't get. anywhere with that we backed up and said `well what group could we cover? what could...	Well originally, everybody who was for Medicare as it developed had originally been for a national health insurance plan covering everybody, That goes back to the Truman administration But when we. couldn't get anywhere with that we backed up. and said `Well what group could we cover? What could we...	well, originally, everybody who was for medicare as it developed had originally been for a national health insurance plan, covering everybody. that goes back to the truman administration. but when we couldn't get anywhere with that, we backed up and said, `well, what group could we cover? what coul...
And there was the precedent of Social Security, of course.	and there was the precedent of social security of	And there was the precedent of Social. Security of	and there was the precedent of social security, of course.
How much time did Tom Wolfe spend with you for the book?	how much time did, tom wolfe spend with you for the	How much, time did Tom Wolfe spend with you for the	how much time did tom wolfe spend with you for the book?
He - Tom - quite a bit, really. When we got into the technical stuff, we're always - had an accident, the spinning and airplane and bailing out of it. It was hard to make him understand really what you have to go through to bail out of an airplane. And he's not a technical guy, but he's a very good writer.	he - tom - quite a bit really when we got into the technical stuff we're always - had an accident the spinning and airplane and bailing out of it it was hard. to make him understand really, what you have; to go; through, to. bail out of an airplane and he's not a technical guy but he's a very good	He - Tom - quite a bit really When we got, into the technical stuff we're always - had an accident the spinning and airplane. and bailing out of it It was hard. to make him, understand really what you have to, go through to bail out of an airplane And. he's; not. a technical guy but he's. a very good	he - tom - quite a bit, really. when we got into the technical stuff, we're always - had an accident, the spinning and airplane and bailing out of it. it was hard to make him understand really what you have to go through to bail out of an airplane. and he's not a technical guy, but he's a very good writer.
Neither. There's an old saying that the mean is never achieved. The average house is we don't really own them, right? We own houses above and below the average. So I would say it's a combination of the two.	neither there's an old saying that the mean. is never, achieved the average. house is we don't really own them right? we own houses. above and; below the average so i would say it's a combination of the	Neither There's an old saying that the mean is never achieved; The average house is we don't really. own them right? We own houses above and, below the average So I would say it's a combination of the	neither. there's an old saying that the mean is never achieved. the average house is we don't really own them, right? we own houses above and below the average. so i would say it's a combination of the two.
What, to you, accounts for this pretty terrible report on housing sales for last month?	what to you accounts for, this pretty terrible report on housing sales. for last	What to you accounts for this pretty terrible report on housing sales for last	what, to you, accounts for this pretty terrible report on housing sales for last month?
Well, there actually was a little bit of a silver lining. The bad news was that sales dropped 25 percent. The good news was that the inventory of units for sale was basically stable. And the way we look at it, that means that most of the withdrawal of sales came from existing owners who were trying to move from one hou...	well there actually was a little bit of a silver lining the bad. news was that sales, dropped 25 percent. the good news was that the inventory of units for. sale was basically stable and the way we look at it. that means that most of the withdrawal of sales came from existing owners who were trying to, move from. one h...	Well there actually, was, a little bit of a, silver lining The bad news was that sales dropped 25 percent The good news was that the inventory of units; for sale was basically, stable And, the way we look at it that means that most of the withdrawal of sales came from existing owners. who were. trying to move from; one...	well, there actually was a little bit of a silver lining. the bad news was that sales dropped 25 percent. the good news was that the inventory of units for sale was basically stable. and the way we look at it, that means that most of the withdrawal of sales came from existing owners who were trying to move from one hou...
If the withdrawal of sales had come from first-time buyers or investors, then we would've seen the inventory of units climb quite sharply. So I think it was mostly existing owners who sort of, you know, put themselves on the sidelines for the last month, quite possibly because of the withdrawal of the tax credit, but a...	if the withdrawal of sales had come from first-time buyers or investors then we would've seen the inventory of, units climb quite sharply so i think it was mostly existing owners who sort of you know put themselves on, the sidelines for the last month quite possibly because of the withdrawal. of the tax credit but. als...	If, the withdrawal of. sales had come from first-time buyers or investors then we would've seen the inventory of. units climb. quite sharply So I think it was mostly existing owners who sort of you know put themselves on the. sidelines for the last month quite possibly because of the withdrawal of the tax credit; but a...	if the withdrawal of sales had come from first-time buyers or investors, then we would've seen the inventory of units climb quite sharply. so i think it was mostly existing owners who sort of, you know, put themselves on the sidelines for the last month, quite possibly because of the withdrawal of the tax credit, but a...
These are uncertain times. It's a tough time in which to make a big commitment to a home.	these are uncertain times it's a tough time. in which to make a big commitment to a	These are uncertain times It's a tough time in which to make a, big commitment to a	these are uncertain times. it's a tough time in which to make a big commitment to a home.
That's exactly right.	that's exactly	That's exactly	that's exactly right.
I read one forecast for the coming year from Goldman Sachs. It came out last month. They say, given the supply of houses out there, they would expect prices to decline by another 2.5 percent over the coming year.	i read one forecast for the coming year from goldman sachs it came out last month they say given the. supply of houses out there they would expect prices to decline by another 2.5 percent over the coming	I read one forecast for the, coming year from. Goldman. Sachs It came out last month They say given the supply of houses out there they would. expect prices to decline by another 2.5 percent over the coming	i read one forecast for the coming year from goldman sachs. it came out last month. they say, given the supply of houses out there, they would expect prices to decline by another 2.5 percent over the coming year.
I think that's entirely realistic. I would expect that prices actually won't do very much of anything. I don't think they'll take a certainly won't take a big run up and might fall a couple percentage points. None of that's going to be very catastrophic or very optimistic, either way. I think we're really pretty close...	i think that's entirely realistic i would expect that prices; actually won't do very much of anything, i don't think they'll take a certainly won't take a big, run up and might fall a couple percentage points none of that's going to; be very catastrophic or very optimistic either way i think we're really pretty close ...	I think that's entirely realistic I would expect that prices actually won't do very much of anything I; don't think they'll take a certainly won't take; a, big run up, and might, fall a couple percentage points None of that's going to. be very catastrophic or very. optimistic either way I think we're really pretty clo...	i think that's entirely realistic. i would expect that prices actually won't do very much of anything. i don't think they'll take a certainly won't take a big run up and might fall a couple percentage points. none of that's going to be very catastrophic or very optimistic, either way. i think we're really pretty close...
What does all this say about what has been a very basic economic and social policy objective for the U.S. to increase home ownership? Are we at a point now where people are looking at renting and perhaps at how often they might have to move to find a new job over the course of their working lives? And, say, you know, r...	what does all this say about what has been a. very basic economic and social policy objective for the u.s to, increase home ownership? are we at a point now where people are, looking at renting and perhaps at how often they might have to move to find a new job over the course of their; working lives? and say you, know ...	What does all this say about what has been a very basic economic and social policy objective for the U.S to increase home. ownership? Are we at a point now where people are looking at renting and. perhaps, at, how often they might have to move to find a new job over the. course of their working lives? And say you know ...	what does all this say about what has been a very basic economic and social policy objective for the u.s. to increase home ownership? are we at a point now where people are looking at renting and perhaps at how often they might have to move to find a new job over the course of their working lives? and, say, you know, r...
Well, I think that's very important because if you look at the rental market, it really stands in pretty stark contrast to this morning's report on the ownership market. In the last two quarters, the vacancy rate in apartments has fallen from seven percent down to five percent. Rents have firmed and started to rise. An...	well i think that's very; important because if you look at the rental market it really stands in pretty stark contrast to this morning's report on the ownership market; in the last two quarters the vacancy rate in apartments has fallen from seven percent down to five percent rents have firmed and started to rise and of...	Well I think that's very important because if you look at the rental market it really stands in pretty. stark contrast to this morning's report, on the ownership market In the last, two quarters. the vacancy rate, in apartments. has fallen from seven percent. down to five percent Rents have firmed, and started to rise ...	well, i think that's very important because if you look at the rental market, it really stands in pretty stark contrast to this morning's report on the ownership market. in the last two quarters, the vacancy rate in apartments has fallen from seven percent down to five percent. rents have firmed and started to rise. an...
In the last 12 months nationally there were 830,000 new renters, whereas we lost 40 or 50,000 owners. So the rental market looks to be quite strong and, of course, it's benefitting from the enormous number of people moving from own back to rent.	in the last 12 months. nationally there were 830,000 new renters whereas we lost 40 or 50,000 owners so the rental market looks to be quite strong and of course it's benefitting, from, the enormous number of people moving from own back, to	In the, last, 12 months nationally there. were 830,000 new renters whereas. we lost 40 or 50,000 owners So the rental market looks to be quite strong and of course it's benefitting from the enormous number of people moving from own back, to	in the last 12 months nationally there were 830,000 new renters, whereas we lost 40 or 50,000 owners. so the rental market looks to be quite strong and, of course, it's benefitting from the enormous number of people moving from own back to rent.
Have you seen any creative idea out there about this whole equation people, homes, ownership, renting, whatever, that might seem to be a path for us to get out of this depressed market?	have, you seen any creative idea out there about this whole equation people homes ownership renting whatever that might seem to be a path for us to get out of this depressed	Have you seen any creative idea out there about this whole equation people homes ownership renting whatever that might seem to be a path for us to get out of this depressed	have you seen any creative idea out there about this whole equation people, homes, ownership, renting, whatever, that might seem to be a path for us to get out of this depressed market?
Well, there are some interesting ideas in the short run. One idea I really like is for banks to write down mortgages to something near what properties are actually worth. This is for people that financed or bought a house at the peak and now prices have fallen considerably. So banks have refinanced those mortgages at a...	well there are some interesting ideas in the short run one idea i really like is for banks to write down mortgages to something near what properties are actually worth, this is for people that financed or bought a house at, the peak and now prices have fallen considerably so banks have refinanced those. mortgages, at a...	Well there. are some interesting ideas, in the short, run One idea I really like is for banks to write down, mortgages to something. near what properties are actually worth. This is for people that financed or bought a house at the peak. and now prices have fallen considerably. So, banks have refinanced those mortgages...	well, there are some interesting ideas in the short run. one idea i really like is for banks to write down mortgages to something near what properties are actually worth. this is for people that financed or bought a house at the peak and now prices have fallen considerably. so banks have refinanced those mortgages at a...
So, the bank ceases to be simply your creditor but its also your partner to some extent?	so the bank ceases. to be simply your creditor but; its also your partner to some	So the. bank ceases to be, simply your creditor but its also your partner to some	so, the bank ceases to be simply your creditor but its also your partner to some extent?
Thats right, your equity partner. That would free up people to move. I think some idea like that is really needed at this point.	thats right your equity partner that, would free up people to move i. think some idea like that, is really needed. at this	Thats right your equity partner That would free up people to move I think, some idea, like that. is really needed at this	thats right, your equity partner. that would free up people to move. i think some idea like that is really needed at this point.
Professor Wheaton, thanks a lot for talking with us.	professor wheaton thanks a lot for talking, with	Professor Wheaton thanks a lot for talking. with	professor wheaton, thanks a lot for talking with us.
Delighted.			delighted.
William Wheaton is an economist at MIT.	william wheaton is an economist at	William Wheaton is an economist. at	william wheaton is an economist at mit.
This is MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Good morning. I'm Renee Montagne.	this is morning edition from npr news good, morning i'm renee,	This. is MORNING EDITION from NPR News Good morning I'm Renee	this is morning edition from npr news. good morning. i'm renee montagne.
It's been something of an article of faith among psychologists that being adopted could hurt the development of a child's sense of worth, that adopted kids would unconsciously blame themselves for the loss of their biological families, and on some level feel that they hadn't been good enough for their parents to keep t...	it's been something of an article of faith among psychologists that being adopted could hurt the, development of a child's sense of worth that adopted kids would unconsciously blame themselves for the loss of their biological families and on, some level feel that they; hadn't been good. enough for their parents to keep...	It's been something of an article, of faith among psychologists that being adopted. could hurt the development of a child's sense of worth that adopted kids would unconsciously blame themselves for the loss of their. biological families, and on some level. feel that they hadn't been good enough for their parents, to ke...	it's been something of an article of faith among psychologists that being adopted could hurt the development of a child's sense of worth, that adopted kids would unconsciously blame themselves for the loss of their biological families, and on some level feel that they hadn't been good enough for their parents to keep t...