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Once the programs were passed by Congress and signed by President Johnson, you were involved with running Medicare as part of the job as commissioner of Social Security. What issues did you run into in putting Medicare into place?	once the programs were passed by congress. and signed; by. president johnson, you were involved with running medicare as part of the job as commissioner of social, security what issues did, you run into in putting, medicare into	Once the, programs were passed by Congress, and signed by President Johnson you were involved with running Medicare as part of the job, as commissioner of Social Security What issues, did you run into in putting Medicare. into	once the programs were passed by congress and signed by president johnson, you were involved with running medicare as part of the job as commissioner of social security. what issues did you run into in putting medicare into place?
Well, it was a fantastically massive job. The--Part B of Medicare, the coverage of doctors, is a voluntary plan. We had to try to reach every elderly person in the United States, like 19 million elderly people, and get an informed reaction from them. They had to file a claim if they were for it, ...	well it. was a fantastically massive. job the--part, b of medicare the coverage of doctors is a voluntary plan we had to, try to reach every elderly person in the united, states like 19 million elderly people and get an informed reaction from them they had. to. file a claim if they were for it an...	Well it was a fantastically. massive job The--Part B of Medicare the coverage of doctors is a voluntary plan We had to try to reach every elderly person, in the United States like 19 million elderly, people and get an informed reaction from them They had to file; a claim if they were for it and t...	well, it was a fantastically massive job. the--part b of medicare, the coverage of doctors, is a voluntary plan. we had to try to reach every elderly person in the united states, like 19 million elderly people, and get an informed reaction from them. they had to file a claim if they were for it, ...
All these things, the most remarkable thing, in my career, really, was the cooperation that we got everywhere. Other government agencies all put--pitched in to make this work. It ran from things like the US Postal Service truck having on the side of the truck that `Remember the deadline to sign up...	all these things the most remarkable thing in my career. really, was. the. cooperation that we got everywhere other government agencies all, put--pitched in to make this work it ran from things like the us postal service truck having on the side of the truck that `remember the deadline to sign up,...	All these things the most remarkable thing in my career really was the cooperation that we got everywhere Other government agencies all. put--pitched in to make this work It ran from, things like the US Postal Service truck having on the side. of the truck that `Remember the deadline to sign up is...	all these things, the most remarkable thing, in my career, really, was the cooperation that we got everywhere. other government agencies all put--pitched in to make this work. it ran from things like the us postal service truck having on the side of the truck that `remember the deadline to sign up...
Robert Ball, we appreciate your time today. Thanks very much for joining us. Robert Ball worked under President Lyndon Johnson to implement Medicare and he joined us today by phone from his office in Mitchellville in Maryland.	robert ball we appreciate your time today thanks very much for joining us robert ball worked under president lyndon johnson to implement medicare and he joined us today by phone from his office in mitchellville in	Robert Ball we appreciate your time today Thanks very much for, joining us, Robert Ball worked under President Lyndon. Johnson to implement Medicare. and he joined us today by phone from his office in Mitchellville in	robert ball, we appreciate your time today. thanks very much for joining us. robert ball worked under president lyndon johnson to implement medicare and he joined us today by phone from his office in mitchellville in maryland.
Joining us now on the phone is one of Medicare and Medicaid's chief opponents in the 1960s. Edward Annis fought against the socialized health-care programs as president of the American Medical Association and he's with us now from his home in the mountains of northeastern Alabama.	joining us now on the phone is one. of medicare and medicaid's chief opponents in the 1960s edward, annis fought against the socialized health-care, programs as president of the american medical association and he's with us now from his home in the mountains of northeastern	Joining us now on the phone is one of Medicare, and Medicaid's chief opponents in the 1960s Edward Annis fought against the socialized health-care programs as president of the American Medical Association and he's, with us. now from his home in the mountains of, northeastern	joining us now on the phone is one of medicare and medicaid's chief opponents in the 1960s. edward annis fought against the socialized health-care programs as president of the american medical association and he's with us now from his home in the mountains of northeastern alabama.
Good of you to be with us on TALK OF THE NATION.	good of you to be with us on talk of the	Good of you to be with us on, TALK OF THE	good of you to be with us on talk of the nation.
Thank you; it's a pleasure.	thank you it's a	Thank you it's a	thank you; it's a pleasure.
Now you vehemently opposed Medicare and Medicaid through both the Kennedy and the Johnson administrations. Tell us why.	now you vehemently opposed medicare, and medicaid; through both the kennedy and the johnson administrations, tell us	Now you vehemently opposed Medicare and Medicaid through both the, Kennedy and the Johnson administrations Tell us	now you vehemently opposed medicare and medicaid through both the kennedy and the johnson administrations. tell us why.
Well, the American Medical Association, and I spoke for most of the doctors of this country, believed that anybody in this nation who needs medical care should have it when they need it as long as they need it, whether they can pay for it or not. We opposed the program that would put a tax on young...	well the american medical association and i spoke for most of the doctors of this country believed that anybody in; this nation who needs medical care should have it when they need it as long as they need it whether they can pay for it or not we opposed the program that would put a tax. on young wo...	Well the American Medical Association and I spoke for most of. the doctors of, this country believed that; anybody in this nation who needs medical care should have it. when they need it as long as they need it whether they can; pay for it or not We, opposed. the program that. would put a tax on yo...	well, the american medical association, and i spoke for most of the doctors of this country, believed that anybody in this nation who needs medical care should have it when they need it as long as they need it, whether they can pay for it or not. we opposed the program that would put a tax on young...
And so our whole feeling was that the programs that should have been implemented and should have been carried on was one that started and operated under President Kennedy. It had been signed in law by President Eisenhower as one of his last things before he left office. That was the Kerr-Mills bil...	and, so our whole feeling was that the programs that should have been implemented and should have been carried on was one that; started and operated. under president kennedy it had been signed in law by president eisenhower as one of. his last things before he left office that was the. kerr-mills	And so, our whole feeling. was that the programs that should have been, implemented and should. have been carried on was one; that started and operated under President Kennedy, It had been signed in law. by. President Eisenhower. as one of his last. things before he left office That; was the Kerr-...	and so our whole feeling was that the programs that should have been implemented and should have been carried on was one that started and operated under president kennedy. it had been signed in law by president eisenhower as one of his last things before he left office. that was the kerr-mills bil...
The Kerr-Mills bill was designed to help any elderly that were in need of income because of illness or accident. They didn't have to sell a house, they didn't have to sell their car. If they merely had inadequate income, it was working, and working well, and I reported it for the Ways and Means Co...	the kerr-mills bill was designed to help any elderly that were in need of; income because of illness or accident, they didn't have to, sell a house, they didn't have to sell their car if they merely had inadequate income it was working and working well; and i reported it for the ways and means com...	The Kerr-Mills bill was designed to help any elderly that were in need of income because; of, illness or accident They didn't have to sell a house they didn't have to sell. their car If they. merely, had. inadequate income it, was working and working well and I reported it for the Ways and Means C...	the kerr-mills bill was designed to help any elderly that were in need of income because of illness or accident. they didn't have to sell a house, they didn't have to sell their car. if they merely had inadequate income, it was working, and working well, and i reported it for the ways and means co...
Well, you just heard Robert Ball say that Medicare has fulfilled his fondest wishes for it 40 years later. Have you changed your mind at all? What do you think?	well you just heard robert, ball say that medicare has fulfilled his; fondest wishes for it 40 years, later. have you changed your mind, at all? what do you	Well you just heard Robert Ball say that Medicare has fulfilled his fondest wishes for it, 40 years later Have you changed your mind at all? What do you	well, you just heard robert ball say that medicare has fulfilled his fondest wishes for it 40 years later. have you changed your mind at all? what do you think?
No, my position is that today Medicare is a--being controlled and run and doctors are being dictated to by non-medical people. Managed care, for example, has made multimillionaires. Each year they make more money. And they're ripping off hundreds of millions of dollars that should go for health c...	no my position is that. today medicare is a--being controlled, and run and doctors are being dictated to by, non-medical people. managed care for example has, made multimillionaires each year they make more money and they're ripping off hundreds of millions of, dollars that should go for health; ...	No my position is that today Medicare is a--being controlled and run. and doctors are being dictated, to by non-medical. people Managed care for example has made multimillionaires Each. year they make more money And they're ripping off hundreds of millions of dollars that should go. for health ca...	no, my position is that today medicare is a--being controlled and run and doctors are being dictated to by non-medical people. managed care, for example, has made multimillionaires. each year they make more money. and they're ripping off hundreds of millions of dollars that should go for health c...
In retrospect, Robert Ball was also mentioning this was a fall-back position, that, really, the idea that they'd hoped to get through was a national health-care plan. A lot of people might say they regret they didn't get that done back in the Truman and, later, the Kennedy administrations, or the J...	in retrospect robert ball was also mentioning this was, a fall-back position, that really the idea that they'd hoped to get. through was a national health-care plan a lot of people might say they. regret they didn't, get that done back in the truman and later the kennedy, administrations or the joh...	In retrospect Robert Ball was also mentioning this was a fall-back position that really the idea that they'd hoped to get. through was a national health-care plan A lot of people might say they, regret, they didn't get that done back in the Truman and later the Kennedy administrations or the, Johns...	in retrospect, robert ball was also mentioning this was a fall-back position, that, really, the idea that they'd hoped to get through was a national health-care plan. a lot of people might say they regret they didn't get that done back in the truman and, later, the kennedy administrations, or the j...
Got you.	got	Got	got you.
Well, having visited the so-called universal health-care system in both Canada and in England, I can tell you that in England they always left it open for private patients. Patients could still go to their own doctor instead of a national health service. In Canada, however, no one can go to anyone...	well, having visited the so-called universal health-care system in. both canada and in england i can tell you that in england they always. left it open for private patients. patients could still go to their own doctor instead of a national health service in canada however no one can go to anyone e...	Well having visited the so-called universal health-care system in both Canada and in England I can tell you that; in. England they always, left it open, for private patients Patients could still go to their. own doctor instead of a national health service In Canada however no one can go to anyone ...	well, having visited the so-called universal health-care system in both canada and in england, i can tell you that in england they always left it open for private patients. patients could still go to their own doctor instead of a national health service. in canada, however, no one can go to anyone...
Edward Annis, thank you for your time today. We appreciate it.	edward annis thank you for, your time today we appreciate	Edward Annis thank, you for your time today We appreciate	edward annis, thank you for your time today. we appreciate it.
Thank you.	thank	Thank	thank you.
Edward Annis is former president of the American Medical Association.	edward annis is, former president of the american medical	Edward Annis is former president of the American Medical,	edward annis is former president of the american medical association.
This week, public radio stations around the country are examining the issue of globalization and how we are all connected. For the past five years, Foreign Policy magazine, along with the A.T. Kearney consulting firm, have tried to actually measure globalization country by country with something th...	this week public radio stations around the country are examining the issue of globalization and how we are all connected for the past five years foreign policy magazine along with the a.t kearney consulting firm have tried to actually measure globalization country by country with something they cal...	This week public radio stations around the country are examining the, issue of globalization and how we are all connected For the past five years Foreign Policy magazine along with the A.T Kearney consulting firm have tried to actually measure globalization country by country with something they ca...	this week, public radio stations around the country are examining the issue of globalization and how we are all connected. for the past five years, foreign policy magazine, along with the a.t. kearney consulting firm, have tried to actually measure globalization country by country with something th...
Thank you. How are you?	thank you how are.	Thank you How are	thank you. how are you?
What--I'm fine. What exactly does the index measure?	what--i'm fine; what exactly does the index	What--I'm fine What exactly does the, index	what--i'm fine. what exactly does the index measure?
It measures the way in which countries are related to each other, the ties that unite countries. And we look at a variety of indexes. We look at economic--the traditional ways of measuring trade and investment, but we also look at technology--the number of Internet users, or we look at the nationa...	it measures the way in which countries are related to, each other the ties that unite countries and we look at a variety of indexes we look at economic--the traditional ways of measuring trade and investment but we also look at technology--the number of internet users or we look at the national tr...	It measures the way in which countries are related to each other the, ties that unite; countries And we look at a variety of indexes We look at economic--the traditional ways of measuring trade and investment but we also look; at technology--the number of Internet users or, we look at the national...	it measures the way in which countries are related to each other, the ties that unite countries. and we look at a variety of indexes. we look at economic--the traditional ways of measuring trade and investment, but we also look at technology--the number of internet users, or we look at the nationa...
And what does that tell you?	and what does that tell	And; what. does that tell	and what does that tell you?
It tells us we have--we measure 62 countries that account for 96 percent of the world economy and about 85 percent of the world's population. And it gives us a ranking. And the top-ranked country is Singapore.	it tells us we have--we measure 62 countries that account for 96 percent of the world, economy and about 85 percent, of the world's population and it gives us a ranking and the top-ranked country is	It tells us we have--we measure 62 countries that account for 96 percent of the world economy and. about 85 percent of the world's population And it gives us a ranking And the top-ranked country is	it tells us we have--we measure 62 countries that account for 96 percent of the world economy and about 85 percent of the world's population. and it gives us a ranking. and the top-ranked country is singapore.
Singapore is sort of related to more countries in more ways than any other country?	singapore is sort of related to, more countries in more ways than any other	Singapore is sort of related to more countries in more; ways than any. other	singapore is sort of related to more countries in more ways than any other country?
Right. According to the four clusters, the four baskets, of numbers that we look, which are economic, the personal people-to-people contact, and then technology--communications--and political. The second one is Ireland, and the third is Switzerland, and the United States comes in at fourth place.	right according to the four clusters the four. baskets of numbers that we look which are economic the personal. people-to-people contact and then technology--communications--and political the second one is ireland and the third is switzerland and the united, states. comes, in at fourth,	Right According to the four clusters the four baskets of numbers that we look which are economic the personal people-to-people contact and then technology--communications--and, political The second one is Ireland and the third is Switzerland and the United States comes in at fourth	right. according to the four clusters, the four baskets, of numbers that we look, which are economic, the personal people-to-people contact, and then technology--communications--and political. the second one is ireland, and the third is switzerland, and the united states comes in at fourth place.
Wow. So you've got two countries that are islands and one that is the absolute archetype of isolation in the mountains.	wow so you've got two, countries that are islands and one that is the absolute archetype of isolation in the	Wow So you've got two countries that are islands and; one that is the absolute, archetype of isolation in the	wow. so you've got two countries that are islands and one that is the absolute archetype of isolation in the mountains.
Yes. We also have the Netherlands and Canada...	yes we, also have the netherlands and	Yes We also have the Netherlands and	yes. we also have the netherlands and canada...
Wow.			wow.
...Denmark, Sweden, as...	...denmark sweden	...Denmark Sweden	...denmark, sweden, as...
So are there correlations between sort of life within those countries, their relations generally internationally, and their interconnectedness?	so. are there correlations. between. sort of life within those countries their relations. generally internationally and their,	So are there, correlations. between sort of, life within those. countries their relations generally internationally. and, their	so are there correlations between sort of life within those countries, their relations generally internationally, and their interconnectedness?
Yes. One of the fascinating results of having done this now for five years is that we look at our ranking and then compare that ranking with other rankings; for example, the way in which countries are ranked on how religious they are, or income distribution or happiness. There is a happiness index....	yes one of the fascinating results of having done this now for five, years is that we look, at our ranking and then compare that ranking with other rankings for example the way in which countries are ranked on how, religious they are or income distribution or happiness there is; a happiness index ...	Yes, One, of the fascinating results of having done this, now for five years is that we look at our ranking. and then compare that ranking. with other rankings for example the way in which countries are ranked on how religious they are or income distribution or happiness There, is a happiness index...	yes. one of the fascinating results of having done this now for five years is that we look at our ranking and then compare that ranking with other rankings; for example, the way in which countries are ranked on how religious they are, or income distribution or happiness. there is a happiness index....
How so?	how	How	how so?
Well, for example, more globalized countries--countries that have more links with the rest of the world--have a better income distribution than those that don't. The less globalized you are, the worse is economic justice and distribution in your country.	well for example more globalized countries--countries that have more links with the rest of the world--have a better income distribution than those that don't, the less, globalized you are the worse; is economic justice and distribution in your	Well for example more globalized countries--countries, that have more links with the rest of the world--have a better income distribution than those that don't The less globalized you are the worse is economic, justice and distribution in your	well, for example, more globalized countries--countries that have more links with the rest of the world--have a better income distribution than those that don't. the less globalized you are, the worse is economic justice and distribution in your country.
Yeah. How do you measure that? When you talk about the--you're not talking about overall wealth; you're talking about the distribution of wealth in countries with greater connectedness.	yeah how do you measure that? when, you talk about the--you're not talking about overall wealth you're talking about the distribution of wealth in countries, with greater	Yeah How do you measure that? When you talk about the--you're, not talking about overall wealth. you're talking about the distribution of wealth in countries with greater	yeah. how do you measure that? when you talk about the--you're not talking about overall wealth; you're talking about the distribution of wealth in countries with greater connectedness.
Right. We just look at our ranking and--which measures globalization, and then we look at other rankings and, you know, countries do measure the income distribution. There are measures that tell you which countries have better or worse income distributions. And we discovered that our ranking is c...	right we just look at our ranking and--which measures globalization and then we look at other rankings and you know countries do measure the income distribution there are measures that tell you which countries have better or worse income distributions and we discovered that our ranking is contrar...	Right We just look at our ranking and--which measures globalization and then we look at other rankings and you know countries do measure the income, distribution There are measures; that tell you which countries have, better or. worse income distributions And. we discovered that our ranking is co...	right. we just look at our ranking and--which measures globalization, and then we look at other rankings and, you know, countries do measure the income distribution. there are measures that tell you which countries have better or worse income distributions. and we discovered that our ranking is c...
What are some of the other surprises?	what are some, of the other	What are. some of the other	what are some of the other surprises?
Well, the globalization and the environment--global countries tend to be more environmentally friendly. They are indexes. These are--we don't have all those indexes. We use other people's indexes. We measure globalization and then compare it to others. Corruption, for example--the more open, th...	well the globalization and the environment--global countries, tend to be more, environmentally friendly they are. indexes these are--we don't have all those indexes we use other people's indexes we measure globalization and then. compare it to others corruption for example--the more open the mo...	Well the globalization and the environment--global countries tend to be more environmentally friendly They are indexes These are--we don't have all those indexes We use other people's. indexes We measure globalization and then compare it to others Corruption. for, example--the more, open the mo...	well, the globalization and the environment--global countries tend to be more environmentally friendly. they are indexes. these are--we don't have all those indexes. we use other people's indexes. we measure globalization and then compare it to others. corruption, for example--the more open, th...
Have you speculated about why this might be, why this--it certainly is counterintuitive on all three of those scores. Any idea what's going on?	have you speculated about why this. might be why this--it certainly. is counterintuitive on all three of, those scores. any idea what's going	Have. you speculated about why this might be why; this--it certainly is counterintuitive on all, three of those scores Any idea. what's going	have you speculated about why this might be, why this--it certainly is counterintuitive on all three of those scores. any idea what's going on?