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Well, I think the core of the song is this idea that, you know, we all make mistakes in life. And through making mistakes and through suffering you learn, you know, things about yourself and about the world. And then it's kind of put in the frame of a love story. You know? And within a relationship, there's always goin... | well i think the core of the song is this idea that you know we all make. mistakes in life and through making. mistakes and through suffering, you learn you know things about yourself and about the world and then it's kind, of put in the frame of a love story. you know? and within a relationship, there's always; going ... | Well, I think the core, of the song is this idea that. you know we all make, mistakes in, life. And through making mistakes and through suffering you learn you know things about yourself and about the; world And then it's kind of put in the frame of a love story You know? And. within a relationship there's always going... | well, i think the core of the song is this idea that, you know, we all make mistakes in life. and through making mistakes and through suffering you learn, you know, things about yourself and about the world. and then it's kind of put in the frame of a love story. you know? and within a relationship, there's always goin... |
Part of the song is where this kind of not holding grudges against people. You know? Because I really do see everybody in my life as teachers, you know, who bring - who have important lessons to teach me. And ultimately, I - whether they're teaching me through hurt or through joy, I ultimately am really grateful to eve... | part. of the song is where this kind of not holding grudges against people you; know? because i really do see everybody in my life as teachers you know who bring - who have important lessons to teach me and. ultimately i - whether they're teaching me through hurt or through joy i ultimately am really, grateful to every... | Part of the song is where this kind of not holding grudges against people You, know? Because I, really do see everybody in my life as teachers you know who, bring - who have important lessons to teach me And ultimately I - whether they're teaching me through hurt or; through joy I ultimately am really grateful to every... | part of the song is where this kind of not holding grudges against people. you know? because i really do see everybody in my life as teachers, you know, who bring - who have important lessons to teach me. and ultimately, i - whether they're teaching me through hurt or through joy, i ultimately am really grateful to eve... |
(Soundbite of song, "I Have Loved You Wrong ") | (soundbite of song, "i. have loved you wrong | (Soundbite of song "I Have Loved You Wrong | (soundbite of song, "i have loved you wrong ") |
(Singing) So forgive me, for I have sin, for I have let you... | (singing) so forgive me for i have sin for i have let | (Singing) So forgive me for I, have sin for I have let | (singing) so forgive me, for i have sin, for i have let you... |
Glen, do you remember hearing this song from Marketa for the first time? | glen do you remember hearing this song from marketa, for the first | Glen do you remember hearing this song from Marketa for the first | glen, do you remember hearing this song from marketa for the first time? |
Yeah, I remember. I was in Amsterdam doing a gig with The Frames, my band. And Mar was on the other end of the phone, we were chatting and she was like, oh, I wrote this new song. And she played me the song on the phone, and I was really devastated by it. I thought it was really amazing. And at the same time, I was lik... | yeah i remember i was in amsterdam doing a, gig with the frames my band and mar was on the other end of the phone we were chatting and she, was like oh i wrote this new song and she played me the song on the phone and i was. really devastated by; it i, thought it was really amazing and at the same time i was | Yeah I remember, I was in, Amsterdam doing a gig with The Frames my band And Mar was on the, other end of the. phone, we were chatting and she was like oh I wrote this new song And she played. me the, song, on the phone and I was really devastated by it I thought it; was. really amazing. And at the same time I was | yeah, i remember. i was in amsterdam doing a gig with the frames, my band. and mar was on the other end of the phone, we were chatting and she was like, oh, i wrote this new song. and she played me the song on the phone, and i was really devastated by it. i thought it was really amazing. and at the same time, i was lik... |
(Soundbite of laughter) | (soundbite of | (Soundbite of. | (soundbite of laughter) |
…it was kind of prophetic, you know? | …it was kind of prophetic you | …it was kind of prophetic you | …it was kind of prophetic, you know? |
What do you mean it's prophetic? | what do you mean it's | What do you mean it's | what do you mean it's prophetic? |
When Mar wrote, forgive me, lover, for I have sinned. I've loved you wrong and I've let you go, that was a year before we split up. So it's, in a way, that's, you know, just to sort of put it straight, it's that thing, like, you see it coming. But even so, the song sees it coming. It's almost like you don't logically s... | when mar wrote forgive me lover for i, have sinned i've. loved you wrong and i've, let you go that was a year before we split up so it's in a way that's you know; just to sort of put it straight it's that thing like you see it coming but even so the song sees, it coming it's almost like you don't logically see anything... | When Mar wrote forgive me lover for I have sinned; I've loved you. wrong and I've, let you go that was. a year before. we split up So it's in a way that's you know just to sort of put, it straight it's that thing like you see it, coming But even so the. song sees it coming It's almost like you don't logically see, anyt... | when mar wrote, forgive me, lover, for i have sinned. i've loved you wrong and i've let you go, that was a year before we split up. so it's, in a way, that's, you know, just to sort of put it straight, it's that thing, like, you see it coming. but even so, the song sees it coming. it's almost like you don't logically s... |
Marketa, is it harder to sing this song, now knowing what's happened, that… | marketa is it harder to sing this song now knowing what's happened | Marketa is. it harder to sing this song now knowing. what's happened | marketa, is it harder to sing this song, now knowing what's happened, that… |
No. | no. | ||
…the things we were talking about actually did happen, that your relationship didn't survive. | …the things we were talking about. actually did happen that your relationship, didn't | …the things we were talking about actually did happen that. your relationship didn't | …the things we were talking about actually did happen, that your relationship didn't survive. |
No, I feel great peace about things. You know, the way things have gone. I really do. For me, it doesn't create pain, you know, or it doesn't break my heart. It's just, like I said, I think really that the song is written from a place of peace and acceptance. You know, sometimes, you know, you should not going to under... | no i feel great peace about things you, know the way, things have gone. i really do for me it doesn't create pain you know or it doesn't break my heart it's just like i said i think really that the song is written from a, place of peace and acceptance you know sometimes you know you should not. going to understand some... | No I feel great peace about things You; know the way things have gone I really do For me, it doesn't create. pain you know or it doesn't break my heart, It's just like I said I think really that the song is written from a place of peace and acceptance You know sometimes you know you should not going to understand, some... | no, i feel great peace about things. you know, the way things have gone. i really do. for me, it doesn't create pain, you know, or it doesn't break my heart. it's just, like i said, i think really that the song is written from a place of peace and acceptance. you know, sometimes, you know, you should not going to under... |
(Soundbite of song, "I Have Loved You Wrong") | (soundbite of song "i have loved you | (Soundbite of song. "I Have; Loved You | (soundbite of song, "i have loved you wrong") |
(Singing) On my mind. On my mind. On my mind. | (singing) on. my mind on my mind on my | (Singing) On, my. mind On my mind On my | (singing) on my mind. on my mind. on my mind. |
It's the song, "I Have Loved You Wrong" by the Swell Season, Marketa Irglova and Glen Hansard are here in our studios. Thanks so much for coming in. And I wonder if you'd take us out with another song? Is there another one you'd like to do? | it's the song "i have loved you wrong" by the swell season marketa. irglova. and glen hansard are here, in. our studios thanks so much for. coming in and i wonder if you'd, take us out with another song? is there another one you'd like; to | It's the, song "I Have Loved You Wrong" by, the Swell Season Marketa, Irglova and Glen Hansard are here in our studios Thanks so much for. coming in And I wonder if you'd take us out with another song? Is there another one you'd like to | it's the song, "i have loved you wrong" by the swell season, marketa irglova and glen hansard are here in our studios. thanks so much for coming in. and i wonder if you'd take us out with another song? is there another one you'd like to do? |
Yeah, yeah. We'd do another one. | yeah. yeah we'd do another | Yeah yeah; We'd. do another | yeah, yeah. we'd do another one. |
So what are you going to play for us? | so what are you going to play, for | So what are you going to play for | so what are you going to play for us? |
We'll play - this is a song called "In These Arms." And I guess the song contradicts most of what we've been talking about. | we'll play - this is a song called "in these arms" and i, guess the song contradicts most of what we've been talking | We'll play - this is a song called "In These. Arms" And, I guess the song contradicts most of what. we've been talking | we'll play - this is a song called "in these arms." and i guess the song contradicts most of what we've been talking about. |
(Soundbite of laughter) | (soundbite of | (Soundbite of | (soundbite of laughter) |
Why not? | why | Why | why not? |
The song is kind of like, you know, sometimes you have that thing where, you know, I was born to love you. That's the, you know… | the song is; kind. of like you know sometimes you have that thing. where you know i was born to love you that's the you | The song is kind of like you know, sometimes you have that thing where, you know I was born, to love. you, That's the you | the song is kind of like, you know, sometimes you have that thing where, you know, i was born to love you. that's the, you know… |
We're going to go out in an up note here. | we're, going to go out, in an, up note | We're going to go out in, an up note | we're going to go out in an up note here. |
Yeah. Okay. One, two, three… | yeah okay. one two | Yeah Okay One two | yeah. okay. one, two, three… |
(Soundbite of song, "In These Arms") | (soundbite of song, "in these | (Soundbite of song "In These | (soundbite of song, "in these arms") |
(Singing) Use the truth as weapon to beat up all your friends. Every chink in the armor an excuse to cause offense. And the boys from the hallway are calling out your name. And true love will find them in the end. You are restless, I was somewhere less secure. So I went running to the row. And so now that the longest o... | (singing) use the truth as weapon to beat up all your friends every chink in the armor, an excuse to cause offense and the boys, from the hallway are calling out your name and, true love will find them in the end you are restless i was somewhere less secure so i went running to the row, and so. now that the longest of ... | (Singing) Use the truth as weapon to beat up all your friends Every chink in the armor, an; excuse to cause offense And the boys from the hallway are calling out, your name And true love will find them, in, the end You are restless I was somewhere less secure So I went running to the row And so. now that the longest of... | (singing) use the truth as weapon to beat up all your friends. every chink in the armor an excuse to cause offense. and the boys from the hallway are calling out your name. and true love will find them in the end. you are restless, i was somewhere less secure. so i went running to the row. and so now that the longest o... |
(Singing) 'Cause maybe I was born to hold you in these arms. Maybe I was born to hold you in these arms. | (singing) 'cause maybe i was born to hold you in, these arms maybe i was born to hold. you in these | (Singing) 'Cause maybe I was born to hold you in. these arms Maybe I was born; to hold you in these | (singing) 'cause maybe i was born to hold you in these arms. maybe i was born to hold you in these arms. |
Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova are The Swell Season. You can hear more of our conversation at nprmusic.org. We talk about the poem that inspired the album's title "Strict Joy." And there's a video of them performing live here at NPR. | glen, hansard, and marketa irglova. are the swell season you can hear more of our conversation at nprmusic.org we talk about the poem that inspired the album's title "strict joy" and there's a video of them performing live here at | Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova are. The Swell Season You can hear more of our conversation at nprmusic.org We talk about the poem that inspired the. album's. title "Strict Joy" And there's a video of them performing live here at | glen hansard and marketa irglova are the swell season. you can hear more of our conversation at nprmusic.org. we talk about the poem that inspired the album's title "strict joy." and there's a video of them performing live here at npr. |
I mean, there's extraordinary advances that have been made, certainly, in understanding the way synapses talk to each other and how they change with experience. But one of the mysteries of the brain is that the network that connects cells is a lot like an Internet network, and that is it's one to many and many to one. | i mean, there's extraordinary advances that have been made certainly in understanding the way synapses talk to each; other and how they change with experience but one of the mysteries of the brain is that the network that connects, cells is. a lot like an internet network and that is it's one to. many and many to | I mean there's extraordinary advances that have been, made certainly, in understanding the way synapses talk; to each other and how they change with experience But one of the mysteries of the brain is that the network that. connects cells is a lot like an Internet network and that, is it's one to many and many to | i mean, there's extraordinary advances that have been made, certainly, in understanding the way synapses talk to each other and how they change with experience. but one of the mysteries of the brain is that the network that connects cells is a lot like an internet network, and that is it's one to many and many to one. |
There are interconnections between nerve cells and thousands of target cells, and thousands of different target cells impinge and talk to each nerve cell. And if one ever wants to understand how a network like that works, you actually have to look at the network, and that requires seeing more than a single cell. | there, are interconnections between, nerve cells and thousands; of target cells and thousands of different target cells impinge and talk to each nerve. cell; and if one ever wants to understand how a network like that works you actually have to look, at the network and, that requires seeing more than a single | There are interconnections between nerve cells and. thousands of target cells and thousands of different target cells impinge and talk to each nerve cell And if one ever wants to understand how a network, like that works you actually have to look at the network and that requires seeing more, than, a single | there are interconnections between nerve cells and thousands of target cells, and thousands of different target cells impinge and talk to each nerve cell. and if one ever wants to understand how a network like that works, you actually have to look at the network, and that requires seeing more than a single cell. |
And can we learn anything from, let's say, a network of networks like the Internet, that may apply to how the brain works? | and can we learn. anything from let's say a network of networks like the internet that may apply to how the, brain | And can we learn anything from let's say a network of networks like the Internet that may apply to how the brain | and can we learn anything from, let's say, a network of networks like the internet, that may apply to how the brain works? |
Yeah, I mean, one interesting thing to keep in mind is that the network of the Internet is connecting the brains of individuals together. So it is a form of communication between the neurons in one brain with the neurons in other brains. That's really all it is: It's just wires that extent our connectivity. | yeah i mean one interesting thing to keep in mind is that the network of the internet is connecting the brains of individuals together so it is. a form of communication between; the neurons in one brain with the neurons in. other brains that's really all it is: it's just wires that extent our | Yeah. I, mean one; interesting thing to keep in mind is that the network of the Internet is connecting the brains of. individuals together So it is, a form of communication between the neurons in one brain with the neurons in other, brains That's really all it is: It's just wires that extent our | yeah, i mean, one interesting thing to keep in mind is that the network of the internet is connecting the brains of individuals together. so it is a form of communication between the neurons in one brain with the neurons in other brains. that's really all it is: it's just wires that extent our connectivity. |
So perhaps the same strategies that are wiring us up are used again when brains talk to other brains. Almost - we don't even realize it, but that may be what's going on. | so perhaps the same strategies. that are wiring us up are used again when brains talk to other brains almost - we don't even realize, it but that may be. what's going | So perhaps the same strategies that are wiring us up are used again when brains talk, to other brains, Almost - we don't even realize it but that. may be what's going. | so perhaps the same strategies that are wiring us up are used again when brains talk to other brains. almost - we don't even realize it, but that may be what's going on. |
Is it possible in your imaging world, and in the world you would like to create, if you have the right tools, to actually watch a thought originating or something being remembered? | is it possible in your imaging world and in the world, you would like to create if you have the right tools to actually watch a thought originating, or something being | Is it possible in your imaging world and in the world you would like to. create if you. have the right tools to actually watch a thought originating or something being | is it possible in your imaging world, and in the world you would like to create, if you have the right tools, to actually watch a thought originating or something being remembered? |
Absolutely, that's the long-term goal of work like this, which is to see first how information about the world gets implanted in the brain. And once it's there, what form does it take that allows it to persist over decades, or if you're very lucky, even over a century? | absolutely that's the long-term goal of work like this which is to see first; how information about the world gets implanted in the brain and once; it's, there, what form does it take that allows it to persist over decades or if, you're very lucky even over a | Absolutely that's the long-term goal of, work like this. which, is to see first how information about the world gets implanted in the brain And once it's there what, form does it, take that, allows it to persist over decades, or if you're very lucky even over a | absolutely, that's the long-term goal of work like this, which is to see first how information about the world gets implanted in the brain. and once it's there, what form does it take that allows it to persist over decades, or if you're very lucky, even over a century? |
There must be some structural substrate, a trace, if you will, of that memory, but we have very little idea now because these tools are just now being developed to actually map out what that would look like. | there must be some structural substrate a trace; if, you will of that memory but we. have very little idea now because these tools are just now being developed to actually map out what that would, look | There must be some structural substrate a trace if you will of that, memory but; we have very little idea now because these tools; are just now being developed to. actually map out what that would look | there must be some structural substrate, a trace, if you will, of that memory, but we have very little idea now because these tools are just now being developed to actually map out what that would look like. |
And so do you think these tools will be available in our lifetime, so to speak? | and so, do you. think these tools will be available in our lifetime so to | And so do you think these tools will be available. in our lifetime so. to | and so do you think these tools will be available in our lifetime, so to speak? |
Yeah, I guess it depends how old you are. | yeah i guess it depends how. old you | Yeah I guess it depends how, old. you. | yeah, i guess it depends how old you are. |
(SOUNDBITE OF LAUGHTER) | (soundbite of, | (SOUNDBITE OF | (soundbite of laughter) |
I think these - my laboratory and a number of other labs are working very hard right now to generate tools that have the speed to generate these images quickly enough. I'll just give you an example that when we started about five years ago, we were obtaining information at about 1 million pixels of brain image per seco... | i think these - my laboratory and a number of other labs are working very hard right now to generate tools that have the speed to, generate these images quickly enough i'll just give you an example that when we started about five years ago we were obtaining information at. about 1 million pixels of, brain, image; per s... | I think these - my laboratory and a number of other labs are, working, very hard right now to generate tools that have the speed to generate, these images quickly enough I'll just give you an example that when we started about five, years ago we were obtaining information at about 1 million pixels of brain image per se... | i think these - my laboratory and a number of other labs are working very hard right now to generate tools that have the speed to generate these images quickly enough. i'll just give you an example that when we started about five years ago, we were obtaining information at about 1 million pixels of brain image per seco... |
And over the past five years, we've sped up about 100-fold, and we think in the next two years we'll be at about a billion pixels per second. And then doing a mouse brain within a year might even be contemplatable. To do a human brain, however, is still an extraordinary challenge because humans have much bigger brains ... | and over the past five years we've sped up about 100-fold and, we think in the next two, years we'll be at about a. billion pixels per second and then doing a mouse brain within a year might even be contemplatable. to, do a human brain however, is still an extraordinary challenge; because humans have. much bigger, brai... | And over the past five years we've sped up about 100-fold and we think in the next two years we'll, be at. about a billion pixels per second And then doing a mouse, brain within a year might, even be contemplatable. To do a human brain however is still an extraordinary challenge because, humans have much bigger brains ... | and over the past five years, we've sped up about 100-fold, and we think in the next two years we'll be at about a billion pixels per second. and then doing a mouse brain within a year might even be contemplatable. to do a human brain, however, is still an extraordinary challenge because humans have much bigger brains ... |
And if you - let's stay then at the mouse brain level. Would one mouse brain look the same as another mouse brain? | and. if you - let's stay then at the mouse brain level would one mouse brain look the same as another mouse | And if. you. - let's stay then at the mouse brain level Would one mouse brain look the same as another. mouse | and if you - let's stay then at the mouse brain level. would one mouse brain look the same as another mouse brain? |
Almost certainly not. The little part of the mouse nervous system that we looked at to completely wire - get a wiring diagram of, from one animal to the other, even from the left side to the right side of the same animal, where the function should be quite similar - we found every single instantiation of this wiring di... | almost certainly not the little part of the mouse nervous system that we looked at, to completely wire, - get. a wiring diagram of; from one animal to the other even from the left side to the right side of the same animal where the, function; should be. quite similar - we found every single instantiation of this wiring... | Almost certainly not The little part of the mouse nervous system that we. looked at to. completely wire - get a wiring diagram of from one animal, to the other even from the, left side, to the. right side of the same animal, where. the function should be quite similar - we. found every single instantiation of this wiri... | almost certainly not. the little part of the mouse nervous system that we looked at to completely wire - get a wiring diagram of, from one animal to the other, even from the left side to the right side of the same animal, where the function should be quite similar - we found every single instantiation of this wiring di... |
And I think a lot of people take that to mean what's the point of doing this at all, with all this variation. It's worth saying that if you watch two football games, or you watch two chess games, you'll find that every game of a particular sort is different from every other one, but after watching one game of chess, fo... | and i, think. a lot of people take that to mean what's, the point of doing this at all with all this variation it's worth saying that if. you watch two football games or you watch, two chess, games you'll find that every game of a particular sort is different from every other one but after watching one game. of chess f... | And I think a lot of. people take that to mean what's the, point of doing. this at all with all this variation It's worth saying that if you watch two football games or you watch. two; chess games you'll find that every game of a particular sort is different from every other, one but after watching one game of chess fo... | and i think a lot of people take that to mean what's the point of doing this at all, with all this variation. it's worth saying that if you watch two football games, or you watch two chess games, you'll find that every game of a particular sort is different from every other one, but after watching one game of chess, fo... |
And I guess that's the same thinking we have here, that there will be certain motifs, certain strategies of connectivity, if you will, of the way nerve cells are connected that from learning from one brain, would allow us to extrapolate in other brains. | and i guess that's the same thinking we have. here that there, will, be certain motifs. certain strategies of connectivity if you, will of the way nerve cells are connected that from learning. from one brain would. allow us to extrapolate in other | And I guess that's the. same thinking we have here that there will be certain motifs certain strategies of connectivity, if you will of the way nerve cells are connected, that from learning from one brain would allow us to extrapolate in other | and i guess that's the same thinking we have here, that there will be certain motifs, certain strategies of connectivity, if you will, of the way nerve cells are connected that from learning from one brain, would allow us to extrapolate in other brains. |
Let's get some phone calls in, 1-800-989-8255. Jim(ph) in Muskegon, Michigan, hi Jim. | let's get some phone calls in 1-800-989-8255. jim(ph) in muskegon michigan hi | Let's get some phone calls in 1-800-989-8255. Jim(ph) in Muskegon Michigan hi | let's get some phone calls in, 1-800-989-8255. jim(ph) in muskegon, michigan, hi jim. |
Hello, thanks for taking the call. I was curious whether or not you can map any changes in the brain as a result of PTSD, or does your work lead to any treatment possibilities? I particularly had some clients who relived some events based on triggers, otherwise benign things. | hello. thanks for taking the call i was curious whether or not you can, map any changes in the brain as a result of ptsd or does your work lead, to any. treatment possibilities? i particularly had. some clients, who relived some events based on triggers. otherwise benign | Hello thanks for taking, the call I was curious whether or not you can map any changes in the brain as a, result. of, PTSD. or does your work, lead to any. treatment possibilities? I particularly, had some clients who relived some events based on triggers otherwise, benign | hello, thanks for taking the call. i was curious whether or not you can map any changes in the brain as a result of ptsd, or does your work lead to any treatment possibilities? i particularly had some clients who relived some events based on triggers, otherwise benign things. |
Yes, I think this is an extremely important point about our primitive knowledge of the brain. Compared to other organ systems, where most abnormalities have a physical, histological trace that you can see in a microscope, for most brain disorders, we don't have a physical trace. And I think this is largely a sign of ho... | yes i think this is an extremely important point about our primitive knowledge of the brain compared to other organ systems where most abnormalities have, a physical histological trace that you can see in a microscope for most brain disorders we don't have a physical trace and i think, this is largely a sign of. how lo... | Yes I think, this is an extremely important point about our primitive knowledge of the brain Compared to other organ systems where most abnormalities. have a physical histological trace. that you, can see. in a microscope for most brain disorders we don't have a physical trace And I think this is largely a. sign of how... | yes, i think this is an extremely important point about our primitive knowledge of the brain. compared to other organ systems, where most abnormalities have a physical, histological trace that you can see in a microscope, for most brain disorders, we don't have a physical trace. and i think this is largely a sign of ho... |
At the moment, we're far away, to be perfectly honest, from getting a physical manifestation of something like post-TSD, but I think at some point, one would hope that mental illness, learning disorders and other kinds of behavior problems will be amenable to these kinds of studies. | at the moment we're; far away to be perfectly honest from, getting a physical manifestation of something like post-tsd but, i think at, some point one would hope. that mental illness learning disorders and other. kinds of behavior problems will be amenable to. these kinds of | At, the moment. we're far away to be perfectly honest from getting a physical manifestation of something like post-TSD but I think at some point one. would hope that mental illness, learning disorders and other kinds of behavior problems; will be amenable to these. kinds of | at the moment, we're far away, to be perfectly honest, from getting a physical manifestation of something like post-tsd, but i think at some point, one would hope that mental illness, learning disorders and other kinds of behavior problems will be amenable to these kinds of studies. |
And then I would imagine you need to be able to see a large part of the brain to see how that might originate. | and then i would imagine you need, to be able to see a, large part of. the brain to see how that might | And then I. would imagine you need to, be able to see a large part of the brain to see how that might | and then i would imagine you need to be able to see a large part of the brain to see how that might originate. |
Yeah, of course, one doesn't even know where the problem is. And this is this problem of size, the big and the small. You have to be able to accommodate a big area but at very high resolution, and that gives rise to datasets that are just at the moment so large that no one would know exactly how to work with them. | yeah of course one doesn't even know where the problem is and this is this problem of, size the big and the small you have to be able to accommodate a big area but at very high resolution and, that gives rise to datasets; that are just, at the moment; so large that no one would know exactly how to work. with | Yeah of course one doesn't even know where the problem is And this is this problem of size the big and the, small You have to be able, to, accommodate a big area. but at very; high, resolution and that gives rise to datasets that are just at the moment so large that no one would, know exactly how to work with | yeah, of course, one doesn't even know where the problem is. and this is this problem of size, the big and the small. you have to be able to accommodate a big area but at very high resolution, and that gives rise to datasets that are just at the moment so large that no one would know exactly how to work with them. |
Do you need a supercomputer, you know, like the old Cray or any, put a bunch of them together to get a giant computer to do this? What kind of computer power do we need? Give us an idea. | do you need, a supercomputer you know. like, the old cray. or any put a bunch of them together to get a giant computer to. do this? what kind of computer power do we need? give us an; | Do you need a supercomputer you know like. the old Cray or any put a; bunch of them together to get a giant computer to do this? What kind of computer power do we need? Give us an | do you need a supercomputer, you know, like the old cray or any, put a bunch of them together to get a giant computer to do this? what kind of computer power do we need? give us an idea. |
I think what people - there's one thing is to generate the data, and then you need to store it in a large place. So you need storage capacity that exceeds what most people are used to, you know, many petabytes of storage, tens or hundreds of petabytes. And that is already one far end of computation. | i think what. people - there's one thing is to generate the data and then you, need to store, it in a. large; place so you need storage capacity. that exceeds what most people are used. to. you, know many petabytes of storage tens or hundreds of petabytes and that is already one far end. of | I, think what people - there's one thing is to generate the data and then you need to, store it in a; large place. So; you need storage capacity that exceeds what most people are; used to you know many petabytes of storage tens or hundreds of petabytes And that is already one far end of, | i think what people - there's one thing is to generate the data, and then you need to store it in a large place. so you need storage capacity that exceeds what most people are used to, you know, many petabytes of storage, tens or hundreds of petabytes. and that is already one far end of computation. |
But that's not sufficient. You then have to analyze this data to turn these pictures into an actual map, and that requires a kind of computational image analysis that is being developed right now but is very computer intensive. And the way this is done is typically with clusters of computers that parse this large probl... | but that's not sufficient you then, have to analyze this data to turn these pictures into an actual map and that requires, a kind of; computational image analysis that is being developed right now but is very computer intensive and the way this is done is typically, with, clusters of computers. that parse this large pr... | But that's not sufficient You then have to, analyze this data to turn these pictures into an actual map, and that requires a kind of computational image analysis that is being developed right now but is very computer intensive And the; way this is done is typically with clusters of computers that parse this large probl... | but that's not sufficient. you then have to analyze this data to turn these pictures into an actual map, and that requires a kind of computational image analysis that is being developed right now but is very computer intensive. and the way this is done is typically with clusters of computers that parse this large probl... |
(As Larry) ...on the TiVo? | (as larry) ...on the | (As Larry) ...on the | (as larry) ...on the tivo? |
Well, this is one of the - yes indeed. I think one of the ideas, just as the Galaxy Zoo has been very potent as a way of analyzing images of deep space, my laboratory and a colleague of mine at MIT, Sebastian Seung, and another colleague of mine, Hanspeter Pfister in the engineering department here and several other gr... | well this is one of the - yes indeed i think one of the ideas just, as the galaxy zoo has been very potent as a way of analyzing images of. deep space my laboratory and a colleague of mine at mit sebastian. seung and another colleague of mine hanspeter pfister in the engineering department here. and several, other grou... | Well this is one of the - yes indeed I think one of the ideas just as the Galaxy Zoo has been very potent as a way of analyzing images, of deep space my laboratory and a colleague of mine at MIT Sebastian Seung and another colleague of mine Hanspeter Pfister in the engineering department here and several other. groups ... | well, this is one of the - yes indeed. i think one of the ideas, just as the galaxy zoo has been very potent as a way of analyzing images of deep space, my laboratory and a colleague of mine at mit, sebastian seung, and another colleague of mine, hanspeter pfister in the engineering department here and several other gr... |
So not only your computer but your visual system we would take advantage of, as well. | so not only your computer but your visual system we would take, advantage of as | So not only your computer but your visual system we would take advantage of as | so not only your computer but your visual system we would take advantage of, as well. |
Yeah, because we know that people are much better than computers at visually taking things apart and putting them back together. | yeah because we know that people are much. better than computers at visually taking things apart and putting them back | Yeah, because we know that people are much better than computers at visually taking things apart and putting them back | yeah, because we know that people are much better than computers at visually taking things apart and putting them back together. |
Yeah, I mean, one of the great ironies of this work is that we are trying to get computers to do something that humans do quite trivially. Any five-year-old can trace these wires. Computers have a hard time doing this. And what we're trying to trace is the wiring diagram that explains basically how humans do this. | yeah i mean one of the great ironies of this work is that we are. trying to get computers to do something that humans do quite trivially any five-year-old. can trace these. wires computers have a hard time doing this and what, we're, trying to trace, is the; wiring diagram, that explains basically how humans do | Yeah I mean one of the great ironies of this work is that we are trying to get computers to do something that humans do, quite trivially Any five-year-old can. trace these wires Computers have a hard time doing this And what we're trying to trace is the wiring diagram that explains basically how humans do | yeah, i mean, one of the great ironies of this work is that we are trying to get computers to do something that humans do quite trivially. any five-year-old can trace these wires. computers have a hard time doing this. and what we're trying to trace is the wiring diagram that explains basically how humans do this. |
It's a very circular and philosophically interesting problem. | it's. a very, circular and. philosophically interesting | It's. a very circular and philosophically, interesting | it's a very circular and philosophically interesting problem. |
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Jeff, can I ask you to stay with us? | jeff can i ask you, to stay with | Jeff can I ask you to stay, with | jeff, can i ask you to stay with us? |
Sure. | sure. | ||
We're going to go to a break. We're talking with Jeff Lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology and member of the Center for Brain Science at Harvard. We're going to pick his brain a little longer, and stay with us. We'll come back. Our number, 1-800-989-8255. You can tweet us @scifri, and we'll continue ri... | we're going to go to a break we're talking with jeff lichtman professor of molecular and cellular biology and member of the center for brain science at harvard we're going to pick his brain a little longer and stay with us we'll come back our number; 1-800-989-8255. you can tweet us @scifri and we'll continue right aft... | We're going to go to a break We're, talking with Jeff Lichtman professor of molecular and cellular biology and member of the Center for. Brain Science at Harvard We're, going to pick his brain a little longer and stay, with us We'll come back Our number 1-800-989-8255. You can tweet, us @scifri and we'll continue right... | we're going to go to a break. we're talking with jeff lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology and member of the center for brain science at harvard. we're going to pick his brain a little longer, and stay with us. we'll come back. our number, 1-800-989-8255. you can tweet us @scifri, and we'll continue ri... |
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I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY, from NPR. | i'm. ira flatow this is science friday from. | I'm Ira Flatow. This is SCIENCE FRIDAY from | i'm ira flatow. this is science friday, from npr. |
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You're listening to SCIENCE FRIDAY. I'm Ira Flatow. We're talking about how your brain is wired and attempts to take a look and make - snap pictures of it, with Dr. Jeff Lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology, member of the Center for Brain Science at Harvard University. And if his last name is familiar,... | you're listening to science, friday i'm, ira flatow; we're talking about. how your brain is wired and attempts to take, a look and make - snap pictures of it with dr jeff lichtman professor of molecular and cellular biology member of the center for brain, science at harvard. university and if his last name is familiar ... | You're listening to SCIENCE FRIDAY I'm Ira Flatow We're talking about how your brain is. wired and attempts to take a look. and make - snap pictures of it. with Dr Jeff Lichtman professor of molecular and cellular biology member of the Center for Brain. Science at Harvard University And, if his last name is familiar th... | you're listening to science friday. i'm ira flatow. we're talking about how your brain is wired and attempts to take a look and make - snap pictures of it, with dr. jeff lichtman, professor of molecular and cellular biology, member of the center for brain science at harvard university. and if his last name is familiar,... |
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That's the best thing I ever did, or one of the two. I also have another daughter. They're both, the pair, the best things I ever... | that's the best thing i ever did or one of the two i also have another daughter they're both the, pair the best things i | That's the best thing I ever did, or one of the two I also, have. another daughter They're; both the pair the best things I | that's the best thing i ever did, or one of the two. i also have another daughter. they're both, the pair, the best things i ever... |
Well, we're very happy for you doing that. 1-800-989-8255. Let's go to the phone. Let's go to Steve in Chico, California. Hi, Steve. | well we're very, happy for you doing that 1-800-989-8255. let's go, to the phone let's go to steve; in chico. california hi | Well we're very, happy for you doing that 1-800-989-8255. Let's; go, to the phone Let's go, to Steve. in Chico California Hi | well, we're very happy for you doing that. 1-800-989-8255. let's go to the phone. let's go to steve in chico, california. hi, steve. |
Good morning, gentlemen. | good morning | Good morning | good morning, gentlemen. |
Hi there. | hi | Hi | hi there. |
My question is this: If I think a thought in an image, like if I think of an old dog I had when I was a kid, and that image is in my mind, and we know that it comes from brain cell activity, right, but if a surgeon cut into my brain, he would not find a little picture of my dog. He would simply see the neural activity,... | my question is, this: if i think a thought in. an image like if i think, of an old dog i. had when. i was a kid and that image is, in my mind and we know that it comes from brain cell activity right but if a surgeon cut into; my brain he would not find a little picture of my dog he would simply see the neural activity | My question is this: If I think a. thought in an image like if I think of an old dog I had when I was. a kid and that image is in my; mind and we know that it comes from. brain cell activity right but if a surgeon cut into my brain he would not find a little picture of my dog He would simply, see the neural activity | my question is this: if i think a thought in an image, like if i think of an old dog i had when i was a kid, and that image is in my mind, and we know that it comes from brain cell activity, right, but if a surgeon cut into my brain, he would not find a little picture of my dog. he would simply see the neural activity,... |
The surgeon wouldn't - yeah, go ahead. | the surgeon wouldn't - yeah go | The surgeon wouldn't - yeah, go | the surgeon wouldn't - yeah, go ahead. |
Right, so do you have any sense where the actual image is, the picture of that dog that's in my mind? Where might that be in the universe? | right so; do you; have any sense where the actual image is the picture of that dog that's in. my mind? where might that be in the. | Right so do you; have any sense where the actual. image is the, picture of that. dog that's in my mind? Where might that be in; the | right, so do you have any sense where the actual image is, the picture of that dog that's in my mind? where might that be in the universe? |
Well, it's in your mind, that's for sure, and because it's a visual picture, it almost certainly is - at least one rendering of it, and there are probably many different parts of your brain involved, but it'll certainly be in the parts of the brain that are responsible for image processing, that take visual information... | well it's in. your mind that's for sure and because. it's a visual picture. it almost certainly is - at least one. rendering. of it and there are. probably many different parts of your brain involved. but it'll certainly be in the parts of the; brain that are responsible for image processing that take visual informatio... | Well it's in your mind that's for sure and because. it's, a visual picture it almost certainly is - at least one rendering of it and there are probably many different parts. of your brain involved but. it'll certainly be in the parts of the brain that are responsible for image processing that take visual information an... | well, it's in your mind, that's for sure, and because it's a visual picture, it almost certainly is - at least one rendering of it, and there are probably many different parts of your brain involved, but it'll certainly be in the parts of the brain that are responsible for image processing, that take visual information... |
It has been clear that it's very hard to find a local stroke, for example, that damages a small part of the brain where a person ends up with a perfectly normal brain, except the image of their dog is missing. And that implies, of course, that your dog is distributed over a rather large area, or there are multiple copi... | it has been clear; that it's very hard to find a local stroke for example that damages a small part of; the. brain, where a person ends up with a perfectly normal brain except the image of their dog is. missing and, that implies of, course that your dog is distributed over a rather large. area or there are multiple cop... | It has been clear that it's very hard to find a local stroke for example that damages a small part of the brain where a person ends up with a perfectly normal brain except the image of their dog is missing And that implies of course that your dog is distributed over a rather, large area or there are multiple copies of ... | it has been clear that it's very hard to find a local stroke, for example, that damages a small part of the brain where a person ends up with a perfectly normal brain, except the image of their dog is missing. and that implies, of course, that your dog is distributed over a rather large area, or there are multiple copi... |
There are places in your brain, and maybe this will come up later in the hour or in the next hour, of - where recognition of faces occur, and if that part of the brain is stroked out, for example, a person can't recognize anyone's face. It's very hard to get very specific memories lost, suggesting this distribution, th... | there are places in your. brain. and maybe this will; come up later in the hour or in the. next hour of - where recognition of, faces occur and if that; part of the brain is stroked out for example a person can't recognize anyone's face it's very hard to get very specific memories lost. suggesting, this distribution th... | There are places in; your brain and maybe this will come up later in the hour, or in the; next hour of - where recognition. of faces occur and if that. part of the brain is; stroked out for. example a person can't recognize anyone's face It's very hard to get very. specific memories lost suggesting this distribution th... | there are places in your brain, and maybe this will come up later in the hour or in the next hour, of - where recognition of faces occur, and if that part of the brain is stroked out, for example, a person can't recognize anyone's face. it's very hard to get very specific memories lost, suggesting this distribution, th... |
And one of the things you write about and we've talked about is how plastic your brain is, right? It can be remolded, reshaped. | and one of the things you write, about and, we've talked about is how plastic your brain is right? it can be remolded | And one of the things you write about. and we've talked, about is how plastic your brain is right? It can be. remolded | and one of the things you write about and we've talked about is how plastic your brain is, right? it can be remolded, reshaped. |
Yeah, so I think the - you know, the emphasis, especially as we get older, is on how plastic our brains are. But of course there's the other side of the coin, and I think this is often left unsaid, but I'd like to emphasize this, that the purpose of memory is to give you the opportunity based on often one trial learnin... | yeah so i think the - you know the emphasis especially as we get older is on how plastic our brains are but of. course there's the other side of the coin and i think this is often left unsaid but, i'd like to emphasize this, that the purpose of memory is to give you the opportunity based on often one trial learning at ... | Yeah so I think the - you know the emphasis especially as we get older is on how plastic our brains. are But of course there's the other side; of the coin and I think this is often left unsaid but I'd like to emphasize this that the purpose of memory is; to give you the opportunity based on often one trial learning at ... | yeah, so i think the - you know, the emphasis, especially as we get older, is on how plastic our brains are. but of course there's the other side of the coin, and i think this is often left unsaid, but i'd like to emphasize this, that the purpose of memory is to give you the opportunity based on often one trial learnin... |
And that is a bit at odds with a constantly changing brain. And I think if my own daughters' comments to me are any reflection, as I've gotten older I get the impression my children think that my brain has hardened, calcified. I'm a little less open to new ideas than I was when I was younger. | and, that is a bit at odds. with a constantly changing brain and i think, if. my own daughters' comments to me are any reflection as i've; gotten, older i get. the impression my children think that my. brain has hardened calcified i'm a little less open to new ideas than i was when i was | And that is a bit at. odds with a constantly changing brain And I think if my own daughters' comments to me are any. reflection as I've gotten older I get. the impression my children think that my brain, has hardened calcified I'm a little less open to new ideas, than I was when I was | and that is a bit at odds with a constantly changing brain. and i think if my own daughters' comments to me are any reflection, as i've gotten older i get the impression my children think that my brain has hardened, calcified. i'm a little less open to new ideas than i was when i was younger. |
And I see this as wisdom, not really a bad thing, you know, that I'm left with a brain that's consistent with the world, but of course the world is changing very rapidly now. So this is a somewhat painful thing for people my age, as new tools get invented. | and i see this as wisdom not really a bad thing, you know. that i'm left with a brain that's consistent, with the world but of, course the world is changing very rapidly now so this is a somewhat painful thing for people my age as; new tools get | And I see this as wisdom not really a bad thing you know that I'm left with a brain that's consistent with, the world. but of course the world is changing very rapidly now. So this; is a somewhat painful thing for people my age as new tools get | and i see this as wisdom, not really a bad thing, you know, that i'm left with a brain that's consistent with the world, but of course the world is changing very rapidly now. so this is a somewhat painful thing for people my age, as new tools get invented. |
But I think memory's main purpose is not to constantly change but to allow a person to hold on to, for example, how to ride a bicycle. If you learn as a child how to ride a bicycle, you can stop riding a bicycle for 20, 30 years. You get on a bicycle as an adult, and after a moment or two of unsteadiness, you're riding... | but i think memory's main purpose is not to constantly, change but to allow, a person to hold; on to for. example how to ride a, bicycle if you learn. as a child, how to ride a bicycle. you can stop riding a bicycle; for 20, 30 years. you get on a bicycle as. an adult and after a moment or two, of unsteadiness you're r... | But I think memory's main purpose is not to constantly change but to allow a person to hold, on. to. for example how. to ride a bicycle If you learn as a child how to ride a bicycle you, can stop riding a bicycle. for 20, 30 years You get on a bicycle as an adult and after a moment or two. of unsteadiness. you're ridin... | but i think memory's main purpose is not to constantly change but to allow a person to hold on to, for example, how to ride a bicycle. if you learn as a child how to ride a bicycle, you can stop riding a bicycle for 20, 30 years. you get on a bicycle as an adult, and after a moment or two of unsteadiness, you're riding... |
But look at an adult who's never ridden a bicycle as a child, and it's clear there's something about their brain, there's some indelible trace about bicycle riding that's missing. And they have a hard time learning. | but look. at an adult who's never ridden a bicycle as a child and it's clear there's something about their brain there's some; indelible trace about bicycle riding that's missing and they have a, hard time | But look at, an adult who's never ridden a bicycle as, a child and it's, clear there's. something, about, their brain there's some indelible trace. about bicycle riding that's missing And they have a hard time | but look at an adult who's never ridden a bicycle as a child, and it's clear there's something about their brain, there's some indelible trace about bicycle riding that's missing. and they have a hard time learning. |
But we also have the case where it's been shown that recall is very unreliable, that - isn't it true that we see that you can make up something in your mind, and your mind, at least the scans will show that it's as if you had actually seen it? | but we also have the case. where it's been shown that recall is very unreliable that; - isn't it true that we see that you can make up something in. your. mind and; your mind at least the scans will show that it's as if you had actually seen | But we also, have the case where it's been shown that recall is very unreliable that - isn't, it true that we see that you can make up something in. your mind and your mind, at least the scans will show that. it's as if, you had, actually seen | but we also have the case where it's been shown that recall is very unreliable, that - isn't it true that we see that you can make up something in your mind, and your mind, at least the scans will show that it's as if you had actually seen it? |
This week's You Must Read This pick comes from writer Augusten Burroughs of "Running with Scissors" fame. He says everything about his choice makes it the perfect summer read. | this week's you must read this pick comes. from writer augusten burroughs, of "running with scissors" fame he says everything about his choice makes it. the, perfect summer | This week's You Must Read This pick comes. from writer Augusten Burroughs of "Running with. Scissors" fame He says, everything about his choice makes it the perfect summer | this week's you must read this pick comes from writer augusten burroughs of "running with scissors" fame. he says everything about his choice makes it the perfect summer read. |
In case something happens to me... | in case something happens to | In case something happens to | in case something happens to me... |
Yes, I mean one of the amazing things about memory is every time you recall something, it's up for grabs again. And often that is because when you recall it, you want to dress it up with more recent data. So if the recent data tends to overturn something that you remembered earlier, gradually that memory can morph into... | yes i mean, one of the amazing, things about memory is every time you recall something it's up for. grabs again and often that is because when you recall it you want to dress it up with more recent data so if the recent data. tends to overturn, something that you remembered earlier gradually that memory can morph into ... | Yes I, mean one of the amazing things about memory is every time you recall something it's up for grabs again And, often that is because when you recall it you, want to dress it up with more recent data So if the recent, data tends to overturn something that you remembered earlier gradually that memory can morph into s... | yes, i mean one of the amazing things about memory is every time you recall something, it's up for grabs again. and often that is because when you recall it, you want to dress it up with more recent data. so if the recent data tends to overturn something that you remembered earlier, gradually that memory can morph into... |
And thinking about something long enough, you can begin to believe things are true that aren't. My brother and I growing up, I kept telling him over and over again a particular thing, that he was adopted, in fact, and I think as he - there was a point in his life when he was uncertain whether this was a fact or not, ev... | and thinking about something long enough you, can begin to believe things are true that aren't my brother and i growing up. i kept telling him over and over again a. particular thing that he was adopted in fact and i think as he - there was a point in. his life when he was uncertain whether this was a fact; or, not eve... | And thinking about something long enough you can begin to believe things are true, that aren't My brother and I growing up I kept telling him over and over again a particular thing that he was adopted in fact and I think as he - there was a point in his life when he was uncertain whether this was a fact or not even tho... | and thinking about something long enough, you can begin to believe things are true that aren't. my brother and i growing up, i kept telling him over and over again a particular thing, that he was adopted, in fact, and i think as he - there was a point in his life when he was uncertain whether this was a fact or not, ev... |
Let's see if we can get one more call in here before we have to go. Clay(ph) in Oklahoma City. Hi, Clay. | let's see if we can get one more call in here before we have to go clay(ph) in oklahoma city hi | Let's see if we can get one more call in here before we have to go Clay(ph) in Oklahoma City Hi | let's see if we can get one more call in here before we have to go. clay(ph) in oklahoma city. hi, clay. |
Hey, thanks for taking my call. | hey thanks for taking my | Hey thanks for; taking my | hey, thanks for taking my call. |
Hi, go ahead. | hi, go | Hi go | hi, go ahead. |
Yeah, I would like to hear your - I forgot the scientist's name, I'm sorry. So our brains accumulate information from the time we're born until the time we die. And I want to know what you think about where is that information being stored. Is it being stored molecularly? Much of the research around brains is focused o... | yeah i would like to hear your. - i forgot the scientist's name i'm; sorry so our brains accumulate information from the time we're born until; the time we, die and i want, to know what you think about where is that information being stored is it being stored molecularly? much of the research around brains is, focused ... | Yeah I would like to hear your - I forgot the scientist's name I'm sorry So our brains accumulate information from the time we're born until the time, we die And I want to know what you think about where is, that information being stored Is it being stored molecularly? Much of the research around brains. is focused on ... | yeah, i would like to hear your - i forgot the scientist's name, i'm sorry. so our brains accumulate information from the time we're born until the time we die. and i want to know what you think about where is that information being stored. is it being stored molecularly? much of the research around brains is focused o... |
But I believe the information must be stored actually inside of the neurons, giving it identity, reason to respond a certain way. So could you please speak about that? Where might the - where might the information we gain as we grow old be stored physically, molecularly? | but i believe the, information must be stored actually inside of the neurons giving it, identity reason to. respond a certain way so could you please speak about that? where might the - where might the information we gain as we grow old be stored physically | But I, believe the information must be stored actually inside of the neurons giving it. identity reason to respond a certain, way So could you please speak about, that? Where might the - where might the, information we gain as, we grow old be stored physically | but i believe the information must be stored actually inside of the neurons, giving it identity, reason to respond a certain way. so could you please speak about that? where might the - where might the information we gain as we grow old be stored physically, molecularly? |
All right, good question. | all right good | All right good | all right, good question. |
I think this is a very good question and one that's somewhat contentious. I think we now understand that synaptic connections between nerve cells molecularly can change in ways that persist for long periods of time. And that has sometimes been mistaken, I think, as thinking that the memory per se is built into those mo... | i think this is a very good question and one that's somewhat. contentious i think we now understand that synaptic connections between nerve cells molecularly can change in ways that persist for long periods of time and that has sometimes been mistaken i think as thinking that the memory per se is built into those | I think. this; is a very good. question and one that's somewhat contentious I think we now understand that synaptic connections between nerve cells molecularly can change in. ways. that persist for. long periods of time And that has sometimes been mistaken I think as thinking that the memory per; se is built into those... | i think this is a very good question and one that's somewhat contentious. i think we now understand that synaptic connections between nerve cells molecularly can change in ways that persist for long periods of time. and that has sometimes been mistaken, i think, as thinking that the memory per se is built into those mo... |
Ultimately the brain is just a behavior machine. Input comes in, it churns around inside, and then there comes an output. And that is through the connections between nerve cells. So for example, if I tip your - tap your patellar tendon, and your knee jerks, that's because of a reflex of nerves that activate cells in yo... | ultimately the brain is just a behavior machine input comes. in it churns around inside and then there comes an output and that is through the connections between nerve. cells so for example if i tip your. - tap your patellar tendon and your knee jerks that's because of. a reflex of nerves that activate cells in your s... | Ultimately the brain is, just a behavior machine Input, comes in it, churns around inside and then there comes an output. And that is through, the connections between nerve cells So for example if I. tip, your - tap your. patellar tendon and your knee jerks that's. because of a reflex of nerves that activate cells in y... | ultimately the brain is just a behavior machine. input comes in, it churns around inside, and then there comes an output. and that is through the connections between nerve cells. so for example, if i tip your - tap your patellar tendon, and your knee jerks, that's because of a reflex of nerves that activate cells in yo... |
You could think of all learning, all information, being the same way. If I say what is two plus two, that goes in your ears, it rattles around by activating nerve cells, and out comes first in your head the idea of four, and if you're a child, then a signal would be sent down to your deltoideus muscle in your shoulder,... | you could think. of, all learning all information being the same way, if i say what is two plus two that goes in your ears it rattles around by activating nerve cells and out comes first in your head the idea of four and. if you're a child, then a. signal would be sent down to your deltoideus muscle in your shoulder pu... | You could think of all. learning all information being the same way If I say what is, two plus two that goes in your ears. it rattles around by activating, nerve cells and out comes first in. your head the, idea of four and if you're a child; then. a signal would be sent down to your deltoideus muscle, in your shoulder... | you could think of all learning, all information, being the same way. if i say what is two plus two, that goes in your ears, it rattles around by activating nerve cells, and out comes first in your head the idea of four, and if you're a child, then a signal would be sent down to your deltoideus muscle in your shoulder,... |
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