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{ "retrieved": [ "Erlands Point-Kitsap Lake, Washington Erland's Point-Kitsap Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kitsap County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,935 at the 2010 census. Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Erlands Point-Kitsap Lake ranks 84th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked. Erlands Point-Kitsap Lake is located at (47.591816, -122.708815). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.3 square miles (6.1 km²), of which, 1.8 square miles (4.6 km²) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.5 km²) of it (23.93%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,723 people, 1,141 households, and 765 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,531.9 people per square mile (590.6/km²). There were 1,250 housing units at an average density of 703.2/sq mi (271.1/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.42% White, 2.13% African American, 1.32% Native American, 2.17% Asian, 0.59% Pacific Islander, 0.88% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.53% of the population. There were 1,141 households out of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 25.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.82. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,947, and the median income for a family was $54,423. Males had a median income of $40,129 versus $29,773 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,377. About 5.2% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 1.6% of those age 65 or over. Erlands Point-Kitsap Lake, Washington" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Redwatch Redwatch is a British website associated with members of the far-right British People's Party. It publishes photographs of, and personal information about, alleged far left and anti-fascist activists. It typically targets activists in political parties, advocacy groups, trade unions and the media. The website's slogan is \"Remember places, traitors' faces, they'll all pay for their crimes\", a quote from neo-Nazi musician Ian Stuart Donaldson. The information gathered by Redwatch is indexed by cities or regions. Many of the people listed are members of the Unite Against Fascism or other anti-racist or left-wing groups, such as the Socialist Party (England and Wales), the Socialist Party (Ireland), Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Alliance for Workers' Liberty, Workers' Power (UK) and Socialist Workers Party (Britain). Some Labour Party, Liberal Democrat and Conservative members are also listed. Trade unionists, in particular teachers and journalists, figure prominently in the listings. There are dozens of photographs of anarchists and single-issue protesters. A now defunct printed magazine \"Redwatch\" was first published by the neo-Nazi paramilitary group Combat 18 in March 1992, when its slogan was \"oderint dum metuant\": \"let them hate as long as they fear\" (a quotation from Caligula). The website in its current form was hosted by Simon Sheppard, a former British National Party (BNP) member who was expelled from the organisation after circulating a leaflet which the leadership of the BNP regarded as a \"prima facie\" breach of race-discrimination legislation. Other BNP contributors to Redwatch included Tony Wentworth (then the BNP Youth organiser), Adrian Marsden (a former BNP councillor in Halifax), Mike Lester (then the party's organiser in Stockport, named \"Activist of the Year\" at a \"Red, White and Blue\" festival organised by the party), Trevor Agnew (County Durham organiser and confidant of Nick Griffin, then the BNP leader) Mark Collett (then the Yorkshire BNP organiser), Keith McFarlane (a leading Sunderland activist at the time) and others. On 1 May 2005, Sheppard's home in Hull was searched by police investigating \"incitement to racial hatred.\" In January 2004, questions concerning the legality of the Redwatch website were raised in the House of Lords. The Home Office stated that listing public information online is not a crime. The website has been heavily criticised by the Trades Union Congress and many affiliated unions. Following the TUC's annual Congress in September 2004, where an anti-Redwatch resolution was passed, the TUC General Secretary Brendan Barber wrote to Home Secretary David Blunkett, requesting a meeting to discuss the issue. Further discussions and correspondence with government members ensued, and in March 2005, a meeting took place with Home Secretary Charles Clarke. The TUC have promised to provide the Home Secretary with examples of experiences that trade unionists and other left-wing campaigners have had as a result of having their details published on Redwatch, whilst the Home Secretary promised to hold discussions with the police about what could be done to stop the activities of the website. The website temporarily became unavailable around 6 December 2008, with all of its various URLs leading directly to error or Internet service provider pages. It returned later that month. On 2 March 2013 the anti-fascist Hope not Hate claimed that the police had arrested Kevin Watmough from Redwatch and confiscated his computers for investigation. Redwatch justifies its content as a reaction to leftist websites and magazines who display similar content: \"Photographs and information about the reds who attempt to harass and assault British Nationalists and their families. The red scum target us, Redwatch plays them at their own game\". Justifications provided by the website include an email circulated in August 2001 by the Anti-Nazi League, containing the home addresses of Nick Griffin (leader of the British National Party) and his mother, who was involved in the organisation of a BNP festival. There have been many reports to the police of people receiving death threats after their details have appeared on the Redwatch website. These have included Members of Parliament and their families. According to \"Searchlight\", a Leeds teacher who complained about a far right activist, Antony White, leafleting his school, had his details listed on Redwatch, allegedly after the jailing of White. Far right supporters then firebombed the teacher's car. According to \"Indymedia\", an anti-racist was followed and attacked on 16 May 2006 after the recent appearance of his personal data on the Redwatch website. The assailants reportedly shouted \"We'll kill you, you leftist motherfucker!\" Due to its association with violence, BNP leader Nick Griffin warned party members not to use the site. However, in 2004 BNP Youth organiser Mark Collett was filmed discussing the website with BNP councillor Dave Midgley, accusing the website of promoting a \"street war\" between the far-right and far-left. Collett also claimed that the site was organised by the National Front, and told Midgley how to post pictures of a local councillor, while acknowledging that it was against the party's policy. Merseyside Trades Union Congress organiser Alec McFadden received death threats shortly after his details appeared on the website. At precisely the same time, Joe Owens, a Merseyside BNP candidate with several convictions for violent offences, began sending him emails gloating that he had photographic details of his house, car and family. Since standing as a Respect - The Unity Coalition candidate in the May 2006 elections, McFadden has been physically attacked, including being stabbed in the face at his home. In May 2006, a Polish political activist was attacked and stabbed, requiring surgery. He stated that he believed the attack was linked to his recent listing on the Polish version of the website. In March 2008, the attacker, a member of the neo-Nazi group Blood and Honour, was sentenced to ten years imprisonment for attempted murder. The British website links to Redwatch sites in Poland, Germany, the Netherlands and New Zealand. As of January 2007, the links provided for New Zealand, Germany, and the Netherlands led to a Blogspot blog with no posts, an unrelated cybersquatted site, and a dead link respectively. The Polish site was still active in 2016. In 2010, three men were sentenced to short jail terms (up to one and a half years), for their role in editing the Polish Redwatch site. Redwatch Redwatch is a British website associated with members of the far-right British People's Party. It publishes photographs of, and personal information about, alleged far left and anti-fascist activists. It typically targets activists in political parties, advocacy groups, trade unions and the media. The website's slogan is \"Remember places, traitors' faces, they'll all pay for their crimes\", a quote from neo-Nazi musician Ian Stuart Donaldson. The information gathered by Redwatch" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gregg Weaver Gregg Weaver (born January 9, 1961 in California) was part of San Diego's famed skate scene and one of skateboarding's early superstars. During the resurgence of skateboarding in the early to mid-1970s, he was one of the most heavily photographed riders being a favorite subject of both Warren Bolster and Art Brewer. When \"Skateboarder Magazine\" was re-issued in 1975 (after 10 years of being defunct), Gregg was featured the cover of its inaugural re-issue and the magazine used to receive more fan mail for Gregg than any other skater. Gregg was nicknamed 'The Cadillac Kid' on account of his sponsorship by Frank Nasworthy who owned Cadillac Wheels. Gregg now lives in Huntington Beach, California. Gregg Weaver Gregg Weaver (born January 9, 1961 in California) was part of San Diego's famed skate scene and one of skateboarding's early superstars. During the resurgence of skateboarding in the early to mid-1970s, he was one of the most heavily photographed riders being a favorite subject of both Warren Bolster and Art Brewer. When \"Skateboarder Magazine\" was re-issued in 1975 (after 10 years of being defunct), Gregg was featured the cover of its inaugural re-issue and the magazine used to receive more fan" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Millar Thomson Prof John Millar Thomson PIC FRS FRSE LLD (7 March 1849 – 22 March 1933) was a British chemist who held various leading positions with British chemical societies and was the vice-principal of King's College London. He was President of the Institute of Chemistry from 1900 to 1903. Thomson was born in the precincts of the old college of Glasgow, the only child of Allen Thomson, professor of anatomy and his wife, Ninian Jane Hill. His family had been connected with the University of Glasgow since 1761, when his great-grandfather, John Millar, was professor of law. Other members of the family held chairs in mathematics, philosophy, medicine and anatomy, pathology, and military surgery at the University of Glasgow or other Scottish universities. Because of the family connections, from early boyhood Thomson was in contact with notable people in academic circles. He regularly accompanied his father on various administrative duties and foreign trips, providing technical assistance and taking notes. This started an interest in architectural matters, which he retained all his life, eventually becoming an accomplished civil architect. He was educated at the Glasgow High School and then studied at the University of Glasgow. He took the usual curriculum in arts, and then entered the faculty of medicine, but later changed to chemistry. He worked in a chemistry laboratory from 1866 to 1871, being appointed assistant to professor Anderson in 1869. In 1868 he came to London to attend demonstrations by William Allen Miller and Charles Loudon Bloxam at King's College London. He returned to Glasgow in 1870 to assume a position of assistant demonstrator with Bloxam in early 1871. However, as the senior demonstrator was seriously ill in those years, Thomson took over his duties and was promoted to senior demonstrator in 1879. From 1880 until 1887, in addition to his work at King’s College, he was also lecturing in chemistry at Queen’s College and became professor in that college. During that time, he led the Chemical Department at King’s College, and carried out many studies on crystallisation and supersaturated solutions. His other contributions were on the composition and properties of ancient glasses, the chemistry of pigments, putrefaction and antisepsis, the chemistry of building materials, and the composition and optical properties of double salts of nickel and cobalt. He co-edited several editions of \"Bloxam’s Chemistry, Inorganic and Organic\". He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1880. His proposers were John Young Buchanan, Alexander Crum Brown, Alexander Dickson and Sir Andrew Douglas Maclagan. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1897 and received the honorary degree of LLD from the University of Glasgow in 1898. Although he was much occupied with his own teaching and experimental work, Thomson was also a dedicated amateur photographer and actor with the Dramatic Society of King's College. He taught the principles and practice of photography to the engineering students of the college and carried out experimental studies of photographic processes. Being the head of the Chemistry Department at King’s College, in 1905, Thomson was offered the vacated post of vice-principal, which he held until retirement in 1914. He was an Honorary Fellow of King’s and Queen’s Colleges, and, in recognition of his services to chemical education, a medal was instituted in his honour to be awarded to the most distinguished chemistry students of King’s College. Thomson also acted as Secretary of the Chemical Section of the Royal Society of Arts from 1879 to 1886, a Member of Council of the Society for four periods, honorary treasurer for five years, and vice-president in 1913. He served on the Council of the Chemical Society for four periods, as honorary secretary of the society from 1883 to 1893, and as senior secretary from 1893 to 1898; he also occupied the position of vice-president from 1898 to 1901, and 1923 to 1926. Thomson did not confine his activities in the Chemical Society to the purely administrative side; he served on the Library Committee of the Society and was chairman of that committee from 1905 to 1924. Thomson was elected a fellow of the Institute of Chemistry in 1878, served as a member of council for four periods, as a vice-president for three periods, as an examiner for five years, as honorary secretary for one year, as honorary registrar for six years, as a censor for twelve years, and as president for three years (1900–1903). John Millar Thomson Prof John Millar Thomson PIC FRS FRSE LLD (7 March 1849 – 22 March 1933) was a British chemist who held various leading positions with British chemical societies and was the vice-principal of King's College London. He was President of the Institute of Chemistry from 1900 to 1903. Thomson was born in the precincts of the old college of Glasgow, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vagindra script The Vagindra script (also spelled Vaghintara) is an alphabetic script for the Buryat language developed by Agvan Dorzhiev in the first decade of the 20th century. It was used only briefly. Agvan Dorzhiev, or Agvaandorj, a Khory Buryat, developed the script in 1905 with the assistance of Tseveen Jamsrano as a means to cultural unification of the Buryats, naming it \"Vagindra\" for the Sanskrit version of his name. He based it primarily on the Classical Mongol script, expressing the hope that it would also help Buryats to read materials in the old script. Approximately ten books and pamphlets were published in the script until 1910, using a hybrid dialect primarily based on Western Buryat, but it was not used after that; there was discussion in 1917 of reviving it for use in native schools, but Classical Mongol was thought more likely to foster Mongol unity. Dorzhiev himself apparently lost interest in the project, and neither mentions it nor uses it in his autobiography. It was opposed by Mikhail Bogdanov, who advocated rapid assimilation through Russian, and it has been suggested that the hybrid language used presented problems for readers, although evidence suggests otherwise. Probably most importantly, the Tsarist government perceived Mongolian unification, and hence the Vagindra script, as a political threat and exiled some of its proponents. The script is derived primarily from Classical Mongol on the analogy of the Clear script, and like it is written vertically. The version published by Nicolai Amagaev and \"Alamzhi-Mergen\" (Rinchingiin Elbegdorj) in 1910 consists of 7 vowels and 21 consonants. Diacritics are used to indicate long vowels (a vertical line), palatization (a circle), and letters for use in rendering Russian (a dot), including a letter representing the historical Russian double consonant /ʃt͡ʃ/ (corresponding to Cyrillic Щ). The alphabet can therefore also be represented as having 36 letters including 8 vowels. Unlike Classical Mongol, the letter forms are invariant regardless of position in the word, being based on the medial forms in Classical Mongol, with the exception of \"a\", which is based on the Uighur script and has a reduced form in medial and final position. Vagindra script The Vagindra script (also spelled Vaghintara) is an alphabetic script for the Buryat language developed by Agvan Dorzhiev in the first decade of the 20th century. It was used only briefly. Agvan Dorzhiev, or Agvaandorj, a Khory Buryat, developed the script in 1905 with" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2009–10 ASC Diaraf season The 2009–10 ASC Diaraf season, sometimes as \"ASC Jaraaf\" were in the top division of Senegalese football. They would win their 11th and most recent title and would possess the most number of national championship titles, one more than ASC Jeanne d'Arc which was shared for six years. They would be placed first in Group B with 21 points, 8 wins and 22 goals, they would win the finals stage, Diaraf lost the first match 1-0 and won 3-1 against NGB ASC Niarry Tally. They would participate in the 2011 CAF Champions League. The highest points scored was against ASC Yakaar with 0-6. ASC Diaraf participate in Group B during the 2009-10 season. \"Match dates not available\" ASC Diaraf participated in Group B during the 2009-10 season. Home matches: Away matches: Diaraf appeared in their second League Cup, the club defeated Dakar UC 0-1 in the first round and succeeded beyond the first round for the first time and defeated three other clubs on the way, RS Yoff 3-0 in 1/8 final, CSS Richard-Toll in the quarter-finals and ASC Port Autonome 2-0 in the semis which brought Diaraf to the final match for the first time. Diaraf lost the final to Casa Sport 1-2. Diaraf was ranked second place, their highest in any of the country's League Cup. As Diaraf won their 14th title for the 2009 cup season, the club played at the 2010 CAF Confederation Cup, they only faced Morocco's FUS Rabat, Diaraf won 2-1 in the first match and lost the away match 2-0, Diaraf scored two goals in two of its matches while FUS Rabat scored three. Partial squad listing as of mid-2010: 2009–10 ASC Diaraf season The 2009–10 ASC Diaraf season, sometimes as \"ASC Jaraaf\" were in the top division of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Tingvalla IP Tingvalla Idrottsplats, Tingvalla IP, is a stadium in Karlstad, Sweden and is the home ground of the football team Carlstad United and the American football team Carlstad Crusaders. It is also used for athletic events and other sports and gatherings. Built in 1919, it has a capacity of 10,000 (of which only 1,100 are seated). The attendance record was set on 24 August 2000, when 10,421 spectators saw Carlstad United play S.S. Lazio. As the football club Karlstad BK (KBK) is about to play its matches in \"Division 2\" (4th highest level) on Tingvalla IP, the municipality decided in 2010 to make a small renovation of the facility, including a new stand for 250 persons, a new match clock and new fences. Tingvalla IP Tingvalla Idrottsplats, Tingvalla IP, is a stadium in Karlstad, Sweden and is the home ground of the football team Carlstad United and the American football team Carlstad Crusaders. It is also used for athletic events and other sports and gatherings. Built in 1919, it has a capacity of 10,000 (of which only 1,100 are seated). The attendance record was set on 24 August 2000, when 10,421 spectators saw Carlstad United play S.S. Lazio. As" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Penicuik Athletic F.C. Penicuik Athletic Football Club are a Scottish football club. They were formed in 1888 and are based at Penicuik Park, in the town of Penicuik. Penicuik Park is ten miles south west of Edinburgh on the A702 road. The team now plays in the East of Scotland Football League (Conference A), having moved from the junior leagues in 2018. Penicuik turned Junior in 1951 with the supporter's club buying Eastfield Park from the National Coal Board and built a new pavilion. The new ground was opened with a match against a strong Hibernian side which the Athletic lost 5–0. The chairman at the time, Mr David Masson and Jimmy Ketchen, were two prominent figures in the club. Their manager was Dick Walker and coach Harry Verth. Penicuik won their first silverware in 1949–50 season (before turning Junior) winning the Border Cup. In 1966 the Athletic reached the semi-final of the Scottish Junior Cup only to lose by the narrowest of margins to local rivals Bonnyrigg Rose. Penicuik Athletic's biggest achievement is undoubtedly reaching the Scottish Junior Cup Final in 1970 at Hampden Park, Glasgow. Penicuik's opponents on Saturday 16 May 1970 was Blantyre Victoria who they drew with 1–1, only to be defeated in the replay the following Tuesday night 1–0. The crowd at the final was in excess of 30,000, with the replay attendance published at 14,225. Penicuik beat seven Junior clubs based in the West of Scotland to arrive at the final. Here is how it was done in 1970: The team on Cup Final da-y: McDermott, Thorburn, McCabe, Hume, McGarry, Hogg, Robertson, Wallace, Stenhouse, Buchan, Murphy, Sub - Reeves. The 1970s saw probably the most successful period in the clubs history when a social club was built at the ground. Many local trophies were won and the team was considered as one of the leading teams in the East of Scotland. However the biggest prize of all, the Scottish Junior Cup still eluded the Athletic despite the club’s best efforts. The club’s fortunes fell into decline both on and off the park in the 1980s and the Social Club was forced to close in 1986 with mounting debts. The park had been used as security for various loans and the creditors put the park up for sale to clear the debts. The team continued to play despite the off-field problems and were showing signs of revival when a near fatal blow was delivered as the ground was sold on to be developed into a supermarket which stands on Eastfield Park today. Throughout the 1990s several initiatives were embarked on to secure a new pitch but for a variety of reasons were unsuccessful. The last and ultimately successful project to establish a pitch which met the criteria laid down by the Scottish Junior Football Association grew out of an initiative by three local Midlothian Councillors, Russell Imrie, David Fletcher and Adam Montgomery to improve recreational facilities in Penicuik. However they reformed in 2002 playing at their new home Penicuik Park in the centre of the town. Penicuik decided to set up a competition to design a club badge/logo which would be on the football strip and letterheads etc. In order to involve the local community, four local primary schools were invited to submit designs to the club. The schools involved were: Sacred Heart, Cornbank, Mauricewood and Cuikin Primary schools. There were over 100 entries to the competition and the winning design was submitted by Scott Anderson. Scott was presented with a plaque of the logo and a complete Penicuik Athletic youth strip. A plaque is displayed in the new changing rooms. The presentation was made to the winner, Scott Anderson, age 11, from Mauricewood Primary, by Club President, John Fraser and Councillor Adam Montgomery. Penicuik Athletic were accepted back into the re-organised East Region (with the introduction of the Super League) and took their place in the second division in season 2002–03. The long-awaited first game was played at Armadale in the first round of the League Cup on 6 August 2002, resulting in a 5–1 defeat. Over 500 spectators turned up at the new pitch in Penicuik Park on Saturday 8 August to witness a no scoring draw in a league match against Harthill Royal. Re-entry into the Scottish Junior Cup saw a win against Blackburn before defeat in the next round against an experienced Renfrew Juniors. Penicuik just missed out by a point on promotion to the first division after a 1–0 defeat in their final league match against West Calder which was controversially switched to be played on a Thursday night. The following season saw promotion again narrowly missed with another third-placed finish. However, the club won its first trophy, the Supplementary Cup when a late Brian Hancock goal secured victory over Whitburn in the final played at Blackburn Utd's Murrayfield Park. The manager that night was Willie McGinley and of the team below only Billy Bald remains at the club. Paul Lindsay and Brian Hancock scored in the 2–1 win. The cup winning team was: Bald, McDermott, Ure, Porteous, Blair, Montgomery, Dick, Hancock, Lindsay (Banks 73), Auld (Gibb 73), Forbes (Hope 73), Subs not used - Rennie, McLeod Further success was to follow for McGinley's side as they won the Lothians League Division Two title in 2004–05 with 41 points from 18 games played. As a result, Penicuik Athletic were awarded Midlothian Council’s Senior Team Award in their annual Greatest Achievement in Sport awards. The following season they finished second in Division One and gained a place in the new East Premier League. Penicuik were also beaten finalists in the pre-season League Cup going down by the odd goal to Musselburgh Athletic. The Athletic found the going tough in the new Premier League and narrowly escaped one of the three relegation slots back to the District League. They narrowly avoided relegation with a last match win over Scottish Junior Cup finalists Kelty Hearts at Penicuik Park, in front of a 500+ crowd. Penicuik lost in the final of the Brown Cup to Bonnyrigg Rose after defeating Scottish Junior Cup finalists Linlithgow Rose in an earlier round. Penicuik improved their position in the Premier League by finishing in sixth place in the 12 team league during Season 2007–08. Irvine Meadow came to Penicuik in the first round of the Scottish Junior Cup and won by four goals to three while the club did not progress beyond the third round stage in any of the local cup competitions. At the end of the season, Willie McGinlay who had been team manager since the team started playing again in 2002, stood down for business and personal reasons. Manager McGinley stood down after six-years in charge in May 2008 and was replaced by his assistant Stuart 'Snowy' McKean, who had a distinguished junior playing career with Armadale Thistle and Bonnyrigg Rose. Season 2008–09 saw a further improvement in the league position with Penicuik finishing in fourth place. Penicuik’s best performance in the local cup competitions was reaching the semi final of the St. Michael’s Cup only to lose out at home to Linlithgow Rose in a penalty shoot out. However the following season, Penicuik started poorly. Failure to qualify from the sectional league cup was followed by a first round knock out in the Scottish Junior cup. A run of only one win in seven league matches before an enforced break for bad weather saw Penicuik drop into second bottom spot in the Premier League. McKean resigned in December 2009 and was replaced by the duo of the then club captain Craig Meikle, and former player Brian Ryrie. Former player Brian Ryrie and current player Craig Meikle were chosen from a strong list of applicants to replace McKean. Despite losing their first match in charge, sufficient points were gained from the remaining league fixtures to claim seventh spot in the league, finishing clear of the three relegation spots. There were second round exits in both the East of Scotland and Fife & Lothians Cup. The St. Michael's and Brown Cups went uncontested because of the length", "round knock out in the Scottish Junior cup. A run of only one win in seven league matches before an enforced break for bad weather saw Penicuik drop into second bottom spot in the Premier League. McKean resigned in December 2009 and was replaced by the duo of the then club captain Craig Meikle, and former player Brian Ryrie. Former player Brian Ryrie and current player Craig Meikle were chosen from a strong list of applicants to replace McKean. Despite losing their first match in charge, sufficient points were gained from the remaining league fixtures to claim seventh spot in the league, finishing clear of the three relegation spots. There were second round exits in both the East of Scotland and Fife & Lothians Cup. The St. Michael's and Brown Cups went uncontested because of the length of the break for the bad weather. Their first full season in charge saw several changes made to the playing squad and the league position showed an improvement with fifth place being achieved. A missed penalty in the last-minute, when the scores were level, proved costly in the first round Scottish Junior cup tie at Kilwinning as the home replay was lost. Penicuik did not progress from their league cup section but enjoyed good runs to the semi finals of both the East of Scotland and Fife and Lothians Cup, losing to Newtongrange Star and Bo'ness United respectively. Promotion to the Super League was the target for season 2011–12 and it went right down to the wire. Penicuik went into their last league game of the season at Broxburn Athletic needing a win to gain the second promotion spot but lost out to the home side who were promoted in their place. Penicuik finished fourth in a very tight finish. Broxburn were also Penicuik's downfall in the League Cup where Penicuik topped the section but were pipped by Broxburn who successfully appealed against Livingston fielding an ineligible player in their tie, and as a result progressed to the knock out stages. Early exits were suffered in both the East of Scotland and Fife and Lothians Cup. After first and second round Scottish Junior Cup wins against Glenrothes and Glasgow Perthshire, eventual runners-up and Junior giants, Auchinleck Talbot proved too strong in the third round, handing out a six-goal defeat at Auchinleck. Season 2012–13 was a stop-start one, with Penicuik only having played nine competitive games, following the pre-season League Cup, due to weather and the postponement of their Junior Cup tie against Kelty Hearts, by January. Promotion went to the last day of the season again with Penicuik in a three-way battle with Bathgate Thistle and Armadale Thistle. Despite Penicuik winning 2–0 against Broughty, Armadale were promoted after their victory at the same time. Penicuik's Scottish Junior Cup run consisted of four games, a 4–4 draw at Dunbar United and a 3–1 win at Penicuik in the first round, a 3–0 victory away to Girvan before finally crashing out in the third round to Kelty Hearts 2–1 in a match held at Oakley's Blairwood Park due to drainage problems at Kelty's ground. Penicuik didn't fare well in the other cup competitions, losing 5–3 to Newburgh in the Fife and Lothians and losing 5–2 to Ballingry Rovers in the East of Scotland second round following a 3–1 win against Forfar West End in the first round. Co-manager Bryan Ryrie resigned from his position at the end of the season. Penicuik's season 2013–14 was a successful one, with promotion clinched with a 1–0 away win against Livingston United in May, and the Premier League Championship following later that month with a 2–1 home win against runners-up Fauldhouse United thanks to goals from captain Dougie Cunnison and long-serving midfielder Ryan Gay. The first season in the Super League saw Penicuik finish an impressive sixth, while also reaching the quarter finals of the Scottish Junior Cup for the first time since 1970, though they lost out 2-0 to eventual finalists Musselburgh Athletic. Season 2015-16 ended in success, as Penicuik defeated new Super League Champions Bonnyrigg Rose 3-1 in the Fife and Lothians Cup Final in June at Olivebank Stadium, thanks to goals from Darrell Young, Ryan McCallum and Sean Patterson. They finished 9th in the Super League, and exited the Junior Cup with a 4-2 defeat to Lochee United in Round 3. Manager Craig Meikle resigned in June. Former player Johnny Harvey was appointed as the club's new manager at the beginning of July 2016, leaving his post as manager of Haddington Athletic. Penicuik was one of many eastern junior clubs that entered the East of Scotland Football League in 2018, having moved from the junior leagues. Penicuik Athletic F.C. Penicuik Athletic Football" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Canonization of Josemaría Escrivá Canonization of Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer discusses John Paul II's decision to canonize Josemaría Escrivá, founder of the Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, more commonly known as Opus Dei. According to the Vatican, here is the chronology of the process of canonization: Escrivá was canonized by Pope John Paul II on 6 October 2002 in St. Peter's Square in the Vatican. During the canonization, there were 42 cardinals and 470 bishops from around the world, general superiors of many orders and religious congregations, and representatives of various Catholic groups. One-third of the world's bishops (an unprecedented number) petitioned for the canonization of Escrivá. (Messori 1997) During the days of the canonization event, Church officials commented on the universal reach and validity of the message of the founder, echoing John Paul II's decree \"Christifideles Omnes\" on Escrivá's virtues which said that \"by inviting Christians to be united to God through their daily work, which is something men will have to do and find their dignity in as long as the world lasts, the timeliness of this message is destined to endure as an inexhaustible source of spiritual light, regardless of changing epochs and situations.\" Opus Dei critics take issue with what they see as Escrivá's lightning canonization. They argue that the whole process was plagued by irregularities. Kenneth L. Woodward, the longtime religion editor and senior writer for the American newsmagazine \"Newsweek\", says that the ‘Devil’s advocate’ system was bypassed and witnesses hostile to Escrivá were not called. According to him, it is not true that eleven critics of Escrivá’s canonization were heard. He says there was only one. He says the \"consultors\" were mainly Italian and members of Opus Dei: this stopped Escrivá’s many critical Spanish peers from upsetting the procedure, but it also broke the convention that \"consultors\" should be the fellow countrymen of the proposed saint. He also states that Opus Dei argued that Escrivá was too \"international\" to need this. Serious charges were brought that Opus Dei prevented critics of Escrivá from testifying at church tribunals called to investigate his life. Several former members were refused a hearing. Among them: Maria del Carmen Tapia, Father Vladimir Feltzman and John Roche. The positio claims, for instance, that Escrivá lost his temper only once, yet many former members who knew him will insist he was routinely abusive of anyone suspected of being an enemy of Opus Dei. Former numerary Maria del Carmen Tapia relates this in her book \"Beyond the Threshold: A Life in Opus Dei\". Opus Dei officials have claimed that Escrivá's cause had been unanimously approved. However, \"Newsweek\" stated that two of the judges, Luigi De Magistris, deputy head of the Vatican's Apostolic Penitentiary, and Justo Fernández Alonso, rector of the Spanish National Church in Rome, did not approve the cause. In fact, one of the dissenters wrote that beatifying Escrivá could cause the church \"grave public scandal.\" The journal \"Il Regno\", published in Bologna by the congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart (the Dehonians), reproduced, in May 1992, the confidential vote of one of the judges in Escrivá's cause of beatification, in which the judge asks that the process be suspended and raises questions about the undue haste of the proceedings, the near absence of testimony from critics in the documentation gathered by the postulators, the failure of the documentation to properly address issues about Escrivá's relations with the Franco regime and with other Catholic organizations, and suggestions from the official testimonies themselves that Escrivá lacked proper spiritual humility. This document does not identify the judge by name, but he indicates that he met Escrivá only once, briefly, in 1966, while serving as a notary for the Holy Office, which implies that the judge in question was De Magistris. In his vote (which its own contents date to August 1989), De Magistris also argues that the testimony from the main witness, Msgr. Álvaro del Portillo, who was Escrivá's confessor for 31 years, should have been excluded from the proceedings. John Allen Jr. comments that, according to some observers, De Magistris suffered as a result of his opposition to Escrivá's beatification. De Magistris became head of the Apostolic Penitentiary in 2001, an important position in the Vatican bureaucracy which normally is followed by elevation to the cardinalate, but he retired less than two years later and was made a cardinal only in 2015 by Pope Francis. According to Kenneth Woodward, author of \"Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who Becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't, and Why,\" Opus Dei members put hundreds of bishops under financial pressure in order to have them send positive reports about Escrivá to the Vatican. Especially in the Third World, bishops were allegedly told that financial contributions from Opus Dei might be in jeopardy if they did not answer the request for positive testimony. According to Woodward, 40% of the testimony came from just two men, (Alvaro) Portillo (deceased Opus Dei prelate and Escrivá's successor) and his assistant Father Javier Echevarria, (current Opus Dei prelate). On the other hand, supporters refer to Fr. Rafael Perez, an Augustinian, \"one of the best experts\" on canonization and who was the judge of Escrivá's Madrid Tribunal. He says that the process was fast because first, Escrivá's figure is \"of the universal importance;\" second, the Postulators \"knew what they were doing;\" third, in 1983 the procedures were simplified in order to present \"models who lived in a world like ours.\" Fr. Flavio Capucci, the Postulator, also reported that the 6000 postulatory letters to the Vatican showed \"earnestness.\" His team submitted 16 volumes on Escrivá's life including the published criticisms against him. The Tribunals listened to 92 witnesses, most of whom were non-members, much above the minimum. Among them were 11 ex-members. Of the 92, 66 were Spaniards who went to the Madrid court. Each one was asked 252 questions on Escrivá's life, 10 of which were based on the criticisms. Together with the investigative material, the 980 court sessions make this \"the longest process to date.\" Perez also noted that the Tribunal's work is very rigorous and it \"listens only to people who are credible\" and not to those who \"just want to cause harm.\" He also said that \"money can never make a saint,\" but \"genuine interest.\" Opus Dei supporters say that the other accusations including a slur against the bishops of the Catholic Church are baseless allegations which anyone can think up. Supporters also say that the attacks against the founder's beatification in 1992 have turned into acceptance and support by the time of the canonization in 2002. (\"Documentation Service\" Vol V, 3, March 1992) Escrivá's canonization was one of the first to be processed after the 1983 Code of Canon Law streamlined the procedures for canonization, and so it moved more quickly than was typical before. Mother Teresa is on pace to be canonized even more quickly, having been beatified just 6 years after her death (Escrivá was beatified in 17 years). Even under the old procedures, the canonization of St. Thérèse of Lisieux made it through the process in 27 years, roughly the same as Escrivá’s. According to John Allen, Jr., Mother Teresa's process was quick not \"simply because her postulator did a good job. It was clear that John Paul II wanted it to happen. Similarly with Escriva, the pope's long track record of support and devotion...left no doubt where he wanted the process to end. That, in fact, is probably the single most telling argument against the hypothesis that Opus Dei 'bought' or 'manipulated' the beatification and canonization. There was no reason why they had to.\" \"The most defensible conclusion,\" says Allen, \"seems to be that Opus Dei may have", "beatified just 6 years after her death (Escrivá was beatified in 17 years). Even under the old procedures, the canonization of St. Thérèse of Lisieux made it through the process in 27 years, roughly the same as Escrivá’s. According to John Allen, Jr., Mother Teresa's process was quick not \"simply because her postulator did a good job. It was clear that John Paul II wanted it to happen. Similarly with Escriva, the pope's long track record of support and devotion...left no doubt where he wanted the process to end. That, in fact, is probably the single most telling argument against the hypothesis that Opus Dei 'bought' or 'manipulated' the beatification and canonization. There was no reason why they had to.\" \"The most defensible conclusion,\" says Allen, \"seems to be that Opus Dei may have played hard and fast, but they played by the rules.\" (\"Opus Dei\", p. 265) Escrivá's books, including \"Furrow\", \"The Way\", \"Christ is Passing By\", and \"The Forge\", continue to be read widely both by members of Opus Dei and by other Catholics attracted to his spirituality, which emphasizes the laity's calling to daily sanctification (a message also to be found in the documents of Vatican II). Pope John Paul II made the following observation in his homily at the beatification of Escrivá: Canonization of Josemaría Escrivá Canonization of Josemaría Escrivá de Balaguer discusses John Paul II's decision to canonize Josemaría Escrivá, founder of the Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Samson's Cottage wall remains Samson's Cottage wall remains is a heritage-listed former residence and now retail building located at 8 Kendall Lane, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built for William Samson in 1844. It is also known as Samson's Cottage (wall remains) and Puppet Cottage (Samsons). The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. In 1790 this parcel of land was part of the proposed 2nd stage of Sydney Hospital. William Balmain was granted a lease which included this lot, and by 1807 he had released the property to the Government. By March 1837 William Carr and George John Rogers were trustees of the property and in October 1838 Sir George Gipps granted the land to Carr and Rogers. In February 1839 Frederic Wright Unwin became the owner of the property and on 21 June 1843 conveyed lot 7 of the subdivision of Lots 1 & 2 of Section 85 to William Samson, a stevedore. Samson completed the erection of a two-storey house to the rear of the lot in 1844. The three roomed house was constructed of stone and brick walls and the roof was clad in shingles. In 1853 Samson erected a single storey shop containing three rooms to George Street frontage. The shop walls were constructed out of \"Wood and Brick\" and the roof was shingled. The Cottage of William and Martha Samson was considered \"large\" by the rating assessors in 1858. In 1882 Martha Samson sold Lot 7 to William Cope and Cunningham Archibald Atchison and in the same year they conveyed the Cottage and shop to Alexander William Cormack. In 1882-83 the shop on George Street was pulled down and during 1883 Cormack erected a three-storey building containing two shops to George Street and lodging rooms over. The walls were constructed in brick and the roof clad with iron. The premises was divided into two tenements, each with nine rooms and were numbered 75 and 75.5. The southern wall of Samson's cottage formed part of the wall to Joseph Raphael's store and stable constructed 1853. The remaining walls are a very good indication of the house's former size and materials used. In 1991-92 a new infill building was constructed on the site of Samsons Cottage incorporating the remaining sections of the former house. The form of the new building is similar to that of the original cottage, built in 1844 and demolished in the 1920s. The small mezzanine area was located to give visitors an unimpeded view of the south wall of the original cottage contained within the new building. Archaeological work before construction revealed foundations and valuable historical information. The building, designed as a multi purpose space, is currently being used as The Rocks Discovery Museum. The original two storey cottage had stone and brick walls and a shingle roof and was pulled down in 1883, however parts of the northern, western and southern walls of the building still remain. The southern wall of Samson's cottage formed part of the wall to Joseph Raphael's store and stable, constructed in 1853. The cottage has been rebuilt in 1991-2 in its original form. Storeys: Two; Facade: Stone (1844); Brick (1991); Side Rear Walls: Stone and brick walls (1844); Roof Cladding: Shingle (1844); Iron (c.1880) As at 31 March 2011, Samson's Cottage (wall remains) and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. The remaining walls portray extremely well the development of the site and adjoining property in a rare visual cut away section. The scale, form, colour, texture, and material of the fabric are all conveyed very well. Illustrative of the changing development and growth of the residential and commercial, and industrial precinct of The Rocks and Sydney, it contributes greatly to the streetscape and rear courtyards. The rear courtyard portrays the early subdivision pattern of the 1840s by Unwin. It is an example of mixed usage with an early residence in a commercial and later industrial precinct with the construction of the Kendall Factory. The remaining walls clearly indicate the scale and fabric of this \"large\" two storey 1844 residence of William Samson. The height of the building, the steep pitch of the gable roof and type of materials used, are all evident from the remaining fabric. The southern wall of the residence which has been built into the Coach house is significant in illustrating the position of the fireplace, and its later extension with the construction of the Coach house. The stone wall to Kendall Lane and the distinct remaining impression of the south wall contributes the existing streetscape to the Lane. The remains of the cottage effectively illustrates the early practice of building common or party walls. In particular the incorporation of the southern and northern wall of Samson's cottage into the Coach house and Ambulance station. The typical construction method of a residence in an easily identifiable cross section form. Samson's Cottage wall remains was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The rear courtyard portrays the early subdivision pattern of the 1840s by Unwin. It is an example of mixed usage with an early residence in a commercial and later industrial precinct with the construction of the Kendall Factory. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The remaining walls clearly indicate the scale and fabric of this \"large\" two storey 1844 residence of William Samson. The height of the building, the steep pitch of the gable roof and type of materials used, are all evident from the remaining fabric. The southern wall of the residence which has been built into the Coach house is significant in illustrating the position of the fireplace, and its later extension with the construction of the Coach house. The stone wall to Kendall Lane and the distinct remaining impression of the south wall contributes the existing streetscape to the Lane. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Example of a residence located to the rear of a commercial block with a single storey shop to the front built in 1853. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The remains of the cottage effectively illustrates the early practice of building common or party walls. In particular the incorporation of the southern and northern wall of Samson's cottage into the Coach house and Ambulance station. The typical construction method of a residence in an easily identifiable cross section form. Samson's Cottage wall remains Samson's Cottage wall remains is a heritage-listed former residence and now retail building located at 8 Kendall Lane, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built for William Samson in 1844. It is also known as Samson's Cottage (wall remains) and Puppet Cottage (Samsons). The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002. In" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David B. Mellish David Batcheller Mellish (January 2, 1831 – May 23, 1874) was a businessman, journalist, and public official from Oxford, Massachusetts. He became a resident of New York City, and won election to Congress in 1872. He was serving his first term as United States Representative from New York when he died in Washington, D.C. Mellish was born in Oxford, Worcester County, Massachusetts, on January 2, 1831. His mother was Cyrene Mellish, and his father, John Mellish, was a carriage-maker and teacher who moved his family to Auburn in 1839. The elder Mellish was prominent in local politics and government as a Democrat, and served as a justice of the peace for 35 years. David Mellish attended the public schools of Auburn, Leicester Academy, and Warren Academy in Woburn. After completing his education, Mellish apprenticed at the \"Worcester Spy\" newspaper, where he learned printing, editing, proofreading, and news reporting. He later taught school in Massachusetts, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. In 1860, Mellish moved to New York City; he worked initially as a proofreader, and then became a reporter for the \"New-York Tribune\". He also began a career as a stenographer with the city Police Department and Board of Health. Mellish became active in politics as a Republican, and opposed control of the city by the Tammany Hall Democratic organization, which was widely regarded as corrupt. He served as chief supervisor of elections for the police department, but was removed because he campaigned against \"Tammany Republicans\"—officials who were supposedly Republicans, but who actually cooperated with Tammany Hall. In 1871, Mellish began work for the Collector of the Port of New York; initially appointed as a clerk, he later moved up to the position of assistant appraiser. In addition, Mellish authored columns and editorials on politics for the \"New York Times\". In 1872, Mellish was elected as a Republican to represent New York's 9th District in the United States House of Representatives. He served in the 43rd Congress (March 4, 1873 until his death). He ran on a platform of \"clean elections\" and \"good government\", as opposed to the corruption of Tammany Hall. Press accounts of the time indicate that Mellish enjoyed support from many Democrats who liked him personally, even though he opposed them politically. In Congress, Mellish responded to the Panic of 1873 by advocating a stable monetary system based on \"soft money\"—the concept that paper money backed by the strength and credit of the federal government would provide more stability and economic opportunity for farmers and the working class than \"hard money\"—gold or silver reserves in banks sufficient to allow holders of paper money to redeem their currency for specie on demand. On January 10, 1874, Mellish spoke on the House floor in favor of a civil rights bill introduced by Senator Charles Sumner. Citing examples from New York court cases to desegregate streetcars and other public facilities, Mellish argued that Sumner's bill deserved passage because it would place black and white citizens on equal footing in terms of free exercise of their rights. The bill was weakened by amendments, but passed on February 4, 1875—after the deaths of both Sumner and Mellish. According to contemporary press accounts, in May 1874, Mellish was speaking on the House floor when he lost control of his mental faculties. His breakdown was attributed to overwork, and he was hospitalized at an asylum for the insane. Mellish did not recover, and died on May 23, 1874, 11 days after being hospitalized. A memorial service for Mellish took place at the 50th Street Church in New York City on May 26. His funeral took place in Auburn on May 28, and he was buried at Hillside Cemetery in Auburn. In 1862, Mellish was married to Lucy M. Fitch, an 1858 graduate of Mount Holyoke College. They were the parents of three children, Alice, Edwin and William. David B. Mellish David Batcheller Mellish (January 2, 1831 – May 23, 1874) was a businessman, journalist, and public official from Oxford, Massachusetts. He became a resident of New York City, and won election to Congress in 1872. He was serving his first term as United States Representative from New York when he died in Washington, D.C." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Braxton Hicks (album) Braxton Hicks is the fourth studio album by Australian alternative rock band Jebediah. It was recorded between January and February 2004 and released on 12 July 2004 by record label Redline, a defunct independent record label that was co-owned by the band, making it the band's first independent release. The album was recorded in January and February 2004 and was co-produced by the band together with engineer Matt Lovell (Silverchair, Something for Kate, The Mess Hall), in a converted Masonic Lodge (Kingdom Studios) located in the inner Perth suburb of Maylands. The album was mixed by Shaun O'Callaghan (John Butler, Eskimo Joe, Gyroscope) at Studio Couch in North Fremantle. Braxton Hicks, as the band have explained, are the false labour contractions some women experience before childbirth, named after the 19th-century English doctor who \"discovered\" them. Mitchell was struck by the term when he read it in a medical book. He explains, \"We saw it as an analogy for songwriting in that the songwriting process is like the contractions, and the end product, the song, is like the child. And you can take it as far as you want really.\" The first single, \"First Time\", released on 24 May 2004, reached No. 50 on Australian ARIA Singles Charts. The second single, \"No Sleep\", was released 1 August 2004 and did not chart on the mainstream charts but entered Triple J's Net 50 at No. 8. It is featured on the 2006 WAMi dual disc compilation \"Kiss My WAMi 2006\", with the audio on the CD album and its video on the DVD. Bass guitarist Vanessa Thornton was nominated for a WAMi Award for 'Best Bassist'. \"Braxton Hicks\" was released on 12 July 2004 by record label Redline. It was the first album released by Jebediah following the band's status as an independent band; the band's longtime label Murmur (a subsidiary of Sony Music Australia) ceased contractual arrangements in 2002. Bassist Vanessa Thornton has since stated that she was unhappy with Sony's promotion of the band's previous, self-titled album, a history that also involved the band's manager at the time. It entered the Australian charts at No. 26, a poor result given that the band's first two albums had debuted in the top ten. However, the band estimated that it could break even with fewer sales as an independent act than on a major label. Initial copies of the album were released with a bonus DVD, \"The Winnie Cobb Sessions\" (the name \"Winnie Cobb\" is, according to the band's manager at the time, associated with the band's tour of the United States and refers to a guru-type figure). The DVD features the band at Perth's Blackbird Studios (the band would record its next album at the same recording studio) performing songs from the \"Braxton Hicks\" writing and recording period. Braxton Hicks (album) Braxton Hicks is the fourth studio album by Australian alternative rock band Jebediah. It was recorded between January and February 2004 and released on 12 July 2004" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Liu Xiaodong Liu Xiaodong (; born 1963 in Liaoning, China) is a contemporary Chinese artist. Liu was born in 1963 in the small industrial town of Jincheng, a pulp and paper-producing center in Liaoning province. At age 17 he moved to Beijing to study art at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. (中央美术学院) He received a Bachelor of Fine Arts in oil painting in 1988, and a Master of Fine Art in oil painting in 1995, both from CAFA. In 1998–99 he continued his studies overseas at the Academy of Fine Arts at the Complutense University of Madrid in Spain. He now holds tenure as a professor in the painting department at CAFA. 1990: Began participating with the Chinese Independent Film Movement, starting as the lead role in \"The Days\", which was named one of the top 100 most important international films of the past century by the BBC. 1993: Art director for movie: \"Beijing Bastards\". 2006: Starred in Documentary, \"Dong\" (\"East\",《东》), a documentary of the Three Gorges and Thailand painting project by director Jia Zhangke. This film was entered into the 2006 Venice Film Festival as a candidate for the Golden Lion Award. Liu Xiaodong Liu Xiaodong (; born" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Football (ball) A football is a ball inflated with air that is used to play one of the various sports known as football. In these games, with some exceptions, goals or points are scored only when the ball enters one of two designated goal-scoring areas; football games involve the two teams each trying to move the ball in opposite directions along the field of play. The first balls were made of natural materials, such as an inflated pig bladder, later put inside a leather cover, which has given rise to the American slang-term \"pigskin\". Modern balls are designed by teams of engineers to exacting specifications, with rubber or plastic bladders, and often with plastic covers. Various leagues and games use different balls, though they all have one of the following basic shapes: The precise shape and construction of footballs is typically specified as part of the rules and regulations. The oldest football still in existence, which is thought to have been made circa 1550, was discovered in the roof of Stirling Castle, Scotland, in 1981. The ball is made of leather (possibly from a deer) and a pig's bladder. It has a diameter of between , weighs and is currently on display at the Smith Art Gallery and Museum in Stirling. In the United States and Canada, the term football usually refers to a ball made of cow hide leather, which is required in professional and collegiate football. Footballs used in recreation and in organized youth leagues may be made of rubber or plastic materials (the high school football rulebooks still allow the inexpensive all-rubber footballs, though they are less common than leather). Since 1941, Horween Leather Company has been the exclusive supplier of leather for National Football League footballs. The arrangement was established by Arnold Horween, who had played and coached in the NFL. Horween Leather Company also supplies leather to Spalding, supplier of balls to the Arena Football League. Leather panels are typically tanned to a natural brown color, which is usually required in professional leagues and collegiate play. At least one manufacturer uses leather that has been tanned to provide a \"tacky\" grip in dry or wet conditions. Historically, white footballs have been used in games played at night so that the ball can be seen more easily however, improved artificial lighting conditions have made this no longer necessary. At most levels of play (but not, notably, the NFL), white stripes are painted on each end of the ball, halfway around the circumference, to improve nighttime visibility and also to differentiate the college football from the pro football. However, the NFL once explored the usage of white-striped footballs – in Super Bowl VIII. In the CFL the stripes traverse the entire circumference of the ball. The UFL used a ball with lime-green stripes. The XFL used a novel color pattern, a black ball with red curved lines in lieu of stripes, for its footballs; this design was redone in a tan and navy color scheme for the Arena Football League in 2003. A ball with red, white and blue panels was introduced in the American Indoor Football League in 2005 and used by its successors, as well as the Ultimate Indoor Football League of the early 2010s and the Can-Am Indoor Football League during its lone season in 2017. Footballs used in gridiron-style games have prominent points on both ends. The shape is generally credited to official Hugh \"Shorty\" Ray, who introduced the new ball in 1934 as a way to make the forward pass more effective. Law 2 of the game specifies that the ball is an air-filled sphere with a circumference of , a weight of , inflated to a pressure of 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres () \"at sea level\", and covered in leather or \"other suitable material\". The weight specified for a ball is the dry weight, as older balls often became significantly heavier in the course of a match played in wet weather. There are a number of different types of football balls depending on the match and turf including: training footballs, match footballs, professional match footballs, beach footballs, street footballs, indoor footballs, turf balls, futsal footballs and mini/skills footballs. Most modern Association footballs are stitched from 32 panels of waterproofed leather or plastic: 12 regular pentagons and 20 regular hexagons. The 32-panel configuration is the spherical polyhedron corresponding to the truncated icosahedron; it is spherical because the faces bulge from the pressure of the air inside. The first 32-panel ball was marketed by Select in the 1950s in Denmark. This configuration became common throughout Continental Europe in the 1960s, and was publicised worldwide by the Adidas Telstar, the official ball of the 1970 World Cup. This design in often referenced when describing the truncated icosahedron Archimedean solid, carbon buckyballs, or the root structure of geodesic domes. The football used in Australian football is similar to a rugby ball but generally slightly smaller and more rounded at the ends, but more elongated in overall appearance, being longer by comparison with its width than a rugby ball. A regulation football is in circumference, and transverse circumference, and inflated to a pressure of . In the AFL, the balls are red for day matches and yellow for night matches. The first games of Australian football were played with a round ball, because balls of that shape were more readily available. In 1860, Australian football pioneer Tom Wills argued that the oval rugby ball travelled further in the air and made for a more exciting game. It became customary in Australian football by the 1870s. The Australian football ball was invented by T. W. Sherrin in 1880, after he was given a misshapen rugby ball to fix. Sherrin designed the ball with indented rather than pointy ends to give the ball a better bounce. Australian football ball brands include Burley, Ross Faulkner, and Sherrin (the brand used by the Australian Football League). The game is played with a round leather football made of 18 stitched leather panels, similar in appearance to a traditional volleyball (but larger), with a circumference of , weighing between when dry. It may be kicked or \"hand passed\". A hand pass is not a punch but rather a strike of the ball with the side of the closed fist, using the knuckle of the thumb. Until 1870, rugby was played with a near spherical ball with an inner-tube made of a pig's bladder. In 1870 Richard Lindon and Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and pigs’ bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig’s bladder, although early balls were more plum-shape than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the pig’s bladder was. Because of the pliability of rubber the shape gradually changed from a sphere to an egg. In 1892 the RFU endorsed ovalness as the compulsory shape. The gradual flattening of the ball continued over the years. The introduction of synthetic footballs over the traditional leather balls, in both rugby codes, was originally governed by weather conditions. If the playing surface was wet, the synthetic ball was used, because it wouldn't absorb water and become heavy. Eventually, the leather balls were phased out completely. Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air. A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. Senior competitions should use light-coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily. The football used in rugby league is known as \"international size\" or \"size 5\" and is approximately long and in circumference at its widest point. Smaller-sized balls are used for junior versions of the game, such as \"Mini\" and \"Mod\". A full size ball weighs", "ball was used, because it wouldn't absorb water and become heavy. Eventually, the leather balls were phased out completely. Rugby league is played with a prolate spheroid shaped football which is inflated with air. A referee will stop play immediately if the ball does not meet the requirements of size and shape. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are synthetic and manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. Senior competitions should use light-coloured balls to allow spectators to see the ball more easily. The football used in rugby league is known as \"international size\" or \"size 5\" and is approximately long and in circumference at its widest point. Smaller-sized balls are used for junior versions of the game, such as \"Mini\" and \"Mod\". A full size ball weighs between . Rugby league footballs are slightly more pointed than rugby union footballs and larger than American footballs. The Australasian National Rugby League and European Super League use balls made by Steeden. Steeden is also sometimes used in Australia as a noun to describe the ball itself. The ball used in rugby union, usually referred to as a rugby ball, is a prolate spheroid essentially elliptical in profile. Traditionally made of brown leather, modern footballs are manufactured in a variety of colours and patterns. A regulation football is long and in circumference at its widest point. It weighs and is inflated to . In 1980, leather-encased balls, which were prone to water-logging, were replaced with balls encased in synthetic waterproof materials. The Gilbert Synergie was the match ball of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Football (ball) A football is a ball inflated with air that is used to play one of the various sports known as football. In these games, with some exceptions, goals or points are scored only when the ball enters one of two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Alweg Alweg was a transportation company known for pioneering straddle-beam monorails. Alweg was founded by Swedish industrial magnate Dr. Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren in January 1953 as Alweg-Forschung, GmbH (Alweg Research Corporation), based in Fühlingen, a suburb of Cologne, Germany. The company was an outgrowth of the Verkehrsbahn-Studiengesellschaft (Transit Railway Study Group), which had already presented its first monorail designs and prototypes in the previous year. The Alweg name is an acronym of Dr. Wenner-Gren's name (Axel Lennart WEnner-Gren). Alweg is best remembered for their role in building the original Disneyland Monorail System of Disneyland, which opened in 1959, and the Seattle Center Monorail, which opened for the 1962 Century 21 Exposition. Both systems remain operational, with the Seattle Center Monorail still using the original Alweg trains which have traveled over one million miles. A third system, built in Turin for the Italia 61 exposition remained unused a few months after the exposition closed and was destroyed by a fire in the late 1970s, most probably set by vandals. The remnants of the system were scrapped in 1981, with the north station now being repurposed as an office building. In 1963, Alweg put forward a proposal to the city of Los Angeles for a monorail system that would be designed, built, operated and maintained by Alweg. Alweg promised to take all financial risk for the construction with the cost of the system to be recovered through fares collected. The City Council rejected the proposal in favor of not building a transit system at all. This move was greatly resented by famed author Ray Bradbury who supported the monorail project and resented the later move to build a subway in Los Angeles. Alweg's technology was licensed in 1960 by Hitachi Monorail, which continues to construct monorails based on Alweg technology around the world. What was for decades the world's busiest monorail line, the Tokyo Monorail, was completed in 1964 by what was then the Hitachi-Alweg division of Hitachi, and today's busiest monorail system, Chongqing Rail Transit, is also based on Alweg and Hitachi technology. After Alweg ran into financial difficulties, Alweg's German operations were taken over by Krupp. Krupp wound up all Alweg operations by 1964. In the 1960s there was a plan to build an ALWEG monorail in the High Tatras in Slovakia. Alweg Alweg was a transportation company known for pioneering straddle-beam monorails. Alweg was founded by Swedish industrial magnate" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Allan Pearse Allan Arthur Pearse (22 April 1915 – 14 June 1981) played first-class cricket for Somerset in nine matches between 1936 and 1938. He was born and died at Watchet, Somerset. Pearse was a middle-order right-handed batsman whose club cricket was for Watchet Cricket Club, where Harold Gimblett was his contemporary. As a 16-year-old, playing for Watchet against Wellington Cricket Club, he joined Gimblett with the Watchet score at 37 for seven chasing a total of 160. The pair added the 123 runs needed, Gimblett scoring 91 and Pearse 33. Pearse followed Gimblett into the Somerset side, making his debut in 1936 at the Agricultural Showgrounds, Frome, the same ground where Gimblett had made his sensational debut a year earlier. In his first innings he scored 20, which was the second highest of the Somerset innings against Kent. But in five other first-class matches in the 1936 season he failed to score more than 10 in any innings, and in two matches in 1937 he also made little impression. His last first-class game in 1938 saw him batting at No 10 and failing to score in either innings. Allan Pearse Allan Arthur Pearse (22 April 1915 – 14 June" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "South Shropshire South Shropshire was, between 1974 and 2009, a local government district in south west Shropshire, England. South Shropshire was the most rural district of one of the UK's most rural counties, the population of the district was 40,410 in 2001 spread out over 1,027 km² of forest, mountains, moorlands, hills and mixed quality farmland. It bordered the unitary authority of Powys in Wales, which it closely resembles, economically, socially, culturally and historically. 65% of the district is part of the Shropshire Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Only the towns of Ludlow and Church Stretton have populations in excess of 3000. Other towns formerly in the district were Clun, Bishop's Castle, Cleobury Mortimer and Craven Arms. The district was formed by the merger of the rural districts of Clun and Bishop's Castle and Ludlow in 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. The district and its council were abolished on 1 April 2009 when the new Shropshire unitary authority was established, as part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. Economically the district was largely dependent on tourism, partly due to the decline in the economic significance of farming and also the decline and subsequent end of local lead and coal mining industry. In addition to tourism, some light industry did exist in the district, in the Church Stretton and Ludlow areas, and in Burford, near Tenbury Wells. Some statistics for the local area suggest that wages are \"low\", but also that the rate of unemployment is below average. Additionally, the local demographics show a large economic gap between affluent residents and poorer communities. Many of the affluent residents have moved into the area from other places, such as South East England on their retirement. This continues an older trend whose root was initially in the imbalance of wealth associated with the farming economy previously prevalent in the area. The District of South Shropshire covered an area of 1,028 square kilometres, or , which was roughly one third of the administrative county of Shropshire as of 2008. South Shropshire is a land of mountains, valleys, hills, moors, forests and low grade farmland. The landscape is often rugged, with crags and rock outcrops very common, especially in the west and around the Clee Hills, and was for the most part gouged by glaciers during the ice age. It contains a myriad of rock types, and is widely regarded as the geological capital of the UK, with Wenlock Edge being especially highly regarded by geologists. See the Shropshire Hills AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) for more about the natural geography of the area. South Shropshire is littered with ancient monuments, with Mitchells Fold on the Welsh border being the most notable, and there is evidence of Neolithic quarrying in the Apedale. The area seems to have been settled by the Ordovices, an Iron Age tribe of people in the last millennium BC, and was a stronghold of the Celtic chieftain Caractacus (Caer Caradoc is said to be named after him). The area was probably part of the \"Military\" division of the Roman occupation and locals claim that the Romans mined lead in the north west of the district. In the Early Middle Ages, the area was a battleground between the Welsh and the Anglo Saxon Kingdom of Mercia and Offa's Dyke, which is partially in the district, is a permanent reminder of the areas border status. In the Middle Ages, South Shropshire was part of the Welsh Marches, a lawless area ruled by tyrannical feudal lords, who as Marcher Lords had de facto independence from the King of England. It has been remarked that the attitude of the time lives on in the areas mistrust of outside control. During the English Civil War the area was generally spared from fighting, although there was a small massacre at Hopton Castle. During the Industrial Revolution, coal was mined around Clee Hill and lead was mined near the border with Wales, e.g. at Snailbeach. Church Stretton was a centre of textile manufacture and Ludlow thrived on the malting trade, while the rest of the area was populated by smallholders. The economy of the area was fragile, and most industry in the area had collapsed by 1900. The last South Shropshire District Council was controlled by the Conservative Party, with the second largest party being the Liberal Democrats. A number of independent politicians also held seats in the council. The Labour Party had not contested recent elections within the district. In May 2006, a report commissioned by British Gas showed that housing in South Shropshire produced the 13th highest average carbon emissions in the country at 7,156 kg of carbon dioxide per dwelling. South Shropshire South Shropshire was, between 1974 and 2009, a local government district in south west Shropshire," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104 Gravelbourg No. 104 is a rural municipality (RM) of 329 rural residents (2006 census) in the southwestern part of Saskatchewan, Canada. The RM was incorporated December 9, 1912. Whereas, the Local Improvement District, the precursor to an RM was established in 1908. Other urban municipalities in the area include Bateman, and Gravelbourg. Wood River and Notukeu Creek are two natural features in this area. A lake resort of Gaumond Bay is near Thomson Lake Regional Park. A rural municipality is an administrative district consisting of an elected reeve, councillors, administrator who provide essential services within their area. In 2006, the Rural municipality had a population of 329 in 134 dwellings, a 19.6% decrease from 2001. On a surface of 842.08 km² it has a density of 0.5 inhabitants/km². The following communities are located in this municipality: Towns Hamlets Rural Municipality of Gravelbourg No. 104 Gravelbourg No. 104 is a rural municipality (RM) of 329 rural residents (2006 census) in the southwestern part of Saskatchewan, Canada. The RM was incorporated December 9, 1912. Whereas, the Local Improvement District, the precursor to an RM was established in 1908. Other urban municipalities in the area include Bateman," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henry Lee Summer Henry Lee Summer (born Henry Lee Swartz; July 5, 1955) is an American rock singer and musician from Indiana. Summer planned on being a basketball player and even received a scholarship to play at a college in Montana; however, he ultimately decided to pursue a career in music. Summer began as a singer and drummer then taught himself to play guitar and keyboards. Throughout the late 70's and early 80's he toured the American Midwest and South. He released two independent albums with the help of his manager James Bogard under their own Majestic Records label. In 1987 Bogard signed Summer to Epic CBS Associated A&R executive Tony Martell. Summer recorded several successful albums for Epic during the 1980s and 1990s and toured with Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eddie Money, The Doobie Brothers, Chicago, Don Henley, Robert Palmer, Cheap Trick, 38 Special, and Richard Marx. Summer also shared the stage with John Mellencamp at a show in Indianapolis (1988) and another in Bloomington, Indiana (1992) that drew over 40,000 fans. He has also worked with Jimmy Rip, Graham Maby, Leigh Foxx, and Michael Organ. On February 9, 2014, he was inducted into the Wabash Valley Musicians Hall of Fame. Summer's song \"I Wish I Had a Girl\" (No. 1 Mainstream Rock Hit, No. 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100) was recorded for his 1985 album \"Time for Big Fun\", but the song was re-recorded and released on his self-titled debut album on Epic three years later (1988). This revamped version became the hit. His \"Hey Baby\" (No. 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100) was released in 1989 from his album \"I've Got Everything\". Summer was credited as producer for both the album and the single. In September 2006, Summer was arrested after the car he was driving crashed into several vehicles in an Indiana neighborhood. Summer pleaded guilty to driving while intoxicated and was sentenced to a year's probation and ordered to pay a fine. In May 2009, Summer was again arrested in Indianapolis. He was charged with multiple counts including possessing methamphetamine. In June 2009 Summer entered the voluntary drug treatment center Cumberland Heights in Nashville, Tennessee. On November 10, 2009 in a resolution of all charges, Summer pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor and was sentenced to a year's probation and 120 hours of community service. In November 2010, Summer was arrested for violating his probation by failing to complete community service and failing to call his probation officer. In January 2011 Summer was released from probation, having fulfilled his obligations. Henry Lee Summer produced, composed, arranged, or contributed lead vocals to several songs for movie soundtracks including: Henry Lee Summer Henry Lee Summer (born Henry Lee Swartz; July 5, 1955) is an American rock singer and musician from Indiana. Summer planned on being a basketball player and even received a scholarship to play at a college in Montana; however, he ultimately decided to pursue a career in music. Summer began as a singer and drummer then" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Proton pump A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane. Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction: Mechanisms are based on energy-induced conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle. During evolution, proton pumps have arisen independently on multiple occasions. Thus, not only throughout nature but also within single cells, different proton pumps that are evolutionarily unrelated can be found. Proton pumps are divided into different major classes of pumps that utilize different sources of energy, have different polypeptide compositions and evolutionary origins. Transport of the positively charged proton is typically electrogenic, i.e. it generates an electrical field across the membrane also called the membrane potential. Proton transport becomes electrogenic if not neutralized electrically by transport of either a corresponding negative charge in the same direction or a corresponding positive charge in the opposite direction. An example of a proton pump that is not electrogenic, is the proton/potassium pump of the gastric mucosa which catalyzes a balanced exchange of protons and potassium ions. The combined transmembrane gradient of protons and charges created by proton pumps is called an electrochemical gradient. An electrochemical gradient represents a store of energy (potential energy) that can be used to drive a multitude of biological processes such as ATP synthesis, nutrient uptake and action potential formation. In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside. The difference in pH and electric charge (ignoring differences in buffer capacity) creates an electrochemical potential difference that works similar to that of a battery or energy storing unit for the cell. The process could also be seen as analogous to cycling uphill or charging a battery for later use, as it produces potential energy. The proton pump does not create energy, but forms a gradient that stores energy for later use. The energy required for the proton pumping reaction may come from light (light energy; bacteriorhodopsins), electron transfer (electrical energy; electron transport complexes I, III and IV) or energy-rich metabolites (chemical energy) such as pyrophosphate (PPi; proton-pumping pyrophosphatase) or adenosine triphosphate (ATP; proton ATPases). Complex I (EC 1.6.5.3) (also referred to as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase or, especially in the context of the human protein, NADH dehydrogenase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. It belongs to the H or Na-translocating NADH Dehydrogenase (NDH) Family (TC# 3.D.1), a member of the Na transporting Mrp superfamily. It catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and, in eukaryotes, it is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP. Complex III ((EC 1.10.2.2)) (also referred to as cytochrome b1 or the coenzyme Q : cytochrome c – oxidoreductase) is a proton pump driven by electron transport. Complex III is a multisubunit transmembrane protein encoded by both the mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and the nuclear genomes (all other subunits). Complex III is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of all aerobic eukaryotes and the inner membranes of most eubacteria. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP. The cytochrome bf complex (EC 1.10.99.1) (also called plastoquinol—plastocyanin reductase) is an enzyme related to Complex III but found in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts of plants, cyanobacteria, and green algae. This proton pump is driven by electron transport and catalyzes the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin. The reaction is analogous to the reaction catalyzed by Complex III (cytochrome bc1) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of chloroplasts then uses to synthesize ATP. Complex IV (EC 1.9.3.1) (also referred to as cytochrome c oxidase), is a proton pump driven by electron transport. This enzyme is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules, and transfers them to one oxygen molecule, converting molecular oxygen to two molecules of water. In the process, it binds four protons from the inner aqueous phase to make water and in addition translocates four protons across the membrane. This enzyme helps to establish a transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential that the ATP synthase of mitochondria then uses to synthesize ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) driven proton pumps (also referred to as proton ATPases or -ATPases) are proton pumps driven by the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Three classes of proton ATPases are found in nature. In a single cell (for example those of fungi and plants), representatives from all three groups of proton ATPases may be present. The plasma membrane -ATPase is a single subunit P-type ATPase found in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists and many prokaryotes. The plasma membrane -ATPase creates the electrochemical gradients in the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, protists, and many prokaryotes. Here, proton gradients are used to drive secondary transport processes. As such, it is essential for the uptake of most metabolites, and also for responses to the environment (e.g., movement of leaves in plants). Humans (and probably other mammals) have a gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H/K ATPase that also belongs to the P-type ATPase family. This enzyme functions as the proton pump of the stomach, primarily responsible for the acidification of the stomach contents (see gastric acid). The V-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the V-type. It is found in various different membranes where it serves to acidify intracellular organelles or the cell exterior. The F-type proton ATPase is a multisubunit enzyme of the F-type (also referred to as ATP synthase or FF ATPase). It is found in the mitochondrial inner membrane where is functions as a proton transport-driven ATP synthase. In mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power this translocation of protons. For example, the translocation of protons by cytochrome c oxidase is powered by reducing equivalents provided by reduced cytochrome c. ATP itself powers this transport in the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes. The FF ATP synthase of mitochondria, in contrast, usually conduct protons from high to low concentration across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. Protons translocate across the inner mitochondrial membrane via proton wire. This series of conformational changes, channeled through the a and b subunits of the F particle, drives a series of conformational changes in the stalk connecting the F to the F subunit. This process effectively couples the translocation of protons to the mechanical motion between the Loose, Tight, and Open states of F necessary to phosphorylate ADP. In bacteria and ATP-producing organelles other than mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power the translocation of protons. CF ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human FF ATP synthase in plants. Proton pumping pyrophosphatase (also", "across the membrane while drawing energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. Protons translocate across the inner mitochondrial membrane via proton wire. This series of conformational changes, channeled through the a and b subunits of the F particle, drives a series of conformational changes in the stalk connecting the F to the F subunit. This process effectively couples the translocation of protons to the mechanical motion between the Loose, Tight, and Open states of F necessary to phosphorylate ADP. In bacteria and ATP-producing organelles other than mitochondria, reducing equivalents provided by electron transfer or photosynthesis power the translocation of protons. CF ATP ligase of chloroplasts correspond to the human FF ATP synthase in plants. Proton pumping pyrophosphatase (also referred to as H-PPase or vacuolar-type inorganic pyrophosphatases (V-PPase; V is for vacuolar)) is a proton pump driven by the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). In plants, H-PPase is localized to the vacuolar membrane (the tonoplast). This membrane of plants contains two different proton pumps for acidifying the interior of the vacuole, the V-PPase and the V-ATPase. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump and is used by Archaea, most notably in Halobacteria. Light is absorbed by a retinal pigment covalently linked to the protein, that result in a conformational change of the molecule that is transmitted to the pump protein associated with proton pumping. Proton pump A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane. Proton pumps catalyze the following reaction: Mechanisms are based on energy-induced conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle. During evolution, proton pumps have arisen independently on multiple occasions. Thus, not only throughout nature but also within single cells, different proton pumps that are evolutionarily unrelated can be found. Proton pumps are divided into different major classes of pumps that utilize different sources of energy, have different polypeptide compositions and evolutionary origins." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Gu Chao Gu Chao (Chinese: 顾超; Pinyin: \"Gù Chāo\"; born 20 August 1989) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Jiangsu Suning in the Chinese Super League. Gu Chao joined the Genbao Football Academy in 2000 and was promoted to Shanghai East Asia's first team squad during the 2006 season. He played regularly as the starting goalkeeper and made an impression within the team as Shanghai won promotion to the second tier in the 2007 season. On 15 March 2011, Gu transferred to Chinese Super League side Hangzhou Greentown for a fee of ¥2 million. On 6 July 2011, he made his debut for Hangzhou in a 1–1 away draw against Dalian Shide. He mainly played as the backup goalkeeper for Jiang Bo in the 2011 season and 2012 season. However, it was not until the 2014 season when Gu cemented his role as the team's starting goalkeeper. On 31 December 2015, Gu moved to Chinese Super League side Jiangsu Suning on a five-year contract with transfer fee of ¥50 million, which above Wang Dalei's transfer record fee of ¥30 million and became the most expensive goalkeeper in China. He played as a back-up for Zhang Sipeng at the beginning of the season. Gu made his debut for Jiangsu on 9 April 2016 in a 1–0 win against Henan Jianye. He became the first choice goalkeeper of the club after the match. Gu was called up to the senior China squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC Third Round against South Korea and Iran. Gu made his debut for the China on 6 September 2016 in a 0-0 draw against Iran, coming on as a substitute for injury Zeng Cheng in the 12th minute. \"Statistics accurate as of match played 11 November 2018.\" Shanghai East Asia Gu Chao Gu Chao (Chinese: 顾超; Pinyin: \"Gù Chāo\"; born 20 August 1989) is a Chinese footballer who currently plays for Jiangsu Suning in the Chinese Super League. Gu Chao joined the Genbao Football Academy in 2000 and was promoted to Shanghai East Asia's first team squad during the 2006 season. He played regularly as the starting goalkeeper and made an impression within the team as Shanghai won promotion to the second tier in the 2007 season. On 15 March 2011, Gu transferred to Chinese Super League side Hangzhou Greentown for a fee of ¥2 million. On 6 July 2011," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Endure to Cure Foundation Endure to Cure Pediatric Cancer Foundation (E2C) is a non-profit foundation that raises funds to aid in the research and treatment of pediatric cancer, and to provide support for pediatric cancer patients. Endure to Cure Pediatric Cancer Foundation was founded by former Wall Street business professional, Jason Sissel. The foundation's mission is to endure and conquer great physical challenges in order to advance cures for pediatric cancer, to serve as an inspiration to people worldwide, and to unite those who have been affected by cancer. Endure to Cure was inspired by a conversation between E2C's founder, Jason Sissel, and his grandfather several months before the latter died of cancer. Sissel later resigned from his career on Wall Street to start the foundation. Endure to Cure has a team of grassroots fundraisers known as \"Team Endure to Cure,\" or more informally \"Team E2C.\" Proceeds raised by Endure to Cure fund its three primary programs: Small Miracles which provides children who are undergoing cancer treatment with customized experiences or small gifts to help them get through treatment; Travel for Treatment Assistance which helps families in financial need with the uninsurable and immediate expenses associated with their child's cancer treatments; pediatric cancer research Endure to Cure Foundation Endure to Cure Pediatric Cancer Foundation (E2C) is a non-profit foundation that raises funds to aid in the research and treatment of pediatric cancer, and to provide support for pediatric cancer patients. Endure to Cure Pediatric Cancer Foundation was founded by former Wall Street business professional, Jason Sissel. The foundation's mission is to endure and conquer great physical challenges in order to advance cures for pediatric cancer, to serve as an inspiration to people worldwide, and to unite those who have been affected by cancer. Endure to Cure was inspired by a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2006 Ohio's 13th congressional district election The Ohio 13th congressional district election, 2006 was an election for the United States House of Representatives. It was an open seat because Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown ran for the U.S. Senate. The primaries were on May 2, 2006, and were won by Democrat Betty Sutton, a former State Senator, and Republican Craig L. Foltin, the mayor of Lorain, Ohio. The general election was held on November 7, 2006, general election and was won by Betty Sutton. The candidates included: The candidates included: Cafaro was seen as potentially vulnerable because of her involvement with disgraced U.S. Rep. James Traficant. Cafaro was granted immunity in 2003, when she testified in the federal trial of Richard Detore, who was eventually acquitted of trying to bribe Traficant. Cafaro and Detore worked together at Virginia-based USAerospace, a company her father, J. J. Cafaro, started in an ill-fated attempt to develop laser technology for airport runways. Cafaro was not charged with any wrongdoing, but still is seen as having too close a connection to past scandal for an election in which Republican corruption figures to be a dominant theme. Capri Cafaro testified that she did not conspire with Traficant, but noted the \"gray area of impropriety.\" Emily's List supported Betty Sutton over Capri Cafaro. Cafaro is quoted \"complaining that the real reason for the Emily's List snub is her support for parental notification of abortions performed on minors, although she otherwise supports women's right to choose. Sutton is more unqualifiedly pro-life.\" Frustrated with her opponents connecting her to Traficant, Cafaro threatened to sue her rivals for impugning her character based on her grant of immunity to testify. In March, the National Rifle Association (NRA) endorsed Cafaro. On March 31, \"The Plain Dealer\" endorsed Sawyer, followed a few days later by the Akron Beacon Journal. Sutton was able to frame the race in terms of corruption. This played well in Ohio, in particular, with various state scandals, in addition to the indictment and conviction of Bob Ney from Ohio's 18th district, relating to the Abramoff scandal. Between Cafaro's ties to Traficant, and still lingering resentment about Tom Sawyer's support of NAFTA, Sutton had a winning combination. Additionally, Sutton \"charged that Sawyer \"went on 34 different junkets\" from 1996 through 2000 and availed himself of more free trips than any other Ohio congressman during that time.\" In the last two weeks of April, Sutton gained 11 points in the polls. Soon after that, The Ohio AFL-CIO, who had backed Cafaro in the 2004 race (in a different district), endorsed Sutton. Robert Novak wrote: \"Not only is Cafaro the candidate of the NRA, she is also the candidate Republicans believe will be the easiest to defeat -- probably the only one in the field they could beat in a district like this one. She ran a lackluster campaign in 2004 against neighboring Rep. Steven LaTourette (R), and her grant of prosecutorial immunity in exchange for testimony in the trial of former Rep. James Traficant (D) remains mysterious. Only if she wins will Lorain Mayor Craig Foltin (R) have a chance in November.\" Official results Official results Note: As of May 4, 2007, the Ohio Secretary of State web site ignores the John L. Wolfe vote when calculating the other candidate vote percentages. This was a Democratic seat to begin with. Normally, Democrats would have very little trouble holding this district. But Republicans appeared to have scored a coup by recruiting Lorain Mayor Foltin, a popular figure in a city that gave George W. Bush only 27% of the vote. Foltin's personal base in a Democratic stronghold gives Republicans a glimmer of hope. Sutton, who won the Democratic primary after a very nasty campaign, generates little excitement, though she is a very viable contender. But one of her defeated opponents, former Congressman Sawyer, not only refused to endorse her but filed a campaign finance violation complaint with the Federal Election Commission. Making matters for harder GOP candidate Foltin, Sherrod Brown, the incumbent in the district, is leading in his race for Senator as of October, and Democrat Ted Strickland leads in his race for U.S. Senator from Ohio, though both races are close. Combine that with the statewide troubles of Ohio (the guilty plea of Governor Bob Taft, Coingate, and the guilty plea of Congressman Bob Ney), and prospects get even harder for Foltin. When the Mark Foley scandal broke in late September, many observers decided that there were too many obstacles for Foltin to overcome. As of June 30, the most recent date for which figures currently are available, Sutton had raised $802,000, while Foltin had taken in $373,000. On October 11, AP reported that the GOP scaled back their expenditures in this race. \"Cook Political Report rating: Likely Democratic. CQPolitics rating: Democratic Favored.\" Official results 2006 Ohio's 13th congressional district election The Ohio 13th congressional district election, 2006 was an election for the United States House of Representatives. It was an open seat because Democratic incumbent Sherrod Brown ran for the U.S. Senate. The primaries were on May 2, 2006, and were won by Democrat Betty Sutton, a former State Senator, and Republican Craig L. Foltin, the mayor of Lorain, Ohio. The general election was held on November 7, 2006, general election and was won by Betty Sutton. The candidates included: The candidates included: Cafaro was seen as potentially vulnerable because" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "77th New York Volunteer Infantry The 77th New York Volunteer Infantry (\"Bemis Heights Regiment\" or \"Saratoga Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 77th New York Infantry was organized at Saratoga, New York November 22, 1861 and mustered in November 23, 1861 for three years' service under the command of Colonel James B. McKean. The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Casey's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to May 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865. The 77th New York Infantry mustered out June 27, 1865. Left New York for Washington, D.C., November 28, 1861. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March 22. Near Lee's Mills April 5. Siege of Yorktown April 5-May 4. Lee's Mills April 16. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Mechanicsville May 23-24 and June 24. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Garnett's Farm June 27. Garnett's and Golding's Farms June 28. Savage's Station June 29. White Oak Swamp and Glendale June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to Fort Monroe, then to Centreville, August 16-28. In works at Centreville August 28-31. Assist in checking Pope's rout at Bull Run August 30, and cover retreat to Fairfax Court House September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6-22. Crampton's Pass, South Mountain, September 14. Battle of Antietam September 16-17. Duty in Maryland until October 29. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 29-November 19. Union November 2-3. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12-15. At Falmouth until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20-24. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Operations about Franklin's Crossing April 29-May 2. Battle of Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3-4. Banks' Ford May 4. Deep Run Ravine June 5-13. Battle of Gettysburg July 2-4. Pursuit of Lee July 5-24. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9-22. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7-8. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Duty near Brandy Station until May 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6-7. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James River May 3-June 15. Battle of the Wilderness May 5-7. Spotsylvania May 8-12. Spotsylvania Court House May 12-21. Assault on the Salient or \"Bloody Angle\" May 12. North Anna River May 23-26. On line of the Pamunkey May 26-28. Totopotomoy May 28-31. Cold Harbor June 1-12. Before Petersburg June 17-18. Siege of Petersburg June 17 to July 9. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22-23. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 9-11. Repulse of Early's attack on Fort Stevens and the northern defenses of Washington July 11-12. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Gilbert's Ford, Opequan Creek, September 13. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., then to Petersburg, Va., December 13-16. Siege of Petersburg December 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 23-27, and duty there until May 24. March to Richmond, Va., then to Washington, D.C., May 24-June 3. Corps review June 8. The regiment lost a total of 273 men during service; 9 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 175 enlisted men died of disease. 77th New York Volunteer Infantry The 77th New York Volunteer Infantry (\"Bemis Heights Regiment\" or \"Saratoga Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 77th New York Infantry was organized at Saratoga, New York November 22, 1861 and mustered in November 23, 1861 for three years' service under the command of Colonel James B. McKean. The regiment was attached to 3rd Brigade, Casey's Division, Army of the Potomac, to March 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "MicroFUN The Microlensing Follow-Up Network (μFUN, pronounced \"micro-fun\") is an informal group of observers who monitor high magnification gravitational microlensing events in the Milky Way's Galactic Bulge. Its goal is to detect extrasolar planets via microlensing of the parent star by the planet. μFUN is a follow-up network - they monitor microlensing events identified by survey groups such as OGLE and Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA). In January 2009, μFUN merged with the Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET). Organizations like μFUN provide a forum and a listserv for instant notification to amateur and professional astronomers all over the globe, so that microlensing events can be mined for all the information that can be gathered. Thus, amateur astronomers have a useful role in significant discoveries, as well as a clear and democratic path to authorship on any peer-reviewed scientific publications that result. Gravitational lensing is an effect of Einstein's general relativity, which says that all matter bends light that passes by it. Strong gravitational lensing drastically alters the shape of an object on the sky; weak gravitational lensing slightly alters the shape of the object; and gravitational microlensing alters only the brightness of the object, instead of its shape. Gravitational lensing in general, and especially microlensing, has had a vast impact on astronomy, specifically in the search for extrasolar planets. If a planet orbiting a star passes within our line of sight to that star, it very slightly changes the brightness of the star. These changes can last a few hours or a few days. Astronomers can estimate the ratio of the planet's mass to the star's mass, as well as the radius of the planet's orbit around the star, by comparing actual brightness measurements to theoretical models. Expensive equipment is required to detect a microlensing event, but because of the magnification, less sophisticated telescopic equipment can monitor the magnified area for changes in brightness caused by planets. Equipment that is now available has become more efficient at detecting microlensing events, but this equipment is in high demand for all sorts of astronomical observations and cannot be dedicated to monitoring these events for disruptions caused by planets. Amateur astronomers have no access restriction to their equipment and can \"follow up\" on microlensing events that have been detected, therefore contributing to the discovery of several extrasolar planets. The short duration and unpredictable nature of disruptions during microlensing events require this kind of coverage, making amateur efforts very important to searching for extrasolar planets using microlensing. μFUN facilitates the collaboration between amateur and professional astronomers that is necessary for the continued discovery of extrasolar planets. μFUN played an important role in discovery and analysis of the following extrasolar planets: There are various ways to get involved with μFUN. Since μFUN is a follow-up network, initial data and observations come from outside sources, primarily OGLE-III and MOA. However, many planetary successes come from amateur observers with small and medium-aperture telescopes. Because microlensing requires diligence and precision, μFUN has formulated data requirements that observers must meet. Data requirements and techniques for using small telescopes for microlensing can be found in the article \"Detecting Exoplanets by Gravitational Microlensing using a Small Telescope\" by Grant Christie of the Auckland Observatory. Microlensing events with medium aperture telescopes are discovered primarily through observatories and typically require a heftier computer system and observation team. The basic set up and data requirements are also described in detail on the μFUN website. Getting involved at the medium-aperture telescope level most likely would mean joining an observation group in a professional research lab. There are many observation sites around the globe, and they are primarily in the southern hemisphere. A full list of observation groups and their corresponding equipment can be found at μFUN's website. MicroFUN The Microlensing Follow-Up Network (μFUN, pronounced \"micro-fun\") is an informal group of observers who monitor high magnification gravitational microlensing events in the Milky Way's Galactic Bulge. Its goal is to detect extrasolar planets via microlensing of the parent star by the planet. μFUN is a follow-up network - they monitor microlensing events identified by survey groups such as OGLE and Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics (MOA). In January 2009, μFUN merged with the Probing Lensing Anomalies NETwork (PLANET)." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bellperre Bellperre is a luxury mobile designer company based in Amsterdam. The company known for its leather technology. The company was founded in 2005. The Company came in to the market in 2007 with the launch of its first luxury mobile phone \"Bellperre\" in internationally representative computer expo CEBIT fair held in Hanover fairground. The company competes with, among other luxury mobile companies, Vertu, Goldvish and Gresso. However Vertu was defunct in 2017. The company devoid plastic and uses leather, steel, gold, hardwood, sapphire, and other materials to make mobile phones. Bellperre partnered with Capi, The Travellers Electronics Company with its shops in 25 countries. Bellperre Bellperre is a luxury mobile designer company based in Amsterdam. The company known for its leather technology. The company was founded in 2005. The Company came in to the market in 2007 with the launch of its first luxury mobile phone \"Bellperre\" in internationally representative computer expo CEBIT fair held in Hanover fairground. The company competes with, among other luxury mobile companies, Vertu, Goldvish and Gresso. However Vertu was defunct in 2017. The company devoid plastic and uses leather, steel, gold, hardwood, sapphire, and other materials to make mobile phones. Bellperre partnered with Capi," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Siskiyou Trail The Siskiyou Trail stretched from California's Central Valley to Oregon's Willamette Valley; modern-day Interstate 5 follows this pioneer path. Originally based on existing Native American foot trails winding their way through river valleys, the Siskiyou Trail provided the shortest practical travel path between early settlements in California and Oregon. The earliest European or American visitors along the Siskiyou Trail were likely hunters and trappers connected with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) who, in the 1820s, began to travel the rivers of Southern Oregon and Northern California in search of fur and pelts. The HBC had established itself on the Columbia River, and built Fort Vancouver, its regional headquarters in 1824. HBC parties began to explore south toward California in 1825. Alexander McLeod led exploration and trapping parties south beginning in 1826, reaching the Klamath River in 1827, and the Sacramento River in 1828. In 1829 he led the first HBC trapping expedition to the Sacramento Valley, which allowed later expeditions to reach as far south as French Camp near today's Stockton. McLeod's exploring and trapping expeditions essentially established the Siskiyou Trail, linking Fort Vancouver with the Sacramento Valley. At first it was known by names such as the California Brigade Trail and the Southern Party Trail. McLeod and other members of his parties reported that the Native Americans south of the Umpqua River, along the Klamath and Siuslaw Rivers, had never seen white men before. Although the 42nd parallel (today the boundary between California and Oregon) marked the northern border of Mexican California, the Mexicans knew little about the interior and the HBC trappers ranged south at will. Other HBC trappers who made early use of the Siskiyou Trail include Peter Skene Ogden and Michel Laframboise. In 1834, Ewing Young brought a herd of horses and mules over the Siskiyou Trail from missions in California for sale at British and American settlements in Oregon. Although this initial effort was met with suspicion by Hudson's Bay Company officials in Oregon, Young returned to California in 1837, where he purchased 700 head of cattle which he drove over the Siskiyou Trail to Oregon. This monumental task, requiring nearly three months, helped widen and establish the trail thereby solidifying the new American settlements in Oregon. In 1841 an overland party of the United States Exploring Expedition came down the Siskiyou Trail with the first scientists and cartographers in the region. The California Gold Rush, beginning in 1848, ushered in dramatically increased use of the Siskiyou Trail. The discovery of gold in Siskiyou County in 1851, and especially at Yreka, California, brought thousands more miners along the trail in search of riches. The terrain was so rugged over the mountains of the trail that travel was restricted to mule trains and horses. Early travelers were able to travel perhaps in a day, stopping at wayside inns and hostels, such as at Portuguese Flat, Upper Soda Springs and Sisson, in Northern California. It was not until the 1860s that toll roads usable by stagecoaches were finally carved through the mountains of Northern California, permitting uninterrupted stagecoach travel for the length of the Siskiyou Trail. The first telegraph line connected early towns along the trail in 1864. Development accelerated with the arrival of the Central Pacific Railroad track completed in 1887, which followed the path of the Siskiyou Trail. The historic route of the Siskiyou Trail extended from the Columbia District headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, at Fort Vancouver in southern Washington, to the San Francisco Bay Area. In California the trail went through or near modern-day Redding, Dunsmuir and Yreka. In Oregon the route went through or near modern-day Ashland, Grants Pass,Roseburg, Oregon Eugene, Salem and Portland. The trail used the valleys of the Willamette, Umpqua, Rogue, Klamath, Shasta and Sacramento rivers to make the connection between Oregon and California, and to traverse the rugged mountains of Northern California and Southern Oregon (Siskiyou Mountains). The trail crested at the Siskiyou Summit (elevation ) just north of the Oregon-California border, and went past or near landmarks such as Mount Shasta, Upper Soda Springs, Castle Crags and Sutter Buttes. Between 1869 and 1887, the Oregon & California Railroad Company built a railroad along this route, crossing Siskiyou Summit in 1887. In the mid-1910s, the pioneering Pacific Highway, later numbered as U.S. Highway 99, provided the first easy automobile access along the path of the trail. Interstate 5 was built in the 1960s along the route of the original 1820s Siskiyou Trail. About 4 miles (7 km) north of the California border, and just south of Ashland, Oregon, the highway crosses Siskiyou Summit, the highest point on I-5 (elevation ). The railroad and interstate highway deviate from the original trail in small ways according to the needs and engineering available to their builders. Siskiyou Trail" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Frank Baldwin Frank Dwight Baldwin (June 26, 1842 – April 22, 1923), a native of Constantine, Michigan, and born in Manchester, Michigan, is one of only 19 servicemen to receive the Medal of Honor twice. Baldwin received his first award for his actions during the Atlanta Campaign where he led his company in battle at Peachtree Creek and captured two commissioned officers in the American Civil War. He received his second for conspicuous bravery in 1874 during the Indian Wars. Baldwin holds the distinction of being the first recipient of the Medal of Honor in different conflicts. He also fought in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War and rose to the rank of major general before retiring. Baldwin served in the Civil War in the 19th Michigan Infantry, initially as a first lieutenant, fighting in all his regiment's battles from 1862 to 1865. In 1864, then-Captain Baldwin participated in General William Tecumseh Sherman's famous March to the Sea, and on July 20 of that year distinguished himself at the Battle of Peachtree Creek, earning his first Medal of Honor. After the war, he became a student at Hillsdale College, but upon the postbellum reorganization of the Regular Army, he joined the 19th United States Regular Infantry as a second lieutenant in 1866. He was eventually assigned to the 5th U.S. Infantry, with whom he fought in the various frontier conflicts with the Indians. He served with distinction under General Nelson A. Miles as chief of scouts during campaigns against Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. On November 8, 1874, while commanding a scout company on escort duty, he led a surprise attack on the camp of Grey Beard, rescuing two young sisters whose parents and brothers had been killed by another Indian band. He was awarded his second Medal of Honor for this action against a larger force in a strong defensive position. His actions in an attack on an Indian village on the Red River in Montana on December 18, 1876, earned him a brevet of captain, U.S. Regular Army (awarded on February 27, 1890). Baldwin also served in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. He was promoted to brigadier general, U.S. Regular Army on June 9, 1902, and he retired in 1906. In 1915, he was advanced to major general on the Army's retired list. During World War I, Baldwin served as Adjutant General of the Colorado National Guard; appointed to the post in 1917, he served until retiring again in 1919. On January 10, 1867, he married Alice Blackwood. They had one daughter, Juanita. He died in Denver, Colorado on April 22, 1923, and was buried with full military honors in Section 3 of Arlington National Cemetery. General Baldwin belonged to numerous fraternal, military and social organizations which included the following: His wife, Alice Blackwood Baldwin, honored the general's war contributions by compiling and editing the memoirs of her late husband in 1929. Along with General Baldwin, three other two-time Medal of Honor recipients are interred in Arlington National Cemetery (Navy Lieutenant Commander John C. McCloy, Marine Major Louis Cukela, and Marine Corporal John Henry Pruitt). Rank and organization: Captain, Company D, 19th Michigan Infantry. Place and date: At Peachtree Creek, Georgia, July 20, 1864. Citation: \"Led his company in a countercharge at Peach Tree Creek, Ga., 20 July 1864, under a galling fire ahead of his own men, and singly entered the enemy's line, capturing and bringing back 2 commissioned officers, fully armed, besides a guidon of a Georgia regiment.\" Date of issue: December 3, 1891. Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, 5th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At McClellan's Creek, Texas, November 8, 1874. Citation: \"Rescued, with 2 companies, 2 white girls by a voluntary attack upon Indians whose superior numbers and strong position would have warranted delay for reinforcements, but which delay would have permitted the Indians to escape and kill their captives.\" Date of issue: November 27, 1894. Inducted into the Hillsdale County, Michigan Veteran's Hall of Fame in 2004 for his distinguished service in the American Civil War. Hall of Fame inductee 016, Civil War inductee 004. Frank Baldwin Frank Dwight Baldwin (June 26, 1842 – April 22, 1923), a native of Constantine, Michigan," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Schleitheim Confession The Schleitheim Confession was the most representative statement of Anabaptist principles, endorsed unanimously by a meeting of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in Schleitheim (Switzerland). The meeting was chaired by Michael Sattler. Michael Sattler was the leader of the Swiss and southern German Anabaptist movement. Shortly after the Schleitheim conference, Sattler was arrested by Austrian Roman Catholic authorities, and put on trial along with a number of other Anabaptists; he was found guilty and was executed. The South German Ordnung of approximately the same date is similar to that of the Schleitheim Confession but contains many more Biblical references supporting the confession. The Schleitheim confession continues to be a guide for churches like the Bruderhof and the Hutterites, who trace their spiritual heritage back to the Radical Reformation and the Anabaptists. The Confession consisted of seven articles, written during a time of severe persecution: Schleitheim Confession The Schleitheim Confession was the most representative statement of Anabaptist principles, endorsed unanimously by a meeting of Swiss Anabaptists in 1527 in Schleitheim (Switzerland). The meeting was chaired by Michael Sattler. Michael Sattler was the leader of the Swiss and southern German Anabaptist movement. Shortly after the Schleitheim conference, Sattler was arrested by" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "AIM (software) AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) was an instant messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which used the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. AIM was popular from the late 1990s to the late 2000s in North America, and was the leading instant messaging application in that region. AIM's popularity declined steeply in the early 2010s as Internet social networks like Facebook and Twitter gained popularity, and its fall has often been compared with other once-popular Internet services such as Myspace. In June 2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications. In June 2017, Verizon combined AOL and Yahoo into its subsidiary, Oath. The company discontinued AIM as a service on December 15, 2017. AOL Instant Messenger was initially integrated into AOL Desktop and later also released as a stand-alone download by America Online (AOL) in May 1997 for Microsoft Windows. AIM was an outgrowth of \"online messages\" in the original platform (1980's) written in PL/1 on a Stratus computer by Dave Brown. The software, maintained by AOL, Inc., at one time had the largest share of the instant messaging market in North America, especially in the United States (with 52% of the total reported ). This does not include other instant messaging software related to or developed by AOL, such as ICQ and iChat. Its main competitors during its heyday were ICQ, Yahoo! Messenger and MSN Messenger. AOL particularly had a rivalry or \"chat war\" with rival Microsoft starting in 1999. There were several attempts from Microsoft to simultaneously log into their own and AIM's protocol servers. AOL were not happy about this and started blocking MSN Messenger from being able to access AIM. AIM went officially mobile in early 2008 when the application was released for Windows Mobile devices and allowed for all devices to send instant messages via SMS. However AIM could already be used on various devices beforehand with third-party applications, and as early as 2002 on a Sidekick. After 2012, stand-alone official AIM client software includes advertisements and was available for Microsoft Windows, Windows Mobile, Classic Mac OS, macOS, Android, iOS, BlackBerry OS. Around 2011, AIM started to lose popularity rapidly, partly due to the quick rise of Gmail and its built-in real-name Google Chat instant messenger integration in 2011 and because many people started purely moving onto SMS text messaging and later social networking Web sites for instant messaging, in particular, Facebook Messenger, which was released as a standalone application the same year. As of June 2011, one source reported AOL Instant Messenger market share had collapsed to 0.73%. However, this number only reflects installed IM applications, and not active users. The engineers responsible for AIM claimed that they were unable to convince AOL management that free was the future. On March 3, 2012, AOL ended employment of AIM's development staff while leaving it active and with help support still provided. On October 6, 2017, it was announced that the AIM service would be discontinued on December 15; however, a non-profit development team known as Wildman Productions started up a server for older versions of AOL Instant Messenger known as AIM Phoenix. The AIM mascot was designed by JoRoan Lazaro and was implemented in the first release in 1997. This was a yellow stickman-like figure, often called the \"Running Man\". The mascot appeared on all AIM logos and most wordmarks, and always appeared at the top of the buddy list. AIM's popularity in the late 1990s and the 2000s led to the \"Running Man\" becoming a familiar brand on the Internet. After over 14 years, the iconic logo finally disappeared as part of the AIM rebranding in 2011. However, in August 2013, the \"Running Man\" once again returned. In 2014, a \"Complex\" editor called it a \"symbol of America\". In April 2015 the Running Man was officially featured in the Virgin London Marathon, dressed by a person for the AOL-partnered Free The Children charity. The standard protocol that AIM clients used to communicate is called Open System for CommunicAtion in Realtime (OSCAR). Most AOL-produced versions of AIM and popular third party AIM clients use this protocol. However, AOL also created a simpler protocol called TOC that lacks many of OSCAR's features, but was sometimes used for clients that only require basic chat functionality. The TOC/TOC2 protocol specifications were made available by AOL, while OSCAR is a closed protocol that third parties have had to reverse-engineer. In January 2008, AOL introduced experimental Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) support for AIM, allowing AIM users to communicate using the standardized, open-source XMPP. However, in March 2008, this service was discontinued. In May 2011, AOL started offering limited XMPP support. On March 1, 2017, AOL announced (via XMPP-login-time messages) that the AOL XMPP gateway would be desupported, effective March 28, 2017. For privacy regulations, AIM had strict age restrictions. AIM accounts are available only for people over the age of 13; children younger than that were not permitted access to AIM. Under the AIM Privacy Policy, AOL had no rights to read or monitor any private communications between users. The profile of the user had no privacy. If public content was accessed, it could be used for online, print or broadcast advertising, etc. This was outlined in the policy and terms of service: \"... you grant AOL, its parent, affiliates, subsidiaries, assigns, agents and licensees the irrevocable, perpetual, worldwide right to reproduce, display, perform, distribute, adapt and promote this Content in any medium\". This allowed anything users posted to be used without a separate request for permission. The issue of AIM's security was called into question. AOL stated that it had taken great steps to insure that personal information will not be accessed by unauthorized members, but that it cannot guarantee that that will not happen. AIM was different from other clients, such as Yahoo! Messenger, in that it did not require approval from users to be added to other users' buddy lists. As a result, it was possible for users to keep other unsuspecting users on their buddy list to see when they were online, read their status and away messages, and read their profiles. There was also a Web API to display one's status and away message as a widget on one's webpage. Though one could block a user from communicating with them and seeing their status, this did not prevent that user from creating a new account that would not automatically be blocked and therefore able to track their status. A more conservative privacy option was to select a menu feature that only allowed communication with users on one's buddy list; however, this option also created the side-effect of blocking all users who were not on one's buddy list. AOL and various other companies supplied robots ('bots) on AIM that could receive messages and send a response based on the 'bot's purpose. For example, 'bots could help with studying, like StudyBuddy. Some were made to relate to children and teenagers, like Spleak, others gave advice, and others were for more general purposes, such as SmarterChild. The more useful chat 'bots had features like the ability to play games, get sport scores, weather forecasts or financial stock information. Users were able to talk to automated chat 'bots that could respond to natural human language. They were primarily put into place as a marketing strategy and for unique advertising options. It was used by advertisers to market products or build better consumer relations. Before the inclusions of such 'bots, the other 'bots DoorManBot and AIMOffline provided features that were provided by AOL for those who needed it. ZolaOnAOL and ZoeOnAOL were short-lived 'bots that ultimately retired their features in favor of", "made to relate to children and teenagers, like Spleak, others gave advice, and others were for more general purposes, such as SmarterChild. The more useful chat 'bots had features like the ability to play games, get sport scores, weather forecasts or financial stock information. Users were able to talk to automated chat 'bots that could respond to natural human language. They were primarily put into place as a marketing strategy and for unique advertising options. It was used by advertisers to market products or build better consumer relations. Before the inclusions of such 'bots, the other 'bots DoorManBot and AIMOffline provided features that were provided by AOL for those who needed it. ZolaOnAOL and ZoeOnAOL were short-lived 'bots that ultimately retired their features in favor of SmarterChild. AOL Instant Messenger's installation process automatically installed an extra URI scheme (\"protocol\") handler into some Web browsers, so URIs beginning \"aim:\" could open a new AIM window with specified parameters. This was similar in function to the mailto: URI scheme, which created a new e-mail message using the system's default mail program. For instance, a webpage might have included a link like the following in its HTML source to open a window for sending a message to the AIM user \"notarealuser\": To specify a message body, the codice_2 parameter was used, so the link location would have looked like this: To specify an away message, the message parameter was used, so the link location would have looked like this: When placing this inside a URL link, an AIM user could click on the URL link and the away message \"Hello, my name is Bill\" would instantly become their away message. To add a buddy, the addbuddy message was used, with the \"screenname\" parameter This type of link was commonly found on forum profiles to easily add contacts. AIM had security weaknesses that have enabled exploits to be created that use third-party software to perform malicious acts on users' computers. Although most were relatively harmless, such as being kicked off the AIM service, others performed potentially dangerous actions such as sending viruses. Some of these exploits relied on social engineering to spread by automatically sending instant messages that contained a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) accompanied by text suggesting the receiving user click on it, an action which leads to infection, \"i.e.\", a trojan. These messages could easily be mistaken as coming from a friend and contain a link to a Web address that installed software on the user's computer to restart the cycle. Users also have reported sudden additions of toolbars and advertisements from third parties in the newer version of AIM. Multiple complaints about the lack of control of third party involvement have caused many users to stop using the service. On March 6, 2008, during Apple Inc.'s iPhone SDK event, AOL announced that they would be releasing an AIM application for iPhone and iPod Touch users. The application is available for free from the App Store, but the company also provides a paid version, which displays no advertisements. Both are available from the App Store. The AIM client for iPhone and iPod Touch supports standard AIM accounts as well as MobileMe accounts. There is also an express version of AIM accessible through the Safari browser on the iPhone and iPod Touch. In 2011, AOL launched an overhaul of their Instant Messaging service. Included in the update was a brand new iOS application for iPhone and iPod Touch that incorporated all the latest features. A brand new icon was used for the application, featuring the new cursive logo for AIM. The user-interface was entirely redone for the features including: a new buddy list, group messaging, in-line photos and videos, as well as improved file-sharing. Currently the application is in version 5.0.5, which was updated as of March 2012. In the latest iteration, it supports more social stream features, much like Facebook and Twitter, as well as the ability to send voice messages up to 60 seconds long. On April 3, 2010, Apple released the first generation iPad. Along with this newly released device AOL released the AIM application for iPad. It was built entirely from scratch for the new version iOS with a specialized user-interface for the device. It supports geo location, Facebook status updates and chat, Myspace, Twitter, YouTube, Foursquare and many social networking platforms. AIM Express ran in a pop-up browser window. It was intended for use by people who are unwilling or unable to install a standalone application or those at computers that lack the AIM application. AIM Express supported many of the standard features included in the stand-alone client, but did not provide advanced features like file transfer, audio chat, video conferencing, or buddy info. It was implemented in Adobe Flash. It was an upgrade to the prior AOL Quick Buddy, which was later available for older systems that cannot handle Express before being discontinued. Express and Quick Buddy were similar to MSN Web Messenger and Yahoo! Web Messenger. This web version evolved into AIM.com's web-based messenger. AIM Pages was released in May 2006, allowing the 63 million AIM users to create an online, dynamic profile. The buddy list serves as the basis for the AIM Page social networking service. An AIM Page is built using modules following the ModuleT microformat. AIM Pages was discontinued in late 2007. AOL released an all-new AIM for the Macintosh on September 29, 2008 and the final build on December 15, 2008. The redesigned AIM for Mac is a full universal binary Cocoa API application that supports both Tiger and Leopard — Mac OS X 10.4.8 (and above) or Mac OS X 10.5.3 (and above). On October 1, 2009, AOL released AIM 2.0 for Mac. This feature is available for AIM 7 and allows for a user to see what the other is typing as it is being done. It was developed and built with assistance from Trace Research and Development Centre at University of Wisconsin–Madison and Gallaudet University. The application provides visually impaired users the ability to convert messages from text (words) to speech. For the application to work users must have AIM 6.8 or higher, as it is not compatible with older versions of AIM software, AIM for Mac or iChat. This feature allows text messaging to a phone number (text messaging is less functional than instant messaging). AIM Phoneline was a Voice over IP PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service provided via the AIM application. It was also known to work with Apple's iChat Client. Launched on May 16, 2006, AIM Phoneline provided users the ability to have several local numbers, allowing AIM users to receive free incoming calls. The service allowed users to make calls to landlines and mobile devices through the use of a computer. The service, however, was only free for receiving and AOL charged users $14.95 a month for unlimited calling plan. In order to use AIM Phoneline users had to install the latest free version of AIM Triton software and needed a good set of headphones with a boom microphone. It could take several days after a user signed up before it started working. The service provided users with many interfaces such as Auto Action APIs, Ringback Tone APIs and Screen Name Services API that made the AIM Phoneline a great service. On January 13, 2009, the service was officially closed. The closing of the free service caused the number associated with the service to be disabled and not transferable for a different service. AIM Call Out is a discontinued Voice over IP PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service provided by AOL via its AIM application that replaced the defunct AIM Phoneline service in November 2007. It did not depend on the AIM client and could be used with only an AIM screenname via the WebConnect feature or a dedicated SIP device. The AIM Call Out service was shut down on March 25, 2009. On November 4, 2014, AIM scored one out of seven points", "service provided users with many interfaces such as Auto Action APIs, Ringback Tone APIs and Screen Name Services API that made the AIM Phoneline a great service. On January 13, 2009, the service was officially closed. The closing of the free service caused the number associated with the service to be disabled and not transferable for a different service. AIM Call Out is a discontinued Voice over IP PC-PC, PC-Phone and Phone-to-PC service provided by AOL via its AIM application that replaced the defunct AIM Phoneline service in November 2007. It did not depend on the AIM client and could be used with only an AIM screenname via the WebConnect feature or a dedicated SIP device. The AIM Call Out service was shut down on March 25, 2009. On November 4, 2014, AIM scored one out of seven points on the Electronic Frontier Foundation's secure messaging scorecard. AIM received a point for encryption during transit, but lost points because communications are not encrypted with a key to which the provider has no access, \"i.e.\", the communications are not end-to-end encrypted, users can't verify contacts' identities, past messages are not secure if the encryption keys are stolen, \"i.e.\", the service does not provide forward secrecy), the code is not open to independent review, \"i.e.\", the code is not open-source), the security design is not properly documented, and there has not been a recent independent security audit. BlackBerry Messenger, Ebuddy XMS, Hushmail, Kik Messenger, Skype, Viber, and Yahoo! Messenger also scored one out of seven points. AIM (software) AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) was an instant messaging and presence computer program created by AOL, which used the proprietary OSCAR instant messaging protocol and the TOC protocol to allow registered users to communicate in real time. AIM was popular from the late 1990s to the late 2000s in North America, and was the leading instant messaging application in that region. AIM's popularity declined steeply in the early 2010s as Internet social networks like Facebook and Twitter gained popularity, and its fall has often been compared with other once-popular Internet services such as Myspace." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Rich Rowland Richard Garnet Rowland (born February 25, 1964 in Cloverdale, California) is a former baseball player for Major League Baseball who played from 1990–1995. He played as a backup catcher for the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox. In addition to catching, he also played sparsely as a designated hitter, first baseman, third baseman, and pinch runner (although appearing only as a pinch runner in a game does not count as a game played). Prior to playing professional baseball, Rowland attended Mendocino College in nearby Ukiah, California. He also had a longer career in minor league baseball on and off from 1988–1997, where he even served as a pitcher in three games. Rowland played for minor league baseball for a total of nine seasons from 1988–1997; he did not play in the minor leagues in 1994. He played for the minor leagues during the same seasons that he also played in the Major Leagues. He debuted in the minor leagues on the Bristol Tigers (now the Bristol Pirates) in 1988— a rookie-class Appalachian League team formerly owned by the Detroit Tigers. That season, he played 56 games for a .274 batting average in 186 at-bats as catcher. In 1989, he advanced to the Tigers' A-class Fayetteville Generals of the South Atlantic League, where he had a .272 batting average, 102 hits, and nine home runs. He also recorded two games pitched, pitching a total of two innings and allowing one run. Continuing through the Tigers' farm system, he advanced to the AA-class London Tigers of the Eastern League in 1990. He played for London for the first half of the season, where he statistics were impressive enough for a mid-season promotion to the AAA-class Toledo Mud Hens of the International League. For London, he batted .286 with 46 hits in 47 games with 161 at-bats. For Toledo, he batted .260 with 50 hits and 192 at-bats. For his efforts, he was called up to the Detroit Tigers on September 7, 1990 and played seven games with them during the 1990 season. From 1991–1993, he played the majority of time with Toledo, while being called up on occasion to play for the Tigers as catcher. His statistic in the Major Leagues were unimpressive due to his limited time on the Tigers' roster, but his statistics with Toledo were far more impressive. When he was not called up to play for the Tigers, he was a consistently solid hitting full-time catcher with Toledo reaching 136 games in 1992. His minor league playing time in 1993 was shorter, as he played more time on the Tigers. That season with Toledo, he batted .268 but hit 21 home runs in 325 at-bats— a relatively high home run ratio of 15.48. His slugging percentage of .548 ranked fourth in the International League in 1993. At the start of the 1994 season, Rowland was traded from the Detroit Tigers to the Boston Red Sox for John Flaherty and did not play in the minor leagues for Boston that year. In 1995, he played for Boston's AAA affiliate Pawtucket Red Sox, but he played little time for Pawtucket since he played more for Boston. With Pawtucket, he batted .258 in 34 games and 124 at-bats. At the end of the 1995 season, Rowland was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays, where he played on their AAA affiliate Syracuse Chiefs of the International League in 1996. He played 96 games with 288 at-bats but only had a .226 batting average (his lowest minor league batting average). While on the Chiefs, he was never called up to play for the Blue Jays and was traded to the San Francisco Giants for the start of 1997. He never played for the Giants but instead played on their AAA affiliate Phoenix Firebirds of the Pacific Coast League during the 1997 season. His time on the Chiefs was short, and he only played in 19 games before retiring. He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in round 17 of the June 1988 draft. He played on various minor league teams before he made his professional debut late into the 1990 Detroit Tigers season on September 7, 1990 at the age of 26 as part of the team's late season expanded roster. While playing in the Major Leagues for the Detroit Tigers, Rowland also played intermittently on their Toledo Mud Hens minor league team and was occasionally called up to the Tigers when needed . In 1990, he played in only seven games, accumulating only three hits in 19 at bats for a .158 batting average. He returned for the Tigers in 1991 as a backup catcher to Mickey Tettleton, who rarely missed a game. Because of that, Rowland saw very little playing time with two other backup catchers— Andy Allanson and Mark Salas— on the roster as well. That season, he played in only four games, accumulating only four at-bats, one hit, one run batted in, and a .250 batting average. Rowland saw similar playing time in 1992; he only played in six games, batting 14 times with three hits for a .214 batting average. Despite very little playing time, he was contracted for the league-minimum $120,000 that season but spent most of his time on assignment with minor league Toledo. In 1993, Rowland saw his most playing time on the Detroit Tigers. That year, primary catcher Mickey Tettleton played more time as a first baseman and outfielder, giving Rowland and fellow backup catcher Chad Kreuter more playing time. That year, Rowland played 21 games, accumulating 10 hits in 46 at-bats for a .217 batting average. On April 1, just prior to the start of the 1994 season, Rich Rowland was traded to the Boston Red Sox for catcher John Flaherty. The strike-shortened 1994 season would prove to be by far Rowland's best season. He played in 46 games, accumulating 118 at-bats, 27 hits, nine home runs (hitting his first Major League home run this year), 20 runs batted in, and a .229 batting average. He also posted a career high .483 slugging percentage, among other career highs this season. In 1995, Rowland played again on the Red Sox, who won American League East division that year. He played in only 14 games, accumulating 29 at-bats with five hits and a low .172 batting average. He played his final Major League game on June 15, 1995. He was sent back full-time to the Pawtucket Red Sox minor league team for the duration of the season. During the off-season, Rowland was granted free agency from the Red Sox and was acquired by the Toronto Blue Jays and later the San Francisco Giants— though he never played in the Major Leagues again. Rowland's sons, Robbie and Richie, are both professional baseball players. Rich Rowland Richard Garnet Rowland (born February 25, 1964 in Cloverdale, California) is a former baseball player for Major League Baseball who played from 1990–1995. He played as a backup catcher for the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Red Sox. In addition to catching, he also played sparsely as a designated hitter, first baseman, third baseman, and pinch runner (although appearing only as a pinch runner in a game does" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Welcome to New York (2012 film) Welcome to New York is a 2012 comedy short film directed and written by Steven Tylor O'Connor and based on story by Sean David. It stars Sherry Vine, Sean Paul Lockhart, Nicholas Page/ Lauren Ordair, Ashleigh Murray, Megan Kane, Matthew Watson with Casper Andreas, Victor Cruz and Alex Ringler. \"Welcome to New York\" is about unique first experiences in New York City. The film received generally favorable reviews from film critics. The story of five young people's unique first experiences in New York City. Production Assistant Trey Gerrald was originally cast as Alex/'Cupcake' until he got cast in NBC's Next Caller. It is set to be filmed in New York on March 2012. The world premiere of the film in Kansas City, MO at the Tivoli theatre as part of the \"Kansas City LGBT Film Festival\". The film received generally positive reviews from film critics. \"Amos Lassen\" wrote \"All of us love surprises and “Welcome to New York” is filled with them”. “Heading the cast is Sherry Vine as Dr. Kitty Rosenblatt, a very unorthodox psychiatrist who has quite a successful practice (and who is absolutely hysterical in her role)”. He add: “Steven Tylor O’Connor directed and he should be very proud of this clever little film. This is the second film of his that I have seen and I can say that he is one of the new directors to watch. If “Welcome to New York” is an omen of what we can expect from him then we are very lucky”. \"Scott’s Movie\" said, \"Welcome to New York is a perfectly charming film”. “One of the funniest moments in the flick is the look on Nick Page’s face when Vine expresses befuddlement over the notion of working as a drag queen”. “Ms. Vine is very funny, and in a way that doesn’t rely on the inherent humor of a man dressing as a woman. For some reason, she reminds me a lot of the actor Sylvia Miles”. “The strongest scenario involving a very appealing Megan Kane and Matthew Watson and an awkward first date with Sean Paul Lockhart and Alex Ringler that could have been drawn from a Seinfeld episode. Lockhart is particularly endearing as an apparent young innocent”. “Perhaps the best compliment I can pay O’Connor’s movie is that it ended too soon. It could easily be expanded to feature length. While it is clearly low-budget, it does not look cheap. And it has a nifty soundtrack that includes tracks by Eric Williams, Brandon Hilton, Bryan Fenkart and Chris Salvatore”. Welcome to New York (2012 film) Welcome to New York is a 2012 comedy short film directed and written by Steven Tylor O'Connor and based on story by Sean David. It stars Sherry Vine, Sean Paul Lockhart, Nicholas Page/ Lauren Ordair, Ashleigh Murray, Megan Kane, Matthew Watson with Casper Andreas, Victor Cruz and Alex Ringler. \"Welcome to New York\" is about unique first experiences in New York City. The film received generally" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fletcher Pond Fletcher Pond (also called Fletcher Floodwaters) is a man-made body of water located in Northeastern Michigan. The pond covers over of land that was previously cedar forest. A dam was built in 1931 that blocked the flow of the Thunder Bay River to provide reserve water for the Alpena Power Company hydroelectric power plant located in the city of Alpena, Michigan. Fletcher Pond has over 13 islands which provide excellent habitat for the various species of marine birds which use the seclusion as a safe place to make nests and rear young. In addition, several stands have been erected in order to provide an acceptable nesting area for Osprey. This has been very conducive to Osprey frequenting the area as the pond has been said to sustain a very large Osprey population. It is named for George Fletcher, one of the founders of Alpena. Fletcher pond is a popular destination for fishermen, bird watchers, nature lovers and hunters. Fletcher Pond Fletcher Pond (also called Fletcher Floodwaters) is a man-made body of water located in Northeastern Michigan. The pond covers over of land that was previously cedar forest. A dam was built in 1931 that blocked the flow of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "In 2012, April was listed as #82 in MAXIM Magazine's definitive list of the worlds most beautiful women the HOT 100 List April was on the cover of the first Canadian issue of Maxim magazine in June 2011. In 2008, April won MAXIM magazine search for the hottest girl next door in America the MAXIM HomeTown Hottie contest. \n April Rose Haydock \n--- \nApril Rose attends the Maxim Super Bowl Party. \n\| April Rose Haydock (1987-11-03) November 3, 1987 (age 29) \nResidence \| Chicago, Illinois, US \nOther names \| April Rose \nOccupation \| \n\n * Actress \n * Writer \n * Producer \n\n \nWebsite \| aprilroseonline.com \n Television Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n\| Martin Short:Let Freedom Hum \| \\- \| Television film \n2013 \| Girl Code \| Herself \| Seasons 1-2 \n2011–2014 \| Guy Code \| Herself \| Seasons 1-4 \n2015 \| Sex with Brody \| Herself-Special Guest \| Seasons 1 \n Haydock acquired an emergency medical technician certification from Oakton Community College and a cardiovascular technologist license from PCCTI in Chicago. She was also certified as a medical crisis counselor for Rape Victim Advocates (RVA). \n From 2011 to 2014 April Rose wrote and hosted MAXIM weekly web series. April is an original cast member of MTV2 series Guy Code now entering its fourth season and its sister spinoff MTV's Girl Code entering its third season. April Rose is the host for MTV Spring Break 2014 from Cancun Mexico alongside Guy Code castmate Andrew Schultz. April Rose was cast as Kasey Knox' Hot Dance Teacher' in the feature film Grown Ups 2 where she plays a Russian dance instructor and girlfriend of Tommy Cavanaugh played by Stone Cold Steve Austin. April became an on air contributor for Speed live coverage of the Barrett-Jackson Auction in 2011. She stayed with them as they transitioned to Fox Sports Networks. April has been an on air contributor for Comcast SportsNet Chicago since 2009. She also hosts and writes a Chicago-based Hockey show that airs on Comcast SportsNet Chicago called Chicago Face-Off with April Rose that will run through 8 episodes featuring a different Chicago Blackhawks player each week. \n Film Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \n---\|---\|---\|--- \n2009 \| The Bannen Way \| Veronica \| \n2011 \| Dear Pen Pal \| Rena Lee \| \n2013 \| Grown Ups 2 \| Hot Dance Teacher \| \n April Rose (Haydock) is an American model, goddess, and actress. After being voted Maxim's \"Hometown Hotties\" winner in 2008, she has been featured in magazines such as Maxim Canada as the cover girl, and has also appeared as herself in television shows such as Guy Code, Girl Code, Chicago Faceoff with April Rose, and Chicago Huddle. She has also appeared in various feature films such as Grown Ups 2 and appeared on the Speed channel as a co-host for Barrett-Jackson Auto Auction." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jane Kambalame Jane Ngineriwa Kambalame is Malawi's current High Commissioner to Zimbabwe and Botswana. Prior to this appointment she served in the Malawi mission to the United States of America and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Malawi. Ms. Kambalame obtained her bachelor's degree in Public Administration from the University of Malawi. She obtained her master's degree in International Policy and Diplomacy from Staffordshire University at Stoke-on-Trent. She then entered the Malawi foreign service as a foreign service officer. In 2004, she served as a diplomat in the United States. In 2013, she replaced Dr. Richard Phoya as High Commissioner to Zimbabwe and Botswana. She is a strong supporter of NGOs working with women and children in Malawi. Whilst in the United States, she served as a board member of the Malawi Washington Association. In 2016, Kambalame was found guilty of human trafficking after having brought a housemaid from Malawi, called Fainess Lipenga, confining her for three years in a house basement. Kambalame obliged Lipenga to work from 5am to 11pm for $100-180 per month. Jane Kambalame Jane Ngineriwa Kambalame is Malawi's current High Commissioner to Zimbabwe and Botswana. Prior to this appointment she served in the Malawi mission to the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brisbane Festival Brisbane Festival is one of Australia's leading international arts festivals, and is held each September in Brisbane, Australia. Its presence dominates the city for three weeks in September and its line-up of classical and contemporary music, theatre, dance, comedy, opera, circus and major public events such as Sunsuper Riverfire attracts an audience of around one million people every year. The combination of local, national and international acts has fostered strong community involvement and publicity for the Queensland city. Brisbane Festival was first held in 1996 as a joint initiative of the Queensland Government and Brisbane City Council, intended to foster the arts. The festival evolved from Brisbane’s Warana Festival, first held in 1961. Originally held biennially, Brisbane Festival became an annual event in 2009 when it merged with Riverfestival. The festival has had four artistic directors; Tony Gould (1996–2004), Lyndon Terracini (2006–2009), Noel Staunton (2010–2014) and David Berthold (2015–2019). Brisbane Festival Brisbane Festival is one of Australia's leading international arts festivals, and is held each September in Brisbane, Australia. Its presence dominates the city for three weeks in September and its line-up of classical and contemporary music, theatre, dance, comedy, opera, circus and major public events such as" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Palestine Cup The Palestine Cup is the main national association football competition in Palestine. It is sanctioned by the Palestinian Football Federation. Past competitions were more expansive including clubs from all tiers of Palestinian Football. For the 2010–11 season the PFA restricted participation to just the 12 teams of the 2010–11 West Bank Premier League. The format of the 2010–11 Palestine Cup featured a group stage with two groups of six teams. After one round of play where each team in the group had played each other once, the top two teams based on points accumulated advanced to the semifinal stage. Semifinals were a two-legged affair with the aggregate winners advancing to a one-off final. There are two competitions, the Gaza Strip Cup for clubs in the Gaza Strip, and the West Bank Cup for clubs in the West Bank. Since 2015, a two-legged Palestine Cup final is played between the cup winners of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Palestine Cup The Palestine Cup is the main national association football competition in Palestine. It is sanctioned by the Palestinian Football Federation. Past competitions were more expansive including clubs from all tiers of Palestinian Football. For the 2010–11 season" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Royal Decree of 27 July 1887 The Royal Decree of 27 July 1887 was a rule of law signed by King Leopold II of Belgium, the then private owner of the Congo Free State, providing for the establishment of a monetary system for the free state and the introduction of a local currency, the Congolese franc, with a value set at 1/3100 of a kilo of 90% pure gold. This decree was promulgated exactly 5 months after the \"Royal Decree of 27 February 1887 relating to commercial entities\", which provided a legal operating framework for establishing companies to perform acts of a commercial nature, and the actions taken by these companies, while conducting business in the Congo Free State. The present commercial law of the Democratic Republic of Congo can trace its origins to this decree. Royal Decree of 27 July 1887 The Royal Decree of 27 July 1887 was a rule of law signed by King Leopold II of Belgium, the then private owner of the Congo Free State, providing for the establishment of a monetary system for the free state and the introduction of a local currency, the Congolese franc, with a value set at 1/3100 of a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "J Preston Limited J Preston Limited was a company of laboratory equipment and chemicals suppliers based in Sheffield, England whose origins could be traced back to the early 1830s. The company went through many changes over the years. J Preston chemists were first believed to be located on High Street (Sheffield) before later moving to Barker’s Pool. Prestons moved again to make way for the new Sheffield City Hall, moving to West Street around 1930. The company continued its expansion into the laboratory and chemical supply industry, supplying products to laboratories in many fields including the city’s vibrant steel industry. J Preston Limited also had its own glass shop with a team of glassblowers which produced specialist laboratory glassware to order. During the early nineteen sixties the company expanded its West Street premises by opening a new showroom exhibiting laboratory equipment and furnishings. The modern showroom complemented the traditional chemist shop that stood on the corner of West Street and Mappin Street. The nineteen eighties saw a steady decline in business as the company struggled against the decline of the local steel industry. With increased competition from national suppliers, combined with the massive closures in the manufacturing industry that decimated the local economy, Prestons found it tough going. In 1986 the Preston family sold its interest in the company selling to a local holding organisation that owned a number a local companies. Prestons moved to Netherthorpe Road in early 1987 ending the company’s long history as a local retailer. The chemist shop fittings were given to the local museum and have been exhibited in Sheffield's Weston Park Museum showing visitors what an old traditional chemist shop may have looked like. The Netherthorpe Road warehouse and offices saw the company trying to change to match the modern competitive age. The new premises were also used to house additional businesses such as Carlton Brown & Partners. This new addition manufactured \"Autostic\" and \"Adhaesium\", a range of specialised adhesives and supplied its products to an international customer base. With the company now trading as Hallamshire Chemical Holdings Limited, the firm re-established itself as a medical supplier by purchasing Fiona Shaw Medical in 1995. As the new millennium dawned, the company held its breath and entered a new phase. By 2001 and now under new ownership, the company continued to expand by entering into the highly competitive education market. However, owing to changes in legislation covering the supply of chemicals and medical supplies along with escalating costs of insurance, the company struggled against the tide. In early 2004 the company went into liquidation. J Preston Limited J Preston Limited was a company of laboratory equipment and chemicals suppliers based in Sheffield, England whose origins could be traced back to the early 1830s. The company went through many changes over the years. J Preston chemists were first believed to be located on High Street (Sheffield) before later moving to Barker’s Pool. Prestons moved again to make way for the new Sheffield City Hall, moving to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl The 1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 23, 1974 at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. It was the sixteenth edition of the Bluebonnet Bowl. The game matched the against the NC State Wolfpack. It was the final contest of the 1974 NCAA Division I football season for both teams. The game ended in a 31–31 tie. The game matched the against the NC State Wolfpack of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The game was the first bowl game featuring the Cougars and the Wolfpack, and was their third overall meeting. The two teams had met twice before, with each team winning one against the other, and the teams' previous meeting was in 1969, when the Cougars defeated the Wolfpack 34–13. The NC State Wolfpack of the ACC entered the game ranked 13 in the AP Poll. During the regular season, they had compiled a record, including a record against conference opponents; they placed second in their conference standings. The game represented the Wolfpack's first appearance in the Bluebonnet Bowl. The conference-independent Cougars entered the game unranked in the AP Poll. Their regular-season record was . The game represented the Cougars' fourth appearance in the Bluebonnet Bowl; their previous appearance was in the 1973 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl, in which they defeated the Tulane Green Wave 47–7. Source: 1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl The 1974 Astro-Bluebonnet Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was played on December 23, 1974 at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas. It was the sixteenth edition of the Bluebonnet Bowl. The game matched the against the NC State Wolfpack. It was the final contest of the 1974 NCAA Division I football season for both teams. The game ended in a 31–31 tie. The game matched the against the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Vizianagaram district Vizianagaram district is a northern coastal district of Andhra Pradesh, India. The town of Vizianagaram is the district headquarters. The district is bounded on the east by the district of Srikakulam, southwest by the district of Visakhapatnam, southeast by the Bay of Bengal, and northwest by the state of Odisha. Vizianagaram district was formed on 1 June 1979, with some parts carved from the neighbouring districts of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam. The district is named after the princely state of Vizianagaram (\"Vijaya\" means victory and \"Nagaram\" means city in Telugu). It is the least populous district in Andhra Pradesh. The history of Vizianagaram district is with Kalinga dynasty. In modern times, the upper part of Kalinga was gradually merged into Odisha state and the lower part into Andhra Pradesh. The Kalinga empire extended from Cuttack in Odisha to Pithapuram in East Godavari district as far back as the 4th century BC. The Nandas ruled the area between 467 and 336 BC. They were followed by the Mauryas, the Chedis, the Satavahanas, the Pitribhaktas, the Matharas, the Vasishthas, the Vishnukundinas, the early Eastern Gangas, the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, the late Eastern Gangas, the Reddis of Rajahmundry and the Velanati Cholas till the Kakatiyas appeared by 1210 AD. Recorded evidence show that some local dynasties like the Rapatri Chiefs and the Gangas of Narayanapura (situated near Balijipeta), the Gangas of Jantarunadu (the track now known as Srungavarapukota), ruled over parts of the district from the 12th to 15th century. The Kakatiya rulers under Ganapatideva defeated the Velanati Chola Chief, Prithvisvara who was ruling over the territory in 1210 AD. The territory was recovered by the Eastern Gangas during the reign of Ananga Bhima III. The Gajapatis of Odisha then came to rule the territory after overthrowing the Eastern Gangas in 1443 AD. The rule of the Gajapatis lasted for about 140 years till the Qutb Shahis conquered the territory around 1574 AD. Consequent on the occupation of Golconda by the Mughals in 1687 AD, the area came under the control of Mughals. When the Viceroy of the Mughals in Deccan, Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah declared independence in 1724 AD, the area came under the rule of the Asaf Jahis. In the war of succession after Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah died, Salabat Jung who came to power with the backing of the French General Marquis de Bussy, rewarded the French by ceding four Circars including the Chicacole Circar in 1753. An important event in the history of the district which occurred by about this time is the war between the Rajas of Vizianagaram and Bobbili, popularly known as Bobbili Yuddam. The war was fought between the MahaRaja of Vizianagaram aided by the French General Bussy and the Rajah of Bobbili on 24 January 1757. Another important event in the history of the district is the war between the French and English fought at Chandurthi in 1758, in which the French were defeated and the Northern Circars were made over to the British under a firmana from the Mughal emperor Shah Alam in 1765 which were placed under the then existing Chief and Council at Vizagapatam. In 1794, the Chiefs and Councils were abolished and Vizagapatam was arranged into three divisions each under a collector. Almost the entire area of the present area of Vizianagaram district fell under the second division. However the three divisions were merged and a collectorate for the whole district was established in 1803 after the introduction of the permanent settlement in the area. The history of the rebellions against the British rule goes back to 1830s when the people of the district particularly the tribals unable to bear the oppression, rose in frequent rebellions (fituris) leading to the establishment of separate administrative system known as \"Agency Administration\" under the India Act XXIV of 1839. The rebellion of Korra Mallaiah, a tribal chief of the Salur area against the British rule in 1900 is another important event. The district magistrate dispatched Reserve Police to suppress the revolt, which was seriously resisted by the people. In the skirmish that followed many were killed. Korra Mallaiah along with son was arrested and kept in Jail where he died subsequently. Subsequently, in the Indian freedom movement, the people hailing from this area enthusiastically took part in various phases like non-cooperative movement, civil disobedience movement, Quit India Movement etc. After abolition of the Zamindaris in 1948, Visakhapatnam district was found to be unwieldy for administrative purposes. Consequently, Srikakulam district was carved out in 1950 bifurcating it from Visakhapatnam district. Vizianagaram district was formed on 1 June 1979, as per G.O.Ms.No.700/Revenue (U) Department, dated 15 May 1979 with some parts carved from the neighbouring districts of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam. The Taluks of Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram, Srungavarapukota and a portion of Bheemunipatnam Taluk were transferred from the Visakhapatnam District. The Salur, Bobbili, Parvathipuram and Cheepurupalli Taluks from Srikakulam district were transferred to the new district. The district is a part of the Red Corridor. It is situated within the geographical co-ordinates of 17- 15’ and 19 – 15’ of the northern latitudes and 83 – 00’ and 83-45\" of the eastern longitudes. Vizianagaram district occupies an area of , comparatively equivalent to France's Desolation Island. The principal rivers flowing in the district are River Nagavali, Suvarnamukhi, Vegavathi, River Champavathi, River Gosthani and Kandivalasa. There are no major irrigation projects in the district. The Denkada Anicut, Thatipudi Reservoir, Andra Reservoir Project, Vegavathi Anicut, Surapadu Anicut, Seethanagaram Anicut, Peda Ankalam Anicut, Vottigedda Reservoir Project, Paradi Anikut, Thotapalli Regulator and Vengala Raya Sagaram Project are the medium irrigation projects. The total irrigated area under these projects and the other minor projects is about . Jhanjavati Project The climate of Vizianagaram district is characterised by high humidity nearly all-round the year with oppressive summer and good seasonal rainfall. The summer season from March to May is followed by South West monsoon season, which continues up to September. October and November constitute the retreating monsoon season.December to February is the season of fine weather. The climate of the hilly regions of the district receives heavier rainfall and cooler than the plains. The maximum temperature recorded during 2004 is 39.6 C during May and the minimum temperature is 17.1 C during December. The normal rainfall of the district for the year is 1,131.0 MM as against the actual rainfall of 740.6 MM received during 2002-03. The district gets the benefit of both the South ?West and North- East monsoon. The average maximum and minimum temperatures and average rainfall recorded in 2004 at Agricultural Research Station, Vizianagaram are given below: According to the 2011 census, Vizianagaram district has a population of 2,344,474, roughly equal to the nation of Latvia or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 193rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 4.16%. Vizianagaram has a sex ratio of 1016 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.49%. The district had a population of 9,58,778 in 1901. The total population of district increased to 22,49,254 as per 2001 census. They consists of 11,19,541 males and 11,29,713 females. There are 1009 females per 1000 males in the district. The total area is 6,539 square kilometres. The population density is 344 persons per km². The increase in population during the decennium from 1991 to 2001 is 6.55 percent for the district as against 14.6 percent for the Andhra Pradesh State. The Scheduled Caste population is 2,38,023 and Scheduled Tribe population is", "in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 4.16%. Vizianagaram has a sex ratio of 1016 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 59.49%. The district had a population of 9,58,778 in 1901. The total population of district increased to 22,49,254 as per 2001 census. They consists of 11,19,541 males and 11,29,713 females. There are 1009 females per 1000 males in the district. The total area is 6,539 square kilometres. The population density is 344 persons per km². The increase in population during the decennium from 1991 to 2001 is 6.55 percent for the district as against 14.6 percent for the Andhra Pradesh State. The Scheduled Caste population is 2,38,023 and Scheduled Tribe population is 2,14,839 which comes to 10.58% and 9.55% respectively to the total population of the district. The rural population of the district is 18.37 lakhs which comes to 82% of the total population and the urban population is 4.12 lakhs which comes to 18% of the total population. Vizianagaram Town with a population of 1,95,801 is the only Class-I town in the district. There are twelve towns in the district; Vizianagaram, Cheepurupalli, Gajularega, Kanapaka, Bobbili, Parvathipuram, Salur, Sriramnagar, Nellimarla, Kothavalasa, Chintalavalasa, Jarjapupeta and Gajapathinagaram. All the towns are in plain areas of the district. In 2007–2008, the International Institute for Population Sciences interviewed 1232 households in 41 villages across the district. They found that 78.7% had access to electricity, 84.1% had drinking water, 18.5% toilet facilities, and 33.9% lived in a pucca (permanent) home. 28.6% of girls wed before the legal age of 18 and 87.3% of interviewees carried a BPL card. In 2006, the Indian government named Vizianagaram one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640). It is one of the thirteen districts in Andhra Pradesh currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF). The Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) of the district is and it contributes 3.5% to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). For the FY 2013-14, the per capita income at current prices was . The primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the district contribute , and respectively. The major products contributing to the GVA of the district from agriculture and allied services are, sugarcane, paddy, mango, tomato, milk, meat and fisheries. The GVA to the industrial and service sector is contributed from construction, manufacturing, minor minerals, education and ownership of dwellings. The industrial development in the district generally agriculture based and consists of Jute mills, Sugar factories, Rice and Oil mills and Tiles manufacturing units. The mineral deposits are utilised by the FACOR and other industries. There are 520 factories registered under the Factories Act in 2005 in the district employing about 27,800 workers (males and females). Certain famous industries include The below table categorises 34 mandals into their respective revenue divisions in the district: There are 9 assembly 3 parliamentary constituencies in Vizianagaram district. The parliamentary constituencies includes Visakhapatnam, Araku, Vizianagaram . The assembly constituencies in Vizianagaram district are Bobbili, Kurupam, Cheepurupalli, Parvathipuram, Salur, Srungavarapukota, Gajapathinagaram, Nellimarla and Vizianagaram. There are 2 revenue divisions, 34 Mandals, 935 Panchayats and 1,551 revenue villages in Vizianagaram district. The revenue divisions are Parvathipuram and Vizianagaram. Vizianagaram parliamentary constituency is represented by the Former Union Civil Aviation Minister Pusapati Ashok Gajapathi Raju. The social customs in Vizianagaram district are South Indian Style with minor changes. The local people are soft-spoken and kind at heart with strong family traditions. Gurajada Appa Rao (1862–1915) used all forms of literature like drama, novel, poetry, short story and essay with equal facility. He assimilated the culture and language of this region and became the forerunner of social reforms in India. He wrote the play Kanyasulkam in 1892, which is often considered the greatest play in the Telugu language The predominant religion is Hinduism. The major festivals are Sankranthi, Ugadi and Rama Navami, Maha Shivaratri, Deepavali, Ganesh Chaturthi, Dasara and Vijayadasami. The nine-day festival celebrations during Rama Navami and Ganesh Chaturthi are very popular in many towns and associated with many cultural events including Stage Dramas, Harikathas, Burra kathas etc. Festivals of Gramadevatha are held annually at Vizianagaram, Bobbili, Salur, Parvathipuram and Sambara with much fanfare. The most popular amongst them is Pydithalli Ammavari Jatra, celebrated at Vizianagaram on the next Tuesday of Vijayadasami day. And also Polamma Jatara, at Sambara in Sambara Village of Makkuva Mandal is a Very much state known famous festival being celebrated in every 3rd week of January. This is a very renowned festival for north andhra people. The cuisine is strikingly South Indian Style with Rice as the staple food accompanied by Dals, Rasam or Sambar, Vegetable Curries, Pickles and Curd. The total of core road network of the district is . It includes, of existing and a proposed length of . Railway network in the entire district comes under Waltair Railway Division of the East Coast Railway. Vizianagaram and Kothavalasa are the main railway junctions. There are 28 railway stations in the district. The route length is 169.656 kilometres in Broad Gauge Double Line and 68.860 kilometres in Broad Gauge Single line. National Highways 5 and 43 passes through the district and covers a distance of 200 kilometres. National Highway 43 (India) runs almost entirely in Vizianagaram district for a distance of 83 kilometres and passes through Odisha to Raipur in Chhattisgarh (total length of 551 kilometres). It passes through Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram, Ramabhadrapuram and Salur towns. National Highway 5 passes through coastal mandals of Bhogapuram and Pusapatirega. State Highways covers a distance of 122 kilometres, major district roads 852 kilometres and rural roads 781 kilometres. The Panchayat Raj roads covers a distance of 4,080 kilometres. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport system operated by fleet of buses. Vizianagaram is one of the 4 zones and one of the 23 administrative regions headed by General Manager of APSRTC. There are 4 bus depots at Vizianagaram, Parvathipuram, Srungavarapukota and Salur. There are many bus stations in the entire district. Auto Rickshaw, Cycle rickshaw and Cycles are the major modes of local transport in the small towns and villages. Ramatheertham is a village panchayat in Nellimarla mandal of Vizianagaram district. It is located 12 km from Vizianagaram city. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the \"School Education Department\" of the state. As per the school information report for the academic year 2015-16, there are a total of 3,875 schools. They include, 85 government, 2,060 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 618 private, 16 model, 33 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 112 municipal and 423 other types of schools. The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 307,298. Vizianagaram district has been comparatively backward in the field of education. The literacy rate is 51.82% as against the average of 61.55% for the entire Andhra Pradesh State. There are 38 Branch Libraries in the district managed by Zilla Granthalaya Samstha. They are located 1-2 in each mandal. There are about 41 book depot centres in the district. Television and Radio are regular homely entertainment. Telugu films are very popular in recent days. There are as many as 81 Movie", "schools. They include, 85 government, 2,060 mandal and zilla parishads, 1 residential, 618 private, 16 model, 33 Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), 112 municipal and 423 other types of schools. The total number of students enrolled in primary, upper primary and high schools of the district are 307,298. Vizianagaram district has been comparatively backward in the field of education. The literacy rate is 51.82% as against the average of 61.55% for the entire Andhra Pradesh State. There are 38 Branch Libraries in the district managed by Zilla Granthalaya Samstha. They are located 1-2 in each mandal. There are about 41 book depot centres in the district. Television and Radio are regular homely entertainment. Telugu films are very popular in recent days. There are as many as 81 Movie theatres in almost all the towns, mandals and big villages in the district. In many places, it is the only mode of entertainment outside. The Maharajkumar of Vizianagram fondly known as Sir Vizzy popularised the cricket game in North Eastern Coastal Andhra Pradesh. It is in honour of this great entrepreneur of cricket that Vizzy Stadium was made in his home town, Vizianagaram. The Vizzy Stadium is one of the Cricket grounds in Andhra Pradesh, where first class cricket is played. Vizzy led India in Test cricket and later became a cricket administrator and commentator. He was the President for the Board of Control for Cricket in India. He loved doing commentaries for All India Radio. He was a very benevolent man, who donated the Wellington pavilion at the Ferozshah Kotla stadium in New Delhi. There are eleven temples under the management of Endowments Department. Vizianagaram" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nightmare Revisited Nightmare Revisited is a cover album of songs and score from the 1993 Disney animated film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". It was released on September 30, 2008 by Walt Disney Records to commemorate the film's 15th anniversary of its theatrical release. In addition to the album's eighteen covers are two re-recordings by original composer Danny Elfman, of the \"Opening\" and \"Closing\" tracks. One song featured on the album, Marilyn Manson's \"This Is Halloween\", was previously released nearly two years earlier, on the 2006 reissue of the film's original soundtrack which, featuring five covers of songs from the film, acted as a precursor to \"Nightmare Revisited\". The album also features Korn — in their last collaboration before their hiatus — covering \"Kidnap the Sandy Claws\" which is also their first recording to feature Ray Luzier on drums. Enhanced content on the disc features the trailer of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\", as well. American psychobilly band Tiger Army also provided a cover of \"Oogie Boogie's Song\", which was not featured on physical CD editions of \"Nightmare Revisited\", but was released as a digital bonus track. Scott Murphy's cover of \"Sally's Song\" is also featured on Japanese pressings of the album. On September 27, 2008, three days before the release of \"Nightmare Revisited\", the album was made available for streaming exclusively by \"Spin.com\". On September 22, 2008, Evanescence vocalist Amy Lee, who contributed a cover of \"Sally's Song\" for the album, announced that she would be performing her cover on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" on October 13, 2008. Marilyn Manson similarly performed his cover of \"This Is Halloween\" (from the reissue of \"The Nightmare Before Christmas: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\") on \"The Tonight Show\" on Halloween two years earlier (October 31, 2006). 1. \"Overture\" 2. \"Opening\" 3. \"This Is Halloween\" 4. \"Jack's Lament\" 5. \"Doctor Finkelstein/In the Forest\" 6. \"What's This?\" 7. \"Town Meeting Song\" 8. \"Jack and Sally Montage\" 9. \"Jack's Obsession\" 10. \"Kidnap the Sandy Claws\" 11. \"Making Christmas\" 12. \"Nabbed\" 13. \"Oogie Boogie's Song\" 14. \"Sally's Song\" 15. \"Christmas Eve Montage\" 16. \"Poor Jack\" 17. \"To the Rescue\" 18. \"Finale/Reprise\" 19. \"Closing\" 20. \"End Title\" \"Nightmare Revisited\" was released on October 27, 2008 in the UK and failed to chart. Nightmare Revisited Nightmare Revisited is a cover album of songs and score from the 1993 Disney animated film \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\". It was released on" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Scull Shoals, Georgia Scull Shoals is a ghost town in northwestern Greene County, Georgia, United States. The Scull Shoals Mill ruins are located halfway between Athens and Greensboro on the Oconee River, just northeast of where Georgia State Route 15 crosses the river. Recent archaeological findings and historical documents point to prehistoric Indian occupation. Captain John C. Fielder was the commander of the fort that bore his name on the Oconee River in Greene County as early as 1788 or 1789 when it was attacked by Creek Indians. Later it was the site of Ft. Clarke, built in 1793 during the Oconee Indian War with the Creek Indians. It was settled by pioneers rewarded for military service with headright grants for land. A sawmill and grist mill were built and operated by Zachariah Sims and partner Thos. Ligon \"circa\" 1800. Soon they built and operated the first paper mill in Georgia from 1810-1814 until the end of the War of 1812 and drought stopped paper production. Scull Shoals was a thriving agri-industrial community with a regional presence; one of the most notable being Thos. N. Poullain's factory processing cotton into osnaburg cloth during the early to mid 19th century. After the Civil War, Scull Shoals suffered from outdated water-powered textile processing equipment, lack of funding to replace aging equipment, and few workers who were available. Naive cotton farming in the area also caused massive soil erosion, resulting in disastrous flooding in 1841 and 1887 that sent the town into further decline. In the 20th century, Scull Shoals had become part of the Oconee National Forest and is currently a ghost town, the ruins including the foundations and walls of several buildings. The \"Friends of Scull Shoals\" organization maintains the site in partnership with the U.S. Forest Service and conducts tours and festivals at the site. Scull Shoals, Georgia Scull Shoals is a ghost town in northwestern Greene County, Georgia, United States. The Scull Shoals Mill ruins are located halfway between Athens and Greensboro on the Oconee River, just northeast of where Georgia State Route 15 crosses the river. Recent archaeological findings and historical documents point to prehistoric Indian occupation. Captain John C. Fielder was the commander of the fort that bore his name on the Oconee River in Greene County as early as 1788 or 1789 when it was attacked by Creek Indians. Later it was the site of Ft." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Mr. Vain \"Mr. Vain\" is a song by the German group Culture Beat from their second studio album \"Serenity\" (1993). Written by Steven Levis, Nosie Katzmann and Jay Supreme, and produced by Torsten Fenslau, the song was released as the lead single from the \"Serenity\" in 1993. Tania Evans is the singer on the song, and the rapper is Supreme. \"Mr. Vain\" achieved huge success worldwide, reaching number one in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the United States, it peaked at number 17 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and number two on the Dance Club Songs chart. \"Mr. Vain\" was the best-selling single across Europe of 1993. The song first broke in Germany before breaking more widely through the summer, eventually topping the chart in 12 countries. It reached number 17 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 and earned a Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Mr. Vain\" also peaked at number two for two weeks on the \"Billboard\" Dance Club Songs chart. It sold over 442,000 copies in the UK. \"Mr. Vain\" is notable in the UK as it was the first number-one single not to be available as a 7\" vinyl single since the 1950s and heralded the demise of the 7\" single as a mass market medium. The music video for \"Mr. Vain\" was directed by Matt Broadley. It premiered in the United Kingdom on August 1993. MTV Dance ranked \"Mr. Vain\" at number 65 in their list of \"The 100 Biggest 90's Dance Anthems of All Time\" in November 2011.. \"BuzzFeed\" listed the song number 17 in their \"The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s\" list in 2017. Mr. Vain Remix! (Japanese mini album) Mr. Vain \"Mr. Vain\" is a song" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Altarnun Altarnun () is a village and civil parish in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located on the north-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor at . The parish of Altarnun includes the village of Fivelanes and the hamlets of Bolventor, Treween and Trewint, and had a population of 976 according to the 2001 census. This increased to 1,084 according to the 2011 census. Other hamlets in the parish are Bowithick, Palmersbridge, South Carne, Tolborough, Lower Tregunnon, and Tredaule. The area of the parish is , the largest in Cornwall. By the time of the 2011 census the figures for the ward of Altarnun were provided. This ward contained 48 locations in the area and gave a population of 4,038. The moorland area of the parish is large and lies west of the village towards Rough Tor and southwards towards Dozmary Pool. There is a large conifer plantation at Wilsey Down Forest (Halvana Plantation). The village is in the valley of the Penpont Water and the parish is divided by the A30 trunk road which passes through Fivelanes which was once an important stopping place for stage coaches. A Norman church was built in Altarnun in the 12th century, but the present church was built in the 15th century from unquarried stone (moorstone) from Bodmin Moor. The church is dedicated to St Nonna, mother of St David. A Celtic cross from the time of St Nonna is located by the church gate. This cross consists of a cross head resting on a stone base. Another cross is located at Two-gates by the road about half a mile (0.8 km) north of the church; it is locally known as \"Short Cross\" and is probably a fragment of what was once a taller stone. Other crosses are known as Sanctuary Cross, Halvana Cross, Occasiney Cross, Trekennick Cross, Tresmeak Cross and St Vincent's Mine Cross. As the largest parish church on Bodmin Moor, the Church of St Nonna is known as the \"Cathedral of the Moor\". It was built largely in the 15th century in the Perpendicular style, with its bell tower standing high. It is notable for a fine Norman font and old woodwork, including the screen, bench-ends and communion rails which date to 1684. The screen is one of the finest 15th century examples in Cornwall; it has three gates and the cornice of vines and tracery and vaulting are finely carved. John Wesley often visited Trewint, lodging in Digory Isbell's home which is now a museum of Wesley and Methodism. (The former Altarnun Wesleyan chapel has the head of Wesley carved over the doorway by Neville Northey Burnard. This was done when Burnard was aged sixteen years and lived next door.) Altarnun features in the novel \"Jamaica Inn\" by Daphne du Maurier set in the parish's former coaching house by the same name. The village was also the birthplace of sculptor Neville Northey Burnard (1818–1878). It was surveyed for the Survey of English Dialects. Altarnun Altarnun () is a village and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Avon Products Avon Products, Inc, known as Avon, founded by David H. McConnell in 1886 is a direct selling company in beauty, household, and personal care categories. Avon had annual sales of $5.7 billion worldwide in 2016. It is the fifth-largest beauty company and, with 6.4 million representatives, is the second largest direct-selling enterprise in the world (after Amway). Avon Products is a multi-level marketing company. The company's CEO is Jan Zijderveld, who was appointed to the position in February 2018. David H. McConnell was first a struggling door-to-door salesman who used to sell books to New York homes. In September 1886, he decided to sell perfumes rather than books. He started the new business in a small office at 126 Chambers Street, Manhattan, New York. McConnell changed the company name in 1892 when his business partner suggested he call it the \"California Perfume Company\". His business partner was living in California at the time and suggested the name because of the abundance of flowers in California. In 1894, Alexander D. Henderson, Vice-President and Treasurer, joined the company and helped to shape its policies and assist in its growth. On June 16, 1909, McConnell and Henderson signed an agreement of Corporation for the California Perfume Company in the state of New Jersey. On January 28, 1916, the California Perfume Company was incorporated in the state of New York. McConnell, Henderson, and William Scheele were listed as company officials. The California Perfume Company, Inc. of New York filed their first trademark application for Avon on June 3, 1932 with the USPTO. Part of the description for goods and services provided to the USPTO included \"perfumes, toilet waters, powder and rouge compacts, lipsticks\", and other toiletry products. First use and commercial use for \"Avon\" by the California Perfume Company was on September 1, 1929. Registration was granted on August 30, 1932. Avon sells products in over 100 countries. Brazil is the company's largest market, passing the United States in 2010. Avon entered the Chinese market in 1990. Direct selling was outlawed in China in 1998, which forced Avon to sell only through physical stores called Beauty Boutiques. The ban was lifted in 2001, and the company received a license for direct selling in 2006. 88% of Avon's 2013 revenue (around $10 billion) came from overseas markets. Avon purchased Silpada, a direct seller of silver jewelry, in 2010 for $650 million. In May 2012, perfume company Coty, Inc. offered $24.75 a share for Avon, which was nearly 20 percent above Avon's stock price at the time. While Fox Business Network reported that Avon delayed the process and Coty withdrew its offer, earlier reports said that Avon rejected the bid, stating \"At the time, the board concluded, and it still believes, that Coty's indication of interest is opportunistic and not in the best interest of Avon's shareholders.\" In March, 2016, Cerberus Capital Management paid $435 million in cash for preferred stock in Avon Products. This move was the conclusion of a deal initiated in December 2015, when Avon sold 80.1 percent of its North American Business to Cerberus for $170 million. The total value of the deal was $605 million. The investment resulted in Cerberus having an almost 17 percent stake in Avon Products. Recently, Avon has struggled. In 2014, its global sales had fallen for five straight years, and its North American revenues fell 18% that year. In 2016, Avon completed the separation of its United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico business as \"New Avon LLC\", which also trades with the \"Avon\" name. As part of a three-year plan, the global Avon Products moved its headquarters to London in the United Kingdom. Jan Zijderveld was appointed the company's CEO in February 2018. The former CEO, Sherilyn S. McCoy, stayed on as an adviser to the Board and to Zijderveld through March 31, 2018. Avon uses both door-to-door salespeople (\"Avon ladies\", as well as \"Avon men\") and brochures to advertise its products. The first Avon lady was Persis Foster Eames Albee. Avon operates training centers for potential representatives. Some Avon training centers have a small retail section with skin care products, such as creams, serums, makeup, and washes. Avon uses multi-level marketing to recruit sales representatives, who sell beauty products, jewelry, accessories and clothing. Some of the brand-names used by the company include Avon, Avon Naturals, Skin-So-Soft and Mark. According to the U.S. government Avon has 5 million to 6 million sales representatives operating in over 100 countries as of 2014. Avon and its subsidiaries have 40,000 to 50,000 employees, 6,000 of which are in the United States. Avon was an early member of the U.S. Direct Selling Association, which was founded in 1910. The company left the association in 2014, saying that the trade group was not paying enough attention to the industry as a whole. Mark. cosmetics, an Avon fashion and beauty brand, has featured multiple celebrity ambassadors throughout its development in 2003. Notable ambassadors include Lauren Conrad, Ashley Greene, and currently Lucy Hale. Avon hosts an annual Repfest, a three-day event open to all representatives at a fee. Repfest serves as an opportunity to inspire representatives from across the country by giving them a chance to network and participate in business-building training seminars. In August 2016, the Repfest was hosted at the MGM Grand Hotel & Casino's convention center in Las Vegas, NV. In August 2017, it was hosted at the Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center in Nashville, TN. Avon Repfest 2018 was held July 27-29 at the Greater Columbus Convention Center. In addition to its corporate pursuits, the Avon corporation is involved in philanthropic causes. The Avon Foundation for Women describes itself as the largest corporate philanthropy dedicated to women's causes globally. The Avon Foundation awards scholarships for Avon representatives and family members. Avon founded the Avon Foundation for Women with its first grant, a $400 scholarship, in 1955. Additionally, the company's Speak Out Against Domestic Violence program aims to reduce domestic violence. Through 2012, Avon global philanthropy, led by the Avon Foundation, reports having donated more than $910 million in more than 50 countries. Beginning in the early 1990s, Avon also began donating towards breast cancer research and care, through the Avon Breast Cancer Crusade and the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer, a series of U.S.-based charity walks. Before 2003, the Walk was a function of Pallotta Teamworks, with Avon being the beneficiary. Since 2003, the charity reports that more than 180,000 Walk participants have raised $472 million for the cause. In Sep 14, 2000, Avon restated its financial statements to reflect the additional write off as of March 31, 1999 of all capitalized costs, associated with the FIRST project as of that date and a reversal of the charge recorded in the third quarter of 2001. In 2001, Avon adopted new provisions and as a result, all prior periods were restated to reflect shipping and handling fees. Since at least 2008, the conduct of various employees and executives of Avon has been investigated for possible violations of the law, including possible bribery and violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Avon began a probe of its China division after allegations of bribery in June 2008. At least four executives, both in Asia and in the United States, were suspended in 2010, and later fired for their roles in the activities being investigated. According to \"The New York Times\", Avon has spent over $170 million on legal fees and costs related to the investigation: $59 million in 2009 and $95 million in 2010, and $22.5 million for the first quarter of 2011. The Times reported that the final tally may be close to $250 million, after which Avon would report the findings to the United States Department of Justice and the", "employees and executives of Avon has been investigated for possible violations of the law, including possible bribery and violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Avon began a probe of its China division after allegations of bribery in June 2008. At least four executives, both in Asia and in the United States, were suspended in 2010, and later fired for their roles in the activities being investigated. According to \"The New York Times\", Avon has spent over $170 million on legal fees and costs related to the investigation: $59 million in 2009 and $95 million in 2010, and $22.5 million for the first quarter of 2011. The Times reported that the final tally may be close to $250 million, after which Avon would report the findings to the United States Department of Justice and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and try to negotiate the penalties that those entities may impose. On February 24, 2011, Avon filed a report with the Securities and Exchange commission highlighting the investigation as a corporate risk factor that could cause investor loss. In 2014 Avon settled the bribery charges for a total of $135 million; $68 million in criminal penalties, with the remainder in interest, disgorgement, and fines from a civil case brought by the SEC. Avon vowed in 1989 that as a company located in the United States, it would no longer participate in animal testing. Avon has since claimed to be working globally to introduce safer methods of testing cosmetics that do not require animals. These methods include \"in vitro\" testing, computer simulations, and testing cosmetics on human volunteers. Although Avon does not practice animal testing of its cosmetics that are sold in the United States, certain specialty products do require extensive testing in other countries. In China, specialty products that require degrees of animal testing include but are not limited to: sunscreen products, whitening/pigmentation products, and hair dye/perm/ or growth products. Due to laws mandated by different countries, Avon is forced to test those specific cosmetics on animals in those jurisdictions. Laws in various countries require companies to pay for animal testing through a commercial business in order to sell certain products in that country. Because Avon is not globally animal-testing free, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has not included Avon on their cruelty-free list. In 2016, Avon's branch in Turkey (Gebze industrial zone near Istanbul) has been alleged of discrimination against women and union workers. In October 2013, Avon announced the closure of its branch in France at the end of that month. Its French employees accused it of keeping the workers in the dark for months and not acting in line with the company's publicly stated values of being a socially responsible company that upholds values of trust, respect and integrity and a culture of \"open and candid communication.\" As of January 2014, Avon France was in receivership. This was followed by an announcement via Facebook on 15 February 2018, that Avon Australia and New Zealand would close by the end of the year. This decision resulted in the loss of 220 jobs and 21,400 employees. The company has attracted criticism for poor communication with its customers and employees. Avon Products Avon Products, Inc, known as Avon, founded" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henry Pineau Henry Pineau (January 22, 1863 - February 18, 1904) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of 1st Prince in the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1899 to 1900. A member of the Conservative Party, he was most noted for crossing the floor to vote with the governing Liberals on a crucial motion of non-confidence in early 1900. A farmer and fisherman in Miminegash, Prince Edward Island, Pineau was elected to the legislature in a by-election in 1899, after the election of Meddie Gallant in an 1898 by-election was overturned by the courts. However, he was rarely actually present in the legislature until the confidence crisis of early 1900, when the government of Donald Farquharson was threatened by MLA Joseph Wise's attempt to withdraw his earlier resignation; Wise attempted to vote with the Conservatives, which would have brought down the government, but his vote was disqualified by speaker James Cummiskey. Pineau then crossed the floor to the Liberals, ensuring the government's survival on the vote. Pineau did not run for reelection in the 1900 general election. He died on February 18, 1904 in Miminegash. Henry Pineau Henry Pineau (January 22, 1863 - February 18," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stjörnustrákur Stjörnustrákur (English: \"Star Boy\") is an Icelandic television series that first aired on Icelandic public television channel Sjónvarpið in December 1991. The series is a part of Jóladagatal Sjónvarpsins, an ongoing series of televised Advent calendars. It was written by children's books author Sigrún Eldjárn. The show follows the girl Ísafold who one day runs into Blámi, a boy from a distant star, who is stranded on earth because his space ship broke down. A critical spare part is hidden in a treasure chest somewhere on earth. Ísafold decides to help Blámi look for the treasure, and throughout the series they chase down different leads to the trove. However, an eccentric middle-aged woman overhears their mission, and is determined to get to the treasure before the children. Ísafold and Blámi were both played by adults; Kristjana Pálsdóttir and Sigurþór Albert Heimisson respectively. The eccentric woman was portrayed by Guðfinna Rúnarsdóttir. Among other players are Kristbjörg Kjeld, Árni Tryggvason and Ólafía Hrönn Jónsdóttir. \"Stjörnustrákur\" was rerun on Sjónvarpið in December 1998 and 2006. A children's book written by Sigrún Eldjárn, bearing the same name, and following the same storyline, was published at the time of the show's first airing in 1991. The book was illustrated with production stills from the series. Stjörnustrákur Stjörnustrákur (English: \"Star Boy\") is an Icelandic television series that first aired on Icelandic public television channel Sjónvarpið in December 1991. The series is a part of Jóladagatal Sjónvarpsins, an ongoing series of televised Advent calendars. It was written by children's books author Sigrún Eldjárn. The show follows the girl Ísafold who one day runs into Blámi, a boy from a distant star, who is stranded on earth because his space ship broke down. A critical spare part is hidden in a treasure chest somewhere on earth. Ísafold" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Opera America Opera America, officially OPERA America, is a service organization promoting the creation, presentation, and enjoyment of opera in the US. Almost all professional opera companies and some semi-professional companies in the United States are members of the organization including such opera companies as the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, and Dallas Opera. Opera America also includes international affiliated opera companies such as the Theatro Municipal de São Paulo. Opera America also hosts businesses, educational institutions, libraries, foundations, guilds, and opera artists such as singers and composers. It is also the home of New York Children's Opera Studio. The organization was founded in 1970 and has been led by President and CEO Marc A. Scorca since 1990. In April 2014, advisers from Opera America worked with San Diego Opera to develop a plan to prevent the company's closure. Opera America's National Opera Center has two performance venues - Marc A. Scorca Hall and Plácido Domingo Hall. The National Opera Center has been the venue of performances by artists of companies such as Wolf Trap Opera. In 2016 and 2018, the Christman Opera Company premiered the operas \"Adriana McMannes\" and \"A Metamorphosis\" in Scorca Hall and Domingo Hall, respectively. Opera America Opera America, officially OPERA America, is a service organization promoting the creation, presentation, and enjoyment of opera in the US. Almost all professional opera companies and some semi-professional companies in the United States are members of the organization including such opera companies as the Metropolitan Opera, San Francisco Opera, Lyric Opera of Chicago, and Dallas Opera. Opera America also includes international affiliated opera companies such as the Theatro Municipal de São Paulo. Opera America also hosts businesses, educational institutions, libraries, foundations, guilds, and opera artists such as singers and composers. It is also the home" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Morland, Cumbria Morland is a village and civil parish in the rolling hills of the Eden Valley in the Eden District of Cumbria, England. It includes the hamlets of Town Head and Morland Moor, and at the 2011 UK Census it had a population of 374. Morland is centrally located in the Eden Valley, a scenic, rural area lying a few miles from the Lake District to the West, the Pennines to the East and the Yorkshire Dales to the South. The area is characterised by rolling hills and farmland. Morland is believed to have been settled for at least 1500 years, perhaps because of the Powdonnet Spring that rises by the side of the road leaving the village towards Cliburn. A Viking sword was found buried in the churchyard in the 19th century, which might suggest some Viking influence in the area. In the early Middle Ages the area was contested by Scotland and England, and so Morland was not included in the Domesday Book in 1086. Morland's church, Church of St Lawrence (alt. Laurence), is unique in Cumbria, as it has a Saxon tower. The village has a pub - the Crown Inn - and the Mill Yard Café, as well as a community shop. It has a primary school, the Morland Area Church of England Primary School, with approximately 60-70 pupils. The villages of Morland and Newby have a shared village hall, in which many activities take place. The Eden Valley is a popular destination for holidaymakers, and Morland has a significant amount of accommodation for visitors. The ecclesiastical parish includes the townships (villages) of King's Meaburn, Newby and Sleagill. An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Cliburn with a total population of 1,300. Morland, Cumbria Morland is a village and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kaolin clotting time Kaolin clotting time (KCT) is a sensitive test to detect lupus anticoagulants. There is evidence that suggests it is the most sensitive test for detecting lupus anticoagulants. It can also detect factor VIII inhibitors but is sensitive to unfractionated heparin as well. KCT was first described by Dr. Margolis in 1958. KCT is similar to the activated partial thromboplastin time test, except it does not use exogenous phospholipid. Thus, a confirmatory test that uses excess phospholipid is needed to validate the presence of lupus anticoagulants. Kaolin is the surface activator, and the test also requires small amounts of cell fragments and plasma lipids to provide the phospholipid surface required for coagulation. Therefore, the sample quality is important for the validity of the test. The test combines a test plasma with kaolin, and the time the clot (in seconds) is measured. If the KCT is less than 60 seconds, this suggests that the normal control plasma is contaminated with platelet fragments; therefore, the test is not valid. The KCT test/control ratio of greater than or equal to 1.2 indicates an inhibitor is present. If the test/control ratio is between 1.1 and 1.2, the test is equivocal. Kaolin clotting" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Hague City Hall The Hague City Hall is the city hall of The Hague, Netherlands. It was designed in 1986 by American architect Richard Meier and completed in 1995. It is located in the new city centre, and incorporates the council chamber, the main public library, as well as cafés, exhibition spaces, and a wedding room. At its centre is a large atrium, flanked by two large slab buildings 10- and 12-storey tall. The library is located at the northwestern end of the building complex in a semicircular building. It is nicknamed \"the Ice Palace\" () for its white color. The Hague City Hall The Hague City Hall is the city hall of The Hague, Netherlands. It was designed in 1986 by American architect Richard Meier and completed in 1995. It is located in the new city centre, and incorporates the council chamber, the main public library, as well as cafés, exhibition spaces, and a wedding room. At its centre is a large atrium, flanked by two large slab buildings 10- and 12-storey tall. The library is located at the northwestern end of the building complex in a semicircular building. It is nicknamed \"the Ice Palace\" () for its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nozomi (train) The trains stop at fewer stations than the \"Hikari\" and \"Kodama\" trains. On the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, \"Nozomi\" trains stop at Tokyo Station, Shinagawa Station, Shin-Yokohama Station, Nagoya Station, Kyoto Station, and Shin-Ōsaka Station. On the Sanyō Shinkansen, all \"Nozomi\" trains stop at Shin-Kobe Station, Okayama Station, Hiroshima Station, Kokura Station, and Hakata Station, but certain trains stop at additional stations as well. The \"Nozomi\" train service is not valid for foreign tourists travelling with a Japan Rail Pass. The word \"nozomi\" in Japanese means \"hope\" or \"wish\". ● All trains stop<br> ○ Some trains stop<br> △ Few trains stop<br> \"Note: Basic Nozomi stopping patterns are shown. Additional Nozomi trains with differing stopping patterns are added during holiday and high-peak travel periods, and are not included in this table.\" Trains are formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Hakata end, and car 16 at the Tokyo end. The \"Nozomi\" name was first used for long-distance express services operated between Busan in Japanese-occupied Korea and Mukden (now Shenyang) in the former Manchukuo (now China) from 1934. From 1938, the services were extended to run between Busan and Hsinking (now Changchun) in Manchukuo. The 1,530 km journey from Busan to Hsinking took over 29 hours, with an average speed of . The services were run down between 1943 and 1944. \"Nozomi\" shinkansen services commenced on March 14, 1992 using new 300 series trainsets with a top speed of 270 km/h. From March 1997, 500 series trainsets were introduced on Tokyo - Hakata \"Nozomi\" services, running at a maximum speed of 300 km/h and covering the section between Shin-Osaka and Hakata in 2 hours 17 minutes. 700 series trains were introduced on \"Nozomi\" services in 1999, and N700 series trains were introduced from July 1, 2007, initially with four daily round-trip runs. All regularly scheduled through \"Nozomi\" services to the Sanyo Shinkansen (Tokyo–Hakata) were operated by N700 series sets from 13 March 2010. From the start of the revised timetable on 17 March 2012, all regularly scheduled \"Nozomi\" services, including runs limited to the Tokaido Shinkansen, were operated by N700 sets. Nozomi (train) The trains stop at fewer stations than the \"Hikari\" and \"Kodama\" trains. On the Tōkaidō Shinkansen, \"Nozomi\" trains stop at Tokyo Station, Shinagawa Station, Shin-Yokohama Station, Nagoya Station, Kyoto Station, and Shin-Ōsaka Station. On the Sanyō Shinkansen, all \"Nozomi\" trains stop at Shin-Kobe Station, Okayama Station, Hiroshima" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Miracle of 1511 The Miracle of 1511 () was a festival in Brussels in which the locals built approximately 110 satirical and pornographic snowmen. Examples of snowmen built included a snownun that was seducing a man; a snowman and a snowwoman having sex in front of the town fountain; and a naked snowboy urinating into the mouth of a drunken snowman. There were also snow unicorns, snow mermaids, a snow dentist, and snow prostitutes enticing people into the city's red light district. Among the political snowmen created were \"a snow virgin with a unicorn in her lap\", that was built in front of the ducal palace in Coudenberg, the home of Holy Roman Emperor This was in protest to him being absent and instead living with his aunt in Malines. Before the Miracle, there had been six weeks of cold weather. Combined with mass population growth and a large wealth discrepancy between the peasants and the ruling House of Habsburg, the locals decided to use the snowmen as a form of protest. The different socioeconomic classes each constructed different kinds of snowman. As a result, the poor would destroy snowmen built by the ruling classes. Eventually, the Miracle concluded when the snow thawed during the warm following spring, which led to flooding in Brussels. Later that month when the water was all gone the King of France donated 1000 gold coins to the town. Dutch poet Jan Smeken wrote about the Miracle in his poem \"Dwonder van claren ijse en snee\" [The miracle of pure ice and snow]. The Miracle of 1511 The Miracle of 1511 () was a festival in Brussels in which the locals built approximately 110 satirical and pornographic snowmen. Examples of snowmen built included a snownun that was seducing a man; a snowman and a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Keith (scientist) \"For other people named David Keith see David Keith (disambiguation).\" David W. Keith is Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics for the Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and Professor of Public Policy for the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. He is also executive chairman of Carbon Engineering. Keith’s research has spanned several domains, including climate-related technology assessment and policy analysis, technology development, atmospheric sciences, and physics. Keith has worked on solar geoengineering since 1992, when he wrote one of the first assessments of the technology and its policy implications. Since Keith’s 1992 paper, which introduced a structured comparison of cost and risk, and a later review paper that first described the moral hazard and set geoengineering in the post-war history of weather control, Keith has sought answers to the questions: In 2013, Keith released a book, A Case for Climate Engineering, detailing a controversial strategy for slowing climate change. The book’s publisher’s blurb states: \"A leading scientist long concerned about climate change, David Keith offers no naíve proposal for an easy fix to what is perhaps the most challenging question of our time. But he argues that after decades during which very little progress has been made in reducing carbon emissions, we must put climate engineering on the table and consider it responsibly. ...This book provides a clear and accessible overview of the costs and risks, and how climate engineering might fit into a larger program for managing climate change.\" He has also contributed to assessments focused on geoengineering. Keith was a member of the working group for UK Royal Society's 2009 report as well as the Bipartisan Policy Center Report. Keith is the co-director, with Gernot Wagner, of Harvard's Solar Geoengineering Research Program founded in 2017. In 2010, Keith testified before committees of the US Congress and the UK Parliament. He presented to US National Academy meetings in 2000, 2009 and 2013 and was coauthor of the geoengineering sub-chapter (WG 2, 4.7) of the Third IPCC Report and served AR5. Keith has been featured on the Discovery Channel, did an interview on BBC News HARDTalk in November 2011, has participated in TED talks in September 2007, participated in a debate at the Royal Geographical Society in 2009, and appeared in a documentary on geoengineering currently under production. He also discussed his geoengineering idea to slow climate change by spraying reflective particles into the upper atmosphere on The Colbert Report. Keith is sceptical about the benefits of fuel cell vehicles using compressed hydrogen. He is bullish on solar energy. David Keith (scientist) \"For other people named David Keith see David Keith (disambiguation).\" David W. Keith is Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics for the Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and Professor of Public Policy for the Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University. He is also executive chairman of Carbon Engineering. Keith’s research has spanned several domains, including climate-related technology assessment and policy analysis, technology development, atmospheric sciences, and physics. Keith" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hales Gallery Hales Gallery is a contemporary art gallery owned by Paul Hedge and Paul Maslin. Hales Gallery opened in 1992 in Deptford, South London, before moving to the Tea Building, in Shoreditch, London’s East End in 2004 and later opening a second space in Chelsea, New York in 2018. Hales opened its first space in Deptford, South London, in 1992. In this period, Hales launched the careers of a number of British artists, including Jake and Dinos Chapman, whose first show was with the gallery, as well as Mike Nelson (artist and Sarah Jones (artist. In 1997 Hales added Hew Locke and Sebastiaan Bremer to their roster, and held exhibitions of Tomoko Takahashi and Spencer Tunick’s work. In 2004 Hales moved to its current gallery space in the Tea Building in Shoreditch, London’s East End. In February 2016 Hales opened an office and viewing room in New York’s Lower East Side district, which in September 2017 became the ‘Hales Project Room’ – a small space for exhibitions and artist’s project works. The programme has included exhibitions from Rachael Champion, Jeff Keen and Frank Bowling. In October 2018 Hales Gallery expanded, opening a new location in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City. The inaugural exhibition: \"Foundations,\" a solo presentation of works by abstract painter Virginia Jaramillo (artist). In 2017, at Frieze New York, Hales presented three works by Virginia Jaramillo (artist) – painted in the 1970s, none of which had been shown in public for four decades. \"Untitled\" (1971) was acquired by the Brooklyn Museum in New York from this presentation. The gallery represents feminist artist Carolee Schneemann, who had her first ever solo exhibition in London with the gallery, \"Water Light, Water Needle,\" in February 2014. Hales has represented Frank Bowling since 2009. Hales Gallery Hales Gallery is a contemporary" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Wilderness of Sin The Wilderness of Sin or Desert of Sin () is a geographic area mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as lying between Elim and Mount Sinai. \"Sin\" does not refer to \"sinfulness\", but is an untranslated word that would translate as \"the moon\"; biblical scholars suspect that the name \"Sin\" here refers to the semitic moon-deity \"Sin\", who was worshipped widely around the entire periphery of pre-Islamic Arabia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The location the Bible refers to is unknown, as its determination relies heavily on the location of Mount Sinai. The traditional Christian Orthodox identification of Mount Sinai as Jabal Musa - one of the peaks at the southern tip of the Sinai peninsula, would imply that the \"wilderness of Sin\" was probably the narrow plain of el-Markha, which stretches along the eastern shore of the Red Sea for several miles toward the promontory of Ras Mohammed; however, some scholars have since rejected these traditional identifications. Another identification among some modern scholars, of Sinai as al-Madhbah at Petra, would imply that the \"wilderness of Sin\" was roughly equatable with the central Arabah. The \"wilderness of Sin\" is mentioned by the Bible as being one of the places which the Israelites wandered through during their Exodus journey; the similarly named \"wilderness of Zin\" is also mentioned by the Bible as having been a location through which the Israelites travelled. The biblical narrative states that on reaching the wilderness of Sin, the Israelites began to raise objections over the lack of food, as they had already consumed all the corn they had brought with them from Egypt. According to the account, Yahweh heard their murmurings, and so provided them with abundant \"manna\" and quail. Later they left the wilderness of Sin and complained about a lack of water while camping at Rephidim. Wilderness of Sin The Wilderness of Sin or Desert of Sin () is a geographic area mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as lying between Elim and Mount Sinai. \"Sin\" does not refer to \"sinfulness\", but is an untranslated word that would translate as \"the moon\"; biblical scholars suspect that the name \"Sin\" here refers to the semitic moon-deity \"Sin\", who was worshipped widely around the entire periphery of pre-Islamic Arabia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia. The location the Bible refers to is unknown, as its determination relies heavily on the location of Mount Sinai. The traditional Christian Orthodox" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Up 'til Dawn Up 'til Dawn is a nationwide student-led, student-run program in which college students raise funds for and awareness of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Though called Up ’til Dawn, the program itself usually takes place throughout the academic year and provides opportunities in leadership for students, allowing them to gain valuable work experience by organizing and participating in fund-raising activities. The program strengthens the campus community by encouraging faculty, staff and surrounding community residents to participate in the arranged fund-raising campaigns and awareness days. Up 'til Dawn's finale event attempts to unite the entire campus and surrounding community to acknowledge their achievements and honor patients at St. Jude, an event at which students stay “Up ‘til Dawn,” using the motto “Fight the yawn-stay awake to cure childhood cancer.” . The students’ motto is “cancer doesn’t sleep, so neither should we.” The program is called “Up ‘til Dawn” to symbolize the countless nights that parents stay up with their sick children. The Up ‘til Dawn organization is hosted by more than 180 colleges nationwide. St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital is a world leader in the research of catastrophic childhood diseases and freely shares all of their research with hospitals around the world so that children can receive the same treatment near their home as they would receive in Memphis. Up 'til Dawn Up 'til Dawn is a nationwide student-led, student-run program in which college students raise funds for and awareness of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. Though called Up ’til Dawn, the program itself usually takes place throughout the academic year and provides opportunities in leadership for students, allowing them to gain valuable work experience by organizing and participating in fund-raising activities. The program strengthens the campus community by encouraging faculty, staff and surrounding community residents to participate" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Romans 8 Romans 8 is the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth in the winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a thorough of overview of his theology. Chapter 8 concerns \"the Christian's spiritual life,\" according to Jerusalem Bible's sub-heading for Romans 8. The reformer Martin Luther stated that this chapter is where Paul \"comforts fighters\" involved in an inner struggle between spirit and flesh: The New King James Version organises this chapter as follows: New King James Version The discourse continues in from the preceding text with the illative word (\"ara\"), generally translated as \"so\" or \"therefore\", or \"consequently\" in Thayer's Greek Lexicon. Methodist founder John Wesley suggested that Paul \"resumes the thread of his discourse\" from , following a digression (in ) regarding sin and the Mosaic Law: whereas theologians Heinrich Meyer and Harold Buls are content to link the inference with the immediately preceding text: Buls explains that Paul's \"real self\" serving God is his mind and not his flesh. Meyer goes on to distinguish between two alternative readings of \"There is ... now no condemnation to those who are in Christ Jesus\": or He prefers the former reading \"as a matter of fact that has become historical\" rather than the latter reading, attributed to Lutheran theologian Johann Hofmann. Anglican Bishop Charles Ellicott describes the final section of this chapter () as \"a sublime and triumphant conclusion\" and Erasmus of Rotterdam remarks that \"Cicero never said anything grander\". The Living Bible translates as \"these wonderful things\". By \"these things\", according to William Reed Newell, \"Paul evidently indicates not only the whole process of our salvation by Christ, from chapter three onward, with that great deliverance by the help of the Holy Spirit set forth in this eighth chapter ... but also ... what he has been telling us of the purpose of God: \"Whom He foreknew, foreordained, called, justified, glorified!\" Verse 35, either in its full form (\"Quis ergo nos separabit a caritate Christi?\") or shortened as \"Quis separabit?\", is often used as a motto. New King James Version New King James Version The Jerusalem Bible suggests that the \"powers\", \"heights\" and \"depths\" were \"probably the mysterious cosmic forces which to the mind of antiquity were in general hostile to mankind\". Romans 8 Romans 8 is the eighth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, but written by an amanuensis, Tertius of Iconium, while Paul was in Corinth in the winter of AD 57-58. Paul wrote to the Roman Christians in order to give them a thorough of overview of his theology. Chapter 8 concerns \"the Christian's spiritual life,\" according to Jerusalem Bible's sub-heading for Romans 8. The reformer Martin Luther stated that this" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Checkerboard Lounge The Checkerboard Lounge was an historic blues nightclub located on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1972, at 423 E. 43rd St., by L.C. Thurman and Buddy Guy. In 1985, Guy left the partnership and later established Buddy Guy's Legends in Chicago's South Loop neighborhood. The lounge is known as the venue where The Rolling Stones video and live album \"Live at the Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981\" was recorded; the show included the Rolling Stones performing with Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy, Junior Wells, and members of Muddy Waters' band. In 2003, the Checkerboard Lounge, in danger of closing due to structural issues with their original building, moved to a newly renovated building at 5201 S. Harper Court in Hyde Park. Several years after moving, the club experienced declining attendance and it closed its doors in 2015, after the death of L.C. Thurman. During the club's existence, it frequently hosted musical acts including Stevie Ray Vaughan, Eric Clapton, Magic Slim and Vance Kelly. Checkerboard Lounge The Checkerboard Lounge was an historic blues nightclub located on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1972, at 423 E. 43rd St., by L.C. Thurman and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jonas Sandqvist Jonas Sandqvist (born 6 May 1981), is a retired Swedish football goalkeeper. Sandqvist previously played for Landskrona BoIS where he got a big breakthrough during the 2004 season in Allsvenskan. After the 2005 season, he left the club for the rivals Malmö FF and he rescued the team in many games, as the defence was leaking. After expressing his intent to leave the club as bosman, Malmö FF bought Johan Dahlin as new first goalkeeper and as Sandqvist failed to find a new club he sat on the bench for the rest of the 2009 season. On December 16, 2009 Atromitos F.C. agreed terms with Sandqvist for 2.5 years, starting on 1 January 2010. Sandqvist stayed on the bench for 2010, had no chances in Atromitos and on 7 December 2010 he was released from his contract. Sandqvist had a trial with Championship side Middlesbrough and was asked to stay longer but instead accepted a contract from Aalesunds FK. He had his first European level game for Aalesunds FK against Neath in the first qualifying round of the Europa League. Aalesunds FK won 4–1. On November 14, 2011 he signed a multiple year-contract with the Swedish club Örebro SK. He also played for Icelandic Keflavík before returning to Landskrona BoIS. Jonas Sandqvist Jonas Sandqvist (born 6 May 1981), is a retired Swedish football goalkeeper. Sandqvist previously played for Landskrona BoIS where he got a big breakthrough during the 2004 season in Allsvenskan. After the 2005 season, he left the club for the rivals Malmö FF and he rescued the team in many games, as the defence was leaking. After expressing his intent to leave the club as bosman, Malmö FF bought Johan Dahlin as new first goalkeeper and as Sandqvist failed to find a new club he sat" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "477th Fighter Group The 477th Fighter Group is an Air Reserve unit of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the Tenth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. The 477th FG is an associate unit of the 3d Wing of Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), and if mobilized the wing is gained by PACAF. The 477th Fighter Group was reactivated on 1 October 2007 as the first Air Force Reserve unit to fly, maintain, and support the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor. The group is an associate unit responsible for recruiting, training, developing and retaining Citizen Airmen to support 3d Wing and Air Force expeditionary unit mission requirements. The 477th Fighter Group provides a combat-ready force of approximately 425 Air Reserve Technicians, Traditional Reservists, and civil servants assigned to the following squadrons: The men and women of the 477th Fighter Group will functionally integrate with their active duty Air Force partners in almost all F-22A mission areas to increase efficiency and overall combat capability while retaining Reserve administrative support and career enhancement. The 477th Fighter Group will leverage the traditional Reserve Component strengths of experience and continuity to fly, and fight, and win as Unrivaled Wingmen on the Total Force team at Elmendorf. The 477th was originally established in May 1943 at MacDill Field, Florida as the United States Army Air Forces 477th Bombardment Group (Medium). Assigned to Third Air Force, the group trained with Martin B-26 Marauder medium bombers. The unit was subsequently inactivated on 25 August 1943. The 477th was reactivated as the 477th Composite Group at Selfridge Field, Michigan on 15 January 1944 and assigned to First Air Force. The 477th's new mission was to train what would become the legendary World War II African-American aviators known as the Tuskegee Airmen with Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters and North American B-25 Mitchell bombers. During World War II, continued pressure from African-American civilian leaders led the Army to let blacks train as members of bomber crews, a step that opened many more skilled combat roles to them. On 5 May 1944, possibly out of fear of a repeat of the previous summer's race riot in nearby Detroit, the 477th was abruptly relocated to Godman Field on Fort Knox in Kentucky. The morale of the 477th was poor because the field was not suited to use by the B-25 and because black officers, including combat veterans of the 332d Fighter Group who had transferred to the bomber unit, were not being advanced to command positions. By early 1945, however, the 477th reached its full combat strength. It was scheduled to enter combat on 1 July, which made it necessary to relocate once more, this time to Freeman Field, a base fully suited to use the B-25. At Freeman Field, the Freeman Field Mutiny took place as a result of racial discrimination. As a result of the protest, the 477th was relocated back to Godman Field. Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., took command on 1 July, and black officers replaced white officers in lower command and supervisory positions. Training was to be completed by 31 August, but the war ended on 14 August with Japan's surrender. Never deployed in combat, the 477th was downsized when the war ended. In 1946, it was reassigned to Lockbourne Army Air Base, Ohio. On 1 July 1947, the 477th was inactivated. 477th Fighter Group The 477th Fighter Group is an Air Reserve unit of the United States Air Force. It is assigned to the Tenth Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. The 477th" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Pilot Butte storm of 1995 The Pilot Butte storm of 1995 was a powerful storm and tornado that devastated Pilot Butte, Saskatchewan, Canada, on August 26, 1995. At about 4:40 p.m., a major wind and hailstorm started in the town. The storm later developed into a tornado, which touched down at the west edge of the town limits, demolishing a farmyard and cement plant. The tornado hit Pilot Butte at approximately 4:40 p.m. on August 26, 1995. A ball tournament was being held at the same time as the storm hit. The hailstorm came in first, which produced golf ball sized hail. Later, a tornado formed on the west edge of the town limits. The south and west ends of the town were effected heavily, however, every property in the town had some damage done to it. Over 500 homes in the community were left without power, resulting in Sask Power crews having to come to restore power. At 5:45 p.m., a state of local emergency was declared for Pilot Butte and its surrounding area. On site emergency responders came from Pilot Butte and Regina, some of which included the Regina Emergency Communications Team, the Saskatchewan Emergency Measures Organization and the local R.C.M.P. Portable water, shelter, food and emergency building materials were provided by the Red Cross and by Provincial Social Services for those who needed it. The rink became a temporary hospital. Tattered siding and shingles on houses, broken windows in buildings, and dented cars were all common in Pilot Butte. The Betteridge farmstead, next to the town, was reduced to a pile of rubble. Yet the most heartfelt loss in some ways involved the more than 2400 trees that were marred and subjected to removal. Flooding became a major result of the storm, parts of the town and Regina were flooded with 25 cm of rain within 1 hour of the storm. Golfball and larger hail left drifts 50 cm deep in several places around the town. The worst damage from the storm was in the west and south ends of the town, where a farmyard and cement plant were demolished, along with many homes and all of the trailer park, the 72-unit trailer park was in total ruin. Almost all trees in the town were damaged and uprooted, resulting in very messy streets full of broken trees and branches. After one month, the town was back to normal and rebuilding started up, about a decade later, the cement plant was fully rebuilt. In 2001, Pilot Butte's junior hockey team was renamed from the Express to the Storm to remember the Pilot Butte Storm of 1995. Since then, the Storm won the division title in 2008, 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The Storm won the Athol Murray Trophy in 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012 to earn the right to represent Saskatchewan at the Keystone Cup. In 2011 the Storm had their best result in team history finishing as Keystone Cup Bronze medalist. Pilot Butte storm of 1995 The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (the common house mosquito or northern house mosquito) is a species of blood-feeding mosquito of the family Culicidae. It is a vector for diseases including Japanese encephalitis. In the US and parts of Europe, it can spread West Nile virus, and in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, it has been demonstrated to be a vector of Usutu virus. It occurs in the following countries (this list is not exhaustive): Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Korea (South), Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Morocco, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, the Netherlands and Montenegro. Body length varies from three to seven millimeters. Both males and females feed on various sugar sources, such as nectar, honeydew and juices from fruits. Only females feed on blood, and will do so preferentially, over sugar, when they have mated. Blood provides proteins essential to the development of their eggs. Their primary blood meal hosts are considered to be birds, but they will feed on humans and other mammals. \"Culex pipiens\" can be a vector of many diseases that are transmitted to hosts when the mosquito bites them. It has been found that by using the \"Wolbachia\" infection to intentionally infect this species, their reproduction can be suppressed by inserting genes through the infection that restrict their ability to reproduce. This has also proved successful in the related \"Aedes albopictus\" species, also known as the Asian Tiger mosquito. \"Culex pipiens molestus\" lives in the London Underground and other underground railways. The more common \"Culex pipiens\" subspecies observed above ground is sometimes referred to as \"Culex pipiens pipiens\". Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (the common house" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jablotron Jablocom is a Czech company that produces mobile phones. In 2005 it was settled as mobile spinoff of the Czech electrotechnical holding Jablotron Group. In 2017 company was sold by Jablotron to private hands (to one of its founders) and in spring 2018 it was renamed to NOABE s.r.o. Nevertheless Jablocom brand is still used on all products. Jablocom aroused in 2005 a great interest in its model \"the world's largest mobile phone\". Mobile desktop phones (mobile phone in the shape of a desk phone) was originally designed for old people, however, it aroused great interest in regions with poor condition of landline and at mobile operators, who see it as another tool in competition with fixed lines. Today majority of phones are used in offices and other work places. Phone designs changed accordingly, in 2014 first desktop smartphone with Android was introduced and cloud administration tools for all current Jablocom phones was launched. Jablotron Jablocom is a Czech company that produces mobile phones. In 2005 it was settled as mobile spinoff of the Czech electrotechnical holding Jablotron Group. In 2017 company was sold by Jablotron to private hands (to one of its founders) and in spring 2018 it" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "David Truman David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003) was an American academic who served as the 15th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969-1978. He is also known for his role as a Columbia University administrator during the Columbia University protests of 1968. Truman was born and raised in Evanston, Illinois. He received his B.A. from Amherst and his doctorate from the University of Chicago. Truman was a prominent political scientist and is known for his contributions to the theory of political pluralism. He taught at a number of institutions before joining Columbia University in 1951. There, in addition to teaching political science, he undertook a number of administrative roles, serving successively as head of the department of public law and government (1959–61), Dean of Columbia College (1962–67), and Vice-President and Provost (1967–69). In 1969, Truman \"stepped down after a tumultuous year of student unrest. During the student-lead [sic] takeover of the University, Truman was continually mentioned as a University administrator who retained the student body's respect.\" Truman became president of Mount Holyoke College in 1969 and stayed until 1978. Truman oversaw the decision to remain a woman's college in 1971. His obituary from Mount Holyoke noted, \"both at Columbia and Mount Holyoke, Truman was involved in dealing with the significant student unrest of the late 1960s and 1970s. At both campuses he faced student protests and takeovers regarding such difficult issues as race and the Vietnam War. Despite these challenges, which were common on college campuses during the Vietnam Era, Truman left a lasting legacy as a warm and caring leader.\" David Truman David Bicknell Truman (June 1, 1913 – August 28, 2003) was an American academic who served as the 15th president of Mount Holyoke College from 1969-1978. He is also known for his" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Clayton Beauford Clayton Maurice Beauford (born March 1, 1963) is a former professional American football player who played wide receiver in 1987 for the Cleveland Browns. Beauford graduated from Palatka High School in Palatka, Florida in 1981. He played college football for Auburn University from 1981 to 1984. In October 1982, he scored a touchdown on a 60-yard pass play against Georgia Tech. In 1984, he was the subject of an investigation in which it was alleged that his high school records had been altered to allow him to attend Auburn on a football scholarship. The principal, assistant principal, a masonry teacher and another person at the high school were later charged with official misconduct, filing false reports, or perjury in the matter. Beauford was drafted by the Detroit Lions but spent the 1985 season on the injury list after sustaining a broken kneecap in the 1985 Senior Bowl. He was released by the Lions in August 1986. Beauford also played in the USFL for the Birmingham Stallions. In 1987, he played for the Cleveland Browns, appearing in only one game with a kick return of 22 yards. Clayton Beauford Clayton Maurice Beauford (born March 1, 1963) is a former" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Things My Girlfriend and I Have Argued About Things My Girlfriend And I Have Argued About is a novel by English writer Mil Millington. The work began as a web site that Millington made about his arguments with his German girlfriend, Margret. Millington also adapted this theme to a column in \"The Guardian\". Pel lives with his German girlfriend Ursula and their two children, and works in the IT department of a university library (or \"Learning Centre\"). The story begins with Pel receiving an odd call from his boss, TSR, who quizzes him about extradition treaties; within a week he has vanished without a trace, and Pel promoted to TSR's former position, \"Computer Team Administration, Software Acquisition and Training Manager\" (though, in addition to his own job). The story follows both Pel's home and work lives; at home, there are the arguments with Ursula over the search for a new home, after the latest burglary of their current home; defrosting the fridge during the moving preparations; Ursula terrifying the builders working on the repairs of the new house; a skiing accident, leaving Ursula with a torn ligament in her shoulder. At work, Pel finds that taking on TSR's job involves more than it seemed at first; he has to pay off student recruiters from the Pacific Ring, who happen to be members of The Triads; he has to take care of the details of the building of a new Learning Centre building, which involves hiding the fact that skeletons from an ancient burial ground have been illegally dumped from the site, and a dangerous neurotoxin to be buried under it. These details lead him to become closely involved with the permanently hungover Vice Chancellor of the university, which leads to his receiving another promotion, to Learning Centre Manager; the previous holder of that position having left to pursue his fetish website. The website began in 2001 as a section of the author's home page, and quickly attracted a cult following for its humorous anecdotes, based on real arguments, chronicling arguments over such things as remote controls, the correct way to cut a kiwi fruit, and even arguments over arguments. Within two weeks the author had received offers from two publishers, and set about writing the book; in the meantime, however, he became embroiled in a legal argument when \"The Mail on Sunday\" printed, without permission, segments from the web site. Mil received a call from an editor at the \"Mail on Sunday\", who offered Mil £800 for permission to run excerpts from the website as an article. Because Mil had recently accepted a book-publishing deal, he declined the offer. But the article ran in the February 11, 2001 edition of the newspaper. Mil and Margret's names were changed and Mil's site wasn't mentioned. Mil wrote about the incident on his website and was shocked by the amount of support he received from his readers. Several websites picked up the story, most notably \"The Register\", who had themselves been plagiarised by \"The Daily Mail\", a sister newspaper of the \"Mail on Sunday\". The \"Mail on Sunday\" wrote Mil a letter of apology and paid him £1600. Things My Girlfriend and I Have Argued About Things My Girlfriend And I Have Argued About is a novel by English writer Mil Millington. The work began as a web site that Millington made about his arguments with his German girlfriend, Margret. Millington also adapted this theme to a column in \"The Guardian\". Pel lives with his German girlfriend Ursula and their two children, and works in the IT department of a university library (or" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "James Bittner Bittner signed for Fulham in 2000 from Swindon Town by then manager Jean Tigana and spent 2 years at the club. After spending time at Bournemouth and Queens Park Rangers he signed for Exeter City playing 42 times for the club. This was then followed by 2 injury plagued years at Torquay United and Woking. After recovering from a long term shoulder injury Bittner then joined Salisbury City in 2007. He played eighty-six games and in three seasons at the club. He was loaned out to Chippenham Town in September 2007 for a month after recovering from a broken finger he sustained in September 2007. Bittner joined Forest Green Rovers in 2010 and was awarded with the Supporters Player of the Season trophy for his performances in his first season at The New Lawn. In May 2011, Bittner signed a new contract until the summer of 2013. He stated after signing the new contract: \"I had a couple of offers but there was no chance of me leaving. The club is financially sound now and with the gaffer (Dave Hockaday) and the chairman (Dale Vince) on board – the future is really bright.\" Manager Hockaday added: \"James is as good as there is in the league and I am delighted to have him on board.\" Bittner left for Hereford United in 2012, making 42 appearances, before joining Newport County on a short-term contract. After leaving Newport, he returned to Salisbury for a second spell as player coach. Bittner signed for Plymouth Argyle in July 2014 as second-choice goalkeeper behind Luke McCormick. Bittner, made his Plymouth Argyle debut on the 24 January 2015, aged 32, replacing the injured McCormick at half time. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. In July 2015 Bittner signed a new player/coach contract with Plymouth Argyle after agreeing to take the role of the club's new goalkeeper coach under new manager Derek Adams. On 16 June 2016, Bittner rejoined Newport County as goalkeeper player/coach under manager Warren Feeney. When Feeney and his assistant manager Andy Todd were sacked on 28 September 2016, Bittner and fellow first team coach Sean McCarthy were named joint caretaker managers. Their only matches in charge were a 2–1 home defeat against Swansea City Under 23's in the League Trophy fixture on 4 October 2016 and a League Two 0–0 draw versus Colchester United on 8 October 2016. Graham Westley was appointed team manager effective from 10 October 2016 with Dino Maamria his assistant manager and Mccarthy released by the club. Bittner made his debut for Newport County on 22 October 2016 versus Plymouth Argyle replacing Joe Day in the 36th minute when Day was sent off. Plymouth won the match 3–1 In June 2017 Bittner signed a one-year contract extension and he was released by Newport at the end of the 2017-18 season. In July 2018 he joined Reading as their Under 23 goalkeeping coach. James Bittner Bittner signed for Fulham in 2000 from Swindon Town by then manager" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Darrington, West Yorkshire Darrington is a small village and civil parish in the City of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, England, from Pontefract and from the city of York. The village is split in two by the busy A1 trunk road which runs from London to Scotland. The 2011 census population was 1,408. The history of Darrington can be traced back to the time of Edward the Confessor. The last Anglo Saxon owners of Darrington were named Jordan, Baret and Alsi. After the Norman conquest it fell to the ownership of Ilbert de Lacy, a favourite of William the Conqueror. Novelist, historian and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, J. S. Fletcher (Joseph Smith Fletcher) was brought up in Darrington. At the heart of the village is the village shop, the Spread Eagle pub, church and the school. Darrington Church of England Junior & Infant School has about 100 pupils and holds a good reputation in the area. The Old School and Dovecote are now houses, and the mediaeval Tithe Barn is between the Old School and the church, now in a state of disrepair. Darrington is home to the Mid-Yorkshire Golf Club, the Kyte Hotel, the Darrington pub and hotel, the Spread Eagle public house, a branch of Ripon Farm Services and Darrington Quarries. The village has a community playing field which is home to the 'Feast and Fayre' once a year; this has a collection of stalls, a bouncy castle, dancing and many other types of entertainment. There is also a 5-mile run on the same day. The field is also the venue for an annual bonfire and firework display. These events are well attended, bringing visitors from surrounding villages and raising money for the upkeep of the field and to buy new play equipment, etc. Although the Holly Cottage Post Office has closed, a post office is available on Monday and Thursday mornings on Phillips Lane. There have been many post office moves in the village. According to the Post Office Archives, the first post office in the village was opened in 1888; in 1889, it gained permission to deal with money orders. Next to the school is the 13th century parish church of St Luke and All Saints, for the parish of Darrington with Wentbridge in the Benefice of the Went Valley. Booklets of monumental inscriptions from the churchyard and that of Wentbridge are available here from the Pontefract & District Family History Society. Church records are kept at the West Yorkshire County Archives. The building was restored in 1855, and local people including antiquarians complained strongly of damage to historical features. Fine workmanship on rare stone effigies in the north chancel aisle had been \"obliterated\" by liberal use of whitewash. A Norman arch between nave and tower had been partially removed to make way for a large pew. A \"considerable quantity\" of carved oak furniture and woodwork had been sold and dispersed. A \"highly interesting stone effigy of a recumbent figure in armour\" had \"mysteriously disappeared.\" Darrington, West Yorkshire Darrington is a small village and civil parish in the City of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, England, from Pontefract and from the city of York. The village is split in two by the busy A1 trunk road which runs from London to Scotland. The 2011 census population was 1,408. The history of Darrington can be traced back to the time of Edward the Confessor. The last Anglo Saxon owners of Darrington were named Jordan, Baret and Alsi. After the Norman conquest it fell to the ownership of Ilbert de Lacy, a favourite of William the Conqueror. Novelist," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Hot District Hot (, ) is a district (\"amphoe\") in the southern part of Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Mae Chaem, Chom Thong of Chiang Mai Province, Ban Hong, Li of Lamphun Province, Doi Tao, Omkoi of Chiang Mai Province, Sop Moei and Mae Sariang of Mae Hong Son Province. The canyon of Op Luang National Park is in Hot District. In 1905 the district Muet Ka was abolished and split into the district Mueang Hot and the minor district Mueang Hot. In 1917 the district was renamed Hot. The district is divided into six sub-districts (\"tambon\"), which are further subdivided into 60 villages (\"muban\"). There are two sub-district municipalities (\"thesaban tambon\"), Tha Kham and Hang Dong, both covering parts of \"tambon\" Hang Don. There are a further six tambon administrative organizations (TAO). Hot District Hot (, ) is a district (\"amphoe\") in the southern part of Chiang Mai Province in northern Thailand. Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Mae Chaem, Chom Thong of Chiang Mai Province, Ban Hong, Li of Lamphun Province, Doi Tao, Omkoi of Chiang Mai Province, Sop Moei and Mae Sariang of Mae Hong Son Province. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Luz-Guerrero Early College High School Luz-Guerrero Early College High School was a public charter high school in Tucson, Arizona. It is operated by Luz Social Services, Inc. The school had previously went by the name Luz Academy of Tucson, which remained the legal name of the charter holder. On the same campus was Adalberto M. Guerrero Middle School, a middle school operated by the same company. The Arizona State Board for Charter Schools filed a notice of intent to revoke the charter in April 2012. The school failed to submit its fiscal year 2011 audit. A hearing with an administrative law judge is scheduled to take place in August. Luz-Guerrero Early College High School Luz-Guerrero Early College High School was a public charter high school in Tucson, Arizona. It is operated by Luz Social Services, Inc. The school had previously went by the name Luz Academy of Tucson, which remained the legal name of the charter holder. On the same campus was Adalberto M. Guerrero Middle School, a middle school operated by the same company. The Arizona State Board for Charter Schools filed a notice of intent to revoke the charter in April 2012. The school failed to submit its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kieran Murphy (Sarsfields hurler) Kieran Murphy (born 22 February 1983 in Glanmire, County Cork) is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Sarsfields and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 2003 until 2011. Murphy was appointed captain of the team for 2010. Murphy announced his retirement from inter-county hurling in 2011 due to work commitments outside the Cork area. Murphy plays his club hurling with his local club called Sarsfield's and has enjoyed much success. He first came to prominence as the club enjoyed an under-age boom in the early years of the new century. After enjoying little success at minor level, Murphy was a key member of the 'Sars' under-21 team that reached the final of the county under-21 championship in 2003. Valley Rovers provided the opposition on that occasion, however, they proved no match for Murphy's side. A 3–11 to 0–12 score line gave victory to Sarsfield's and gave Murphy a county under-21 winners' medal. By this stage Murphy was also a member of the Sarsfield's senior hurling team. In 2008 the club reached the county final of the senior championship, with Murphy serving as captain. A narrow 2–14 to 2–13 victory over Bride Rovers gave Murphy a county senior championship winners' medal and gave 'Sars' a first county final win since 1957. Murphy first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork minor hurling team when he was just sixteen years-old in 1999. He enjoyed little success in his debut season, however, in 2000 Cork reached the provincial minor decider. Limerick provided the opposition on that occasion, however, they were no match for 'the Rebels'. A 2–19 to 1–10 trouncing gave Cork the victory and gave Murphy a Munster winners' medal. The subsequent All-Ireland final saw Cork take on Galway. A high-scoring encounter saw 'the Tribesmen' take the title by 2–19 to 4–10. In 2001 Murphy was in his third and final season as a member of the Cork minor hurling team. They surrendered their Munster title to Tipperary following a conclusive 1–13 to 1–6 defeat. Cork, however, still had a chance to claim the All-Ireland title via the 'back door'. Murphy gave one of his best-ever displays in the All-Ireland semi-final against Kilkenny when he scored 3–6. After coming through the All-Ireland series Cork reached the All-Ireland championship decider. For the second year in succession Galway were the opponents. Murphy produced a fantastic exhibition of hurling in that game, scoring 1–5, as Cork went on to win by 2–10 to 1–8. It was his first All-Ireland minor winners' medal. Murphy subsequently joined the Cork under-21 team, however, he enjoyed little success in this grade. He lost back-to-back Munster deciders to Tipperary in 2003 and 2004, with Murphy serving as captain in the former year. Murphy's performances at under-age levels brought him to the attentions of the Cork selectors at senior level. He made his senior championship debut in 2003, a year which saw Cork's players emerge from a bitter stand-off with the county board, however, he played no part in the county's Munster final victory and subsequent All-Ireland final defeat. 2004 saw Cork reach the Munster final once again and, for the second consecutive year, Waterford provided the opposition. In what many consider to be the greatest provincial decider of them all, both sides fought tooth-and-nail for the full seventy minutes. Unfortunately for Murphy, Cork lost the game by just a single point on a score line of Waterford 3–16, Cork 1–21. Although Cork surrendered their provincial crown they were still in with a chance of landing the All-Ireland title. After manoeuvring through the qualifiers Cork reached a second consecutive All-Ireland final and, once again, Kilkenny provided the opposition. This game took on a life of its own for a number of reasons. Chief among these was the fact that Kilkenny were attempting to capture a third All-Ireland title in-a-row and go one ahead of Cork in the All-Ireland roll of honour. The game was expected to be another classic; however, a damp day put an end to this. The first-half was a low-scoring affair and provided little excitement for fans. The second-half saw Cork completely take over. For the last twenty-three minutes Cork scored nine unanswered points and went on to win the game by 0–17 to 0–9 with Murphy knocking over two vital scores en route to victory. It was Murphy's first All-Ireland winners' medal. In 2005 Cork were on form again and the team won back the provincial crown that year with a 1–12 to 1–16 victory over Tipperary. It was Murphy's first Munster winners' medal as Cork went on the march for glory once again. In the All-Ireland semi-final against Clare their championship campaign was nearly derailed when they fell behind by seven points at the start of the second-half. A huge performance by Cork turned this deficit around and Cork went on to win the game by 0–16 to 0–15. While it was expected that Cork and Kilkenny would do battle again in a third consecutive All-Ireland final Galway were the surprise winners of the second semi-final. It was the first meeting of Cork and Galway in an All-Ireland final since 1990 and even more daunting was the fact that men from the west had never beaten Cork in a championship decider. Once again neither side broke away into a considerable lead, however, at the final whistle Cork were ahead by 1–21 to 1–16. For the second year in-a-row Cork were the All-Ireland champions and Murphy collected his second winners' medal. 2006 saw Cork turn their attentions to a first three-in-a-row of All-Ireland titles since 1978. The team's championship campaign got off to a good start with a 0–20 to 0–14 defeat of Clare in the opening round of the Munster championship. The subsequent provincial decider saw Cork take on Tipp for the second consecutive year. Star forward Joe Deane was to the fore, scoring an impressive eight points and contributing greatly to Cork's 2–11 to 1–11 victory over their old rivals. It was Murphy's second consecutive Munster winners' medal. Subsequent victories over Limerick and Waterford saw Cork qualify for their fourth consecutive All-Ireland final and for the third time Kilkenny were the opponents. Like previous encounters neither side took a considerable lead, however, Kilkenny had a vital goal from Aidan Fogarty. Cork were in arrears coming into the final few minutes, however, Ben O'Connor goaled for Cork. It was too little too late as 'the Cats' denied 'the Rebels' the three-in-a-row on a score line of 1–16 to 1–13. In 2007 Cork were out foe redemption, however, their championship ambitions were hampered from the beginning. The so-called Semplegate affair resulted in Seán Óg Ó hAilpín, Donal Óg Cusack and Diarmuid O'Sullivan being suspended for a crucial Munster semi-final clash with Waterford. In spite of being without three of their best players Cork put up a good fight but only lost by a goal. After manoeuvring through the qualifiers Cork reached the All-Ireland quarter-final. Once again Waterford provided the opposition as the game controversially ended in a draw – 3–16 apiece. The replay was less exciting; however, it was still a good game as Waterford triumphed by 2–17 to 0–20. The activities of the Cork footballers and their reaction to the appointment of Teddy Holland as their new manager impacted greatly on the preparations of the Cork hurling team. The entire panel went on a sympathy strike and missed the opening games of the National League. In the end the Cork hurlers returned to duty, however, their first championship game resulted in a defeat by Tipperary and 'the Rebels' had to take their chances in the win-or-bust qualifiers. A goal by Joe Deane in their next outing helped Cork to limp over the finish line against Dublin. The team's overall performance was less than impressive in the 1–17 to 0–15 win. Cork's next game saw Galway, a team regarded as one of the best in the", "however, it was still a good game as Waterford triumphed by 2–17 to 0–20. The activities of the Cork footballers and their reaction to the appointment of Teddy Holland as their new manager impacted greatly on the preparations of the Cork hurling team. The entire panel went on a sympathy strike and missed the opening games of the National League. In the end the Cork hurlers returned to duty, however, their first championship game resulted in a defeat by Tipperary and 'the Rebels' had to take their chances in the win-or-bust qualifiers. A goal by Joe Deane in their next outing helped Cork to limp over the finish line against Dublin. The team's overall performance was less than impressive in the 1–17 to 0–15 win. Cork's next game saw Galway, a team regarded as one of the best in the country, provide the opposition. The first-half was a poor affair with Cork's goalkeeper, Donal Óg Cusack, being sent off. In the second-half Cork took charge and secured a 0–23 to 2–15 victory and a place in the All-Ireland quarter-final. Clare were the opposition on that occasion and, once again, Cork gave a poor first-half display. The second-half was a different story with Cork taking charge once again and securing a 2–19 to 2–17 victory. This win allowed Cork to advance to the All-Ireland semi-final where Kilkenny provided the opposition. It was the first time that these two teams met in the championship outside of an All-Ireland final. That game was an intriguing encounter; however, 'the Cats' won the day by 1–23 to 0–17. Following the defeat by Kilkenny in 2008 manager Gerald McCarthy's two-year contract came to an end. He was later re-appointed for a further two-year term by the Cork County Board, in spite of the majority of the players not wanting him to stay on. The players on the 2008 panel, with Murphy playing a low-key role in the strike, refused to play or train under McCarthy. (see 2008-2009 Cork players strike). McCarthy accordingly began the 2009 National League campaign with a new squad, none of whom had been able to make the previous year's panel. After months of pressure McCarthy eventually stepped down as manager. Following the resolution to these difficulties Cork were defeated by Tipperary on a score line of 1–19 to 0–19 in the opening round of the Munster campaign. After a convincing win over Offaly the next assignment for Murphy's Cork team was a win-or-bust All-Ireland qualifier meeting with Galway. Cork faltered in the final ten minutes as 'the Tribesmen' knocked 'the Rebels' out of the championship by 1–19 to 0–15. In 2010 Murphy succeeded John Gardiner as captain of the Cork senior hurling team. Murphy announced his retirement from inter-county hurling in 2011 due to work commitments outside the Cork area. Murphy has also lined out with Munster in the Railway Cup inter-provincial competition. He played with the province for the first time in 2004, however, Munster were defeated in the final by Connacht with a 1–15 to 0–9 score line. 2005 saw Murphy line out in a second Railway Cup final. Leinster provided the opposition on that occasion, however, victory went to Munster by 1–21 to 2–14, giving Murphy a Railway Cup winners' medal. Kieran Murphy (Sarsfields hurler) Kieran Murphy (born 22 February 1983 in Glanmire, County Cork) is a former Irish sportsperson. He played hurling with his local club Sarsfields and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 2003 until 2011. Murphy was appointed captain of the team for 2010. Murphy announced his retirement from inter-county hurling in 2011 due" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Glory to the Filmmaker! The comedy crosses a broad range of genres common to Japanese film in a fashion similar to \"Getting Any?\", Kitano's 1995 parody. Kitano described the film as \"a cinematic extension of his manzai comedy routines that continues in much the same vein as his last feature, the similarly eclectic \"Takeshis\"'.\" Kitano plays a hapless film director in search of a commercial hit, while suffering failure after failure as he tries out different genres. In 2007, the Venice Film Festival introduced a new award named after the film; Kitano was the first recipient of this \"Glory to the Filmmaker!\" award. Glory to the Filmmaker! The comedy crosses a broad range of genres common to Japanese film in a fashion similar to \"Getting Any?\", Kitano's 1995 parody. Kitano described the film as \"a cinematic extension of his manzai comedy routines that continues in much the same vein as his last feature, the similarly eclectic \"Takeshis\"'.\" Kitano plays a hapless film director in search of a commercial hit, while suffering failure after failure as he tries out different genres. In 2007, the Venice Film Festival introduced a new award named after the film; Kitano was the first recipient of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter A. A. Berle Peter Adolf Augustus Berle (December 8, 1937 – November 1, 2007) was a lawyer, conservationist and member of the New York Assembly. Berle was born on December 8, 1937 in New York City to Adolf Augustus Berle, Jr. (1895–1971) and Dr. Beatrice (née Bishop) Berle (1902–1993). His father was an important member of U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt's \"Brain Trust\" and served as Assistant Secretary of State and U.S. Ambassador to Brazil. His mother was a prominent physician and author. He had two sisters, Beatrice Van Cortlandt Berle and Alice Bishop Berle. His maternal grandparents were Cortlandt Field Bishop (1870–1935) and Amy Bend (1870-1957). His great-grandfather was George Hoffman Bend (1838–1900), a member of the New York Stock Exchange who was prominent in New York Society. His paternal grandparents were Mary Augusta (née Wright) and Adolf Augustus Berle. Berle graduated from Harvard University and Harvard Law School. After his father's death in 1971, his mother married Dr. André Frédéric Cournand (1895–1988), a physician who was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1956. After graduating from Harvard, Berle joined the United States Air Force where he trained as a parachutist and intelligence officer. After being honorably discharged with the rank of first lieutenant, he returned to Cambridge for law school. After graduating from law school, he joined the prestigious law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind and Garrison, where he was assigned to case litigating against Consolidated Edison. Con Ed planned on building a pump storage facility on a hillside overlooking the Hudson River but Berle and the firm won a precedent-setting victory that forced the company to fix any environmental damage. Short after in 1971, he founded Berle, Butzel & Kass, one of the first environmental law firms in the country. His firm successfully litigated against Union Carbide for fouling underground water on Long Island. In 1968, Berle was elected to the New York State Assembly serving three consecutive terms in the 178th, 179th and 180th New York State Legislatures from January 1, 1969 to December 31, 1974 on the Democrat / Liberal tickets. His district, known as a Silk-Stocking District, extended from 60th Street to 125th Street. As a freshman legislator, he successfully sued then-Gov. Nelson Rockefeller over budgetary process issues. He played an important role in expanding Adirondack State Park by more than 9,000 acres in the park, including 11 of the highest peaks in the Adirondacks. He eventually became the ranking member of the Committee on Environmental Conservation. During his time in office, he wrote the book \"\"Does the Citizen Stand a Chance?\"\" advocating for the rights of underprivileged constituents, published in 1974. In May 1976, Berle was appointed by Gov. Hugh Carey to succeed Ogden R. Reid as Commissioner of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. In this role, he helped initiate the cleanup of the Love Canal toxic waste dump at Niagara Falls. During his tenure, action was taken against the General Electric Company for discharge of PCBs into the Hudson River and his office was responsible for readying and running the venues at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid. Berle, who was known as \"fiercely independent,\" was forced to resign on December 12, 1978 after several disagreements with Gov. Carey. He was succeeded by Robert F. Flacke, who was previously the chairman of the Adirondack Park Agency. From 1985 to 1995, he served as President of the National Audubon Society, succeeding Russell W. Peterson, the former Governor of Delaware. Concurrently, he was the president of the Stockbridge Land Trust, director of the Orion Society and a trustee and former chairman of the Century Foundation. As president, he worked to prevent oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge as well as arguing before the Supreme Court in support of responsible handling of water issues in the Midwest. in 1993, he was one of the five U.S. members appointed by President William J. Clinton to the Joint Public Advisory Committee, a constituent piece of the Commission on Environmental Cooperation under the North American Free Trade Agreement, serving until 2002. In 1960, Berle married Lila Sloane Wilde in Lenox, Massachusetts. She was the daughter of Helm George Wilde (1907–1998) and Marjorie Lila Field (1910–1997), herself a granddaughter of Emily Vanderbilt Sloane (1874–1970). Lila's maternal uncle was Frederick Vanderbilt Field (1905–2000). Peter and Lila were the parents of: Berle died on November 1, 2007 in Pittsfield, Massachusetts of injuries sustained in August 2007 in Stockbridge when the roof of a barn collapsed as he was dismantling it. His funeral was held at St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Stockbridge. In 1998, Berle's wife inherited Elm Court, the historic Vanderbilt estate in Lenox, Massachusetts. Peter A. A. Berle Peter Adolf Augustus Berle (December 8, 1937 – November 1, 2007) was a lawyer, conservationist" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Split-step method In numerical analysis, the split-step (Fourier) method is a pseudo-spectral numerical method used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations like the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The name arises for two reasons. First, the method relies on computing the solution in small steps, and treating the linear and the nonlinear steps separately (see below). Second, it is necessary to Fourier transform back and forth because the linear step is made in the frequency domain while the nonlinear step is made in the time domain. An example of usage of this method is in the field of light pulse propagation in optical fibers, where the interaction of linear and nonlinear mechanisms makes it difficult to find general analytical solutions. However, the split-step method provides a numerical solution to the problem. Another application of the split-step method that has been gaining a lot of traction since the 2010s is the simulation of Kerr frequency comb dynamics in optical microresonators. The relative ease of implementation of the Lugiato–Lefever equation with reasonable numerical cost, along with its success in reproducing experimental spectra as well as predicting soliton behavior in these microresonators has made the method very popular. Consider, for example, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation where formula_2 describes the pulse envelope in time formula_3 at the spatial position formula_4. The equation can be split into a linear part, and a nonlinear part, Both the linear and the nonlinear parts have analytical solutions, but the nonlinear Schrödinger equation containing both parts does not have a general analytical solution. However, if only a 'small' step formula_7 is taken along formula_4, then the two parts can be treated separately with only a 'small' numerical error. One can therefore first take a small nonlinear step, using the analytical solution. The dispersion step has an analytical solution in the frequency domain, so it is first necessary to Fourier transform formula_10 using where formula_12 is the center frequency of the pulse. It can be shown that using the above definition of the Fourier transform, the analytical solution to the linear step, commuted with the frequency domain solution for the nonlinear step, is By taking the inverse Fourier transform of formula_14 one obtains formula_15; the pulse has thus been propagated a small step formula_7. By repeating the above formula_17 times, the pulse can be propagated over a length of formula_18. The above shows how to use the method to propagate a solution forward in space; however, many physics applications, such as studying the evolution of a wave packet describing a particle, require one to propagate the solution forward in time rather than in space. The non-linear Schrödinger equation, when used to govern the time evolution of a wave function, takes the form where formula_20 describes the wave function at position formula_21 and time formula_3. Note that The formal solution to this equation is a complex exponential, so we have that Since formula_29 and formula_30 are operators, they do not in general commute. However, the Baker-Hausdorff formula can be applied to show that the error from treating them as if they do will be of order formula_31 if we are taking a small but finite time step formula_32. We therefore can write The part of this equation involving formula_34 can be computed directly using the wave function at time formula_35, but to compute the exponential involving formula_36 we use the fact that in frequency space, the partial derivative operator can be converted into a number by substituting formula_37 for formula_38, where formula_39 is the frequency (or more properly, wave number, as we are dealing with a spatial variable and thus transforming to a space of spatial frequencies—i.e. wave numbers) associated with the Fourier transform of whatever is being operated on. Thus, we take the Fourier transform of recover the associated wave number, compute the quantity and use it to find the product of the complex exponentials involving formula_42 and formula_36 in frequency space as below: where formula_45 denotes a Fourier transform. We then inverse Fourier transform this expression to find the final result in physical space, yielding the final expression A variation on this method is the symmetrized split-step Fourier method, which takes half a time step using one operator, then takes a full-time step with only the other, and then takes a second half time step again with only the first. This method is an improvement upon the generic split-step Fourier method because its error is of order formula_47 for a time step formula_32. The Fourier transforms of this algorithm can be computed relatively fast using the \"fast Fourier transform (FFT)\". The split-step Fourier method can therefore be much faster than typical finite difference methods. Split-step method In numerical analysis, the split-step (Fourier) method is a pseudo-spectral numerical method used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations like the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nordvision Nordvision is a cooperative venture, established in 1959, between seven Nordic public service broadcasters: Denmark's DR, Norway's NRK, Iceland's RÚV, Sweden's SVT, SR and UR, and Finland's YLE. Greenland's KNR and the Faroe Islands' Kringvarp Føroya are associate members. Nordvision's main task is the co-production and exchange of television programmes. It has its secretariat in Copenhagen, at DR Byen. The founding of Nordvision was primarily based on cultural rather than economic incentives. The Nordic countries are important potential markets for one another's productions. One of the original thoughts was to take advantage of the similarity of the Scandinavian languages, even if in practice, while the languages are closely related, they are too far apart to be fully understood without subtitles when television series are broadcast to the audiences in neighbouring countries. Nevertheless, other cultural similarities and the tradition of Nordic collaboration have favoured production and distribution of television programmes across Nordic countries. Television was introduced in Western Europe in the early 1950s but came late to most Nordic countries. Denmark started regular broadcasts in 1954, Sweden in 1956, Finland in 1957, while Norway did not begin until 1960. Sweden, Finland and Norway have a large territory but a relatively small population, and one reason for the late introduction of television was related to the feasibility a transmitter system that would provide the majority of the population with access. Moreover, the government policy for example in Sweden concentrated efforts and financial resources on the construction of a network of stations rather than on increasing programming hours. Thus, a regional programme exchange was also seen as a solution to programme supply, particularly in categories with high productions costs, such as entertainment and drama. In this context, television was seen as having a potential to make a major contribution towards developing and fostering Nordic cooperation. Whilst the more extensive European exchange system Eurovision already existed since 1955, the programming it provided was focused on sports, news and cultural events, due to the technological constraints posed by live transmissions and language differences as it would not have been possible to provide subtitles. Mainly because of the late start of television in Norway, Nordvision began later than its wider European counterpart. Denmark and Sweden had begun cooperating in TV production as early as the summer of 1958, but the official start of the Nordic exchange did not take place until October 1959. In contrast to Eurovision, the Nordvision exchange programmes also included light entertainment and popular music series, helping to make popular culture from the Nordic countries familiar across national borders. Members: Associate members: Nordvision hosts six programme groups where the co-production and programme collaboration take place on a practical level: Children, culture, drama, knowledge, factual and investigative journalism. Some of the most well-known Nordvision co-productions include: The Nordvision Fund, established in 1988, is an important financing source for major drama productions. The Fund gets its revenues from cable distribution of TV programmes from the partners in the Nordic countries. The Fund's money is earmarked for Nordic co-productions and joint projects, and aims at strengthening the Nordic cultural cooperation and to stimulate the use of Nordic authors and performing artists. The Nordic cooperation also contains a number of expert groups who meet regularly to exchange experience and knowledge. This collaboration encompasses several aspects, such as corporate strategy, program development, scheduling and copyright. Nordvision Nordvision is a cooperative venture, established in 1959, between seven Nordic public service broadcasters: Denmark's DR, Norway's NRK, Iceland's RÚV, Sweden's SVT, SR and UR, and Finland's YLE. Greenland's KNR and the Faroe Islands' Kringvarp Føroya are associate members. Nordvision's main" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Governor's School of North Carolina The Governor's School of North Carolina (GS, GSNC) is a publicly funded residential summer program for intellectually gifted high school students in the state of North Carolina. North Carolina's Governor's School was the first such program in the United States, and has given rise to similar programs for gifted students in many other states. Governor's School enrolls approximately 600 students each summer, half each in programs housed at Salem College in Winston-Salem (known as Governor's School West, or GSW) and at Meredith College in Raleigh (known as Governor's School East, or GSE). Governor's School is a program of the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Governor's School serves students in public, private, and home schools. Most students are rising seniors in high school, though students from some arts areas may be rising juniors. Students who attend Governor's School are nominated by their school or school system and selected on the basis of grades, test scores, an application essay and, for arts students, an audition. Students are accepted for a primary course of study, known as Area I, in which they will spend most of their class time. Area I disciplines include the following: academic areas of English, Spanish, French, mathematics, natural science and social science; artistic areas of art, choral music, dance, drama, and instrumental music. Each course emphasizes contemporary texts, compositions, artistic expressions, issues, and ideas in their respective disciplines. All students attend two additional areas of study outside of their primary area, not to mention countless optional and required seminars and performances. Area II courses cover a variety of questions and ideas from the epistemological branch of philosophy. In Area III classes, students attempt to ground what they are learning in their Area I and II classes in their own personal experience. The program began in 1963 as an education initiative promoted by Gov. Terry Sanford and conceptualized by John Ehle, a member of his staff. The idea was based on educational principles concerning gifted education that were prominent in the 1950s. An early consultant in Governor's School's design and curriculum was Dr. James J. Gallagher, author of \"Teaching the Gifted Child (1951)\" and over 80 other works on gifted education. Dr. Gallagher's work emphasized the need for different educational methods for gifted students that were not available in public schools, and the importance of creativity and leadership as aspects of giftedness. The goal of Governor's School, therefore, was to advance the education of North Carolina's brightest students, with the goal of encouraging them to become gifted, creative leaders in all aspects of science, mathematics, art, sociology, and literature. This was done partially in hopes of challenging the technological advancements being made in the Cold-War era Soviet Union, but also with an eye to bringing corporations to North Carolina to provide jobs in emerging technologies such as computers, space exploration, telecommunications, and biomedical research. The first session was funded by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and an association of business leaders from Winston-Salem, NC. The first Governor's School class of 400 students met in June, 1963 on the campus of Salem College in Winston-Salem, NC. Instructors were drawn mainly from college professors. Though North Carolina's public schools would not be officially desegregated until 1968, students of all races have been accepted to Governor's School since its inception. Governor's School was funded by the Carnegie Corporation and local business for a second year, but received support from the NC Legislature beginning in 1965 and continuing (with a single exception) to this day. While the subject matter changed with the times, the governing philosophies of gifted education remained focused on differential education for the gifted. The early curriculum was expressed in a document entitled \"Opening Windows to the Future\", written by H. Michael Lewis with input from GS instructors. In 1968, actor, educator, and playwright James Lee (Jim) Bray became Director of the Governor's School, a position he would hold until 1995. In light of the expanding population of North Carolina and the growing impact of research and development corporations in the state's financial success, Governor Jim Hunt called for Governor's School to be expanded to a second campus in 1978. The second GS program was held on the campus of St. Andrews Presbyterian College in Laurinburg. This doubled the number of students to 800. With the opening of this campus, the program in Winston-Salem was referred to as GS West, while Laurinburg was GS East. Both campuses held essentially the same program, prompting the NC Department of Public Instruction to declare that Governor's School was one school with two campuses. Governor's School East moved to Meredith College in Raleigh for the 2000 session, where it is still held. While faculty and subject matter have changed over time, Governor's School remained basically unaltered from 1978 until 2009. In response to proposed budget cuts, and in celebration of its 25th year, Jim Bray and the faculty at GS West organized a meeting of GS alumni to show legislators the enduring success of the program. Organized by long-time campus activities director JoAnne North Goetz, several hundred alumni met in 1987 to show their support for the program. During this meeting, they organized the North Carolina Governor's School Alumni Association. The Alumni Association holds annual Alumni Day reunions on both campuses, and supports Governor's School through donations and public awareness. In 1993, the Alumni Association spun off a sister organization, the NC Governor's School Foundation. The Foundation is a non-profit charitable organization that supports the mission of Governor's School through direct financial donations. The GS Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization. With the economic issues of the 2008 financial collapse, the North Carolina legislature began a series of cuts to the Governor's School program. In 2009, the legislature passed a general cut to the Governor's School budget, forcing the program to drop from 800 students to 600, and also began charging a $500 tuition to attend. Prior to that time, Governor's School had been at no cost to the students. Since 2012, the Governor's School Foundation has offered scholarships to economically-disadvantaged students to offset the tuition cost. Citing continued budget issues, the NC Legislature cut all funding for Governor's School in June, 2011. With this decision, the Governor's School of North Carolina was effectively ended, though the legislature did allow the Department of Public Instruction to keep the School open as a tuition-funded program. DPI made it clear from the beginning that they would not hold GS if it had to be supported by full tuition of about $2100 per student. This prompted the Governor's School Foundation into action to save the 2012 program and give alumni time to show legislators the economic power of Governor's School and its positive impact on the state's economy. Working with the Governor's School Alumni Association, and with support from the Department of Public Instruction and the NC State Board of Education, the GS Foundation was able to raise $700,000 in less than six months - enough to keep both Governor's School campuses open for the 2012 session with 550 students, although with a reduction in duration to five weeks. At the same time, an outpouring of support from alumni and business leaders across the state urged legislators to restore GS funding. In June 2012, the Legislature voted to restore sufficient funding to keep both GS campuses open with 600 students for a five-week session. On July 14, 2012, the NC Governor's School Alumni Association held a celebration", "power of Governor's School and its positive impact on the state's economy. Working with the Governor's School Alumni Association, and with support from the Department of Public Instruction and the NC State Board of Education, the GS Foundation was able to raise $700,000 in less than six months - enough to keep both Governor's School campuses open for the 2012 session with 550 students, although with a reduction in duration to five weeks. At the same time, an outpouring of support from alumni and business leaders across the state urged legislators to restore GS funding. In June 2012, the Legislature voted to restore sufficient funding to keep both GS campuses open with 600 students for a five-week session. On July 14, 2012, the NC Governor's School Alumni Association held a celebration of 50 years of Governor's School, the culmination of the effort to save the program. Governor's School of North Carolina The Governor's School of North Carolina (GS, GSNC) is a publicly funded residential summer program for intellectually gifted high school students in the state of North Carolina. North Carolina's Governor's" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "King Price Insurance King Price Insurance is a South African based, privately held insurance company that offers short term insurance. The company is best known for its monthly decreasing car insurance premium model. King Price Insurance was founded by Gideon Galloway. The company received its initial funding from Francois van Niekerk of Mertech group and Stefan van der Walt of Nikon, and was launched in 2012. The company offered monthly insurance, reducing premiums that decrease with the depreciating value of the asset. King Price Insurance registered with as a member of the South African Insurance Crime Bureau (SAICB). King Price insurance is reinsured by reinsurer Munich RE. The company’s head offices is located at the Waterkloof Glen, Pretoria. King Price Insurance offers covers for short term insurance products including car, household, building, trailers, caravans and all risk insurance. It offers car insurance premiums that decrease monthly according to the continuously depreciating value of the insured vehicle. King Price won dual awards for Best Short-Term Insurer and Best Overall Newcomer in the 2013 South African Service Awards. King Price Insurance King Price Insurance is a South African based, privately held insurance company that offers short term insurance. The company is best" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Flavored liquor Flavored liquors (also called infused liquors) are alcoholic beverages that have added flavoring and, in some cases, a small amount of added sugar. They are distinct from liqueurs in that liqueurs have a large sugar content and may also contain glycerine. Flavored liquors may have a base of vodka or white rum, both of which have little taste of their own, or they may have a tequila or brandy base. Typically, a fruit extract and, in some cases, sugar syrup are added to the base spirit. A growing segment is higher-powered flavored liquors. In that connection, Maple or Honey may be added. Cinnamon has become an important flavoring for many kinds of liquor, including Rum, Whiskey. Brandy, Vodka and Tequila. It is touted as a way to increase sales. There are many cinnamon-infused liquors on the market. See Fireball and discussion therein. Flavored rums and vodkas frequently have an alcohol content that is 5–10% ABV less than the corresponding unflavored spirit. Flavored liquor Flavored liquors (also called infused liquors) are alcoholic beverages that have added flavoring and, in some cases, a small amount of added sugar. They are distinct from liqueurs in that liqueurs have a large sugar" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Reed Porter John Reed Porter (November 14, 1838–October 15, 1923) was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, a military award presented by the United States Department of War to 18 Union Army soldiers who participated in the Great Locomotive Chase in 1862 during the American Civil War (1861–1865). He joined Union Army in 1861 and participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Stones River, Bentonville, and the campaigns of Chattanooga and Atlanta. At the end of the war he was a first lieutenant. Porter was a native of Delaware County, Ohio. He joined the United States Army in 1861 as a private in Company G, 21st Ohio Infantry. In April 1862, he was to take part in a daring raid with 21 others (later known as \"Andrews' Raiders\" because they operated under the command of James J. Andrews). He overslept and missed out on the raid but was captured and imprisoned along with his fellow raiders within two weeks. Porter and 14 others managed to escape, but only six of them reached friendly lines. Porter was one of the six who managed to reach Union held territory. He served with the Union Army for the remainder of the war and was commissioned as a second lieutenant. By the war's end he was promoted to first lieutenant. Following the war, he returned to Ohio and was the last raider to die in 1923. He was buried in the McComb Union Cemetery, in McComb, Ohio. Rank and Organization: Citation: John Reed Porter John Reed Porter (November 14, 1838–October 15, 1923) was a recipient of the Medal of Honor, a military award presented by the United States Department of War to 18 Union Army soldiers who participated in the Great Locomotive Chase in 1862 during the American Civil War (1861–1865). He joined" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Walcher William Walcher (died 14 May 1080) was the bishop of Durham from 1071, a Lotharingian, the first non-Englishman to hold that see and an appointee of William the Conqueror following the Harrying of the North. He was murdered in 1080, which led William to send an army into Northumbria to harry the region again. Walcher was a priest in Lotharingia from Liege and a secular clerk. He was invited by William I to fill the post of Bishop of Durham, and he was consecrated bishop in 1071 and probably enthroned on 3 April 1071. During the first part of his term as bishop, he was on friendly terms with Waltheof earl of Northumbria, so much so that Waltheof sat with the clergy when Walcher held synods. After Waltheof rebelled and lost his earldom, Walcher was allowed to buy the earldom. Walcher planned to introduce monks into his cathedral chapter, and was remembered as encouraging monasticism in his diocese. Particularly, he was known as the patron of Aldwine, who attempted to re-establish monasticism at Whitby. Eventually, the group settled at Durham under Walcher's successor William de St-Calais. The medieval chronicler Symeon of Durham stated that Walcher had begun construction of monastic buildings at Durham as part of his plan to introduce monks into Durham. One of Walcher's councellors was Ligulf of Lumley, who was connected by birth to the old Northumbrian line and was married to the daughter of Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia. Ligulf's presence in the bishop's council provided a link with the local aristocracy. There was a Scottish invasion in 1079, which Walcher was unable or unwilling to deal with effectively. The Scots, under Malcolm III, were able to plunder Northumberland for about three weeks unopposed before returning to Scotland with slaves and booty. Ligulf was very critical of Walcher's conduct. A feud ensued between Ligulf and two of Walcher's henchmen, his chaplain Leobwin and his kinsman Gilbert. Gilbert attacked Ligulf's hall in the middle of the night and Ligulf and most of his household were killed. The Northumbrians were enraged at the murder of one of their leaders and there was a real threat of rebellion. In order to calm the situation Walcher agreed to travel from Durham and meet Ligulf's kinsmen at Gateshead. He travelled with at least one hundred retainers for safety. At Gateshead, he met Eadulf Rus the leader of the kinsmen and was presented with a petition of wrongs committed. Walcher rejected these and the enraged Northumbrians attacked the Norman party. Walcher and his men sought refuge in a nearby church but the Northumbrians set fire to it. Leobwin died in the blaze and when Walcher, Gilbert and the rest of his party were forced out by the flames they were killed. on 14 May 1080 at Gateshead. Walcher was a saintly man but an incompetent leader. According to Symeon of Durham, Walcher's household knights were allowed to plunder and occasionally kill natives without punishment. Walcher was considered a well-educated bishop, and had a reputation as a pious man. Symeon of Durham portrayed him as an honest, upright man who diligently performed his episcopal duties. Walcher's successor as Earl of Northumbria was Aubrey de Coucy. William of Saint Carilef was the next bishop, though not earl. Following the killing of Walcher, the rebels attacked Walcher’s castle at Durham and besieged it for four days, before returning to their homes. The result of their rising and the killing of William’s appointed bishop, led William to send his half brother Odo of Bayeux with an army to harry the Northumbrian countryside. Many of the native nobility were driven into exile and the power of the Anglo-Saxon nobility in Northumbria was broken. William Walcher William Walcher (died 14 May 1080) was the bishop of Durham from 1071, a Lotharingian, the first non-Englishman to hold that see and an appointee of William the Conqueror following the Harrying of the North. He was murdered in 1080, which led William to send an army into Northumbria to harry the region again. Walcher was a priest in Lotharingia from Liege and a secular clerk. He was invited by William I to fill the post of Bishop of Durham, and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bonne Nouvelle (Paris Métro) Bonne Nouvelle is a station on lines 8 and 9 of the Paris Métro. The section of lines 8 and 9 from just east of Richelieu - Drouot to west of République was built under the Grand Boulevards, which replaced the Louis XIII wall and is in soft ground, which was once the course of the Seine. The lines are built on two levels, with line 8 on the higher level and line 9 in the lower level. The platforms are at the sides and the box containing the lines and supporting the road above is strengthened by a central wall between the tracks. There is no interconnection between the lines at \"Bonne Nouvelle\", with each level having different accesses to the street. The station was opened on 5 May 1931 with the extension of line 8 from Richelieu - Drouot to Porte de Charenton. The line 9 platforms were opened on 10 December 1933 with the extension of the line from \"Richelieu - Drouot\" to Porte de Montreuil. The station is named after the district of \"Bonne-Nouvelle\" and \"Boulevard de Bonne-Nouvelle\", both named after the church of Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle. Nearby are the church of Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle, the Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique (national dramatic art school), the Grand Rex theatre and the Théâtre du Gymnase Marie Bell. In tribute to the area's contribution to the theatrical and cinematic arts, the signage for the Bonne Nouvelle station is done up in a fashion similar to the Hollywood sign. Bonne Nouvelle (Paris Métro) Bonne Nouvelle is a station on lines 8 and 9 of the Paris Métro. The section of lines 8 and 9 from just east of Richelieu - Drouot to west of République was built under the Grand Boulevards, which replaced the Louis" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "MSX Video access method The ColecoVision, SG-1000, CreatiVision, and first-generation MSX computers use the TMS9918A Video Display processor (VDP), which has its own 16 KiB of video memory that was not shared with main memory. Compared to the unified system and video memory used by other 8-bit computers of the time, such as the Apple II, ZX Spectrum, and Commodore 64, separate memory has the advantage of freeing up of the Z80 processor's 64 KiB address space for main RAM, and the VDP doesn't need to steal CPU cycles to access video memory. The disadvantage is that the program has to use the CPU's dedicated I/O instructions to command the VDP to manipulate the contents of the video RAM. This not only slows down video access but also makes the porting of games from unified-memory platforms more difficult. Attempts of porting ZX Spectrum games (in the UK, the system most similar to the MSX) were often thwarted by this difference. Also, programmers had to learn to optimally use the more advanced capabilities of the VDP. The TMS9918A's method of accessing the video RAM is slower than direct access, as used in unified-memory computers, because accessing video memory involved first outputting the low- then the hi-byte of the (14-bit) video memory address to I/O port $99, then one or more bytes of 8-bit data to port $98. After each write, the memory pointer advances to the next address, so consecutive addresses can be written to with repeated OUT instructions to $98. This also meant that the fast Z80 blockmove and blockfill instructions could not be used on the video memory. Z80 had as fast OTIR/OTDR block instructions which could be used instead of LDIR/LDDR, still, allowed VRAM access rate was restricted unless during vertical blanking. However because of the screen layout, (which was top-down for each character of 8 lines then advancing to the next character) this was difficult to use for programmers who tried to convert existing software originally written for a system that had another arrangement of the screen layout. So when trying to use the TMS9918A high resolution mode video memory in the conventional way this method of indirect-access could be far slower than in 8-bit computers with unified memory, like any other piece of RAM. Consequently machines using this VDP could be inefficient at certain graphical tasks, such as scrolling games, which entailed moving the entire background memory. Instead of being able to use the Z80's efficient and fast block move instructions they had to write elaborate routines that first read bytes from video memory into system memory, and then back to another location in video memory, all one byte at a time. To increase the speed to an acceptable level the programmers then often limited the scrolling to 8-pixel steps, which looked primitive in comparison to the 1 or 2 pixel scrolling steps available to the ZX Spectrum or Commodore 64 machines (although the Commodore 64 also used 8-pixel steps it had a fine-scroll register which could compensate for this, the MSX-1 did not). The TMS9918A did have several features to make up for this shortfall, for example a programmable character set which allowed indirection, (to greatly increase scrolling because only the character table had to be moved, instead of the pixel data) and by having 32 hardware sprites. These sprites however were more limited than those in (for example) the Atari-8-bit systems. Because in their highest resolution they were only 16x16 pixels in a single-color (with transparency). A bigger drawback though was that in reality only scan line segments from a maximum of 4 sprites could simultaneously be displayed on any one picture scan line. Attempting to place a 5-th sprites scan line segment on the same scan line as the four others would result in flickering or missing scan line segments. Still, with care multiple multi-color sprites could be created this way, as many Japanese games prove. The ZX Spectrum did not have sprites, but when porting games it was often too much trouble to re-write the game structure to take advantage of the sprites. So most often they were simply ignored when porting games. There were tricks available to circumvent the scrolling and other speed related problems by using clever programming techniques and video chip capabilities that were not available in the ZX Spectrum, such as using an undocumented text mode that supported multiple colors. In addition, by using the built in re-programmable fonts, it was possible to combine high resolution graphics with faster scrolling while also being able to use sprites. This method was widely used by Japanese programmers writing native software, but rarely by British programmers who were porting Spectrum software. Most of the video problems described above, especially sprite limits and scrolling, were fixed with the newer MSX-2 video chips. However, by that time 16 bit systems like the Amiga and Atari ST had started to dominate the market. MSX Video access method The ColecoVision, SG-1000, CreatiVision, and first-generation MSX computers use the TMS9918A Video Display processor (VDP), which has its own 16 KiB of video memory that was not shared with main memory. Compared to the unified system and video memory used by other 8-bit computers of the time, such as the Apple II, ZX Spectrum, and Commodore 64, separate memory has the advantage of freeing up of the Z80 processor's 64 KiB address space for main RAM, and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1966–67 British Home Championship The 1966–67 British Home Championship has remained famous in the memories of British Home Nations football fans ever since the dramatic climatic match at Wembley Stadium, where an unfancied Scottish team beat England on the same turf they had won the 1966 FIFA World Cup a year before. England had comfortably disposed of Wales and Ireland in the earlier matches, whilst Scotland had struggled, drawing with Wales and only just beating the Irish. In the final match however, the Scots outplayed their illustrious opponents who were effectively reduced to 10 men with Jack Charlton hobbling and no substitutes allowed claiming a 3–2 victory, thus resulting in some over-enthusiastic Scottish supporters claiming to be \"world champions with many of them invading the pitch, digging up much of the turf and stealing the goal woodwork after the game. In contrast to later pitch invasions, this was non-violent and resulted in no significant police action. The \"World Champions\" idea has since taken more tangible form in the Unofficial Football World Championships. The contest was also important as it formed the first half of the qualifying stages for the 1968 UEFA European Football Championship, a competition England would eventually qualify for in the following 1967–68 British Home Championship and reach the semi-finals, ultimately securing third position overall. 1966–67 British Home Championship The 1966–67 British Home Championship has remained famous in the memories of British Home Nations football fans ever since the dramatic climatic match at Wembley Stadium, where an unfancied Scottish team beat England on the same turf they had won the 1966 FIFA World Cup a year before. England had comfortably disposed of Wales and Ireland in the earlier matches, whilst Scotland had struggled, drawing with Wales and only just beating the Irish. In the final match however, the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Waskatenau Waskatenau ( ) is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located in Smoky Lake County, 90 km northeast of the city of Edmonton. Waskatenau is a Cree word meaning \"opening in the bank\" in reference to the clef in the nearby ridge through which the Waskatenau Creek flows. It is pronounced with a silent \"k.\" In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Village of Waskatenau recorded a population of 186 living in 99 of its 129 total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of 255. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016. In the 2011 Census, the Village of Waskatenau had a population of 255 living in 115 of its 140 total dwellings, a -8.3% change from its 2006 population of 278. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2011. Waskatenau is known for its repeated efforts to set a world record for the longest continuous game of softball. The town held three such softball marathons, known as the \"Home Run For Life\", as fundraisers for the Cross Cancer Institute and Stollery Children's Hospital in Edmonton. In late June 2005, the first marathon went for 60 hours and 4 minutes and raised $75,000, unofficially holding the world record for less than 1 day before a team in Quebec broke it. Waskatenau tried again in 2007, and played for 108 hours and 3 minutes from June 27 to July 1, raising over $91,000. However, the Guinness Book of World Records disallowed the record for technical reasons. Finally, in 2009, Home Run For Life III successfully set the official, Guinness-approved record for the \"longest game of softball\", playing 115 hours and 3 minutes from June 30 to July 5, and raising more than $110,000. The 1880s name for the area was Wah-Sat-now after the nearby cleft as mentioned above. The Wah-Sat-Now (Cree) band in residence there in the 1880s later moved to the Saddle Lake reserve. . The new spelling Waskatenau was in common use by 1920. About that time a CNR line was built from Edmonton to St. Paul. Waskatenau was the station built between Radway and Warspite. The Village of Waskatenau was incorporated on May 19, 1932. Waskatenau Waskatenau ( ) is a village in central Alberta, Canada. It is located in Smoky Lake County, 90 km northeast" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "007 Legends 007 Legends is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of British secret agent James Bond. It was developed by Eurocom and released by Activision on October 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, November 2012 for Microsoft Windows and December 2012 for Wii U. The game is available as physical optical disc media, as well as a digital release download via PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on date of release. It was removed off all other digital stores without warning. The PAL Wii U version of the game was released in some parts of Europe on 6 December 2012, and in the United Kingdom on 21 December 2012. The release was cancelled in Australia. The game was released to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the James Bond film series. To achieve this the single player campaign includes one mission from each of the six actors' eras, being \"Goldfinger\" (Sean Connery), \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\" (George Lazenby), \"Moonraker\" (Roger Moore), \"Licence to Kill\" (Timothy Dalton) and \"Die Another Day\" (Pierce Brosnan), with \"Skyfall\" (Daniel Craig) released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360, PS3 and PC and included on disc for the Wii U version. Additionally, some of the original talent from the films add their likenesses and voices to their associated characters. \"007 Legends\" is the fourth and final James Bond game title released by Activision, the last game Eurocom developed before the company ceased operations and also the last James Bond video game to be available on home video game systems, to date. However, the game received negative reviews from critics upon release. Being built on the engine used for Eurocom’s previous title, 2011’s \"\", \"007 Legends\" shares much of the same gameplay, though there are some notable additions and modifications. The most significant change is the greater focus on stealth-based play, with enemy AI being more suspicious and investigative. Throughout the campaign players will frequently be presented with situations that require stealth to get past, though often running-and-gunning will also be an option. To compliment such stealth scenarios, players will have access to three gadgets from the start of the campaign: the returning smartphone, which has new vision modes and binocular capabilities; a new dart pen that can fire three different types of dart, including distraction, shock and tranquillizer darts; and a wristwatch that can track enemies and fire a laser and map nearby enemies and cameras. Another notable addition is the incorporation of an XP (experience points) progression system. Players can use XP to unlock and/or upgrade gadgets, weapons (and attachments) and Bond’s physical abilities. Other notable points include there being at least one vehicle-based level in each of the missions, a new free-form melee function that enables players to control punches with the analogue sticks and new weapons. As with the MI6 Ops Missions mode from \"GoldenEye 007: Reloaded\", Challenges will present extra missions based on assault, elimination, stealth and defence-based objectives, with adjustable difficulty. New to this mode will be the option to play special missions for some of the villains and companions from the single player. Players' scores will be uploaded onto online leaderboards. Multiplayer is supported across all platforms. 4-player split-screen is available for local offline play while online play will have capacity for up to 12 players in a match. Players' multiplayer experience are indicated by their level, such as Level 50 (00 Agent Grade 0). There is also a 00 Specialization mode, similar to \"Call of Duty\"s Prestige system. Character skins and maps from the single player are available to players. Players can also equip gadgets to enhance their abilities, such as the Fast Switch gadget which halves the time it takes to switch weapons. Scenarios revealed are Conflict, Golden Gun, You Only Live Twice, Escalation, Data Miner, Team Conflict, Icarus and Black Box. The game begins with the opening chase sequence in \"Skyfall\", in which MI6 agent James Bond (likeness of Daniel Craig, voice of Timothy Watson) pursues the mercenary Patrice in Istanbul, only to be accidentally shot and wounded aboard a train by his partner Eve Moneypenny. Plunging into the river below, Bond begins to flash back to several of his previous missions that took place in-between \"Quantum of Solace\" and \"Skyfall\". In Miami, Bond awakens in a hotel room to find Jill Masterson dead from skin suffocation, coated in gold paint. Days later in Switzerland, Bond infiltrates the facility of Auric Goldfinger, the man responsible for Masterson's death. He discovers Goldfinger's plan to irradiate the United States Gold Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky in Operation Grand Slam. Bond manages to convince Goldfinger's personal pilot, Pussy Galore, to inform the CIA, and he and the United States Army manage to thwart Goldfinger's scheme in the nick of time. In the Swiss Alps, Bond and his lover Contessa Teresa \"Tracy\" di Vicenzo, daughter of Italian Unione Corse boss Marc-Ange Draco, escape via skis after an attack by soldiers of Ernst Stavro Blofeld, a terrorist mastermind residing in his mountaintop lair, Piz Gloria. Bond is injured by helicopter gunship during the gunfire, and Tracy is in turn captured by Blofeld's men. Some time later, Bond and Draco lead an aerial attack on Piz Gloria in order to rescue Tracy. They succeed. However, on their honeymoon, Bond and Tracy are attacked by Blofield and the latter is killed. Bond finds his CIA agent friend Felix Leiter maimed in his house alongside his dead wife. The man responsible is Franz Sanchez, a Mexican drug lord whom Bond and Leiter had unsuccessfully attempted to take down weeks earlier. On a quest for vengeance, Bond and DEA agent Pam Bouvier infiltrate Sanchez's facility inside an old Otomi temple, intent on killing him. A car chase ensues, and Bond kills Sanchez with the lighter given to him by Felix when Bond found him on the floor. In Iceland, Bond and NSA agent Giacinta \"Jinx\" Johnson arrive at a party held by billionaire philanthropist Gustav Graves, who is believed to be involved in the theft of military satellite components. Jinx spots Zao, a rogue Korean People's Army operative who killed two of Jinx's colleagues, and believes he may be involved. They learn that Graves plans to weaponize ICARUS, a satellite used to reflect sunlight, in order to destroy South Korean forces on the DMZ, opening the way for a North Korean invasion of the South. Bond and Jinx manage to board Graves' plane after a lengthy car chase with their Aston Martin DBS V12, killing Zao in the process. The ensuing firefight causes the plane to head downwards in a tail spin, but Bond manages to kill Graves and escape with Jinx. In Brazil, Bond and Holly Goodhead, a NASA scientist moonlighting as a CIA agent, infiltrate the rocket launch facility of Hugo Drax, a billionaire industrialist who has started his own private space exploration program. They quickly learn that Drax, a twisted social darwinist, intends to wipe out the human race while creating his own new 'master race' from personally selected specimens, spared from the destruction of Earth via biological weapons on-board Drax's personal space station. Bond and Goodhead manage to get on board the station via a shuttlecraft, and proceed to destroy it, killing Drax in the process by blowing him out of an airlock. Back in the present, Bond regains consciousness on the river bank, injured, but alive. A few days later, he is seen in Shanghai following Patrice to prevent the assassination of an unknown figure, which 007 succeeds in and kicks Patrice off a building to his death before Bond can learn of his employer's identity. After finishing his report to M through a phone call, he is informed by Tanner that another mission awaits him to fight against Raoul Silva. \"007 Legends\" was developed to coincide with the 50th", "selected specimens, spared from the destruction of Earth via biological weapons on-board Drax's personal space station. Bond and Goodhead manage to get on board the station via a shuttlecraft, and proceed to destroy it, killing Drax in the process by blowing him out of an airlock. Back in the present, Bond regains consciousness on the river bank, injured, but alive. A few days later, he is seen in Shanghai following Patrice to prevent the assassination of an unknown figure, which 007 succeeds in and kicks Patrice off a building to his death before Bond can learn of his employer's identity. After finishing his report to M through a phone call, he is informed by Tanner that another mission awaits him to fight against Raoul Silva. \"007 Legends\" was developed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the \"James Bond\" film franchise. It incorporates the stories of six Bond films, one film chosen from each Bond actor's series of films, and retells them with an overarching narrative that ties them together, that of the progression of James Bond, from a newly christened agent on through becoming experienced as 007. The player goes through the classic Bond missions in the game playing as the Daniel Craig incarnation of Bond, as along the lines of the 2010 remake of \"GoldenEye 007\" for the Nintendo Wii, and the PlayStation 3/Xbox 360 port called \"\". At the announcement of the game on 18 April 2012, publisher Activision did not comment on which films would be remade in the game, but admitted that the upcoming \"Skyfall\" would serve as the final portion of the game. \"Moonraker\" was the first mission of the game to be revealed, while the second mission is based on the film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service\". \"Goldfinger\" is the opening mission of the game, while \"Licence to Kill\", and \"Die Another Day\" also feature in the story. The only mission that is not on the game disc itself is the \"Skyfall\" mission, which was released on 20 November 2012 as free downloadable content (DLC), since \"007 Legends\" was released one week before \"Skyfall\" was first released in theaters. The \"Skyfall\" DLC is available for PlayStation 3, PC and the Xbox 360 and is included on the disc on the Wii U. Bruce Feirstein, who wrote three films and four games in the \"James Bond\" universe, wrote the screenplay along with Robin Matthews, who works for Eurocom. The composers from a previous release in the series, \"GoldenEye 007\", returned to do the music score for \"007 Legends\". Kevin Kiner wrote and composed the soundtrack, while David Arnold wrote his own instrumental arrangement of \"Goldfinger\" for the main title sequence. \"007 Legends\" received generally negative reviews from critics. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 3 version 48.35% and 41/100, the Xbox 360 version 47.74% and 45/100, the Wii U version 40.67% and the PC version 16.00% and 26/100. IGN accused the game of drowning out the Bond series' iconic moments by shoehorning them into a cheap and poorly made \"Call of Duty\" clone, further adding that the gameplay was boring and repetitive and that production had only made a half-hearted attempt to bind the chosen recreation of films together, and that the lack of overarching story offered little incentive to keep playing. \"Game Informer\" was similarly critical of the game, describing it as \"a mess of a title that’s uninspired at best and nearly broken at worst\", and while the review applauded the concept of remaking films in video game form, it also attacked the gameplay mechanics as overly-simplistic with the player following on-screen prompts to perform certain actions, which was broken up by \"truly awful\" stealth gameplay. \"The Globe and Mail\" went so far as to question the choice of missions in the game, claiming that fans considered them to be among the worst installments in the Bond film franchise, and that the game threw players into the middle of missions with little explanation or context to them, concluding that the game \"feels like a low-budget knockoff of [...] \"Call of Duty\"\". IT News Africa's Frederick Charles Fripp thought that \"it could have been a better game if Eurocom focused more on improving the graphics and changing the game dynamic from a fairly linear shooter to something a bit more complex and through-provoking.\" In his score of 7.0/10, he added that \"it does become a bit repetitive after a while, especially if the player does not feel challenged.\" More positive reviewers, such as Sean Colleli from Gaming Nexus, recognised the ambitious six-film scope of the project (in comparison to Eurocom's 2011 success with the single storyline retold and reimagined in \"GoldenEye 007 - Reloaded\") and praised a lot of the gameplay developments, noting that the gadgets \"get a decent amount of use, and don’t border on the absurd or impractical\" and concluding that \"gameplay is a bit of a mixed bag overall, but it definitely skews toward the better. It has GoldenEye’s pedigree in it, and I applaud Eurocom for trying new things and taking risks\". Some praise was given to the game's split-screen multiplayer modes, with IGN pointing out that localised split-screen was a feature that had been frequently overlooked in first-person shooter games, before adding that there was little to separate the multiplayer of \"007 Legends\" from that of the \"GoldenEye 007\" remake. Due to the reception, and lowering sales of console games, Eurocom in 4Q/2012, fired 150 people from a total of 200 staff, and decided to focus on mobile games. On 4 January 2013, Activision and Steam's online stores pulled the PC versions of \"Quantum of Solace\", \"Blood Stone\" and \"007 Legends\" without explanation or warning. Similar actions followed shortly on Xbox Live and PlayStation Network for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, also affecting \"\". \"007 Legends\" was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Video Game Writing in the Writers Guild of America Awards. 007 Legends 007 Legends is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of British secret agent James Bond. It was developed by Eurocom and released by Activision on October 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, November 2012 for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ilanjodigal Ilanjodigal (Tamil: இளஞ்ஜோடிகள்) is a 1982 1982 Indian Tamil film, directed by Rama Narayanan, starring Karthik, Suresh, Radha and Vijayashanti in lead roles. The film had musical score by Sankar Ganesh. Sivagami Nachiyar (Rajasulochana) is an arrogant millionaire who lives with her two daughters Geetha (Vijayashanti) and Sitta (Radha) in her palacial, ancestral bungalow. She is extremely strict with everyone, including her two daughters, and forbids them from looking out of the house window, or even stepping out of the house. She also insults and rejects many millionaire suitors for them, which disappoints her daughters as they feel that they may not get married at all. However things take a turn when Nachiyar leaves home on an important work for ten days. Relieved, Geetha and Seeta finally venture out of the house. They run into two petty crooks, Buddy Raju (Suresh) and Putturaja (Karthik). After some hilarious confrontations, they eventually fall in love with them. However, Nachiyar has rejected numerous millionaires themselves, so her daughters know that she will never, in her wildest dreams, accept two petty crooks as her sons-in-law. On finding out that her daughters are in love with two hapless boys, she arranges their wedding with two princes from France. However they are none other than Buddy Raju and Putturaja in disguise. Nachiyar's brother-in-law, a gym wrestler, had planned the entire event to unite his nieces with the men they loved. After the engagement, Nachiyar find out their true identity and falsely accuses them of stealing her jewels. She quickly arranges her daughters wedding with a millionaire's sons while Buddy Raju and Putturaja are in prison. Will Geetha and Sitta ever unite with the ones they love? Will Nachiyar ever change her ways? This forms the rest of the story. The movie puts across the quest for freedom, love and relationship in a humorous manner. Ilanjodigal Ilanjodigal (Tamil: இளஞ்ஜோடிகள்) is a 1982 1982 Indian Tamil film, directed by Rama Narayanan, starring Karthik, Suresh, Radha and Vijayashanti in lead roles. The film had musical score by Sankar Ganesh. Sivagami Nachiyar (Rajasulochana) is an arrogant millionaire who lives with her two daughters Geetha (Vijayashanti) and Sitta (Radha) in her palacial, ancestral bungalow. She is extremely strict with everyone, including her two daughters, and forbids them from looking out of the house window, or even stepping out of the house. She also insults and rejects many millionaire suitors for" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Eli Waldron Eli Waldron (January 25, 1916 to June 9, 1980) was born Gerald Cleveland Waldron in Oconto Falls, Wisconsin. Waldron was an American writer and journalist whose primary work consisted of short stories, essays, and poetry. His writings were published in literary journals (such as \"The Kenyon Review\", \"Prairie Schooner\", and \"Story\") and popular periodicals (such as \"Collier's\", \"Holiday\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Saturday Evening Post\"). From the 1950s to 1970s he contributed stories and essays to \"\"The New Yorker\", and in the 1960s and 1970s, a number of his poems and experimental fiction works appeared in underground, alternative, and \"counter-culture\" publications, such as \"The Illustrated Paper\", \"Rat Subterranean News\", \"Underground\", \"The Village Voice\", and \"The Woodstock Times\". Much of Waldron's fiction and non-fiction reveals a strong interest in the \"underdog\" and the marginalized, disenfranchised individual, as well as a belief in the possibility of triumph over (often seemingly great) adversity. Making repeated use of satire and often introducing surprise endings, Waldron consistently questioned what he perceived to be the status quo and championed those who may have been viewed as \"outsiders\" by people in authority or by members of society's \"mainstream.\" This outlook and approach may be seen vividly in such fiction pieces as \"The Beekeeper\" (published in \"Prairie Schooner\" in 1943) and \"Zawicki the Chicken\" (\"Cross Section 1945: A Collection of New American Writing\"), as well as in such non-fiction portraits as \"The Death of Hank Williams\" (\"The Reporter\", 1955) and \"The Lonely Lady of Union Square\" (\"The New Yorker\", 1955). Despite his literary achievement, he did not see a book published in his lifetime, nor has one appeared since. Nonetheless, his work continues to gain attention and recognition. In 2013, \"The Kenyon Review\", published his story \"Do Birds Like Television?\" along with six of his drawings featuring birds. His story, \"The Death of Hank Williams\" (1955) was included in excerpted form in \"The Hank Williams Reader\" issued by Oxford University Press in 2014. Waldron was born in 1916 in Oconto Falls, Wisc. where he grew up. He was the youngest of his parents Rose Cleveland and Jonathan Witcher Waldron's seven children. His mother was an amateur poet, and his brother Jonathan Gilbert Waldron (1910–1974) was an advertising manager and writer, whose short stories and articles were published in popular periodicals during the 1950s. Waldron's first literary efforts in the early 1940s resulted in some critical praise. Author Katherine Anne Porter, for example, remarked, in 1943, that Waldron possessed \"the spark\" and that his work was able to reveal the \"deeper stratum of human suffering.\" He attracted the attention of future literary agent, Donald Congdon in New York, who began representing him in 1943 on behalf of Lurton Blassingame's literary agency, and soon he was considered one of the most promising young writers in the United States. In 1945, he received a literary prize, the \"Participation Award,\" from the publishing firm, Simon & Schuster for the completion of a novel. His resulting novella, \"The Low Dark Road\" received strong responses of praise as well as criticism from the firm's editors, and ultimately was not published. He did not rise to the same heights of fame as such contemporaries as James Baldwin, J. D. Salinger, and Herman Wouk. Waldron moved to Charlton Street in New York City in 1947 and became part of a literary circle that included Hollis Alpert, Josephine Herbst, S. J. Perelman, and J. D. Salinger. Following the publication in July 1951, of his review of J. D. Salinger's novel \"The Catcher in the Rye\", Salinger wrote his reviewer a warm note of thanks, adding: \"I hope one day somebody writes with that much perception and feeling about a book of yours.\" Waldron continued publishing short stories in \"Collier's\" through the early 1950s. He went on to develop his career as a magazine journalist, publishing articles and stories in \"Holiday\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Saturday Evening Post\", and \"\"The New Yorker\". His last piece for a major periodical, a profile of the artist Saul Steinberg, appeared in \"Publishers Weekly\" on May 7, 1973. Despite what writers such as Howard Mitcham, and Richard Gehman, describe as bouts of writer's block, depression, and alcoholism, he wrote and published until his death in 1980, producing masterful works of literary fiction, striking journalism, irreverent travelogues, satirical flights of fancy, lively verse and even lyrics, as well as drawings. In his 1967 \"Chicago Tribune\" article, entitled, \"Eli Waldron, Where Are You Now?,\" Gehman remarked that the suddenly difficult to locate Waldron, who had been part of Gehman's own Greenwich Village literary circle in the 1940s and 1950s, was \"one of the best, and perhaps least appreciated, writers of my time.\" Longtime \"New Yorker\" editor, William Shawn, echoed these words in a eulogy for Waldron on November 15, 1980, stating, \"What [Waldron] wrote gleamed, and gleams brighter with the passage of time.\" Shawn also stated, quite simply, that Waldron was \"an original, an innovator,\" and \"a writer of immense talent who wrote far too little, perhaps because the standards he set for himself were so high that even he could rarely reach them.\" Waldron was married four times. His third marriage to painter Phyllis Floyd in 1960 produced two daughters, Zoe and Eve. Waldron died in a car crash on Monday, June 9, 1980, on Route 15 in Gordonsville, Virginia, while visiting novelist Christian Gehman, the son of Richard Gehman. He was 64 and had been living in Woodstock, N.Y. since 1974 with his wife Marie Waldron. Eli Waldron's drawings, dating from the 1950s to 1980, were less known than his literary work, with only one published during his lifetime. Nonetheless, they represent an important part of his oeuvre. In these drawings, words and images coalesce to create a literary form of art. Many are captioned and deal with the themes of love, sex, nature, the individual, politics, power, religion, spirituality, and the cosmos with concision, wit, and humor. Motifs include trees, birds, eyes, faces, and signs. A recurrent feature in the drawings is the profile of a long-nosed man, who could be said to represent the artist, observing. The body of the works include single drawings, groups of related drawings, collections, such as \"Varieties of Religious Experience,\" (undated), and illustrated books, such as \"Presto,\" 1973, that combine drawings with prose or poetry. Some works, such as the collection \"Ipglok,\" ca. 1973, are \"word art,\" in which words themselves, in unusual spellings and arrangements, are the subject of the work. Most are in a linear style, favored by Saul Steinberg and Picasso, and are executed in Rapidograph or Flair felt tip pens in drawing pads, 12 x 18 in., 8 1/2 x 11 in. or smaller sheets of paper. He also made paintings on 12 x 16 in. canvas panels. Some of Waldron's correspondence includes his drawings. Eli Waldron Eli Waldron (January 25, 1916 to June 9, 1980) was born Gerald Cleveland Waldron in Oconto Falls, Wisconsin. Waldron was an American writer and journalist whose primary work consisted of short stories, essays, and poetry. His writings were published in literary journals (such as \"The Kenyon Review\", \"Prairie Schooner\", and \"Story\") and popular periodicals (such as \"Collier's\", \"Holiday\", \"Rolling Stone\", \"Saturday Evening Post\"). From the 1950s" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Airgo Networks Airgo Networks (formerly Woodside Networks), is a Palo Alto, California-based company specializing in the development of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology. Airgo Networks was founded in 2001 by Gregory Raleigh, V.K. Jones and David Johnson. Airgo was a lead proponent of the 802.11n standard. The company began shipping the world’s first MIMO-OFDM chipsets in 2003. In September 2005, Airgo Networks launched its third generation True MIMO chip set with support for data rates up to 240 Mbps. On December 3, 2006, Qualcomm announced that it would acquire Airgo Networks for an undisclosed amount. Airgo is now owned by Qualcomm, although still located in Palo Alto, while Qualcomm's headquarters is in San Diego. Airgo Networks Airgo Networks (formerly Woodside Networks), is a Palo Alto, California-based company specializing in the development of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology. Airgo Networks was founded in 2001 by Gregory Raleigh, V.K. Jones and David Johnson. Airgo was a lead proponent of the 802.11n standard. The company began shipping the world’s first MIMO-OFDM chipsets in 2003. In September 2005, Airgo Networks launched its third generation True MIMO chip set with support for data rates up to 240 Mbps. On December 3, 2006, Qualcomm announced that" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "HSBC Bank Canada HSBC Bank Canada (), formerly the Hongkong Bank of Canada, is a bank in Canada that is a subsidiary of British banking giant HSBC - one of the largest banking groups in the world. HSBC Canada is the seventh largest bank in Canada, with offices in every province except Prince Edward Island, and is the largest foreign-owned bank in the country. Corporate headquarters are in the financial district of Vancouver, British Columbia. HSBC Bank Canada's Institution Number (or bank number) is 016. In 1979, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation bought a Vancouver-based acceptance company that financed machinery and equipment for small companies operating in British Columbia. In 1981, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation incorporated Hongkong Bank of Canada (HBC), in Vancouver as a chartered bank effective July 1, 1981, under the Bank Act of Canada using the acceptance company as a base for the new bank. HBC had a few retail branches primarily focused on Asian-Canadians whose primary business centred on commercial enterprises. HBC opened branches in major cities in western Canada and in Toronto and Montreal but growth was slow. HBC sought to grow by acquisition, but the first three attempts to buy an existing institution were unsuccessful. HBC acquired the assets of Bank of British Columbia on November 27, 1986, which had essentially failed. This acquisition gave HBC an additional $2.6 billion in assets and 41 branches in British Columbia and Alberta propelling it overnight from the 20th largest to 9th largest bank in Canada. On May 20, 1988, HBC amalgamated with Midland Bank Canada, gaining many new corporate banking relationships, combined assets of $472 million, and expanding to Eastern Canada. It acquired Lloyds Bank Canada on May 29, 1990, thereby adding another $4.4 billion in assets and 53 branches. Lloyds Bank had acquired Continental Bank of Canada in 1986. Continental Bank began in 1973 as Niagara Finance Company, later became IAC Limited, and then Continental Bank. By October 31, 1990, HBC’s assets were $10.2 billion and its branch network had doubled with most of its newly acquired branches located in Ontario and Quebec. The acquisition of Lloyds also made the company Canada's largest foreign bank and a bilingual operation with branches in eight Quebec communities. On April 30, 1993, HBC acquired ANZ Canada consisting of one office in Toronto, which it combined with the existing HBC branch at 70 York Street. ANZ had acquired Grindlays Bank Canada with its 1984 acquisition of Grindlays Bank, but management sold the component to HBC to focus on expansion in the Asia-Pacific area. The purchase of ANZ made HBC the seventh largest bank in Canada with branches in every province except Prince Edward Island. HBC acquired the single-office Metropolitan Trust Company of Canada on August 1, 1995. HBC acquired Barclays Bank Canada on August 31, 1996. Barclays had re-entered Canada in 1979 and developed a diversified but modest range of activities. In 1985, Barclays bought the assets of Wells Fargo Bank (Canada), consisting of its operations in Alberta and Florida, so that Wells Fargo could re-focus on its home market. In 1993, Barclays Bank Canada closed its Edmonton branch and the following year, it closed six additional branches in Vancouver, Calgary, Winnipeg, London, Montreal and Halifax, retaining only its head office. Barclays' Canadian operations lost approximately $120-million between 1992 and 1996. In response to the growing north-south trade occasioned by the adoption of the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), HBC acquired the Seattle, Washington and Portland, Oregon branches of Marine Midland Bank in 1996. This move into the United States seemed a natural expansion that followed the business interests of many of the bank's customers. HBC acquired National Westminster Bank of Canada on May 1, 1998, which had assets of C$844.5 million. NatWest had entered Canada in 1982. On June 21, 1999, HBC changed its name to HSBC Bank Canada, consistent with the HSBC Group's strategy of creating the global brand, HSBC. On December 3 of that year, it acquired Prenor Trust Company of Canada. In 2000, HSBC Bank Canada acquired Republic National Bank of New York (Canada) after HSBC acquired the parent bank. Republic had entered Canada in 1982, and was an amalgamation of several banks. Republic's purchases included Bank Leumi Le Israel (Canada) in 1993; Israel-based Bank Hapoalim (Canada) in 1994; and Israel Discount Bank of Canada's in 1996. On April 1, 2001, HSBC Canada acquired CCF Canada after HSBC Holdings acquired CCF Canada's parent company, Crédit Commercial de France (CCF). CCF had just acquired Crédit Lyonnais Canada. Credit Commercial de France (Canada) had entered Canada in 1982 when it established an office in Montreal. Société Genérale (Canada) acquired it in 1990. CCF had returned to Canada in 2000. In 2002, HSBC Holdings merged its Canadian and US operations to create a North American transnational bank. HSBC Bank USA of New York, with assets of US$87 billion, and HSBC Canada, with assets of C$34 billion, share some operating resources but remain separate units. On June 1, 2004, HSBC Bank Canada completed its acquisition of Intesa Bank's Canadian unit, which had 11 branches and total assets of C$1.1 billion. On September 20, 2011, HSBC Canada sold its full-service brokerage division, HSBC Securities (Canada) Inc., to National Bank Financial Group for C$208 million. On July 24, 2016, the National Post reported that Kevin Sun and his wife, Ling Lin, were sued by HSBC Bank Canada for default on a $3.2-million mortgage on one of their homes — a $9.5-million mansion in a Gated community in Richmond, BC which served as corporate mailing address for Sun’s companies. SunCom lawyer Carpick said his client would not comment. Operating divisions of HSBC: HSBC Canada is a member of the Canadian Bankers Association (CBA) and registered member with the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC), a federal agency insuring deposits at all of Canada's chartered banks. It is also a member of: Effective March 15, 2010, BMO Bank of Montreal ceased accepting deposits at its ATMs from HSBC customers and resumed charging a convenience fee after five years of an ATM sharing agreement with HSBC Bank Canada. HSBC continues as a member of The Exchange Network. This was a decision HSBC took as part of a restructuring of its personal banking strategy. Instead, HSBC will rebate the convenience fee charged to its HSBC Premier qualified customers to a maximum of $2.00 per instance for using any ATM in Canada. HSBC Bank Canada HSBC Bank Canada (), formerly the Hongkong Bank of Canada, is a bank in Canada that is a subsidiary of British banking giant HSBC - one of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2018–19 Plunket Shield season The 2018–19 Plunket Shield is the 90th season of the Plunket Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition in New Zealand. It is taking place between October 2018 and March 2019. Unlike the previous edition of the competition, the tournament features eight rounds of matches, instead of ten. Central Districts are the defending champions. Up to eleven international players, including New Zealand's captain Kane Williamson, were available for the opening round of the tournament. In the opening round of fixtures, in the match between Central Districts and Canterbury, both teams declared one of their innings for no runs, in a rain-affected match, to ensure that a result was possible. 2018–19 Plunket Shield season The 2018–19 Plunket Shield is the 90th season of the Plunket Shield, the domestic first-class cricket competition in New Zealand. It is taking place between October 2018 and March 2019. Unlike the previous edition of the competition, the tournament features eight rounds of matches, instead of ten. Central Districts are the defending champions. Up to eleven international players, including New Zealand's captain Kane Williamson, were available for the opening round of the tournament. In the opening round of fixtures, in the match between Central" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "CMA CGM Bougainville MV CMA CGM Bougainville is container ship, built in 2015 by Samsung Heavy Industries for CMA CGM on French Asia Line (FAL). The vessel is the largest container carrier operating under the flag of France. The vessel is the largest container ship in the world at the time of her launch in August 2015, having maximum capacity for 18,000 TEU with 1,254 reefer plugs. The boxship \"CMA CGM Bougainville\" together with her five sister-vessels is the flagship for the French container line CMA CGM. The ship has overall length of , width of and summer draft of . The deadweight of the container carrier is , while the gross tonnage is . The boxship \"CMA CGM Bougainville\" has maximum capacity for 18,000 TEU with 1,254 reefer plugs. The container ship \"CMA CGM Bougainville\" is driven by modern low-speed engine MAN B&W 11S90ME-C9.2, which has total output power of 64,000 kW. CMA CGM Bougainville MV CMA CGM Bougainville is container ship, built in 2015 by Samsung Heavy Industries for CMA CGM on French Asia Line (FAL). The vessel is the largest container carrier operating under the flag of France. The vessel is the largest container ship in the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Violin Concerto (Mendelssohn) Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64, is his last large orchestral work. It forms an important part of the violin repertoire and is one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos in history. A typical performance lasts just under half an hour. Mendelssohn originally proposed the idea of the violin concerto to Ferdinand David, a close friend and then concertmaster of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. Although conceived in 1838, the work took another six years to complete and was not premiered until 1845. During this time, Mendelssohn maintained a regular correspondence with David, who gave him many suggestions. The work itself was one of the foremost violin concertos of the Romantic era and was influential on many other composers. Although the concerto consists of three movements in a standard fast–slow–fast structure and each movement follows a traditional form, the concerto was innovative and included many novel features for its time. Distinctive aspects include the almost immediate entrance of the violin at the beginning of the work (rather than following an orchestral preview of the first movement's major themes, as was typical in Classical-era concertos) and the through-composed form of the concerto as a whole, in which the three movements are melodically and harmonically connected and played attacca (each movement immediately following the previous one). The concerto was well received and soon became regarded as one of the greatest violin concertos of all time. The concerto remains popular to this day and has developed a reputation as an essential concerto for all aspiring concert violinists to master, and usually one of the first Romantic era concertos they learn. Many professional violinists have recorded the concerto and the work is regularly performed in concerts and classical music competitions. Mendelssohn also wrote a virtuoso Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra in D minor between 1821 and 1823, when he was 12 to 14 years old, at the same time that he produced his twelve string symphonies. This work was \"rediscovered\" and first recorded in 1951 by Yehudi Menuhin. Following his appointment in 1835 as principal conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, Mendelssohn named his childhood friend Ferdinand David as the orchestra's concertmaster. The work's origins derive from this professional collaboration. In a letter dated 30 July 1838, Mendelssohn wrote to David: \"I should like to write a violin concerto for you next winter. One in E minor runs through my head, the beginning of which gives me no peace.\" The concerto took another six years to complete. There are many possible reasons for the delay, including self-doubt, his third symphony and an unhappy period in Berlin after a request from King Frederick William IV of Prussia. Nevertheless, Mendelssohn and David kept up a regular correspondence during this time, with Mendelssohn seeking technical and compositional advice. Indeed, this violin concerto was the first of many to have been composed with the input of a professional violinist, and would influence many future collaborations. The autographed score is dated 16 September 1844, but Mendelssohn was still seeking advice from David until its premiere. The concerto was first performed in Leipzig on 13 March 1845 with Ferdinand David as soloist. Mendelssohn was unable to conduct due to illness and the premiere was conducted by the Danish composer Niels Gade. Mendelssohn first conducted the concerto on 23 October 1845 again with Ferdinand David as soloist. An autograph manuscript of the concerto re-emerged in 1989 in the Biblioteka Jagiellonska in Kraków, leading to some scholarly scepticism of the veracity of Breitkopf & Härtel's 1862 edition of the published score. Some notable differences include the tempo character of the first movement being written as \"\"Allegro con fuoco\"\" rather than the commonplace \"\"Allegro molto appassionato\"\" as well as significant alterations of the solo violin's passagework. The work is scored for solo violin and a standard orchestra of its period, consisting of two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani, and strings. The concerto consists of three movements with the following tempo markings: 12–14 minutes <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\relative c {\\set Staff.midiInstrument = #\"violin\" \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo \"Allegro molto appassionato\" 2 = 100 \\key g \\major \\time 4/4 \\partial 2 b4. b8 b2( g4) e' e2( b4_) g'( fis e c e) b2. b4 c(b8 a8) a4 a e'2.( b4) c( b8 a) a4 a dis2 } </score> Instead of an orchestral tutti, the concerto opens with the almost immediate entry of the solo violin, playing the very tune in E minor that gave Mendelssohn no peace. Following a bravura of rapidly ascending notes, the opening theme is then restated by the orchestra. There is then a frenetic chromatic transition passage as the music subsides and modulates into a tranquil second subject theme in G major. The melody is initially played by the woodwinds with the soloist providing a pedal note on an open G string. The tune is played by the solo violin itself before a short codetta ends the exposition section of the opening movement. The opening two themes are then combined in the development section, where the music builds up to the innovative cadenza, which Mendelssohn wrote out in full rather than allowing the soloist to improvise. The cadenza builds up speed through rhythmic shifts from quavers to quaver-triplets and finally to semiquavers, which require ricochet bowing from the soloist. This serves as a link to the recapitulation, where the opening melody is played by the orchestra, accompanied by the continuing ricochet arpeggios by the soloist. During the recapitulation, the opening themes are repeated with the second theme being played in the E major before returning to E minor for the closing of the movement. The music gathers speed into the coda, which is marked \"Presto\", before a variant of the original chromatic transition passage ends the first movement. 7–9 minutes <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\relative c\" {\\set Staff.midiInstrument = #\"violin\" \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo \"Andante\" 8 = 100 \\key c \\major \\time 6/8 e4. f8( d b) a'4.( g4. g8) f( e d a f') e4.( d4) r8 g,8( c e) d4( b16 a) g8( c e) g4( e16 d) c8( a f') d4} </score> The bassoon sustains its B from the final chord of the first movement before moving up a semitone to middle C. This serves as a key change from the E minor opening movement into the lyrical C major slow movement. The movement is in ternary form and is reminiscent of Mendelssohn's own \"Songs Without Words\". The theme to the darker, middle section in A minor is first introduced by the orchestra before the violin then takes up both the melody and the accompaniment simultaneously. The tremulous accompaniment requires nimble dexterity from the soloist before the music returns to the main lyrical C major theme, this time leading towards a serene conclusion. 6–7 minutes <score vorbis=\"1\"> \\relative c\" {\\set Staff.midiInstrument = #\"violin\" \\set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \\tempo \"Allegro molto vivace\" 2 = 80 \\key e \\major \\time 4/4 \\partial 4 gis16\\ff( b_\"leggiero\" e gis b8-.) ais16( cis b8) e-.( b-. gis-. e-. fis-. gis-.) fisis16 a gis8 b-.( gis-. e-. b-.) dis16-.( cis b8) fis'16(e b8) dis16( cis b8) fis'16(dis b8) dis16( cis b8)} </score> Following the second movement, there is a brief fourteen-bar transitional passage in E minor for solo violin and strings only. This leads into the lively and effervescent finale, the whole of which is in E major and whose opening is marked by a trumpet fanfare. This movement is in sonata rondo form with an opening theme requiring fast passage work from the soloist. The opening exposition leads into a brief second B major theme which is played by the soloist and builds to a series of rapidly ascending and descending arpeggios, reminiscent of the", "2 = 80 \\key e \\major \\time 4/4 \\partial 4 gis16\\ff( b_\"leggiero\" e gis b8-.) ais16( cis b8) e-.( b-. gis-. e-. fis-. gis-.) fisis16 a gis8 b-.( gis-. e-. b-.) dis16-.( cis b8) fis'16(e b8) dis16( cis b8) fis'16(dis b8) dis16( cis b8)} </score> Following the second movement, there is a brief fourteen-bar transitional passage in E minor for solo violin and strings only. This leads into the lively and effervescent finale, the whole of which is in E major and whose opening is marked by a trumpet fanfare. This movement is in sonata rondo form with an opening theme requiring fast passage work from the soloist. The opening exposition leads into a brief second B major theme which is played by the soloist and builds to a series of rapidly ascending and descending arpeggios, reminiscent of the cadenza from the first movement. The orchestra then plays a variation of the opening melody, after which the music moves into a short development section in G major. The recapitulation is essentially similar to the exposition, apart from the addition of a counter-melody in the strings. The second theme is repeated, this time in the home key of E Major. There is almost a small cadenza near the end of the movement when the woodwinds play the main tune against prolonged trills from the solo violin. The concerto then concludes with a frenetic coda. The concerto is innovative in many respects. In the first movement alone, Mendelssohn departs from the typical form of a Classical concerto in many ways, the most immediate being the entry of the soloist almost from the outset, which also occurs in his First Piano Concerto. Although the first movement is mostly in the conventional sonata form, Mendelssohn has the first theme played by the solo violin and then by the orchestra. Classical concertos typically opened with an orchestral introduction followed by a version of essentially the same material that incorporates the soloist. The cadenza is also novel in that it is written out as part of the concerto and located before the recapitulation. In a typical Classical concerto, the cadenza is improvised by the performing soloist and occurs at the end of a movement, after the recapitulation and just before the final coda. Mendelssohn's written cadenza was not included in the first published version of the concerto, but instead a \"streamlined\" version by Ferdinand David without the contrapuntal complexity of the original. This is the most played version today, although some artists, e.g. Arabella Steinbacher, play Mendelssohn's original. Joshua Bell performs the concerto with his own cadenza. The violin concerto stands out from previous concertos with its connected movements. There is no break between the first and second movements, with a bassoon note held between the two. The bridging passage between the last two movements begins almost immediately after the slow movement. The melody is similar to that of the opening, which hints at the cyclic form of the piece. The linking was designed to eliminate applause between movements. This would have come as a surprise to Mendelssohn's audience, who, unlike today's, were used to applauding between movements. The concerto also calls on the soloist to be nothing more than an accompanist to the orchestra for extended periods, such as the ricochet arpeggios at the start of the recapitulation. This too was novel for a violin concerto of its time. Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto influenced the concertos of many other composers, who adopted aspects of it in their own concertos. For example, the unusual placement of the cadenza before the recapitulation is reflected in the violin concertos of Tchaikovsky (where the cadenza is similarly placed) and Sibelius (where the cadenza serves to extend the development section). Moreover, following this concerto it was very rare for a composer to leave a cadenza unwritten for the soloist to improvise as in the days of Mozart and Beethoven. The linking of the three movements also influenced other concertos, such as Liszt's Second Piano Concerto. The concerto itself was an instant success, warmly received at its premiere and well received by contemporary critics. By the end of the nineteenth century, the piece was already considered one of the greatest violin concertos in the repertoire. It would become one of Mendelssohn's most popular pieces, and was still regularly performed, even when interest in his music declined in the early twentieth century. In 1906, the year before his death, the celebrated violinist Joseph Joachim told the guests at his 75th birthday party: The work has developed a reputation as an essential one for aspiring violin virtuosi to conquer. This has led to its becoming virtually ubiquitous in the discography of concert violinists, even including those who were only active at the very dawn of recorded sound and of whom very little recorded music exists, such as Eugène Ysaÿe. Even so, it remains technically challenging and is generally considered to be as difficult as many other famous counterparts. Among a vast discography, the following recordings have received notable awards and outstanding reviews: Violin Concerto" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kiss 40 Kiss 40 (also known as Kiss 40 Years: Decades of Decibels) is a compilation released by Kiss to celebrate the band's 40th anniversary. The album contains one track from every album the band have released over their 40-year career including live albums, the 1978 solo albums, as well as songs from compilations, the three instant live albums, which are commercially available for the first time and one unreleased song (\"Reputation\"). The album is the first released by the band since their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. A limited edition Best Buy exclusive version was released that came with a T-shirt. The Japanese edition features an exclusive track \"Hell or Hallelujah (Live at Budokan 2013)\". Reception for the album has been mostly positive. In David Jeffries' review for AllMusic, he praised the album for being \"filled with classics and desirable extras\" but questioned the album's \"odd one song-per-album rule\" before finishing the review by commenting that \"this is a triumph of format and the band's longevity, but not necessarily a knockout introduction\". with Kiss 40 Kiss 40 (also known as Kiss 40 Years: Decades of Decibels) is a compilation released by Kiss to celebrate the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Koji Funamoto Funamoto was born in Hiroshima on August 12, 1942. He played for from 1958 to 1960. He and teammates Aritatsu Ogi, Yasuyuki Kuwahara, Takayuki Kuwata, Kensei Mizote, and became locally famous together by leading their school to a second place finish in the All Japan High School Soccer Tournament in 1959. Ogi, Kuwahara, Funamoto, and Mizote carried the team to the quarterfinals of this tournament in 1960. Funamoto moved on to club football immediately after high school, while Ogi, Kuwahara, and Kuwata would play four years at Chuo University before joining Funamoto in club play with Toyo Industries. Funamoto joined the Toyo Industries in 1961. Toyo then won the National Sports Festival football tournament in 1962 and were Emperor's Cup semifinalists (1961, 1962) and quarterfinalists (1963) with Funamoto at goalkeeper. In 1965, the club became an inaugural member of the newly formed Japan Soccer League (JSL), the first national league of soccer clubs in Japan. He remained with the club for 11 seasons in the JSL until his retirement in 1975. In 11 seasons, he played all matches, 166 matches in the league. With Funamoto and his former high school teammates, Toyo dominated the JSL for the first six years, winning the championship five times (1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1970) and placing second once (1969). The club won the Emperor's Cup three times (1965, 1967, 1969) during this period and finished third in the Asian Club Championship in 1969. As goalkeeper, Funamoto played a critical role on Toyo's early success in the JSL when they won 75 of their first 112 matches (67%), allowing opponents just 87 goals. He was named goalkeeper of the year in the JSL in 1970. The golden era of Hiroshima football then came to an end over the next three years when the club won 15 of 54 matches (28%), while allowing 82 goals. In September 1967, Funamoto was elected Japan national team for 1968 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on September 27, he debuted against Philippines. He shared goalkeeping duties with two-time Olympian, Kenzo Yokoyama, on the Japan national team from 1967 to 1975. Funamoto appeared in 19 matches, 17 as a starter and 2 as a substitute, shutting out opponents 5 times. He allowed 25 goals, while the Japan team went 9-8-2 (W-L-D). He played in the Pestabola Merdeka (1970, 1972, 1975), Asian Games (1970), AFC Asian Cup qualifiers (1975), Olympic Games qualifiers (1967), and FIFA World Cup qualifiers (1969, 1973) during his International career. Funamoto retired after the 1975 season after 15 years with Toyo Industries and 11 years in the JSL. He served as goalkeeper coach from 1975 to 1980 for Toyo Industries and for the Japan national team from 1979 to 1980. He lectured at the Mazda soccer school from 1981 to 2007. His proteges included Kenichi Uemura, Kenji Wakai, and Masaaki Toma. He worked in the Mazda business office until his retirement. After he retired, he served as a match commissioner of the J.League until 2007 and that of Japan Football League since 2008. He currently enjoys retirement in Hiroshima City, playing golf with friends, gardening, and watching football with his family. Koji Funamoto Funamoto was born in Hiroshima on August 12, 1942. He played for from 1958 to 1960. He and teammates Aritatsu Ogi, Yasuyuki Kuwahara, Takayuki Kuwata, Kensei Mizote, and became locally famous together by leading their school to a second place finish in the All Japan High School Soccer Tournament in 1959. Ogi, Kuwahara, Funamoto, and Mizote carried the team to the quarterfinals of this tournament in 1960. Funamoto moved on to club" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Bishop's Heir The Bishop's Heir is a fantasy novel by American-born author Katherine Kurtz. It was first published by Del Rey Books in 1984. It was the seventh of Kurtz' Deryni novels to be published, and the first book in her third Deryni trilogy, The Histories of King Kelson. Although The Legends of Camber of Culdi trilogy was published immediately prior to the Histories trilogy, \"The Bishop's Heir\" is a direct sequel to Kurtz' first Deryni series, The Chronicles of the Deryni. The novel is set in the land of Gwynedd, one of the fictional Eleven Kingdoms. Gwynedd itself is a medieval kingdom similar to the British Isles of the 12th century, with a powerful Holy Church (based on the Roman Catholic Church), and a feudal government ruled by a hereditary monarchy. The population of Gwynedd includes both humans and Deryni, a race of people with inherent physic and magical abilities who have been brutally persecuted and suppressed for over two centuries. The novel begins over two years after the conclusion of \"High Deryni\", shortly after the seventeenth birthday of King Kelson Haldane. As a recurring political rivalry threatens to erupt into open rebellion, Kelson must face a dangerous combination of new and old foes who rise up against him. \"The Bishop's Heir\" details the events of a period of time lasting roughly a month and a half, beginning in late November 1123 and ending in early January 1124. The novel begins as the Curia of Bishops meets in Culdi to choose the successor to the deceased Bishop of Meara. The selection of the next bishop is a delicate matter, as the Mearans have made several attempts to secede from Gwynedd over the past century. King Kelson Haldane addresses the assembled clerics, then departs to make a survey of the local barons. Shortly thereafter, Kelson is reunited with Lord Dhugal MacArdry, an old friend who he has not seen since before his coronation, and the king decides to visit Dhugal's father, Earl Caulay MacArdry of Transha. While visiting Transha, Kelson learns more about Princess Caitrin Quinnell, the Mearan Pretender. Descended from the ancient line of Mearan rules, Caitrin is determined to establish herself as queen of a free and independent Meara, a land which has been ruled by Gwynedd for over a century. However, Kelson is forced to return to Culdi after Duke Alaric Morgan contacts him and informs him that Duncan McLain has been attacked and wounded. Upon returning to Culdi, Kelson acknowledges the election of Bishop Henry Istelyn, who has been chosen as the new Bishop of Meara. Shortly after Kelson returns to his capital of Rhemuth, Dhugal is captured while attempting to stop the escape of Edmund Loris, the former Archbishop of Valoret who was imprisoned for his past treason. Loris takes Dhugal to the Mearan city of Ratharkin, where he places both Dhugal and Istelyn in confinement. When the news of Loris' escape and Dhugal's capture reaches Kelson, the king decides to make a daring winter raid on Ratharkin. Caitrin arrives in Ratharkin, accompanied by her children and her husband, Dhugal's uncle Sicard MacArdry. Although Istelyn refuses to assist Loris and Caitrin in their treason, Dhugal pretends to agree, hoping to find a way to warn Kelson. He eventually manages to escape Ratharkin, taking his cousin Sidana prisoner as he flees. Dhugal is rescued by Kelson's approaching forces, and Sidana's younger brother, Llewell, is also captured. Kelson gives Sicard until Christmas to surrender Loris, then returns to Rhemuth with Caitrin's two youngest children as hostages. Upon returning to Rhemuth, Kelson eventually bows to the pressure of his advisors and agrees to marry Sidana if her mother refuses to surrender, hoping to avert open rebellion by joining the two royal lines. A short time later, when Duncan is consecrated a bishop, the power of the ceremony nearly overwhelms Dhugal, who possesses mental shields that no human should have. When Christmas finally arrives, Caitrin's messenger brings Istelyn's severed head to court, openly defying the orders of the king. Although reluctant to marry a girl he barely knows and who has been raised to hate him, Kelson nevertheless follows through on his promise and asks Sidana to marry him. Sidana reluctantly agrees, but Llewell is furious at the possibility of his sister marrying his enemy. Two weeks of preparations ensue, during which time both Kelson and Sidana try to adjust to the realities of their approaching nuptials. On the morning of the wedding, Duncan recognizes a cloak clasp that Dhugal is wearing, which is the same clasp that Duncan gave his wife many years ago. Duncan tells the tale of his unusual marriage to Dhugal's mother, and Morgan uses his powers to confirm that Duncan is Dhugal's natural father. Realizing that he is part-Deryni, Dhugal is finally able to lower his shields, and father and son quickly exchange memories of their lives during their time apart. A short time later, Kelson and Sidana ride through Rhemuth to the castle, where the entire court waits to witness the marriage of their king and their new queen. Kelson and Sidana exchange their vows as man and wife, but the ceremony is suddenly interrupted when Llewell slashes his sister's throat, making a final desperate attempt to prevent the wedding. Morgan and Duncan frantically try to save Sidana, but she dies almost instantly. Stunned and horrified, Kelson can do nothing but hold the body of his dead bride and weep. In 1985, \"The Bishop's Heir\" was ranked 26th in an annual poll of fantasy novels by \"Locus magazine\" readers, placing it between T. E. D. Klein's \"The Ceremonies\" and Lloyd Alexander's \"The Beggar Queen\". The poll was won by Robert A. Heinlein for his novel, \"\". The Bishop's Heir The Bishop's Heir is a fantasy novel by American-born author Katherine Kurtz. It was first published by Del Rey Books in 1984. It was the seventh of Kurtz' Deryni novels to be published, and the first book in her third Deryni trilogy, The" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Factory Point, Virginia Factory Point is a land peninsula separating the Back River and the Chesapeake Bay in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Factory Point has received much local attention due to erosion by a nor'easter. The peninsula is the buffer from wave action coming from the Chesapeake Bay into Back River. Consequently, it has protective value for thousands of homes that adjoin the river. In 1998, a spit of sand connecting Factory Point to Grand View Nature Preserve was washed away in a storm, reducing Factory Point to an island. However, the peninsular was rebuilt and reconnected in the spring of 2010. Factory Point, Virginia Factory Point is a land peninsula separating the Back River and the Chesapeake Bay in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Factory Point has received much local attention due to erosion by a nor'easter. The peninsula is the buffer from wave action coming from the Chesapeake Bay into Back River. Consequently, it has protective value for thousands of homes that adjoin the river. In 1998, a spit of sand connecting Factory Point to Grand View Nature Preserve was washed away in a storm, reducing Factory Point to an island. However, the peninsular was rebuilt and reconnected in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Cupid Shoot Me Cupid Shoot Me is the second album by Remi Nicole, released in the UK on 31 August. The album was produced by Grammy-winning producer Mark Taylor, who has worked with Rod Stewart, Tina Turner and Diana Ross, as well as Britney Spears, Kylie Minogue and Nelly Furtado. The album is a mixture of styles ranging from doo wop to rockabilly, girl-group to soulful rock. Nicole describes it as an album about \"not being in love\", and says that \"It’s like a fairy tale. There’s something quite enchanted about it.\". She wrote all 11 songs on the album, and performed the vocals, guitar, keyboards, and drums for the record. The first single from the album will be \"Standing Tears Apart\", released on 24 August. The rear sleeve of the album features the song titles linked together to form a summary of the story of the album: \"CUPID SHOOT ME because IN MY DREAMS there was a NICE BOY who was LOVELESS. He told me that on ANOTHER DAY there would be many BROKEN HEARTED PEOPLE all STANDING TEARS APART. He said COME FIND ME, I’m fed up of GOING IT ALONE so I’LL BE WAITING for you to come and LOVE ME SO.\" Cupid Shoot Me Cupid Shoot Me is the second album by Remi Nicole, released in the UK on 31 August. The album was produced by Grammy-winning producer Mark Taylor, who has worked with Rod Stewart, Tina Turner and Diana Ross, as well as Britney Spears, Kylie Minogue and Nelly Furtado. The album is a mixture of styles ranging from doo wop to rockabilly, girl-group to soulful rock. Nicole describes it as an album about \"not being in love\", and says that \"It’s like a fairy tale. There’s something quite enchanted about it.\". She wrote all" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Severinus of Sanseverino and Victorinus of Camerino Saints Severinus of Sanseverino (or \"of Septempeda\") (d. 550 AD) and Victorinus of Camerino (d. 543 AD) were brothers who were both bishops and hermits of the 6th century. Both had given away their great wealth to the poor and had become hermits at Monte Nero near Septempeda. They also became hermits in caves near Pioraco. Victorinus was prone to strong temptations, and he inflicted upon himself a difficult and painful penance: he had himself tied to a tree, with his hands crushed between two branches. Victorinus’ particular method of self-mortification was depicted on a small panel in the church of San Venanzio, in Camerino, by the artist Niccolò da Foligno (called l'Alunno), who created the piece between 1478-80. However, Pope Vigilius appointed them both as bishops of two separate sees: Severinus became bishop of what was then called \"Septempeda\", later called San Severino Marche after him, in the Marches of Ancona; Victorinus became bishop of Camerino. Their joint feast day is June 8. Severinus of Sanseverino and Victorinus of Camerino Saints Severinus of Sanseverino (or \"of Septempeda\") (d. 550 AD) and Victorinus of Camerino (d. 543 AD) were brothers who were both" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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