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{ "retrieved": [ "Mount Sterling Commercial Historic District The Mount Sterling Commercial Historic District is a historic business district located in downtown Mount Sterling, Illinois. The district, located immediately south of the Brown County Courthouse, includes four entire city blocks and parts of four others; 38 buildings, of which 35 are contributing buildings, are in the district. Nearly all of the buildings in the district are Italianate commercial buildings; the only exceptions are a Classical Revival bank building and the courthouse, which incorporates both Italianate and Classical Revival elements. Two government buildings are located in the district: the 1868 courthouse and the Mount Sterling public library, which is located in a former hardware store. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1987. Mount Sterling Commercial Historic District The Mount Sterling Commercial Historic District is a historic business district located in downtown Mount Sterling, Illinois. The district, located immediately south of the Brown County Courthouse, includes four entire city blocks and parts of four others; 38 buildings, of which 35 are contributing buildings, are in the district. Nearly all of the buildings in the district are Italianate commercial buildings; the only exceptions are a Classical Revival bank" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Ehret John Ehret (born in 1971 in Karlsruhe) is the mayor of Mauer, elected in 2012. He is the \"first 'black' elected mayor in Germany in modern times\", and \"Baden-Württembergs erster schwarzer Bürgermeister\" (\"Baden-Württemberg's first black mayor\"). Prior to his position as mayor, Ehret was working at the Bundeskriminalamt as law enforcement official. Ehret's father is an African American soldier who was stationed in Germany, and his birth mother was a German. Ehret has little knowledge of his biological father. His mother gave him up for adoption when he was two years old, after she was diagnosed with a brain tumour. In 1977, aged six, he was adopted by Gertrud and Helmut Ehret who moved to Mauer. After graduating from high school in 1992, he obtained a diploma to be a police officer at the Bundeskriminalamt, and subsequently worked in Wiesbaden, Berlin and Meckenheim. He has helped developing countries with the construction of police departments, and in 2012, received an award for his role in helping develop the Afghan police. John Ehret John Ehret (born in 1971 in Karlsruhe) is the mayor of Mauer, elected in 2012. He is the \"first 'black' elected mayor in Germany in modern times\"," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Douglas Alan Clark Lt Cmdr Douglas Alan Clark (May 26, 1917 – August 6, 2012) was an American fighter pilot was received the Navy Cross for his actions while commanding Fighting Squadron THIRTY (VF-30), attached to the USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24), on 21 March 1945. While on combat air patrol he directed his squadron to attack an enemy formation of Japanese bombers which was heavily protected by fighters. Even though his squadron was significantly outnumbered they were able to shoot down over 40 enemy aircraft in 30 minutes without suffering one loss. Clark himself shot down one enemy fighter and damaged another during the confrontation. His quick action and the superiority of his squadron turned back what would surely have been a devastating attack on his carrier group. Along with the Navy Cross Capt Clark (rank at retirement) received three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals, a Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal during his time in combat in the Pacific Theater as Naval Aviator. After the war he took part in the development of the Navy's jet fighter program, as well as served in the Pentagon. Clark retired from the U.S. Navy in 1963, and moved to south Florida where he lived until his death on August 6, 2012, at the age of 95. He was scheduled to be buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. Douglas Alan Clark Lt Cmdr Douglas Alan Clark (May 26, 1917 – August 6, 2012) was an American fighter pilot was received the Navy Cross for his actions while commanding Fighting Squadron THIRTY (VF-30), attached to the USS Belleau Wood (CVL-24), on 21 March 1945. While on combat air patrol he directed his squadron to attack an enemy formation of Japanese bombers which was heavily protected by fighters. Even though his" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lymecycline Lymecycline is a tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic marketed by the pharmaceutical company Galderma. It is approximately 5,000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by an active transport process across the intestinal wall, making use of the same fast and efficient mechanism by which carbohydrates are absorbed. The greater absorption of lymecycline allows for lower dosages to be used; the standard dose of 408 mg is equivalent to 300 mg tetracycline base and, in its action, to 500 mg tetracycline hydrochloride. Lymecycline, unlike tetracycline hydrochloride, is soluble at all physiological pH values. Lymecycline was released into the pharmaceutical market in 1963. Lymecycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat a range of infections. Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne and typically prescribed for 8 weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by 3 months. Lymecycline's side effects can include rash, headache, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, dysphasia, inflammation of the liver, hypersensitive reactions, and visual disturbances. When taken for a long period of time, it can cause reflux oesophagitis. Lymecycline Lymecycline is a tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic marketed by the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Genç, Bingöl Genç (Kurdish: \"Dara Hênî\"), is a town and district of Bingöl Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is Mehmet Hadi Topraktan (AKP). The town is located close to the southern banks of the Murat River or Eastern Euphrates. The district has an area of 1,646 km², which is 20.26% of the area of its province. The central city is 20 km away from the nearest city. Its center is 1125 m above sea level. Within the boundaries of the district, along with the central city, are two towns, 62 villages, and 243 hamlets. The population of Genç district was 35,208 in 2011, of which 19,123 live in the city itself. The population density of the district in 2000 was 22 persons per square kilometer. Genç, Bingöl Genç (Kurdish: \"Dara Hênî\"), is a town and district of Bingöl Province in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The mayor is Mehmet Hadi Topraktan (AKP). The town is located close to the southern banks of the Murat River or Eastern Euphrates. The district has an area of 1,646 km², which is 20.26% of the area of its province. The central city is 20 km away from the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Uthami Petra Rathinam Uthami Petra Rathinam (தமிழ்: உத்தமி பெற்ற ரத்தினம்) is a 1960 Tamil Family - Drama film directed by M. A. Thirumugam and produced by E. Radhakrishnan under the banner \"Amara Productions\". The film script was written by Aarur Das. Music by T. Chalapathi Rao is an asset to the film. It stars K. Balaji Malini, P. Kannamba played lead roles with T. K. Ramachandran, M. N. Rajam, Pandari Bai and S. V. Sahasranamam played pivotal role. Kuladeivam Rajagopal and Manorama provided comic relief. The story concerns the problems between the rich man and the poor and the rich man's daughter falling in love in with the poor boy, whose father works for the rich man. The other eye the property and the women and how these problems are solved. The film was produced by Amara Productions and presented by Sandow M. M. A. Chinnappa Thevar, who produced many a successful multilingual films and was directed by his brother M. A. Thirumugam. There was a dance sequence by a famous actress Sukumari, choreographed well. Music was by T. Chalapathi Rao and lyrics were penned by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass, A. Maruthakasi and Subbu Arumugam. Playback singers are T. M. Soundararajan, P. B. Srinivas, S. C. Krishnan, A. L. Raghavan, S. V. Ponnusamy, P. Leela, P. Suseela, Jikki & S. Janaki. Though the film had a formidable cast, interesting dialogues and pleasing music, it did not do well at the box-office, mainly because of the complicated and familiar story line. Film historian Randor Guy wrote in 2014 that the film is \"remembered for the impressive performances of Balaji, Malini, Rajam, Pandari Bai, Sahasranamam, and Subbaiah and the comedy scenes of Rajagopal and Manorama. Uthami Petra Rathinam Uthami Petra Rathinam (தமிழ்: உத்தமி பெற்ற ரத்தினம்) is a 1960 Tamil Family - Drama" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1998 Coca-Cola 600 The 1998 Coca-Cola 600, the 39th running of the event, was a NASCAR Winston Cup Series race held on May 24, 1998 at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. Contested at 400 laps on the 1.5 mile (2.4 km) speedway, it was the 11th race of the 1998 NASCAR Winston Cup Series season. Jeff Gordon of Hendrick Motorsports won the race. Elliott Sadler made his NASCAR Winston Cup Series debut in this event. Jeff Gordon managed to take over the championship lead from Jeremy Mayfield after the event was resolved. Charlotte Motor Speedway is a motorsports complex located in Concord, North Carolina, United States. It is 13 miles away from Charlotte, North Carolina. The complex features a 1.5 miles (2.4 km) quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing such as the prestigious Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend, The Winston, and the UAW-GM Quality 500. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith and is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports Inc. (SMI). 1998 Coca-Cola 600 The 1998 Coca-Cola 600, the 39th running of the event, was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1906 (album) 1906 is the first album by South African music project Bambata. The name of the album refers to the Zulu rebellion against the English in the Colony of Natal (modern Kwazulu-Natal) in 1906, led by Chief Bambatha kaMancinza (ca. 1860–1906?). The Zulu rebelled against a poll tax introduced by the English. The album was a result of collaboration between Sipho Sithole, director and founder of the Native Rhythms Productions, Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana, Mathufela Zuma and Bheki Khoza. \"1906\" was nominated for three categories in the South African Music Awards 2001: Sipho Sithole was also nominated for Best Producer. Adapted from the liner notes. 1. 1906 \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" 2. Uzondo \"(Maxhegwana Johannes Zuma)\" 3. Ijele \"(Sipho Sithole)\" 4. Izinkomo Zamalobolo \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" 5. Amavumantombi \"(Maxhegwana Johannes Zuma)\" 6. Isandundundu \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" 7. Amadlozi \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" 8. Ushaka \"(Bheki Khoza)\" 9. Uyagaqa \"(Maxhegwana Johannes Zuma)\" 10. Usathane \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" 11. Umziwenduna \"(Maxhegwana Johannes Zuma)\" 12. Amahangula \"(Philangezwi Bongani Nkwanyana)\" Adapted from the liner notes. 1906 (album) 1906 is the first album by South African music project Bambata. The name of the album refers to the Zulu rebellion against the English in the Colony of Natal" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harrisburg Technical High School Harrisburg Technical High School, also known as Old City Hall, is a historic high school building located at Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. The front portion was built in 1910, and is a four-story, steel frame and concrete Collegiate Gothic style building. It sits on a brownstone foundation. Attached to the rear is a two-story, brick and iron frame structure built in 1905. The front facade features tapestry, brick veneer and brownstone trim. The building was converted for use as the City Hall in 1929. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Harrisburg Technical High School Harrisburg Technical High School, also known as Old City Hall, is a historic high school building located at Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. The front portion was built in 1910, and is a four-story, steel frame and concrete Collegiate Gothic style building. It sits on a brownstone foundation. Attached to the rear is a two-story, brick and iron frame structure built in 1905. The front facade features tapestry, brick veneer and brownstone trim. The building was converted for use as the City Hall in 1929. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Harold Stevenson Harold Moncreau Stevenson Jr. (March 11, 1929 – October 21, 2018) was an American painter known for his paintings of the male nude. He was a friend, a mentor, and an associate of Andy Warhol, and appeared in the Warhol film, \"Heat\" (credited as \"Harold Childe\"). Stevenson was born in Idabel, Oklahoma in 1929 and attended the University of Oklahoma before moving to New York City in 1949. He moved to Paris in 1952 and exhibited at European galleries for the next 20 years. Stevenson's most well-known works were painted in the 1960s, including his most famous works, \"Eye of Lightning Billy\" and \"The New Adam\". \"Eye of Lightning Billy\" was exhibited at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1962 as part of the \"New Realists\" exhibit, which included works by Warhol (including his \"200 Campbell’s Soup Cans\"), Claes Oldenburg, Roy Lichtenstein, Robert Moskowitz, Robert Indiana, George Segal, Jim Dine, Peter Agostini, James Rosenquist, Wayne Thiebaud and Tom Wesselmann. \"The Eye of Lightning Billy\" was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in 2008. In 1963, Stevenson's massive mural, \"The New Adam\", was displayed at the Iris Clert Gallery in Paris. The mural is an 8-foot by 39-foot reclining nude man. The model was young actor Sal Mineo, and the painting was dedicated to Stevenson's lover at the time, Lord Timothy Willoughby de Eresby, the heir to the Earl of Ancaster. The work was considered for inclusion in the 1963 seminal Pop Art exhibition \"Six Painters and the Object\" at the Guggenheim, but was considered too large, and that it would distract from the rest of the works. In 2005, the painting was acquired by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. In 1963, Stevenson created a 40-foot tall painting of the Spanish bullfighter El Cordobes, which was hung from the Eiffel Tower with the permission of the French government. The resulting traffic jam caused the government to require that the painting be taken down. In 1968, in Paris, Stevenson exhibited \"The Great Society\", a collection of portraits of individuals from his hometown. The collection is now owned by the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art at the University of Oklahoma. Having lived in New York, Paris, Key West and the Hamptons, Stevenson returned to his hometown of Idabel. He frequently contributed to NIGHT magazine. Stevenson died on October 21, 2018 in Idabel, Oklahoma at the age of 89. Harold Stevenson" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "T.R. Reid T. R. Reid (born Thomas Roy Reid III in 1944) is an American reporter, documentary film correspondent, and author. He has also been a frequent guest on National Public Radio (NPR)'s \"Morning Edition\". Reid currently lives in Denver, Colorado. Reid, a Classics major at Princeton University, served as a naval officer, taught, and held various positions before working for \"The Washington Post\". At the \"Post\", he covered Congress and four Presidential election campaigns, and was chief of the \"Post\"s London and Tokyo bureaus. He has also taught at Princeton and the University of Michigan. His experiences in Japan led him to write \"Confucius Lives Next Door: What Living in the East Teaches Us About Living in the West\", which argued that Confucian values of family devotion, education, and long-term relations, which still permeate East Asian societies, contributed to their social stability. He is now the \"Post\"s Rocky Mountain Bureau Chief. A 2007 Kaiser Family Foundation media fellow in health, he is a member of the board of the Colorado Coalition for the Homeless and the University of Colorado Medical School. Reid won an Alicia Patterson Journalism Fellowship in 1982 writing about the U.S. semiconductor industry. In the fall of 1963, Reid and three other Princeton sophomores—Arthur F. Davidsen, Steven D. Reich, and Frederick W. Talcott (plus Columbia University sophomore Charles A. Lieppe and Michigan State University sophomore Steven E. Cook)—perpetrated one of the most famous hoaxes in Princeton's history. Together, they created the fictitious high school student Joseph David Oznot, who applied for, and gained admission to Princeton. This led to Reid's appearance as a challenger on the television show \"To Tell the Truth\" on September 14, 1964. In 2004, Reid published an analysis of the European Community, \"The United States of Europe: The New Superpower and The End of American Supremacy\". In his book, which was written before the Greek government-debt crisis, Great Britain's exit from the EU, the rejection of the European Constitution by France and Holland, and the re-introduction of border controls by some EU member states, Reid postulated that the European Community was emerging as a united superpower rivaling the political and economic power of the United States. His 2008 documentary for the U.S. television series \"Frontline\", \"Sick Around the World\", looked at the comprehensive health care systems of five developed economies from around the world. The first two countries visited were the United Kingdom and Japan, where he had previously lived, worked, and also received medical care. They were followed by Germany, Taiwan, and Switzerland. \"Frontline\" asked Reid to follow up with a companion documentary, \"Sick Around America\", which aired March 31, 2009, on PBS. However, Reid parted company with PBS before the film was finished when his conclusion, quoted by Russell Mokhiber in \"CounterPunch\" that \"You can't allow a profit to be made on the basic package of health insurance\", was omitted from the program. Instead, Reid argued that the film came off as supporting mandated private-insurance coverage. Reid was quoted as saying \"...mandating for-profit insurance is not the lesson from other countries in the world. I said I'm not going to be in a film that contradicts my previous film and my book.\" PBS responded to these criticisms, stating that \"\"Frontline\" takes a strongly different view of the characterization of its editorial disagreement with T. R. Reid as presented by Reid and Russell Mokhiber.\" It argued that Reid had misrepresented the role of a key respondent in the film, the extent of Reid's role in making the film, and the balance PBS had sought to present. Reid used his right of reply to challenge PBS's characterization of their and his own positions. His investigations into health care resulted in his \"New York Times\" bestselling book \"The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper and Fairer Health Care\". In 2015, Reid became Chairman of the Colorado Foundation for Universal Health Care. In that role, he served as a lead spokesman in the campaign for Amendment 69, an initiative on the Colorado ballot in November, 2016, that would create a state-based health plan—\"ColoradoCare\"—to cover all Colorado residents. \"When Colorado passes ColoradoCare,\" he said, \"we will demonstrate that universal coverage can work. And then Colorado will lead our great nation to a destination we should have achieved long ago; high-quality health care, at reasonable cost, for every American.\" Reid also served on the board of Princeton University, the Health Research and Education Trust, and the Japan-America Society of Colorado. He is vice-chairman of the board of the Colorado Coalition for the Homeless. T. R. Reid's latest book, \"A Fine Mess: A Global Quest for a Simpler, Fairer, and More Efficient Tax System\", was published on April 15, 2017. T.R. Reid T. R. Reid (born Thomas Roy Reid III in 1944) is an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dazehu Dazehu () is a subdistrict of Wangcheng District, Changsha, China. It is located on the western bank of the Xiang River. The subdistrict is bordered by the Yueliangdao Subdistrict to the South, Huangjinyuan to the West, Baishazhou, the Gaotangling Subdistricts to the North, and Dingziwan across the Xiang River to the East. Dazehu has an area of and has a population of 26,400. The subdistrict has one residential community and three villages under its jurisdiction. Dazehu was formed by the revocation of Xingcheng and the establishment of three new subdistricts in 2012. Xingcheng (星城镇) was formed by Dahu (大湖乡) and Gushan (谷山乡) in 1995. In 1997, it had 22 villages and two residential communities. In July 2012, Xingcheng was reclassified from a town to a subdistrict. On August 28, 2012, Xingcheng was divided into three subdistricts: Baishazhou (白沙洲街道), Dazehu (大泽湖街道) and Yueliangdao (月亮岛街道). Dazehu Dazehu () is a subdistrict of Wangcheng District, Changsha, China. It is located on the western bank of the Xiang River. The subdistrict is bordered by the Yueliangdao Subdistrict to the South, Huangjinyuan to the West, Baishazhou, the Gaotangling Subdistricts to the North, and Dingziwan across the Xiang River to the East. Dazehu has an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lucantonio Giunti Lucantonio Giunti or Giunta (1457 – 3 April 1538) was a Florentine book publisher and printer, active in Venice from 1489, a member of the Giunti family of printers. His publishing business was successful, and among the most important in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Through partnerships, often with members of his family, he expanded the business through much of Europe. At about the time of his death in 1538 there were Giunti presses in Florence and Lyon, Giunti bookshops or warehouses in Antwerp, Burgos, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Medina del Campo, Paris, Salamanca and Zaragoza, and agencies in numerous cities of the Italian peninsula, including Bologna, Brescia, Genoa, Livorno, Lucca, Naples, Piacenza, Pisa, Rome, Siena and Turin, as well as the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. Lucantonio Giunti was one of the seven sons of Giunta di Biagio, a weaver. He was born in the parish of in Florence in 1457. With his brother Bernardo, he left Florence in about 1477 for Venice, where he set up as a stationer. In 1489 he started book publishing with three titles: the works of Ovid; an anonymous translation into the \"volgare\" of the \"Transito de sancto Hieronymo\", partly by Eusebius Cremonensis; and a translation of the \"Imitatio Christi\", authorship of which he attributed to Jean Gerson. For all three he employed the printer and typographer Matteo Capcasa. From 1491 Giunti was constantly active as a publisher, and later as a printer too; he issued some 410 titles during his lifetime. He did not have his own printing workshop until about 1500; until that time, he employed independent typographers, most frequently Johan Emerich of Speier. Lucantonio Giunti Lucantonio Giunti or Giunta (1457 – 3 April 1538) was a Florentine book publisher and printer, active in Venice from 1489, a member" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "First Virginia Convention The First Virginia Convention was an extralegal meeting of the House of Burgesses held in Williamsburg, Virginia from August 1–6, 1774. Tensions which would boil over into the American Revolution had been rising for some time between Massachusetts and Great Britain. Following the passage of the Tea Act on May 10, 1773, which allowed the East India Company to sell tea directly to the Thirteen Colonies and threatened the livelihood of American merchants, the Sons of Liberty in Boston destroyed a shipment of tea in a protest which came to be called the Boston Tea Party. In response, on March 25, 1774, the Parliament passed the Boston Port Act, blockading the port of Boston to all maritime trade. The House of Burgesses, the colonial legislature of Virginia, approved June 1, 1774 as a day of \"Fasting, Humiliation and Prayer\" in a show of solidarity with the people of Massachusetts. The governor of Virginia John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore reacted by dissolving the Burgesses. In defiance of Dunmore, the Burgesses moved to Raleigh Tavern where they constituted themselves as the First Virginia Convention on August 1. The Convention declared its support for Massachusetts and called for a congress of the Thirteen Colonies, the First Continental Congress, to which it also elected delegates. It further banned commerce and payment of debts with Britain, pledged supplies to Massachusetts, and elected officers, including its president, Peyton Randolph, previously the speaker of the House of Burgesses. Before dissolving on August 6, the Convention selected representatives to the Second Virginia Convention. First Virginia Convention The First Virginia Convention was an extralegal meeting of the House of Burgesses held in Williamsburg, Virginia from August 1–6, 1774. Tensions which would boil over into the American Revolution had been rising for some time between Massachusetts" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry The 1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 1st Tennessee Infantry was organized at Camp Dick Robinson in Garrard County, Kentucky August through September 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment. The regiment was attached to Thomas' Command, Army of the Ohio, to November 1861. 12th Brigade, Army of the Ohio, to December 1861. 12th Brigade, 1st Division, Army of the Ohio, to February 1862. 24th Brigade. 7th Division, Army of the Ohio, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, District of West Virginia, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, to April 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Cavalry Corps, Department of the Ohio, to April 1864. 3rd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to February 1865. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, District of East Tennessee, to August 1865. The 1st Tennessee Infantry mustered out of service on August 8, 1865. Duty at Camp Dick Robinson and at London, Ky., until January 1862. Battle of Logan's Cross Roads January 19, 1862. At London and covering Cumberland Gap until March. Skirmishes at Big Creek Gap and at Jacksborough March 14 (Company A). Reconnaissance to Cumberland Gap and skirmishes March 21–23. Cumberland Gap Campaign March 28-June 18. Occupation of Cumberland Gap June 18-September 17. Skirmish near Cumberland Gap August 27. Rogers' Gap August 31. Operations at Rogers' and Big Creek Gaps September 10. Evacuation of Cumberland Gap and retreat to Greenupsburg, Ky., September 17-October 3. Operations at Kanawha Valley, W. Va., until November. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., thence to Nashville, Tenn., and duty there until January 1863. Escort trains to Murfreesboro, Tenn., January 2–3. Action at Cox's or Blood's Hill January 3, 1863. Reconnaissance to Franklin and Brentwood February 1–2. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., March 11, 1863. Duty in District of Central Kentucky tell June. At Camp Dick Robinson until April. Expedition to Monticello and operations in southeast Kentucky April 25-May 2. At Nicholasville May. Actions at Monticello and Rocky Gap June 9. Sander's Raid on East Tennessee & Virginia Railroad and destruction of Slate Creek, Strawberry Plains and Mossy Creek bridges June 14–24. Kingston June 16. Wartzburg June 17. Lenoir Station. June 19. Knoxville June 19–20. Rogers' Gap June 20. Powder Springs Gap June 21. Powell Valley June 22. Pursuit of Morgan July 3–23. At Lebanon and Camp Nelson July. Operations against Scott's forces in eastern Kentucky July 25-August 6. Near Winchester July 29. Irvine July 30. Lancaster, Stanford and Pain's Lick Bridge July 31. Smith's Shoals, Cumberland River, August 1. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 19. Jacksborough August 28. Winter's Gap August 31. Athens September 10 and 25. Calhoun September 18. Calhoun and Charleston September 25. Cleveland October 9. Philadelphia October 20–22. Sweetwater October 24. Leiper's Ferry October 28. Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Marysville November 14. Lenoir Station November 14–15. Near Loudoun and Holston River November 15. Campbell's Station November 16. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Russellville December 10. At and near Bean's Station December 9–15. Blain's Cross Roads December 16–19. Hay's Ferry, near Dandridge, December 24. Mossy Creek, Talbot Station, December 29. Bend of Chucky and Rutledge January 16, 1864. Operations about Dandridge January 16–17. Seviersville January 26. Near Fair Garden January 27. Fentress County February 13. Sulphur Springs February 26. Atlanta Campaign May to August. Demonstration on Dalton May 8–11. Battle of Resaca May 14–15. Cartersville May 20. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15–17. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Olley's Creek June 26–27. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2–5. Chattahoochie River July 6–17. Peachtree Creek July 19–20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 11. Relieved August 11 and ordered to Knoxville, Tenn. Duty there and in eastern Tennessee until March 1865. Expedition from Irish Bottom to Evans' Island January 25, 1865. Ordered to Cumberland Gap March 16, 1865, and duty there until August. The regiment lost a total of 385 men during service; 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 334 enlisted men died of disease. 1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry The 1st Regiment Tennessee Volunteer Infantry was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Transylvanian mining railway The Transylvanian Mining Railway was a local interest narrow-gauge (760mm gauge) railway which was the first mining railway in Transylvania. This railway was built to ease the transportation of the iron ore mined from the iron ore mines from Ghelari to the blast furnace in Govăjdia and the ironworks from Hunedoara. This railway was also known as the \"Hunedoara-Ghelari Local Interest Railway\", \"CFI Hunedoara\", \"Mocăniţa Hunedoara\", \"Calea Ferată Minieră Ardeleană\", \"Erdélyi Bányavasút\" in Hungarian. The line was long from Hunedoara to Govăjdia and another from Govăjdia to Retişoara terminus. This line was used by mixed trains that carried both iron ore and passengers from Ghelari to Govăjdia and Hunedoara's ironworks. They've also transported dolomite and limestone from the limestone quarries near Govăjdia to the ironworks. Earlier the iron ore transport from the mines in Ghelari to the chutes and tipplers of the ironworks from Govăjdia was done by horses with two baskets attached on each side or other hired carriers until the demand and the price for the transported iron ore rose in 1859 from 18.6 Fillér/1 quintal to 53.6 Fillér/1 quintal of transported iron ore. Because of the rising expenses for the transportation of iron ore, the administration was forced to replace the transport system. In 1859 they've started digging a 600 metre long tunnel from the main mine in Ghelari to Retişoara's valley which was completed in 1866 at a cost of 111768 Krones and 50 Fillérs. Meanwhile, they've built a 790 metre long, 633mm gauge railway specially for horse-drawn ore cars. At the end of the line they've built a 160 m long chute where they've dumped the iron ore to the Retişoara's valley floor which was 90–100 m lower than the level of the tunnel's exit. After the ore was dumped down the chute, the carriers transported the ore to the Govăjdia Blast Furnace which was 4 km away. Thanks to these investments they've managed to lower the prices for the transported ore from 30 Fillérs to 10 Fillérs, but the ironworks from Govăjdia received less iron ore because the transporters came up with new demands which rushed the construction of the railway to the blast furnace in Govăjdia. The altitude difference between the \"Lukács László\" mining face from the central mine in Ghelari and the throat of the blast furnace in Govăjdia was 260 metres, to compensate they've built a 5120 metre long, 633mm gauge, divided in three sections by the chutes from Nădrab and Retişoara at a total cost of 20000 Krones. Later they've built two water driven jaw crushers for the iron ore. The last section of the Retişoara-Govăjdia line was completed in July 1871 and handed over for use. After the opening of the line and chutes the transported iron ore cost dropped to 7 Fillérs for each quintal of transported iron ore. In 1888 the chutes were replaced by inclined planes (funicular), the first one 140 metres long at Nădrab and the other 260 metres long at Retişoara. After the construction of the ironworks at Hunedoara in 1882, the large quantity of iron ore mined from Ghelari couldn't be transported to Hunedoara by the existing systems, for that was necessary to build a separate transport system. Because of economic and But after the start of the 4th blast furnace the existing ropeway conveyor system proved to be insufficient in enshuring the iron ore needs for all four blast furnaces, so they've decided to build a second ropeway conveyor system between Ghelari and Hunedoara parallel to the existing one. Considering the high costs of transportation for the iron ore and charcoal to the blast furnaces from Govăjdia and Hunedoara, in 1897 they've decided a radical overhaul of the transport system. This is how the \"Transylvanian Mining Railway\" was built where to the Retişoara's terminus arrives the iron ore mined from the mines of Ghelari which gets transported to the iron works from Govăjdia and Hunedoara. The construction of the Transylvanian mining railway determined the radical overhaul of the Ghelari central mine's transport system, so it became necessary to descend the entire quantity of mined ore to the \"Kerpely\" mine face adit which was connected by railway to the \"Lukács László\" tunnel by extending the adit and the extension of this adit could have been done with modest costs. The construction of the \"Lukács László\" tunnel was started in 1898 from two directions and met in the middle in 1899, the tunnel was 504,9 metres long along with the \"Lukács László\" adit reached 754 metres. The two entrances of the tunnel were lined with stone, for the rest of the tunnel lining wasn't necessary because it was passing through solid shale. The tunnel is 20 metres lower than the tunnel built in 1863, so because of the incline the water coming from the upper tunnel flowed down to the lower tunnel. Through the \"Lukács László\" tunnel from the inclined plane, a 633mm gauge, electrified railway with an incline of 4‰ was built to the \"Kerpely\" adit where formally a horse-drawn existed and was electrified, also the inclined plane from Retişoara valley was overhauled to lower and raise 4 filled ore cars and 4 empty ore cars on the two platforms. The inclined plane worked by gravity so the weight of the first platform with the filled ore cars descending to the valley floor, pulled up via a cable the platform with the empty ore cars. The iron ore lowered on the inclined plane was forwarded via an 850 metre long electrified (sometimes helped by a steam locomotive) which started from the base of the inclined plane and ended at the Retişoara's terminus where three electrically driven jaw crushers were installed to crush and sort the iron ore into eight class loading bins where they've loaded the iron ore into the cars of the train from where the iron ore was transported to the ironworks from Govăjdia and Hunedoara. The trackbed preparation work began in 1888 and in 1897 and 1898 were so advanced, that for the line construction the decision steps where, made after the connection of the Ghelari mine railway to the Retişoara inclined plane and after the overhaul of the Retişoara inclined plane, further more the legal occupation of the necessary terrain for the railway has started, the surveying of the trackbed was done successfully between January 9–13, 1899, the ministry of commerce asked for a visit from the government that was held at the Hunedoara town hall on 14 February 1899, the construction authorization was given verbally on the mining company's responsibility. The construction of the railway was started at the beginning of spring, on 4 March 1899 with the ceremonial first hoe stroke. The contract for the construction and usage of the railway was made between three Austrian companies called Gfrerer, Schoch and Grossmann under the ordinance number 24089 from 15 March 1899 issued by the Hungarian Kingdom's Finance Ministry. The Transylvanian Mining Railway starts at Hunedoara, passes over the Zlaşti valley, and through the 747 meter tunnel at Căţănaş into Govăjdia valley from where gets to Retişoara valley that belongs to Ghelari, where it ends at the base of the inclined plane at a total length of 16 km, with a 760mm gauge built exclusively for steam locomotive usage, the highest incline on the open line was 27‰, in the stations 25‰, the tightest turn radius on the open track was 50 metres, in stations 50 metres. The weight of the steel rails used was 13.75 kg/m with usage of jointed tracks that were mounted on ties that were so densely placed so under the 2.5-ton weight exerted by each wheel, wouldn't surpass 1 ton on each cm². The distance between tracks in the stations measured from the centre was 3 metres, considering the largest with of the rolling stock of 2,2 metere. The ties were trapezoid shaped, made of oak, at a length of 1,5 metres each, 12 cm high, bottom 20 cm wide, top 14 cm wide. The Transylvanian Mining Railway had four stations at: Hunedoara, Govăjdia, Nădrab and", "16 km, with a 760mm gauge built exclusively for steam locomotive usage, the highest incline on the open line was 27‰, in the stations 25‰, the tightest turn radius on the open track was 50 metres, in stations 50 metres. The weight of the steel rails used was 13.75 kg/m with usage of jointed tracks that were mounted on ties that were so densely placed so under the 2.5-ton weight exerted by each wheel, wouldn't surpass 1 ton on each cm². The distance between tracks in the stations measured from the centre was 3 metres, considering the largest with of the rolling stock of 2,2 metere. The ties were trapezoid shaped, made of oak, at a length of 1,5 metres each, 12 cm high, bottom 20 cm wide, top 14 cm wide. The Transylvanian Mining Railway had four stations at: Hunedoara, Govăjdia, Nădrab and Retişoara and four halts at: two at Zlaşti, one at Căţănaş and one at Tulea. The Hunedoara's West station was 5,35 metres higher than the upper factory railway leading to the throat of the number 4 blast furnace, and 6,65 above the level of the throat of the number 4 blast furnace. The lines of the station were connected to the factory's upper ore tipplers where the iron ore filled cars were shunted in by a locomotive and emptied. The station was also connected to the charcoal tipplers. Here they've also emptied the limestone. The line was also connected via a metal bridge to the earlier mentioned charcoal tipplers where the charcoal transported from the charcoal kilns in the Poiana Ruscă mountains and emptied here. For the transportation of iron ore on regular railway, a transfer station was built to transfer the iron ore from the narrow-gauge ore cars to the regular gauge cars. The exclusively mountain specific, mining railway with the high incline, three tunnels (the longest at 747 meters), with numerous artworks, exquisite metallic bridges, had a positive impact on the development and value of the two ironworks, also helped on the improvement of the image and installations of the ironworks, so it proved to be a real success for the local iron ore mining and the two ironworks. The construction of the railway was constructed on the mining company's own expense, till 1906 the construction and conversion to a local interest railway costed 3655000 Krones, and another 300000 Krones calculated for a 30-year usage after the opening, so the railway is passed freely into the property and administration of the state Treasury. On the railway they were compelled to transport to Hunedoara at least 180000 tonnes of ore yearly (to Govăjdia 20000 tonnes of ore yearly at a cost of 60–140 Fillér per ton), and also around 9000 tonnes of other materials and blast furnace products from Govăjdia yearly towards Hunedoara at a unitary price of 1,2 Fillér, in case of higher traffic the transport costs would be lowered accordingly. The notes gathered by the Hungarian Kingdom's ministry of commerce at the time of visit of the government, were approved under the ordinance number 14230 on 27 April 1899, in the mean time the construction authorization was finally given. The mining railway was finalized under 19 months according to the construction contract. The inspection of the line was done on 29 September 1900 and handed over for use. In the second half of November 1900 the first test transport was also done to the contract accordingly when the line's transport simplification capacity was proven. The above-mentioned installations were put in use and handed over for traffic in the autumn of 1900. On the Transylvanian mining railway from the opening, the following iron ore quantity was transported: This railway was operated non-stop through the two world wars as a local interest railway with mixed trains. In the 1950s the original locomotives were replaced by 11 steam locomotives built at Reşiţa. The loco shed at Govăjdia was demolished and a new loco shed at Hunedoara was built on a hill near the Corvin's Castle. The original West-station building at Hunedoara was demolished and a new station building was built, the tracks were realigned and a delta junction was constructed around the station building, where they've rotated the locomotives without a turn table. Hunedoara's west station was the first station in Europe where the locomotives could circle around the station building. The terminus at Retişoara along with the last three km of railway were closed in the early 1970s, after a different tunnel was constructed in the mid-1960s between the underground mines from Ghelari and the iron ore processing plant from Teliucu Inferior. In 1967 a dolomite and talc quarry was opened at Crăciuneasa hamlet near Govăjdia, in the same time the terminus was built at Crăciuneasa called \"Staţia Finală\" which was located at 13 km from Hunedoara. From here they've transported dolomite, limestone, and talc to the limeworks from Zlaşti and to Hunedoara steel works. In 1976 the entire line received major overhaul by replacing the 14 kg/m rails in to 40 kg/m type rails that were produced in Reşiţa. In the late 1970s-early 1980s the old Reşiţa steam locomotives were replaced by five 450 horsepower \"Bo-BoDh\" type \"L45H\" class diesel-hydraulic, locomotives; and one L35H class hydraulic locomotive, that were produced by the \"Faur\" factories from Bucharest. The original 7 ton capacity ore cars were replaced by \"K\" type hopper cars with capacities between 20-20 tons each with four axles mounted on two bogies. One Reşiţa steam locomotive number 12F was transformed into a mobile heating unit for passenger cars in winters. In 1990 the passenger service ceased, meantime at the loco shed worked around 120 employees in three shifts which were conductors, mechanics, drivers, track maintenance, etc. They've coupled to the trains tourist cars on demand. The original Zlaşti valley viaduct was replaced in the summer of 1992 to support greater loads. On the 13 km long segment they've transported dolomite, talc and limestone to the limeworks from Zlaşti and the steelworks in Hunedoara till 2000. In 2000 the Austrian company who built the line sent a letter to the management who owned the limeworks from Zlaşti and operated this railway, that the 100-year warranty of the bridges was expiring, and it's necessary for an inspection for all of the bridges. After this letter, in 2001 the management of the limeworks decided to remove and scrap 11 km of line between Crăciuneasa terminus and the Zlaşti limeworks, not considering the touristic and historical value. Along they've scrapped the bridges, on the perseverance of the villagers they've left one original bridge at Govăjdia for pedestrian use. Meanwhile, they've scrapped some of the old rolling stock and locomotives, some of the rolling stock was saved and exported. The last three bridges and the last 2,3 km long segment operated util October 2008 for transportation of limestone from the improvised loading station made in the former West-Station of Hunedoara, till the limeworks at Zlaşti. In the summer of 2009 due to economical reasons the management of the limeworks decided to scrap the last 2,3 segment of railway. The scrapping began on 19 June 2009 with the scrapping of the second curved bridge from Canton 1 Zlaşti. On 6 July 2009 they've started the removal and scrapping of the railway. Some of the rails were recovered and sold as second-hand rails for other railways. The last two L45H class diesel-hydraulic locos and the last ten \"K\" type hopper cars were transported to Crişcior for restoration and further use. The first curved bridge's segments were transported to Crişcior in February 2010 for restoration and use on the forestry line in Moldoviţa. There are three tunnels on the line: On the \"Transylvanian Mining Railway\" before 1900 were mounted 16 riveted metallic bridges of which 6 were viaducts. The rest were between 3 and 15 meters in length over different obstacles (gorges, rivers, trenches). The two viaducts from the Retişoara valley were scrapped in the early 1990s.", "from Canton 1 Zlaşti. On 6 July 2009 they've started the removal and scrapping of the railway. Some of the rails were recovered and sold as second-hand rails for other railways. The last two L45H class diesel-hydraulic locos and the last ten \"K\" type hopper cars were transported to Crişcior for restoration and further use. The first curved bridge's segments were transported to Crişcior in February 2010 for restoration and use on the forestry line in Moldoviţa. There are three tunnels on the line: On the \"Transylvanian Mining Railway\" before 1900 were mounted 16 riveted metallic bridges of which 6 were viaducts. The rest were between 3 and 15 meters in length over different obstacles (gorges, rivers, trenches). The two viaducts from the Retişoara valley were scrapped in the early 1990s. The rest of the bridges and viaducts were scrapped between 2001 and 2003, leaving the first and second curved bridges and the 114 long, \"S\" shaped viaduct over the Zlaşti valley, which was completely replaced in the summer of 1992. On 19 June 2009 the management of the Zlaşti limeworks for economic reasons decided to scrap the second curved bridge near Canton 1 Zlaşti. The first curved bridge was uninstalled in February 2010 and sold to an Austrian manager who is settled to Brad, Hunedoara county has a workshop at Crişcior, Hunedoara county and is specialized in restoring narrow-gauge rolling sock and infrastructure. Today the Zlaşti valley viaduct, the original metallic bridge from Govăjdia and the pillars and abutments of the former bridges remain. On the railway since the line opening ran Hungarian MÁVAG 51 class steam locomotives which were replaced in the 1950s by eleven Reşiţa type, 150 horsepower steam locomotives. Between the late 1970s and mid-1980s the Reşiţa steam locomotives were replaced by five L45H class, 450 horsepower diesel-hydraulic locomotives that were produced in the Faur (23 August) factories in Bucharest. The first hopper cars had a 7-ton capacity each, ran on two axles with manual actuated braking systems. The old hopper cars were replaced in the early 1980s with 20 ton and 22 ton capacity \"K\" type hopper cars, that ran on four axles mounted in two bogies, the cars had pneumatic braking systems, only the unloading mechanism was actuated manually. The first passenger cars were brought from Hungary, that were replaced in the early 1960s with passenger cars brought from the Unio factory from Satu Mare. In 2001 they've scrapped some of the extra rolling stock, along with the old steam locomotives, hopper cars and passenger cars. Some locomotives and rolling stock were sold to serve on other narrow-gauge lines from Romania or abroad. The last two L45H class locomotives and the last ten \"K\" type hopper cars were used till the autumn of 2008 for transportation of limestone from the improvised loading station at Hunedoara West-Station to the limeworks from Zlaşti. In the autumn of 2009 the last two locomotives and hopper cars were transported to the central workshops at Crişcior for restoration and further use on other railways. When the scrapping of the last section of the railway had begun in the summer of 2009, a group representing the youth in Hunedoara started protesting against the destruction but they were ignored by the local authorities and the limeworks management and the scrapping was continued till no track was left. The group haven't given up and persevered on protesting. They've created webpages where this line was promoted on the internet using photographs from when the railway was working. They continue insisting on the authorities that this railway if rebuilt will help on the development of tourism near Hunedoara. The line could be included in a tourist circle starting from the Corvin's Castle. The line could also be rebuilt by EU funds for tourism infrastructure. In the summer of 2010 a committee from the culture ministry was sent to inspect what could be saved and classed urgently as historical monument. This status was accorded on 22 July 2010 temporarily for one year for what's left of this railway. Under this period the local authorities were compelled to produce the necessary documents for this line to receive the permanent historical monument status. On 2 April 2011 a group of around 200 young volunteers decided to clear the vegetation off the trackbed. To this volunteering action participated the boy scouts from Ghelari with their leaders, the volunteers from the \"Prietenii Mocăniţei\" associaţion from Sibiu and some students from a university from Cluj Napoca. They wanted to demonstrate to the local authorities that this line needs to be rebuilt and everyone wants this line to work again. In the summer of 2011 the temporary historic monument status had expired since the local authorities failed to produce the necessary documents. The local authorities promised that they are going to start the procedure for the reconstruction of the railway, but for now they are only promises. The youth of Hunedoara continues to fight for the reconstruction of the railway. Today the trackbed, the viaduct's frame over the Zlaşti valley, the original bridge in Govăjdia, the three tunnels, the derelict locoshed and the remains of the bridges can be visited. On 31 May 2013 the Hunedoara county council gave a positive vote for the takeover of the Zlaşti valley viaduct which was owned by a local company and decided to donate-it to the county council so it could be used for the accessing of EU funds for the reconstruction of the railway. Further negotiations are carried out for the takeover of the trackbed and annexes from another company that owns them. \"A vajdahunyadi Magyar Királysági Vasgyár és Tartozékai\" írta Latinák Gyula, főmérnök. BUDAPEST PALLAS RÉSZVÉNYTÁRSASÁG NYOMDÁJA (1906) Transylvanian mining railway The Transylvanian Mining Railway was a local interest narrow-gauge (760mm gauge) railway which was the first mining railway in Transylvania. This railway was built to ease the transportation of the iron ore mined from the iron ore mines from Ghelari to the blast furnace in Govăjdia and the ironworks from Hunedoara. This railway was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dignala Dignala is a census town in Andal C.D. Block in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the state of West Bengal, India. Dignala is located at . The Asansol-Durgapur region is composed of undulating laterite soil. This area lies between two mighty rivers – the Damodar and the Ajay. They flow almost parallel to each other in the region – the average distance between the two rivers is around 30 km. For ages the area was heavily forested and infested with plunderers and marauders. The discovery of coal in the 18th century led to industrialisation of the area and most of the forests have been cleared. As per the 2011 census, 79.22% of the population of Durgapur subdivision was urban and 20.78% was rural. Durgapur subdivision has 1 municipal corporation at Durgapur and 38 (+1 partly) census towns (partly presented in the map alongside; all places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map). Andal, a part of Andal (gram), Dignala, Palashban and Baska lying south of NH 19 (old numbering NH 2)/ Grand Trunk Road form a cluster of census towns. This cluster is linked to a cluster of census towns located north of NH 19. As per the 2011 Census of India Dignala had a total population of 13,633, of which 7,170 (53%) were males and 6,463 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,317. The total number of literates in Dignala was 10,797 (87.67% of the population over 6 years). Dignala has five primary and two higher secondary schools. Dignala Dignala is a census town in Andal C.D. Block in Durgapur subdivision of Paschim Bardhaman district in the state of West Bengal, India. Dignala is located at . The Asansol-Durgapur region is composed of undulating laterite soil. This area lies between two" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Yi Shu Yi Shu or Isabel Nee Yeh-su (born 25 September 1946) is a popular Hong Kong writer. She is the younger sister of Ni Kuang. She has used other pen names, including Rose (玫瑰), Mui Fon (梅峰), Lok Hon (駱絳), and Luk Kok (陸國). Yi Shu, whose home town is Ningbo, Zhejiang, was born in Shanghai in 1946. She has five elder siblings and one younger brother. Her pet name was A-mei and her siblings would call her \"Xiao Mei Tao\". She arrived in Hong Kong with her younger brother when she was five. After graduation from Kiangsu and Chekiang Kindergarten and Nursery, Yi Shu studied at Sir Ellis Kadoorie Primary School and Ho Tung Technical School For Girls (later known as Hotung Secondary School). She was a studious pupil who received two distinctions and two credits in the HKCEE examination. In 1964, Yu Shi completed her studies in her secondary school; her schoolmistress gave her a comment: \"\"She was touchy, emotional, and easy to get into a lather…\"\" Consequently, her mother renamed her Ni Rong (倪容) (容 literally means \"to tolerate\"), in the hope of Yi Shu could become more calm and generous. She had been a journalist of \"\"Ming Pao\"\" at the age of 17 after graduation from her secondary school. When she was 27, she went to Manchester to study Hotel Management. She had been the wait staff department supervisor of a hotel in Taiwan (1977), PR manager of the now demolished Furama Hotel in Central, Hong Kong (1978), a top official of the Information Services Department in Hong Kong, as well as a screenwriter. Now, Yi Shu has migrated to Canada, continuing with her writing career. Her novels are mainly romance novels set in modern-day Hong Kong. She is also an essayist as well. Yi" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Festival de las Máscaras (2009) The 2009 Festival de las Máscaras (Spanish for \"Festival of the Mask\") was a major \"lucha libre\" event produced and scripted by the Mexican International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) professional wrestling promotion on July 16, 2009. The show was held in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan, State of Mexico, which is IWRG's primary venue. The 2009 event was only the second time IWRG held a \"Festival de las Máscaras\", which would become an annual tradition. Most of the competitors on the show had previously lost their mask and for one night only were allowed to wrestle wearing them. The previously unmasked wrestlers on the show were Cerebro Negro, Dr. Cerebro, Orito, Panterita, El Signo, Pantera, Ricky Cruz, Scorpio Jr., Rambo, Veneno, Kahoz, Máscara Año 2000, Sangre Chicana, Mano Negra and Villano III. In the main event of the five match show the team of Kahoz, Máscara Año Dos Mil and Sangre Chicana defeated El Fantasma, Mano Negra and Villano III The wrestling mask has always held a sacred place in \"lucha libre\", carrying with it a mystique and anonymity beyond what it means to wrestlers elsewhere in the world. The ultimate humiliation a \"luchador\" can suffer is to lose a \"Lucha de Apuestas\", or bet match. Following a loss in a \"Lucha de Apuesta\" match the masked wrestler would be forced to unmask, state their real name and then would be unable to wear that mask while wrestling anywhere in Mexico. Since 2007 the Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; Sometimes referred to as \"Grupo Internacional Revolución\" in Spanish) has held a special annual show where they received a waiver to the rule from the State of Mexico Wrestling Commission and wrestlers would be allowed to wear the mask they previously lost in a \"Lucha de Apuestas\". The annual \"IWRG Festival de las Máscaras\" (\"Festival of the Masks\") event is also partly a celebration or homage of \"lucha libre\" history with IWRG honoring wrestlers of the past at the events similar to Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre's (CMLL) \"Homenaje a Dos Leyendas\" (\"Homage to Two Legends\") annual shows. The IWRG's \"Festival de las Máscaras\" shows, as well as the majority of the major IWRG shows in general, are held in Arena Naucalpan, owned by the promoters of IWRG and is their main venue. The 2009 \"Festival de las Máscaras\" show was the second year that IWRG held the show. IWRG regular Ricardo Antonio Morales Gonzalez, better known under the ring name Cerebro Negro (Spanish for \"Black Brain\"), adopted the \"Cerebro Negro\" \"enmascarado\", or \"masked wrestler\", character in 2002 after having first worked as \"Guerra C-3\". For three years he wore and successfully defended his mask, until the 2005 \"El Castillo del Terror\" (\"The Tower of Terror\") show. Cerebro Negro was the last competitor in a steel cage match as Japanese wrestler Masada climbed out of the cage. As a result he was forced to unmask. Cerebro Negro's long time tag team partner Dr. Cerebro also began his career as an \"enmascarado\" in 1996. Over the year he would work primarily for IWRG, at times risking his mask in various matches. On March 1, 2001 he lost a \"Lucha de Apuestas\" match to El Hijo del Santo and was forced to unmask. Mike Segura initially worked under a mask using the name \"Orito\" (\"Little Oro) working for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) in their \"Mini-Estrellas\" division. Once he left CMLL he modified the name to \"Oro Jr.\" as he began working against regular sized opponents. On July 26, 1998 Oro Jr. lost his mask to Dr. Cerebro, and subsequently began working as \"Mike Segura\" instead, only returning to the Orito/Oro Jr. name for special occasions. Like his partner for the \"Festival de las Máscaras\" show Marco Antonio Soto Ceja, better known as Freelance also began his career in the \"Mini-Estrella\" division working as \"Panterita\" (\"Little Panther\"). On August 6, 2006 he lost a \"Lucha de Apuestas\" match to Cerebro Negro and had to unmask. At that point in time he abandoned the Panterita ring character and became known as \"Freelance\". El Signo only wrestled as a masked wrestler for a couple of years early in his career, before he lost a \"Lucha de Apuestas\" match to Gatúbedo and had to remove his mask in 1974. His career take off in the years after his unmasking as he teamed up with El Texano and Negro Navarro to for \"Los Misioneros de la Muerte\" (\"The Missionaries of Death\"), credited with the popularity of the six-man tag team match in the early 1980s. Wrestler Pantera began his career in 1985, initially working as \"Pantera II\", but later became simply \"Pantera\" as Pantera I disappeared from the wrestling scene. On July 14, 2006 Pantera lost a \"Luchas de Apuestas\" match to Misterioso Jr. and was forced to unmask. Unlike most other wrestlers Pantera would later wrestle with the Pantera mask once more, initially first in the United States and Japan where he was not bound by the Mexican \"lucha libre\" commission rules. Over the summer of 2008 Panamanian wrestler Ricky Cruzz travelled to Mexico and worked for IWRG as an \"enmascarado\" but lost his mask June 12, 2006 in a steel cage match when he was defeated by El Hijo del Aníbal, unmasking before he returned to Puerto Rico. Rafael Núñez Juan took the name Scorpio Jr. in honor of his father El Scorpio and from the mid-1980s until March 19, 1999 worked as an \"enmascarado\". On March 19 Scorpio Jr. and Bestia Salvaje lost a tag team \"Lucha de Apuestas\" to Negro Casas and El Hijo del Santo in the main event of the 1999 \"\" show. Panamania wrestler Rafael Ernesto Medina Baeza started working as the masked character \"Veneno\" (Spanish for \"Venom\") in 2000 when he began to work for CMLL in Mexico. In CMLL he was part of \"Los Boricuas\" and through that association he was matched up against former \"Los Boricuas\" member Gran Markus Jr. in a long-running storyline. The two met at the 2002 \"\" show where Gran Markus Jr. defeated Veneno, forcing him to unmask as a result. José Luis Mendieta Rodríguez began wrestling as a masked soldier character known as \"Rambo\" in 1981 working primarily for the Universal Wrestling Association as a \"rudo\". On September 24, 1993 he lost a \"Lucha de Apuestas\" match to Villano III and was forced to unmask. Máscara Año 2000, lost his mask to Perro Aguayo in the main event of AAA'a \"Triplemanía\" event. Sangre Chicana started out his career as a masked wrestler, but his mask loss to Fishman in 1977 was just the start of his rise in \"lucha libre\", earning a reputation as an unpredictable brawler. For years Jesús Reza Rosales wrestled as the masked Mano Negra (\"Black Hand\"), making his debut in 1971. His \"Lucha de Apuestas\" loss to Atlantis was the main event of the CMLL 60th Anniversary Show. Villano III was the first of the five \"Villanos\" to lose his mask, his older brothers Villano I and Villano II never lost their mask in the ring. Villano III agreed to lose his mask to Atlantis as part of CMLL's 2000 \"Juicio Final\" (\"Final Judgement\") show on March 17, 2000. The match would later be called \"The biggest Apuesta match of the decade\" by several wrestling magazines. The match was voted the 2000 Match of the Year in the Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards. The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as \"rudos\" in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (\"técnicos\" in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. During the event IWRG officials, wrestlers and fans in the arena paid homage to wrestler El Matemático for his fifty-year career, making his debut on May 2, 1958. The crowd gave him a standing ovation as he was presented with a trophy and then addressed the crowd. Festival de las Máscaras (2009) The 2009 Festival de las Máscaras (Spanish for \"Festival of", "awards. The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as \"rudos\" in Mexico, those that portray the \"bad guys\") or faces (\"técnicos\" in Mexico, the \"good guy\" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. During the event IWRG officials, wrestlers and fans in the arena paid homage to wrestler El Matemático for his fifty-year career, making his debut on May 2, 1958. The crowd gave him a standing ovation as he was presented with a trophy and then addressed the crowd. Festival de las Máscaras (2009) The 2009 Festival de las Máscaras (Spanish for \"Festival of the Mask\") was a major \"lucha libre\" event produced and scripted by the Mexican International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG) professional wrestling promotion on July 16, 2009. The show was held in Arena Naucalpan, Naucalpan," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "National Air Transportation Association Founded in 1940, the National Air Transportation Association (NATA) is the public policy group that represents the interests of the general aviation business community before the Congress and federal, state and local government agencies. NATA represents nearly 2,300 aviation businesses. NATA's member companies provide a broad range of services to general aviation, the airlines and the military. They also directly serve the traveling public by providing fuel, on-demand air charter, aircraft rental, storage, and flight training. Other services include aircraft maintenance, parts sales, and line support as well as business aircraft or fractional ownership fleet management. NATA member companies also provide airline baggage and cargo handling services. In addition to giving the association's constituents a voice in Washington, D.C., NATA membership offers a number of ancillary benefits including its annual Aviation Business & Legislative Conference, Congressional Reception and Air Charter Summit and its highly regarded Safety 1st Professional Line Service Training (PLST) program. Considered the industry standard in line service training program, the PLST program has instructed over 16,000 line service specialists in safe aircraft handling procedures. NATA's mission is to empower its members to be safe and successful aviation businesses. The NATA Safety 1st Program is a key component in achieving that mission. The Safety 1st Program provides safety related resources as well as the following online training programs that are utilized across the aviation industry: NATA Safety 1st Professional Line Service Training (PLST) – This program has become the \"standard\" across the FBO industry for the initial and recurrent training of line service technicians. The PLST includes 8 online training modules and exams as well as hands-on training and practical exam components. NATA Safety 1st Line Service Supervision & Training Management Online (Supervisor Online) – An FAA authorized Aviation Fueling Safety Course in Fire Safety the supervisor online provides the needed foundations in safety, leadership and training for a new supervisor NATA Safety 1st Aircraft Flight Coordinator Training (AFCT) – This program provides basic knowledge in topics such as weather, airspace, aircraft weight and balance and much more for flight coordinators working in a Part 91, 135 or 91K environment The NATA Safety 1st Program also operates the Ground Audit Standard and Registry. The standard was established to create a consistent operational safety standard for fixed-base operators, airports, and other service providers while increasing the overall safety level of these operations. In addition to its Safety 1st program, NATA also publishes the quarterly Aviation Business Journal, dedicated to the core businesses of NATA members, including: fuel and line services, aircraft charter and management, aircraft maintenance, flight training, and airline services. NATA also sponsors a Workers Compensation Insurance Program which rewards the safe practices of its member-participants. Martin H. Hiller is the current Chief Executive Officer of Hiller Carbon, a leading supplier of carbon to steel mills and foundries and was named President of the National Air Transportation Association (NATA) in August 2016. NATA represents aeronautical service providers at over 2,300 locations in the U.S. and beyond. NATA's members own, operate and service general aviation, commercial and military aircraft. Hiller leads a highly skilled group of professionals that provide advocacy on legislative and regulatory issues before federal, state and local governments. NATA also provides an array of member services including the highly renowned Safety 1st Program, viewed as the \"Gold Standard\" for training professional line service personnel and other staff. Entrepreneur Marty Hiller is a principal in North Shore Holdings, LLC, with interests in aviation, carbon, and minerals. Primary aviation activities include the ownership of fixed-base operations, including Marathon Jet Center and Marathon General Aviation, Marathon, Florida. Hiller Carbon, a North Shore Holdings subsidiary, provides carbon and specialty minerals to steel, rubber, and plastics industries. He is most known in aviation for the ownership of The Hiller Group, a leading supplier of branded fuel to over 600 airports in North America. The Hiller Group, Inc. was acquired by World Fuel Services [NYSE:int] in December 2010. Timothy Obitts, Executive Vice President of Operations & General Counsel National Air Transportation Association Founded in 1940, the National Air Transportation Association (NATA) is the public policy group that represents the interests of the general aviation business community before the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Never So Bold Never So Bold (26 April 1980 – 8 February 2000) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He was a specialist sprinter who recorded all his important wins at distances between five and six and a half furlongs. After finishing unplaced in his only start as a two-year-old he showed good, but unexceptional form in handicaps the following season. In 1984 he improved to become a top-class performer, winning the Prix de la Porte Maillot and the Prix Maurice de Gheest in France and the Diadem Stakes in England. He made further improvement to become recognised as the best sprinter in Europe in 1985, winning the Temple Stakes, King's Stand Stakes, July Cup and William Hill Sprint Championship. After a poor run in the Breeders' Cup Mile he was retired to stud where he had limited success as a sire of winners. Never So Bold was a \"big, rangy, good-looking\" bay horse with a small white star bred by the Mount Rosa Stud. During his racing career he carried the red and white colours of Edward Kessly. He was trained at Newmarket, Suffolk by Robert Armstrong, who had trained another outstanding sprinter in Moorestyle, and was ridden in most of his races by the American jockey Steve Cauthen. Never So Bold was sired by Bold Lad, the leading British and Irish two-year-old of 1966, whose other offspring included the 1000 Guineas winner Waterloo. His dam Never Never Land was an unraced sister of Bombazine, who produced the St Leger winner Bruni. Never So Bold's only race as a two-year-old came on 29 October at Newmarket Racecourse when he finished eighth of the twenty runners in a maiden race. In the following season he lost his first three races but then developed into what the independent Timeform organisation described as \"quite a useful handicapper\". He won three races including the Great St. Wilfrid Stakes over six furlongs at Ripon and the Pearce Duff Stakes over seven furlongs at Ascot. He ended the year with a Timeform rating of 100. On his first two starts as a four-year-old Never So Bold was beaten in a handicap race at Newmarket at was then tried at Listed class in the John of Gaunt Stakes at Haydock Park Racecourse, where he finished second to Mr Meeka. The colt's rise to the top of the sprint division came in June when he won the Prix de la Porte Maillot, a weak-looking Group Three event over 1400 metres at Longchamp Racecourse. In the Group One July Cup at Newmarket he started a 33/1 outsider but exceeded expectations by finishing second to the three-year-old Chief Singer, and ahead of the leading sprinters Committed and Habibti. In August, Never So Bold made a second visit to France and recorded his most important success up to that time when he won the Prix Maurice de Gheest (then Group Two, now Group One) over 1300 metres at Deauville. Later that month he was beaten a neck by Prego in the Group Three Hungerford Stakes over seven furlongs when he appeared to tire in the closing stages. On his next appearance he was ridden by Tony Murray in the Vernons Sprint Cup at Haydock and finished third, beaten a short head and half a length by Petong and Habibti. On his final appearance he won his first British Group race when he beat Fortysecond Street by one and a half lengths in the Diadem Stakes at Ascot. By the end of the year, he was rated 128 by Timeform, representing an improvement of 28 pounds on his 1983 rating. It had been intended that the colt would be retired to stud at the end of the year, but when an injury prevented him from taking the required medical checks the decision was taken to keep him in training for one more season. Never So Bold began his final season in the Temple Stakes at Sandown Park Racecourse in May. Racing over the minimum distance of five furlongs for the first time he took the lead two furlongs from the finish and won by half a length from the three-year-old Primo Dominie. On 21 June Never So Bold started 4/1 second favourite for the Group One King's Stand Stakes over five furlongs at Royal Ascot. Ridden by his trainer's brother-in-law Lester Piggott, Never So Bold took the lead two furlongs from the finish and quickly went clear of his opponents. He won by three lengths despite being eased down by Piggott in the closing stages: according to Timeform he \"slaughtered\" the opposition. There was some concern after the race when the winner appeared to be lame, the result of a condition which caused internal bleeding in his left foreleg after exercise. The condition recurred after the July Cup at Newmarket, but did not affect Never So Bold in the race, as he accelerated from off the pace to win by two and a half lengths from Committed. At York Racecourse on 22 August, Never So Bold won his third consecutive Group One race as he beat Primo Dominie by two lengths in the William Hill Sprint Championship (now the Nunthorpe Stakes). In his two remaining races, Never So Bold failed to reproduce his best form. In October he was made odds-on favourite for the Prix de l'Abbaye but did not produce his usual acceleration and finished fourth to Committed. He was then sent to the United States for the Breeders' Cup Mile at Aqueduct Racetrack in November. Racing over the distance for the first time in two and a half years he was never in contention and finished tenth behind Cozzene. He was then retired to stud with a syndicated value of £1.8 million. In 1985 Never So Bold was officially Europe's fourth best older horse, with a rating of 130 placing him behind Sagace, Rainbow Quest and Pebbles. Following a \"recalibration\" of historic ratings in 2013, the ratings of all horses in the 1985 classification were moved down by three pounds, giving him a new official rating of 127. The independent Timeform organisation disagreed, assigning Never So Bold a rating of 135 (level with the filly Pebbles), making him the highest-rated older male horse of the year as well as their champion sprinter. In their book \"A Century of Champions\", based on a modified version of the Timeform system, John Randall and Tony Morris rated Never So Bold the twenty-fifth best British or Irish trained sprinter of the 20th century. Never So Bold was initially based at the Brook Stud at Newmarket, later moving to the Cheveley Park Stud and then the Britton House Stud in Somerset before arriving at the Wood Farm Stud in Shropshire in 1995. He was not a successful sire, the best of his offspring being the Diomed Stakes winner Eton Lad and the Wokingham Stakes winner Venture Capitalist. He was, however, the damsire of Presvis, a gelding who earned prize money of more than £4 million, winning races including the Queen Elizabeth II Cup and the Dubai Duty Free Stakes. Never So Bold died of heart failure at Wood Farm on 8 February 2000. Never So Bold Never So Bold (26 April 1980 –" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department The Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department is the agency responsible for fire protection and disaster management in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The department issues No Objection Certificates for buildings that adhere to fire safety norms. The department also has the right to penalise violators of fire safety norms. In 2013, the department announced an initiative to improve efficiency by equipping fire engines with GPS devices and cameras to help track locations of fire. The department had 265 fire stations in 2014 prior to bifurcation of the state. Post bifurcation, 173 are located in Andhra Pradesh, while the remaining are located in Telangana. Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department The Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Response and Fire Services Department is the agency responsible for fire protection and disaster management in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The department issues No Objection Certificates for buildings that adhere to fire safety norms. The department also has the right to penalise violators of fire safety norms. In 2013, the department announced an initiative to improve efficiency by equipping fire engines with GPS devices and cameras to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Racketeer The Racketeer is a 1929 American Pre-Code drama film. Directed by Howard Higgin, the film is also known as Love's Conquest in the United Kingdom. It tells the tale of some members of the criminal class in 1920s America, and in particular one man and one woman's attempts to help him. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper appears in a minor role. The film is one of the early talkies, and as a result, dialogue is very sparse. \"The Racketeer\" was banned by the British Board of Film Censors in 1929, but the 61 minute film \"Love's Conquest\" was passed in 1930. The Racketeer The Racketeer is a 1929 American Pre-Code drama film. Directed by Howard Higgin, the film is also known as Love's Conquest in the United Kingdom. It tells the tale of some members of the criminal class in 1920s America, and in particular one man and one woman's attempts to help him. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper appears in a minor role. The film is one of the early talkies, and as a result, dialogue is very sparse. \"The Racketeer\" was banned by the British Board of Film Censors in 1929, but the 61 minute film \"Love's Conquest\"" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bass v Gregory Bass v Gregory (1890) is an English tort law and English land law case, concerning a ventilation shaft on under or through adjoining land (a \"passage of air\"). It was deemed an easement by prescription, having been used without long interruptions for forty years. At the time of the case, the law, and the leading judge made a fine technical distinction between prescription by statute and by the common law doctrine of lost modern grant. Bass and her tenant owned a pub called \"The Jolly Anglers\" in Meadow Road, Beeston, Nottingham. They brought a claim against the owner of neighbouring land (including the cottage in which he lived), Gregory, for blocking a ventilation shaft out of Bass' cellar. Bass brewed beer in the cellar, and the ventilation shaft allowed the fumes to run out of the cellar, through the ground, which connected to Gregory's water well, out of which the air escaped. The shaft had existed for at least 40 years. Pollock B held that Bass had a right to the passage, because the law deemed that if a right had been exercised for a long number of years, there was a legal foundation to the right. He said the following. Bass v Gregory Bass v Gregory (1890) is an English tort law and English land law case, concerning a ventilation shaft on under or through adjoining land (a \"passage of air\"). It was deemed an easement by prescription, having been used without long interruptions for forty years. At the time of the case, the law, and the leading judge made a fine technical distinction between prescription by statute and by the common law doctrine of lost modern grant. Bass and her tenant owned a pub called \"The Jolly Anglers\" in Meadow Road, Beeston, Nottingham. They brought" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Holosteum Holosteum is a genus of plants in the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae) with 3 or 4 species native from southern Europe through central and south western Asia and in Africa. They are herbs with an annual life span, some growing as winter annuals. They have slender roots and thin stems that are upright or ascending. The genus name was given by Linnaeus, and named because of the sprawling nature of the plants: Greek holos, meaning whole or all, and osteon, meaning bone, because of the frailty of the plant. Flowers are bisexual but sometimes also unisexual and pistillate. Flowers are hypogynous, have 5 sepals that are distinct and green in color and lanceolate to ovate in shape and 2.5-4.5 mm long. Typically with no stipules. The flowers have 5 petals that are white to soft pink in color and are clawed. Plants typically are found as small inconspicuous early spring blooming plants with short life spans. Common names for the plants in this genus include jagged chickweeds and (in Chinese) \"ying gu cao\". Holosteum Holosteum is a genus of plants in the Pink family (Caryophyllaceae) with 3 or 4 species native from southern Europe through central and south western Asia" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI) was a revolutionary Trotskyist party which campaigned for independence and socialism in South Asia. The BLPI was formed in 1942 as a unification of two Indian groups (the Bolshevik Leninist Party of the United Provinces and Bihar and the Bolshevik Mazdoor Party of India), with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). It was recognized as the Indian section of the Fourth International. The BLPI remained a very small party during World War II, far from the expectations of a massive united revolutionary party for the entire Subcontinent. Most probably no branch ever existed in Burma, the inclusion of Burma in the party name was more of an expression of an intention to expand there. In Sri Lanka, LSSP had been very active before the war, but the suppression of the party by the colonial authorities and the exile of various leaders to India weakened it severely. Also, the decision to merge LSSP with BLPI was not well established with the primary leaders of the party, who were in British jails. In India, BLPI had activities in a few areas. Many of the activists were exiled LSSPers who were concentrated in Bombay. The BLPI took part vigorously in the Quit India movement. It brought out leaflets and posters giving unconditional support to the movement. It went even further, calling for the troops to revolt. In Bombay the party recruited student activists and organised strikes, as well as influencing Congress propaganda. In Calcutta the BLPI joined a United Front with the Congress Socialist Party, the Revolutionary Socialist Party and the Forward Bloc. The front distributed leaflets and carried out sabotage. In South India, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar the BLPI distributed leaflets and led demonstrations. In 1946, ratings in the Royal Indian Navy in Bombay mutinied. The only political party to give unconditional support to the revolt was the BLPI. As soon as it got news of the revolt it came out with a call for a Hartal in support of the mutineers. BLPI members Prabhakar More and Lakshman Jadhav led the textile workers out on strike. Barricades were set up and held for three days. However, attempts to contact the mutineers were foiled by British troops. After the war, when the Lankans returned home, they came back to a divided movement. Two of the main leaders of LSSP, N.M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena, had been released from jail. They now reconstructed LSSP as an independent party, the core being the 'Workers' Opposition' faction, which held the trade unions. Effectively there were two parallel LSSPs, one led by Perera and Gunawardena and the BLPI-section led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardena and Edmund Samarakkoddy, which had been formed around the Bolshevik-Leninist Faction of Doric de Souza. The English language organ of the BLPI-section was \"Fight\". There was a brief reconciliation between the two factions in 1946. The BLPI section contested the 1947 election, in which it gained 5 seats in Parliament, compared to the LSSP's 10. The Ceylon section of BLPI was converted into the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party, the Ceylon section of the Fourth International. The remainder of the BLPI in India was concentrated in Calcutta, Madras and Madurai, where the party was active in trade union work. In 1946 S. C. C. Anthonypillai, one of the Sri Lankans, was elected President of the Madras Labour Union (India's oldest union) and the Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Workers' Union. In 1948, the Fourth International asked the party to enter the Socialist Party of India and practice entryism there. Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI) was a revolutionary Trotskyist party which campaigned for independence and socialism in South Asia. The BLPI was formed in 1942 as a unification of two Indian groups (the Bolshevik Leninist Party of the United Provinces and Bihar and the Bolshevik Mazdoor Party of India), with the Lanka Sama Samaja Party of Ceylon (Sri Lanka). It was recognized as the Indian section of the Fourth International. The BLPI remained a very small party during World War II, far from the expectations of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ernest E. \"Jimmy\" Walker Ernest E. \"Jimmy\" Walker (December 18, 1915 – June 27, 1990) was an American country musician. Although relatively little has been written about Jimmy Walker, he ranks as an important figure in the development of country music. Not only did he record the first version of the country standard \"Detour\" in 1945, but to date he is the only man who ever replaced Roy Acuff on the Grand Ole Opry. He also recorded numerous other outstanding western swing-honky tonk numbers, appeared as a regular on Midwestern Hayride, WWVA Jamboree and Louisiana Hayride, and appeared in several motion pictures. Born Ernest E. Walker in Mason County, West Virginia on December 18, 1915, \"Jimmy\" did not opt for a regular musical career until the mid-forties. By this time, he had relocated to the West Coast which then was a booming region for country dance music. At his first record session he waxed the hit song \"Detour.\" The song's author, Paul Westmoreland, played steel guitar on the recording. A year later, Grand Ole Opry officials hired him to replace Roy Acuff who took an extended leave. At the time, they were much impressed not only with \"Detour\" but also \"Sioux City Sue\" and a fine heart song entitled \"Oh Why.\" Unfortunately for Jimmy, Roy Acuff chose to return to the Opry after a year. His recordings during that period (1945–47), all made in Los Angeles, featured such name musicians as Noel Boggs on steel guitar, Tex Atchison on fiddle, Cliffie Stone on bass, and Merle Travis on lead guitar. Meanwhile, Jimmy Walker moved on to serve stints of roughly a year and a half each on WLW Cincinnati's Midwestern Hayride and WWVA Wheeling's \"World's Original Jamboree.\" In 1949, he returned to California and made some more recordings for another independent label. These sessions again featured Atchison and also Joe Maphis on lead guitar and Speedy West on steel. Other musicians who appeared on Walker sessions included Pedro DePaul and George Bamby on accordions (both veterans of the Spade Cooley band), and guitarist Charlie Morgan, the brother of pop vocal star Jaye P. Morgan. By 1951, he had done some twenty-eight sides. Later in the decade he had sessions for two major labels and another independent studio visit in 1965. All are fine examples of the mainstream honky-tonk sound that dominated the country field prior to the rise of the Nashville sound. Meanwhile, Walker returned to the WWVA Jamboree in 1953 remaining for more than a decade. During this time one of his songs \"Unkind Words\" recorded by Jamobree vocalist Kathy Dee made the \"Billboard Top 20\" in 1964, but as is often the case, the royalties never reached him. In the mid-sixties Jimmy Walker returned to California working as a country singer and motion picture actor. One of the better known films in which he played a character role was the Lee Marvin - Clint Eastwood picture, \"Paint Your Wagon.\" Retiring in the late 1970s, Walker came back to his boyhood home in Mason County, West Virginia, but continued to play many clubs and other showdates and kept up contacts with old show biz pals like the late Tex Atchison and Merle Travis. He died in 1990. In a sense, Jimmy Walker seems to parallel the saying about the lady who was \"always a bridesmaid and never a bride.\" When one of his recordings would begin to take off, Columbia or Victor would rush a \"cover\" onto the market by a Spade Cooley or an Eddy Arnold respectively and overshadow his own efforts. Hired as a feature act on the Opry, he found himself back on the outside when superstar Roy Acuff chose to exercise his option to return. When Capitol Records sought Walker as a replacement for a dying Jack Guthrie in 1947, he could not get out of his contract with a smaller firm. When he finally got on a major label in 1953, his company pushed its one superstar and neglected the other fine country acts on their talent roster. Yet in another sense, all of the above-mentioned facts attest to Walker's importance, even if they worked to his disadvantage. This album is a modest effort to display the talent of one of the finest country singers of his era. While researching my history of West Virginia country music, old acquaintances of Walker such as Lee Moore, Slim Clere, and Doc Williams all told me that data on Jimmy Walker must certainly be included. I had barely heard of the man and somewhat surprisingly found that he lived less than fifty miles from my home and less than twenty miles from my work place. I looked him up and I'm glad that I did. He proved to be a fine gentleman with a head full of knowledge. When the modern country sounds first began to appear in the decade from 1945, Ernest E. Walker was not only a witness to much of the action, he was indeed a part of the action! Ernest E. \"Jimmy\" Walker Ernest E. \"Jimmy\" Walker (December 18, 1915 – June 27, 1990) was an American country musician. Although relatively little has been written about Jimmy Walker, he ranks as an important figure in the development of country music. Not only did he record the first version of the country standard \"Detour\" in 1945, but to date he is the only man" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Torrita, Victoria Torrita is a locality situated on the section of the Mallee Highway and Pinnaroo railway line between Ouyen and the South Australian border in the Sunraysia region. The place by road, is situated about 13 kilometres east from Underbool and 8 kilometres west from Walpeup. A Post Office opened on 15 July 1912 when a regular mail service was provided by the opening of the railway from Ouyen to Murrayville a month earlier, but was known as Nyang until 1921 and closed in 1984. The name Nyang is preserved in the Nyang Flora Reserve to the south of the highway. Nyang State School (No. 3871) opened in the public hall on 31 September 1914, and received a purpose-built one-room school in 1920. It was renamed Torritata State School on 20 October 1921. The school closed in 1969, and the building was later moved to Walpeup to be used as an artroom. The area of the locality contains the smaller area of Kattyong, and to the south the smaller area of Gunner. Kattyoong State School (No. 3962) opened on 4 October 1917 and closed on 19 February 1967. Kattyong West State School (No. 4321) opened in May 1928 and closed in 1942, with the school building moved to Mittyack. Torrita, Victoria Torrita is a locality situated on the section of the Mallee Highway and Pinnaroo railway line between Ouyen and the South Australian border in the Sunraysia region. The place by road, is situated about 13 kilometres east from Underbool and 8 kilometres west from Walpeup. A Post Office opened on 15 July 1912 when a regular mail service was provided by the opening of the railway from Ouyen to Murrayville a month earlier, but was known as Nyang until 1921 and closed in 1984. The name Nyang is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Obinitsa Lake Obinitsa Lake (also known as Obinitsa Artificial Lake, Tuhkvitsa Reservoir, Tääglova Reservoir) is a lake in Võru County, on the eastern side of Obinitsa village in Estonia. The length of the waterline is 4534 metres and surface area of the basin is 43 km². The construction of Obinitsa Artificial Lake on the base of Tuhkvitsa Stream ended in 1995. The beautiful clear-watered lake is suitable for swimming, fishing as well as for boating trips. There is a sandstone outcrop and a cave that has formed because of springs on the left shore of Obinitsa Lake. The cave, associated with many legends, is called Juudatarõ. On the high banks of Obinitsa Artificial Lake stands the monument to the Singing Mother of the Seto People. Obinitsa Lake Obinitsa Lake (also known as Obinitsa Artificial Lake, Tuhkvitsa Reservoir, Tääglova Reservoir) is a lake in Võru County, on the eastern side of Obinitsa village in Estonia. The length of the waterline is 4534 metres and surface area of the basin is 43 km². The construction of Obinitsa Artificial Lake on the base of Tuhkvitsa Stream ended in 1995. The beautiful clear-watered lake is suitable for swimming, fishing as well as for boating" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sittwe Port Sittwe Port is a deepwater port constructed by India in 2016 at Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State in Myanmar, on the Bay of Bengal. Situated at the mouth of the Kaladan River, the USD 120 Million port is being financed by India as a part of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, a collaboration between India and Myanmar. The project is aimed at developing transport infrastructure in southwestern Myanmar and northeastern India. The proposal for the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project was conceived by India, primarily to provide an alternative route to India's landlocked northeastern states. The only access to these seven states is through the Siliguri Corridor, a narrow strip of Indian territory wedged between Bhutan and Bangladesh. Routing all cargo destined for the northeast through this corridor causes significant transportation delays and cost overheads. India attempted negotiating with Bangladesh since the 1970s for transit access from the Bay of Bengal to these states, but was repeatedly denied access by the latter. The USD 500 million Kaladan project was hence conceived as an alternative, aimed at accelerating infrastructure and economic development in both India and Myanmar. The project includes the construction of a deepwater port at the mouth of the Kaladan River in Sittwe, the dredging of the river to enable cargo vessels to navigate the river from Sittwe to Mizoram in India, the construction of a river port at Paletwa in Myanmar's Chin State and the upgrade of highways from Paletwa to Myeikwa on the Indo-Myanmar border. In 2017, the Sitwee port, Paletwa jetty, road to India and shipments to India are likely to be operational in 2019. In April 2017, India handed over the operation of completed Sittwe port and Inland Water Terminal at Paletwa to Mayanmar. In June 2017, India added six gas tanker cargo vessels to transport gas to nort-east India via Manipur. An agreement on the project was signed between the governments of India and Myanmar in April 2009. The contract for the construction for the Sittwe port was awarded to the Essar Group of India. The USD 120 Million port is being funded through a long-term interest-free credit line from India. Construction started in 2010, and is expected to be completed by June 2013. There is also to a proposal to build 1,575 km long sittwe-Aizawl-Silchar-Guwahati-Siliguri-Gaya gas pipleline to transport gas from Sittwe gas field where ONGC and GAIL hold 30 percent stake in oil and gas exploration. Sittwe Port Sittwe Port is a deepwater port constructed by India in 2016 at Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine State in Myanmar, on the Bay of Bengal. Situated at the mouth of the Kaladan River, the USD 120 Million port is being financed by India as a part of the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, a collaboration between India and Myanmar. The project is aimed at developing transport infrastructure in southwestern Myanmar and northeastern India. The proposal for the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project was conceived by India, primarily to provide an" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ernest McChesney Ernest McChesney (July 22, 1912 – July 25, 1991) was an American tenor who had an active singing career in operas, musicals, and concerts during the late 1920s through the early 1960s. He was notably a principal tenor with the New York City Opera from 1954 to 1960. McChesney began his career as a teenager appearing in the ensembles of the original Broadway productions of \"My Maryland\" (1927) and \"The New Moon\" (1928). This was followed by a small supporting role in \"Princess Charming\" in 1930. His first major break came the following year when he became one of the featured performers in the Ziegfeld Follies. McChesney made his professional opera debut in July 1933 with the Central City Opera as Danillo in Franz Lehár's \"The Merry Widow\" He performed periodically in concerts, operas, and operettas throughout the United States during the 1930s while receiving more formal training at Syracuse University. In 1934 and 1935 he sang roles with the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera. He also sang on the radio many times in the 1930s. On October 17, 1937 he sang the role of Abel in the world premiere of Louis Gruenberg's \"Green Mansions\" with CBS radio. In 1938 he graduated from Syracuse with a Bachelor of Music degree. In 1940 McChesney was the tenor soloist in Beethoven's \"Symphony No. 9\" with the Minneapolis Symphony and conductor Dimitri Mitropoulos. In 1941 he made his New York City recital debut at Town Hall. In 1942 McChesney graduated from the University of Michigan with a master's degree in vocal performance. Shortly thereafter he returned to Broadway to portray Eisenstein in \"Rosalinda\", an adaptation of \"Die Fledermaus\". In 1943 he was the tenor soloist in Bach's \"Mass in B Minor\" with the Bach Choir of Bethlehem and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the Bethlehem Bach Festival. McChesney was also a repeat performer with NYC's New Opera Company during the early 1940s. In 1946 McChesney sang for the first time with the Boston Symphony Orchestra as the tenor soloist in Beethoven's \"Ninth Symphony\". The following year he returned to Broadway for the last time to portray Major Alexius Apieidoff in the acclaimed revival of \"The Chocolate Soldier\". In 1949–1950 he toured the United States with the Charles L. Wagner Opera Company singing Canio in \"Pagliacci\", and appeared with Lyric Theatre in Houston in \"The New Moon,\" subsequently touring in \"The Chocolate Soldier\" with Ann Ayers. In 1951 he sang the B minor Mass with the Oratorio Society of New York. In 1956 he portrayed Pandarus in the United States premiere of William Walton's \"Troilus and Cressida\" at the San Francisco Opera. On March 25, 1954 McChesney made his debut with the New York City Opera as Herod in Richard Strauss's \"Salome\" with Phyllis Curtin in the title role. He sang with the company for the next six years in a variety of roles, including Eisenstein, Malcolm in \"Macbeth\", and William Marshall in Marc Blitzstein's \"Regina\". In 1959 he portrayed \"the Director\" in the world premiere of Hugo Weisgall's \"Six Characters in Search of an Author\". His last role with the NYCO was the title role in Stravinsky's \"Oedipus rex\" in 1960. McChesney retired from the stage in the early 1960s, after which he taught for many years on the voice faculty of the Manhattan School of Music. \"Mac\" spent 1966–1967 teaching voice at Yale University, substituting for Jack Litten who was on sabbatical in Germany. In 1974 his wife of many years, Jean McChesney (née Everly) died. Ernest died seventeen years later in Ocean City, New Jersey. Ernest McChesney Ernest McChesney (July 22," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ripuarian Franks Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks (Latin: Ripuarii or Ribuarii) were one of the two main groupings of early Frankish people, and specifically it was the name eventually applied to the tribes who settled in the old Roman territory of the Ubii, with its capital at Cologne on the Rhine river in modern Germany. Their western neighbours were the Salii, or \"Salian Franks\", who were named already in late Roman records, and settled with imperial permission within the Roman Empire in what is today the southern part of the Netherlands, and Belgium, and later expanded their influence into the northern part of France above the Loire river, creating a Frankish empire. Both the Salii and Ripuarii were new names and represented new groupings of older tribal groups on the Roman Rhine border. The ancestors of the Ripuarii originally lived on the right bank of the Rhine, where there had been a long history of friendly and unfriendly contact. Under pressure from their northern enemies, the Saxons, they were first able to infiltrate the left bank of the Rhine in 274 AD. In the chaotic years after the definitive collapse of Roman power in western Europe, they managed to occupy the Roman city of Cologne and the lower and middle Rhineland in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia. Few historical details are known before the Rhineland kingdom eventually became an important part of the Merovingian Frankish empire in the sub-kingdom known as Austrasia, which also included the original Germanic speaking Salian region. Austrasia included not only the Rhineland-Palatinate, but apparently the whole of the Germania Inferior (re-named in the late Roman empire as Germania II) and Gallia Belgica II. The border between Austrasia and Neustria was the Silva Carbonaria in modern Wallonia, but the exact definition of this forest region is now unclear. On the right bank of the Rhine, the Ripuarian Franks had control over the river basin of the Main, in later years also called Franconia, one of the five stem duchies, from which in the middle of the 9th century the kingdom of Germany was formed. In the 7th century a law code for Austrasia was published as the \"Lex Ripuaria\". After the reign of the last capable Salian Frankish king, Dagobert I in 639, the Carolingian Austrasian mayordomos gradually took over power, transforming Austrasia into the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. The name \"Ripuarii\" clearly has a meaning of \"river people\", but the exact way in which the name developed is unclear and may have involved both Latin and Germanic. The regular Latin form would be \"Riparii\", meaning \"[men] of the river bank\". The term \"\"milites rip(ari)ensis\"\" was a Latin term used for border soldiers on river frontiers, at least on the Danube and Rhône. Jordanes referred to soldiers described this way from Gaul, fighting under Aetius, but Eugen Ewig has argued that these soldiers can be found in the Notitia Dignitatum based on the Rhône river. In the 7th century the country around Cologne is described as \"\"ripa Rheni\"\", and so it seems clear that the Latin word for a riverbank was sometimes used to describe the region. The form \"Ripuarii\" is irregular, however, and has been explained by a hypothetical native (Germanic) name underlying the Latin. This hypothetical self-designation might be restored as either \"hreop-waren\", \"hrepa-waren\" \"river[-bank] people\". or \"hreop-wehren\", \"hrepa-wehren\" \"river[-bank] defenders\". Conversely, the form \"Ripuarii\" may also be due to a loan of the Latin \"Riparii\" into Germanic. This view is based on a word-pair given in the \"Summarium Heinrici\", an 11th-century revision of Isidore of Seville, stating the Old High German equivalents of some Latin words, including \"Ripuarii: Riphera\". The latter is textually reconstructed to \"ripfera\", except that \"phonetically ripf- cannot come from rip-;\" A third possibility is that the name \"Ripuarii\" was a mixed word to begin with, perhaps \"ripwarjoz\". It seems to be analogous to the later formation, \"Ribuarius\", in which Gallo-Roman \"ribbar\" replaces Roman \"ripa\". From the Gallo-Roman came the French \"rive\", \"bank,\" and a group of words based on it. The term Franks first appears in the 3rd century on the right bank of the Rhine. Tribes who had lived in the same area in Roman times included the Sicambri, Chamavi, Bructeri, Chattuarii, and Tencteri. The Franks replaced those older tribes in the record and most probably represent a new alliance of all or some of them. These independent Franks crossed the Rhine frequently to establish bases there from which they raided further into the Roman empire. The Romans eventually bought peace by exchanging freedom to settle on the left bank for cooperation in maintaining the peace. Many of these Franks rose to high office in the empire. In the area of the Ripuarii, the Rhine had been defined as a border of the Roman empire under the early emperors. The Romans created two provinces: Upper and Lower Germany. The dividing line was marked and maintained by a major base at Mainz. Lower Germany, which faced the Ripuarii, later became Germania Secunda. Roman cities in this region included Castra Vetera (Xanten), Cologne, and Bonn. Long before the Franks, the Romanized Ubii had been the main Germanic people within the region of Cologne since early Roman imperial times. They had been allowed to move from the other side of the Rhine. Colonia Agrippinenses (Cologne) was placed among them as Roman colony to assist them \"keep the gate against intruders.\" While the Ubii had moved under pressure from the Suebi to their east, other related tribes under similar pressure from more distant neighbours had moved in to replace them on the right bank of the Rhine, including the Bructeri, Tencteri, Sicambri and Usipetes. These remained in contact with the province of the Ubii, as is described by Tacitus concerning the Batavian revolt. It is thought that all of these relatively Romanized Germanic tribes may have contributed to the origins of the Ripuarii in later centuries. The Ripuarian Franks lose their independence almost as soon as they enter the historical record, being subsumed in the Frankish core province of Austrasia. Apart from mention of some unknown Riparii by Jordanes in \"Getica\" who fought as auxiliaries of Flavius Aetius in the Battle of Chalons, 451. Apart from Roman military lists, the first mention of the Ripuarii comes from Gregory of Tours, in \"Historia Francorum\". He says that the Salian Frank Clovis, first king of all the Franks and first king to convert to Christianity, subjected the previously independent Ripuarians. Without naming the people as Ripuarian, but referring to Cologne and its vicinity, Gregory of Tours explains how they voluntarily gave up their sovereignty to Clovis. The region of Cologne was under the rule of Sigobert the Lame, an old campaigner who had fought side by side with Clovis in the wars against the Alamanni. He was called \"the lame\" because of a wound he had received at the Battle of Tolbiac, 496, the same year as Clovis' conversion to Catholicism. Clovis believed he had won by calling on the name of Christ and now had a mandate from God to Christianize all Neustria. This was a long process not free from resistance. In 509 he sent a messenger to Chloderic to state that if his father, Sigobert, were to die, he, Clovis, would ally himself to Chloderic. Whatever Clovis may have meant, as Sigobert was sleeping at noon in his tent in the forest across the Rhine from Cologne after a walk, Chloderic's hired assassins killed him. Chloderic sent to Clovis offering some of Sigobert's treasury as enticement. Clovis sent messengers refusing the treasure but asked to see it. Complying with their request to sink his arms into it so that they could see how deep it was, Chloderic was dispatched by the blow of an axe, unable to defend himself. Arriving in person Clovis assembled the citizens of Cologne, denied the murders, saying \"It is not for me to shed the", "This was a long process not free from resistance. In 509 he sent a messenger to Chloderic to state that if his father, Sigobert, were to die, he, Clovis, would ally himself to Chloderic. Whatever Clovis may have meant, as Sigobert was sleeping at noon in his tent in the forest across the Rhine from Cologne after a walk, Chloderic's hired assassins killed him. Chloderic sent to Clovis offering some of Sigobert's treasury as enticement. Clovis sent messengers refusing the treasure but asked to see it. Complying with their request to sink his arms into it so that they could see how deep it was, Chloderic was dispatched by the blow of an axe, unable to defend himself. Arriving in person Clovis assembled the citizens of Cologne, denied the murders, saying \"It is not for me to shed the blood of one of my fellow kings, for that is a crime …\" He advised them to place themselves under his protection, after which he was shouted into office by a voice vote and raised up on their shields in a ceremony of installation. Thus the independent kingdom of the Ripuarian Franks was voted out of existence by the people at a single assembly in 509. Gregory says \"after the death of Theudebald (ca. 555), Lothar took over the lands of the Ripuarian Franks.\" Evidently Theudebald had possessed them. He was the son of Theudebert, who was the son of Theuderic, a son of Clovis, as was Lothar. Clovis (died 511) had left his kingdom to his four sons, Theuderic, Chlodomer, Childebert and Lothar. Part of that inheritance was the country of the Ripuarian Franks. The fact that it was attacked by Saxons, who entered it from their own country and \"laid waste as far as the city of Deutz,\" identifies the country around Cologne as being in their territory. After the death of Lothar (561) his four sons inherited the kingdom jointly. Sigibert received the share formerly Theuderic's (Austrasia) and set up a capital at Rheims. There are no direct attestations of the early Frankish language. Of some 1,400 Latin inscriptions in Roman Germania Inferior a little over 100 are from the rural lands of the Germanic Ubii, into whose lands the Ripuarii would move. The inscriptions are most frequent in the 3rd century. Most are from the major cities of Germania Inferior. The right bank of the Rhine, where the Ripuarii originated, does not have such a wealth of Latin inscriptions. The High German consonant shift occurred south of an east-west zone called the Benrath Line. The Rhine crosses it in the vicinity of Düsseldorf. The section of the Rhine including Cologne forms the so-called \"Rhenish Fan\", where dialects are found which form intermediate stages between Dutch and High German. In the first half of the 7th century the Ripuarians received the Ripuarian law (Lex Ripuaria), a law code applying only to them, from the dominating Salian Franks. The Salians, following the custom of the Romans before them, were mainly re-authorizing laws already in use by the Ripuarians, so that the latter could retain their local constitution. Ripuarian Franks Ripuarian or" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sweden pavilion at Expo 2010 The Sweden pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai Expo was situated in Zone C of the Pudong Expo site, surrounded by other Nordic and European country pavilions. The 3000 square-meter pavilion was designed by Swedish architectural firm Sweco according to the Swedish theme of “The Spirit of Innovation”. The total budget for the Swedish pavilion was around 150 million SEK, slightly more than half of which was contributed by the Swedish business sector. Commissioner General for the Swedish pavilion was Annika Rembe. Construction of the Swedish pavilion began on the April 20, 2009 and the pavilion was officially inaugurated on May 1, 2010, the day of the World Expo’s opening. The overall theme of the Swedish participation in the Shanghai Expo 2010 was “The Spirit of Innovation”. The architecture of the pavilion, the exhibition, and the activities hosted by the pavilion during the Expo were all grounded in this theme. With the official keywords sustainability, innovation and communication, this theme aimed to showcase Sweden as a nation of problem solvers, specifically in the sphere of urban environment and the quality of everyday life. According to General Commissioner Annika Rembe, the pavilion showed how Sweden has managed to develop so far, stressing Swedish ways of working, especially cooperation and a faith in creativity. One of the most important symbols for the Swedish pavilion was the cartoon character Pippi Longstocking. According to exhibition designer Carin Lembre, in order to be innovative like Alfred Nobel, you need to be creative like Pippi Longstocking. “The Spirit of Inspiration is created when, like Pippi, you dare to be brave, dare to try new ways of thinking and dare to make mistakes.” The design of the pavilion was submitted by the Swedish architectural firm Sweco, under the supervision of chief architects Johannes Tüll and Christer Stenmark. It was a three-storey construction made up of four separate cube-like structures connected by elevated walkways. The first and second floors house the public exhibition, while the entire third floor was dedicated to conference areas and related facilities. A small café and a souvenir shop were located on the first floor. One of the most distinguishing design features was the laminated-wood outdoor atrium of the entrance hall, along with the roof-top glass-floor bar situated on top of it. The outside design combines an outer steel shell representing the street network of Stockholm with large panorama photography of Swedish forests on the inward-facing outer wall surfaces. This design was grounded in the concept of a meeting between city, nature and mankind. The Swedish exhibition was designed by communication and design agencies Springtime, Futurniture and Tengom architects as a walk through five halls of the Swedish pavilion, aimed to introduce the country of Sweden from the perspectives of sustainability and innovation. The entrance of the pavilion, the Swedish Atmosphere Hall, contained images of Swedish people and nature. The second exhibition hall, the Hall of Environmental Challenges, introduced some cases of environmental problems faced by Sweden and the solutions that had already been implemented towards them. The third hall, the Hall of Solutions, showed examples of products to be found in an ecologically sustainable city and a hands-on kitchen that demonstrates the contributions everyone can make to the environment. From this hall, one of the pavilion’s most popular attractions, a giant slide, led down to the Hall of Spirit of Innovation, where fifty Swedish inventions and designs were displayed on pictures. This hall also contains a number of swings that visitors could try, and aimed to deliver the message that true innovation comes from play. The last exhibition hall, the Innovative Society Hall, let visitors interact with machines and also featured the flexible space of the “Innovation Stage”, where activities and competitions were held at regular intervals. By mid-September, the Swedish pavilion had received over two million visitors. Except for the permanent exhibition, for the duration of the World Expo, several activities on sustainability and innovation were organized by the Swedish pavilion, including a SymbioCity forum, discussing the cities of the future, and a children’s literature seminar. Sweden pavilion at Expo 2010 The Sweden pavilion at the 2010 Shanghai Expo was situated in Zone C of the Pudong Expo" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Malcolm Jack Sir Malcolm Roy Jack KCB (born 17 December 1946) was the Clerk of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 2006 to 2011. He began service with the House of Commons in 1967. He was appointed Principal Clerk in 1991 and served as secretary to the House of Commons Commission from 1995 to 2001. He then served as Clerk of the Journals (2001–03) and Clerk of Legislation (2003–06) before being appointed Clerk of the House of Commons in 2006. While in this office he was the editor of the 24th edition of \"\" (2011). As an author on history and philosophy he has published: Corruption and Progress: the Eighteenth-Century Debate (1989),William Beckford: An English Fidalgo (1997), Sintra: A Glorious Eden (2002) and Lisbon: City of the Sea (2007) as well as essays, articles and reviews in learned and literary journals in the UK, USA and South Africa. He lectures at various universities in the UK, USA and Europe and was visiting professor of Enlightenment Studies at Nanyang Technogical University, Singapore in 2015. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 2012, President of the Beckford Society in 2015 and President of the Johnson Club in 2016. He was succeeded by Robert Rogers on 1 October 2011. Jack was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 2011 Birthday Honours. Malcolm Jack Sir Malcolm Roy Jack KCB (born 17 December 1946) was the Clerk of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 2006 to 2011. He began service with the House of Commons in 1967. He was appointed Principal Clerk in 1991 and served as secretary to the House of Commons Commission from 1995 to 2001. He then served as Clerk of the Journals (2001–03) and Clerk of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Israelis Israelis ( \"Yiśraʾelim\", \"al-ʾIsrāʾīliyyin\") are citizens or permanent residents of the State of Israel, a multiethnic state populated by people of different ethnic backgrounds. The largest ethnic groups in Israel are Jews (75%), followed by Arabs (20%) and other minorities (5%). Among the Israeli Jewish population, hundreds of thousands of Jews born in Israel are descended from Ashkenazi Jew, Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews and an array of groups from all the Jewish ethnic divisions, though over 50% of Israel’s Jewish population is of at least partial Mizrahi descent. Large-scale Jewish immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries from Jewish diaspora communities in Europe and the Middle East and more recent large-scale immigration from North Africa, Western Asia, North America, South America, the former Soviet Union and Ethiopia introduced many new cultural elements and have had profound impact on the Israeli culture. Israelis and people of Israeli descent live across the world: in the United States, Russia (with Moscow housing the single largest community outside Israel), India, Canada, the United Kingdom, throughout Europe, and elsewhere. Almost 10% of the general population of Israel is estimated to be living abroad. As of 2013, Israel's population is 8 million, of which the Israeli civil government records 75.3% as Jews, 20.7% as non-Jewish Arabs, and 4.0% other. Israel's official census includes Israeli settlers in the occupied territories (referred to as \"disputed\" by Israel). 280,000 Israeli settlers live in settlements in the Judea and Samaria Area, 190,000 in East Jerusalem, and 20,000 in the Golan Heights. Among Jews, 70.3% were born in Israel (\"sabras\"), mostly from the second or third generation of their family in the country, and the rest are Jewish immigrants. Of the Jewish immigrants, 20.5% were from Europe and the Americas, and 9.2% were from Asia, Africa, and Middle Eastern countries. Nearly half of all Israeli Jews are descended from immigrants from the European Jewish diaspora. Approximately the same number are descended from immigrants from Arab countries, Iran, Turkey and Central Asia. Over 200,000 are of Ethiopian and Indian-Jewish descent. The official Israel Central Bureau of Statistics estimate of the Israeli Jewish population does not include those Israeli citizens, mostly descended from immigrants from the Soviet Union, who are registered as \"others\", or their immediate family members. Defined as non-Jews and non-Arabs, they make up about 3.5% of Israelis (350,000), and were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the Law of Return. Israel's two official languages are Hebrew and Arabic. Hebrew is the primary language of government and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the Mizrahi Jewish community. English is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include Russian, Yiddish, Spanish, Ladino, Amharic, Armenian, Romanian, and French. In recent decades, between 650,000 and 1,300,000 Israelis have emigrated, a phenomenon known in Hebrew as \"yerida\" (\"descent\", in contrast to \"aliyah\", which means \"ascent\"). Emigrants have various reasons for leaving, but there is generally a combination of economic and political concerns. Los Angeles is home to the largest community of Israelis outside Israel. The main Israeli ethnic and religious groups are as follows: The CBS traces the paternal country of origin of Israeli Jews as of 2010 is as follows. A fraction of Palestinians remained within Israel's borders following the 1948 Palestinian exodus and are the largest group of Arabic-speaking and culturally Arab citizens of Israel. The vast majority of the Arab citizens of Israel are Sunni Muslim, while 9% of them are Christian. As of 2013, the Arab population of Israel amounts to 1,658,000, about 20.7% of the population. This figure include 209,000 Arabs (14% of the Israeli Arab population) in East Jerusalem, also counted in the Palestinian statistics, although 98 percent of East Jerusalem Palestinians have either Israeli residency or Israeli citizenship. The Arab citizens of Israel also include the Bedouin. Israeli Bedouin include those who live in the north of the country, for the most part in villages and towns, and the Bedouin in the Negev, who are semi-nomadic or live in towns or unrecognized Bedouin villages. In 1999, 110,000 Bedouin lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel. As of 2013, the Negev Bedouin number 200,000-210,000. There is also a significant population of Israeli Druze, estimated at about 117,500 at the end of 2006. All Druze in British Mandate Palestine became Israeli citizens upon the foundation of the State of Israel. There are about 7,000 Maronite Christian Israelis, living mostly in the Galilee but also in Haifa, Nazareth, and Jerusalem. They are mostly pro-Israeli Lebanese former militia members and their families who fled Lebanon after the 2000 withdrawal of IDF from South Lebanon. Some, however, are from local Galilean communities such as Jish. There are about 1,000 Coptic Israeli citizens. In September 2014, Israel recognized the \"Aramean\" ethnic identity of hundreds of the Christian citizens of Israel. This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel – Aram, led by IDF Major Shadi Khalloul Risho and the Israeli Christian Recruitment Forum, headed by Father Gabriel Naddaf of the Greek-Orthodox Church and Major Ihab Shlayan. The Aramean ethnic identity will now encompass all the Christian Eastern Syriac churches in Israel, including the Maronite Church, Greek Orthodox Church, Greek Catholic Church, Syriac Catholic Church and Syriac Orthodox Church. There are about 4,000-10,000 Armenian citizens of Israel (not including Armenian Jews). They live mostly in Jerusalem, including the Armenian Quarter), but also in Tel Aviv, Haifa and Jaffa. Their religious activities center around the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem as well as churches in Jerusalem, Haifa and Jaffa. Although Armenians of Old Jerusalem have Israeli identity cards, they are officially holders of Jordanian passports. There are around 1,000 Assyrians living in Israel, mostly in Jerusalem and Nazareth. Assyrians are an Aramaic speaking, Eastern Rite Christian minority who are descended from the ancient Mesopotamians. The old Syriac Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark lies in Jerusalem. Other than followers of the Syriac Orthodox Church, there are also followers of the Assyrian Church of the East and the Chaldean Catholic Church living in Israel. In Israel, there are also a few thousand Circassians, living mostly in Kfar Kama (2,000) and Reyhaniye (1,000). These two villages were a part of a greater group of Circassian villages around the Golan Heights. The Circassians in Israel enjoy, like Druzes, a \"status aparte\". Male Circassians (at their leader's request) are mandated for military service, while females are not. The Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Ancestrally, they are descended from a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian captivity up to the beginning of the Common Era. Population estimates made in 2007 show that of the 712 Samaritans, half live in Holon in Israel and half at Mount Gerizim in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli-controlled enclave (Kiryat Luza), holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship. The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a small religious community whose members believe they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Most of the over 5,000 members live in Dimona, Israel although there are additional, smaller, groups in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. At least some of", "a group of Israelite inhabitants who have connections to ancient Samaria from the beginning of the Babylonian captivity up to the beginning of the Common Era. Population estimates made in 2007 show that of the 712 Samaritans, half live in Holon in Israel and half at Mount Gerizim in the West Bank. The Holon community holds Israeli citizenship, while the Gerizim community resides at an Israeli-controlled enclave (Kiryat Luza), holding dual Israeli-Palestinian citizenship. The African Hebrew Israelite Nation of Jerusalem is a small religious community whose members believe they are descended from the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel. Most of the over 5,000 members live in Dimona, Israel although there are additional, smaller, groups in Arad, Mitzpe Ramon, and the Tiberias area. At least some of them consider themselves to be Jewish, but Israeli authorities do not accept them as such, nor are their religious practices consistent with \"mainstream Jewish tradition.\" The group, which consists of African Americans and their descendants, originated in Chicago in the early 1960s, moved to Liberia for a few years, and then immigrated to Israel. A number of immigrants also belong to various non-Slavic ethnic groups from the Former Soviet Union such as Tatars, Armenians, and Georgians. Non-Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union most of whom are Zera Yisrael (descendants of Jews) who are Russians, Ukrainians, Moldovans and Belarusians, who were eligible to immigrate due to having, or being married to somebody who has, at least one Jewish grandparent. In addition, a certain number of former Soviet citizens, primarily women of Russian and Ukrainian ethnicity, immigrated to Israel after marrying Arab citizens of Israel who went to study in the former Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s. The total number of those primarily of Slavic ancestry among Israeli citizens is around 300,000. Although most Finns in Israel are either Finnish Jews or their descendents, a small number of Finnish Christians moved to Israel in the 1940s before the independence of the state and have since gained citizenship. For the most part the original Finnish settlers intermarried with other Israeli communities, and therefore remain very small in number. A \"moshav\" near Jerusalem named \"Yad HaShmona\", meaning the Memorial for the eight, was established in 1971 by a group of Finnish Christian Israelis, though today most members are Israeli, and predominantly Hebrew-speaking. The number of Vietnamese people in Israel is estimated at 200–400. Most of them came to Israel between 1976 and 1979, after the Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin granted them political asylum. The Vietnamese people living in Israel are Israeli citizens who also serve in the Israel Defense Forces. Today, the majority of the community lives in the Gush Dan area in the center of Israel but also a few dozen Vietnamese-Israelis or Israelis of Vietnamese origin live in Haifa, Jerusalem and Ofakim. Israel's residents include some naturalized foreign workers and their children born in Israel, predominantly from the Philippines, Nepal, Nigeria, Senegal, Romania, China, Cyprus, Turkey, Thailand and Latin America. The number and status of African refugees in Israel is disputed and controversial, but it is estimated that at least 16,000 refugees, mainly from Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia and the Ivory Coast, reside and work in Israel. A check in late 2011, published in Ynet reported that the number just in Tel Aviv is 40,000, which represents 10 percent of the city's population. The vast majority lives in the southern parts of the city. There is also a significant African population in the southern Israeli cities of Eilat, Arad and Beer Sheva. There are around 300,000 foreign workers, residing in Israel under temporary work visas. Most of these foreign workers engage in agriculture and construction—they are mostly from China, Thailand, the Philippines, Nigeria, Romania and Latin America. Approximately 100–200 refugees from Bosnia, Kosovo, Kurdistan and North Korea live in Israel as refugees, most of them with Israeli resident status. Through the years, the majority of Israelis who emigrated from Israel went to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. It is currently estimated that there are 330,000 native-born Israelis, including 230,000 Jews, living abroad, or even more. The number of immigrants to Israel who later returned to their home countries or moved elsewhere is more difficult to calculate. For many years definitive data on Israeli emigration was unavailable. In \"The Israeli Diaspora\" sociologist Stephen J. Gold maintains that calculation of Jewish emigration has been a contentious issue, explaining, \"Since Zionism, the philosophy that underlies the existence of the Jewish state, calls for return home of the world's Jews, the opposite movement - Israelis leaving the Jewish state to reside elsewhere - clearly presents an ideological and demographic problem.\" Among the most common reasons for emigration of Israelis from Israel are most often due to Israel's ongoing security issues, economic constraints, economic characteristics, disappointment in the Israeli government, as well as the excessive role of religion in the lives of Israelis. Many Israelis immigrated to the United States throughout the period of the declaration of the state of Israel and until today. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-Americans. According to the 2000 United States Census, 106,839 Americans also hold Israeli citizenship, but the number of Americans of Israeli descent is around half a million. Moscow has the largest single Israeli expatriate community in the world, with 80,000 Israeli citizens living in the city as of 2014, almost all of them native Russian-speakers. Many Israeli cultural events are hosted for the community, and many live part of the year in Israel. (To cater to the Israeli community, Israeli cultural centres are located in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk and Yekaterinburg.) Many Israelis immigrated to Canada throughout the period of the declaration of the state of Israel and until today. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-Canadians. According to the Canada 2006 Census as many as 21,320 Israelis lived in Canada in 2006. Many Israelis immigrated to the United Kingdom throughout and since the period of the declaration of the state of Israel. Today, the descendants of these people are known as Israeli-British. According to the United Kingdom 2001 Census, as many as 11,892 Israelis lived in the United Kingdom in 2001. The majority live in London. In 2013 a three-judge panel of the Supreme Court of Israel's headed by Court President Asher Grunis rejected an appeal requesting that state-issued identification cards state the nationality of citizens as \"Israeli\" rather than their religion of origin. In his opinion, Grunis stated that it was not within the court’s purview to determine new categories of ethnicity or nationhood. The court's decision responded to a petition by Uzzi Ornan, who refused to be identified as Jewish in 1948 at the foundation of the state of Israel, claiming instead that he was \"Hebrew.\" This was permitted by Israeli authorities at the time. However, by 2000, Ornan wanted to register his nationality as \"Israeli\". The Interior Ministry refused to allow this, prompting Ornan to file a suit. In 2007, Ornan's suit was joined by former minister Shulamit Aloni and other activists. In the ruling, Justice Hanan Melcer noted Israel currently considers \"citizenship and nationality [to be] separate.\" The term \"Israelite\" refers to members of the Jewish tribes and polities of the Iron Age known from the Hebrew Bible and extra-biblical historical and archaeological sources. The term \"Israeli\", by contrast, refers to the citizens of the modern State of Israel, regardless of them being Jewish, Arabs, or of any other ethnicity. The modern State of Israel", "instead that he was \"Hebrew.\" This was permitted by Israeli authorities at the time. However, by 2000, Ornan wanted to register his nationality as \"Israeli\". The Interior Ministry refused to allow this, prompting Ornan to file a suit. In 2007, Ornan's suit was joined by former minister Shulamit Aloni and other activists. In the ruling, Justice Hanan Melcer noted Israel currently considers \"citizenship and nationality [to be] separate.\" The term \"Israelite\" refers to members of the Jewish tribes and polities of the Iron Age known from the Hebrew Bible and extra-biblical historical and archaeological sources. The term \"Israeli\", by contrast, refers to the citizens of the modern State of Israel, regardless of them being Jewish, Arabs, or of any other ethnicity. The modern State of Israel revived an old name known from the Hebrew Bible and from historical sources, that of the Iron Age Kingdom of Israel. The Bible differentiates between a period of tribal rule among the \"children of Israel\"; a Kingdom of Israel uniting all twelve biblical Israelite tribes, with the common capital known as the City of David (Jerusalem); and a period in which the northern tribes split away to form an independent Kingdom of Israel, while the southern tribes became part of the Kingdom of Judah. Archaeological research only partially agrees with the biblical narrative. According to the biblical account, the United Monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a monarchy to rule over the previously decentralised Israelite tribal confederacy. Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring tribes is said by the Bible to have forced the Israelites to unite as a more singular state. The northern Kingdom of Israel was destroyed in ca. 720 BCE by the Neo-Assyrian Empire and its population was forcibly restructured through imperial policy. The southern Kingdom of Judah was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire (586 BCE), inherited by the Achaemenid Empire, conquered by Alexander the Great (332 BCE), ruled by the resulting Hellenistic empires, from which it regained authonomy and eventually independence under the Hasmoneans, conquered by the Roman Republic in 63 BCE, ruled by the client kings of the Herodian dynasty, and finally transformed into a Roman province during the first century CE. Two Jewish revolts, the second one ending in 135 CE, led to the large-scale decimation of the Jewish population in Judea and the end of any type of Jewish territorial self-rule in the Land of Israel or Palestine, as it then came to be known, for many centuries to come. Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 until it was taken by British forces in 1918. The British establishment of colonial political boundaries allowed the Jews to develop autonomous institutions such as the Histadrut and the Knesset. Since the late nineteenth century, the Zionist movement encouraged Jews to immigrate to Palestine and refurbish its land area, considerable but partially uninhabitable due to an abundance of swamps and desert. The resulting influx of Jewish immigrants, as well as the creation of many new settlements, was crucial for the functioning of these new institutions in what would, on 14 May 1948, become the State of Israel. The largest cities in the country Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem are also the major cultural centers, known for art museums, and many towns and kibbutzim have smaller high-quality museums. Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern, religious and secular music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the Diaspora and more modern cultural importation: Hassidic songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially by Yemenite singers, and Israeli hip hop or heavy metal. Folk dancing, which draws upon the cultural heritage of many immigrant groups, is popular. There is also flourishing modern dance. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, at the end of 2014, 75% of Israelis were Jewish by religion (adherents of Judaism), 17.5% were Muslims, 2% Christian, 1.6% Druze and the remaining 3.9% (including immigrants) were not classified by religion. Roughly 12% of Israeli Jews defined as \"haredim\" (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are \"religious\"; 35% consider themselves \"traditionalists\" (not strictly adhering to Jewish religious law); and 43% are \"secular\" (termed \"hiloni\"). Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. However, 78% of all Israelis (and virtually all Israeli Jews) participate in a Passover seder. Unlike North American Jews, Israelis tend not to align themselves with a movement of Judaism (such as Reform Judaism or Conservative Judaism) but instead tend to define their religious affiliation by degree of their religious practice. Israeli religious life, unlike much of North American Jewish life, does not solely revolve around synagogues or religious community centers. Among Arab Israelis, 82.6% were Muslim (including Ahmadis), 8.8% were Christian and 8.4% were Druze. The Bahá'í World Centre, which includes the Universal House of Justice, in Haifa attracts Baha'i pilgrims from all over the world. Due to its immigrant nature, Israel is one of the most multicultural and multilingual societies in the world. Hebrew and Arabic are the official languages in the country, while English and Russian are the two most widely spoken non-official languages. Yiddish (2%) and French (2%) are also spoken. A certain degree of English is spoken widely, and is the language of choice for many Israeli businesses. Courses of Hebrew and English are mandatory in the Israeli matriculation exams (\"bagrut\"), and most schools also offer one or more out of Arabic, Spanish, German or French. The Israeli government also offers free intensive Hebrew-language courses, known as \"ulpanim\" (singular \"ulpan\"), for new Jewish immigrants, to try to help them integrate into Israeli society. Israelis Israelis ( \"Yiśraʾelim\", \"al-ʾIsrāʾīliyyin\") are citizens or permanent residents of the State of Israel, a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "São Francisco Futebol Clube (PA) São Francisco Futebol Clube, or São Francisco, as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Santarém in Pará, founded on October 30, 1929. In 1920 the two most successful clubs in the western region of Pará were the Santa Cruz and União Esportiva da Congregação Mariana. By its names already indicated if they were associations connected to the religious movement of the Catholic Church, founded by the priest Frei Ambrósio Phillipsenburg, of the order of the smaller brothers. The União Sportiva was an extremely strong team, able to fight against its great and traditional opponent of the time, the Santa Cruz. However, the young movement that collaborated with the União Sportiva team, which grew daily with athletes who wanted to play in the club, motivated a group of young people to form a new team that really took care of the needs and paid homage to the illustrious sportsman Frei Ambrósio. On October 30, 1929, the team of the São Francisco was founded, with the purpose of honoring the school founded by the great Santareno footballer of the time, Frei Ambrósio. The founding of the São Francisco Futebol Clube was the event of the year in Santarém and a remarkable way in the history of the sport of the region, since the newly formed team was the best athletes in the city. After many training in the school camp of the same name, the first game was finally scheduled. It was the first presentation of the already well-assembled and organized football team, which was called: São Francisco Sport Club (first name of the club). The club's first colors were black and white with horizontal stripes. This fact was registered in the history, due to the lack of option in the local commerce, that did not present other colors available to commercialize. Premised by the circumstances, there was no preference for colors. They used those available. São Francisco is one of the most popular teams in the interior of Pará. In 2010, the club with the biggest crowd in Santarém, created the Socio-Supporter program, its first program of relationship with the supporter. A year later, the program continues to grow its membership, improving its structure, seeking new partnerships and offering more and more recognition to the main partner of São Francisco, the Fan-Partner. An active, passionate and committed partner, the Sócio-Torcedor Azulino is a fundamental collaborator of the club, and receives more and more exclusive benefits, either through discount or exclusivity. São Francisco biggest rival is São Raimundo. São Francisco play their home games at Estádio Jader Barbalho. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 17,846 people. São Francisco Futebol Clube (PA) São Francisco Futebol Clube, or São Francisco, as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Santarém in Pará, founded on October 30, 1929. In 1920 the two most successful clubs in the western region of Pará were the Santa Cruz and União Esportiva da Congregação Mariana. By its" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Makoura College Makoura College (spelled Makora College prior to 1990) is a state co-educational secondary school located in Masterton, New Zealand. The school opened in 1968 as the town's second state secondary school, alongside Wairarapa College. Serving Years 9 to 13 (ages 12 to 18), the school has a roll of students as of Makoura College was established in 1968 to cope with an expanding youth population in the Masterton district. It began with a roll of approximately 800, and was governed by the same Board of Governors as nearby Wairarapa College. The college was sited on the Eastern side of Masterton, close to several primary schools, and a then government-owned printing press. During the \"Tomorrow's Schools\" reforms of the late 1980s, a stand-alone Board of Trustees was instated. The school's classrooms are largely contained within two 2-story H-shaped Nelson Blocks, although a technology block and arts block also house classes pertaining to their subject areas. The school also contains a hall, library, gymnasium, multi-purpose sports turf and Teen Parent Unit. Makoura College also has a computer lab with 25 PCs. In 2011 The school was refurbished. One of the Nelson blocks was rebuilt to house the junior school \"Te Kura Teina\" years 9 and 10 as well as the Wharenui. The other Nelson block was demolished and replaced by new classrooms. In early April 2008, a private meeting was held between the Ministry of Education, the Makoura College Board of Trustees chairperson and the Wairarapa College board chairperson. Since the meeting, the Makoura College Board has disclosed that it feels that the college should be merged with nearby Wairarapa College or closed. The board blamed the closure on a declining roll, which it suggested was the result of a declining population and \"the socio-economic, racist and snobbish attitudes that have developed in Masterton around the so-called East/West divide\". A public meeting was held to discuss the consultation, and submissions were invited to the Board of Trustees, with approximately 225 being received. College students initiated a petition in support of the school, which received approximately 7,512 signatures. Local Member of Parliament John Hayes came out in support of the school and suggested the replacement of the school's management. On the 7 August 2009 the Board of Trustees announced its resignation The Board was replaced by commissioner Tim White. The Principal, Chris Scott, also resigned and was replaced in December 2008. Former pupil Jemaine Clement and Flight of the Conchords partner Bret McKenzie played a concert to an audience of 2,000 on 31 March 2009, raising 70,000 dollars for the school. Jemaine Clement - Comedian, Musician<br> Andrew Judd - Politician, Activist Makoura College Makoura College (spelled Makora College prior to 1990) is a state co-educational secondary school located in Masterton, New Zealand. The school opened in 1968 as the town's second state secondary school, alongside Wairarapa College. Serving Years 9 to 13 (ages 12 to 18), the school has a roll of students as of Makoura College was established in 1968" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Spike Dykes William Taylor \"Spike\" Dykes (March 14, 1938 – April 10, 2017) was an American football coach. A high school and college football coach throughout his career, he last served as head coach at Texas Tech from 1986 to 1999. Born in Lubbock, Texas and raised in Ballinger, William Taylor \"Spike\" Dykes graduated from Ballinger High School in 1955 and Stephen F. Austin State University in 1959. At Stephen F. Austin, Dykes played center on the Lumberjacks football team. Upon graduation, he served in several high school head and assistant coaching positions, including a stint as defensive coordinator under Emory Bellard at San Angelo Central High School in San Angelo, Texas. In 1972, Dykes became an assistant coach at the University of Texas. He filled assistant roles at two other universities before returning to the high school level to coach at Midland Lee from 1980 to 1983. Dykes moved to Texas Tech in 1984, serving as defensive coordinator under Jerry Moore and David McWilliams. When McWilliams left for Texas after the 1986 season, Dykes was named his successor. He was the first coach in school history to lead the team to seven straight bowl-eligible seasons and to coach the team in seven bowl games. Dykes was the school's first coach to defeat the Texas Longhorns in six different seasons. He earned three Southwest Conference and one Big 12 Conference Coach of the Year honors. His record at Tech stands at 82–67–1. On November 20, 1999, Dykes retired after 13 seasons as head coach. His 82 wins were the most in school history until his successor, Mike Leach, passed him in 2009. Dykes moved to Horseshoe Bay, Texas after retiring from coaching and also bought a house at Matagorda Bay. On March 11, 2008, Dykes was inducted in the Texas Sports Hall of Fame. One of Dykes' two sons—Daniel, aka Sonny Dykes—is also a college football coach, currently at SMU. The younger Dykes was hired to be the head coach of the California Golden Bears on December 5, 2012. On January 8, 2017, California fired Dykes. He spent the previous 3 seasons as the head coach at Louisiana Tech, guiding the Bulldogs to a 22-15 record over that span. Dykes' other son, Rick, spent many years as an assistant football coach at Texas Tech, including a stint as Offensive Coordinator. Rick is a partner of the Reagor Dykes Auto Group currently being sued by Ford Motor Co. in what is being reported as possibly the biggest case of auto fraud in the US. Dykes also had a daughter, Bebe. Dykes died on April 10, 2017, in Horseshoe Bay, Texas, at age 79. Spike Dykes William Taylor \"Spike\" Dykes (March 14, 1938 – April 10, 2017) was an American football coach. A high school and college football coach throughout his career, he last served as head coach at Texas Tech from 1986 to 1999. Born in Lubbock, Texas and raised in Ballinger, William Taylor \"Spike\" Dykes graduated from Ballinger High School" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Richard Neudecker Richard Neudecker (born 29 October 1996) is a German footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for FC St. Pauli in the 2. Bundesliga. Neudecker is a youth exponent from 1860 Munich. He played for the second team of the club in the Regionalliga Bayern in the 2014–15 season and most of the 2015–16 season. He made his first appearance for the first team in the second round of the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal on 27 October 2015 against Mainz 05 and subsequently on 1 November 2015 in the 2. Bundesliga against Duisburg. Having made six appearances in the 2. Bundesliga for 1860 Munich in the 2015–16 season, he joined FC St. Pauli on a free transfer in summer 2016. Neudecker made various appearances for the Germany national youth football team. Richard Neudecker Richard Neudecker (born 29 October 1996) is a German footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for FC St. Pauli in the 2. Bundesliga. Neudecker is a youth exponent from 1860 Munich. He played for the second team of the club in the Regionalliga Bayern in the 2014–15 season and most of the 2015–16 season. He made his first appearance for the first team in the second" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dullard protein Dullard is a member of DXDX(T/V) phosphatase family. It was shown in 2002 to be a potential regulator of neural tube development in Xenopus. Neural development happens in the dorsal ectoderm. In the genus Xenopus, over expression of Dullard undergoes apoptosis in early development. Dullard helps promote Ubiquitin by proteosomal degradation. Dullard mRNA is derived from maternal genes and is localized within the animal neural hemisphere. Functioning negatively for the regulation of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Dullard conserves the C-terminal region of NLI-IF, in which is fairly dominant in cellular functions. Dullard is essential for inhibiting BMP receptor activation during Xenopus neuralization. Dullard is also known as CTDnep1, which stands for CTD nuclear envelope phosphatase 1. It is a protein coding gene, which include phosphatase activity and protein serine/threonine phosphatase activity. This gene is relatively small and only contains 244 amino acids. Dullard protein or CTDnep1 encodes a protein serine/threonine phosphatase and dephosphoroylates LPIN1 and LPIN2. LPIN1 and LPIN2 catalyze the reaction of the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglyerol. The reaction can affect and change the lipid concentration of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. Human Dullard has shown that the protein has two membrane spanning regions. One end is the N-terminal end, which helps localize the protein to the nuclear envelope. Dullard dephosphorylates the mammalian phospatidic acid phosphatase, lipin. Dullard participates in a unique phosphatase cascade regulating nuclear membrane biogenesis, and that this cascade is conserved from yeast to mammals. There is belief that Dullard may have other targets that is not only associated with the nuclear envelope. In recent studies, dullard interacts with BMP type 1 to inhibit dependent phosphorylation. This can conclude that it is a potential source for regulating the level of BMP signaling and can affect germ cell specification. Dullard protein Dullard" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Braveheart (Ashanti album) Braveheart is the sixth studio album by American recording entertainer Ashanti. Released on March 4, 2014, it is her first album in six years, since \"The Declaration\" (2008) and her first since leaving Murder Inc Records. In 2012, Ashanti formed her own record label Written Entertainment, which was independently distributed worldwide by eOne Music. \"Never Should Have\" was used in the season 7 finale of the TV show \"Army Wives\", which Ashanti starred in. Despite not charting, the song was the only previously released single to be included on the album. On November 26, 2013, Ashanti released \"I Got It\", featuring Rick Ross in support of the album. French Montana, Jeremih, Rick Ross and Beenie Man are all featured on the album too. Upon release, the album garnered favorable reviews, with music critics describing \"Braveheart\"s sound as an \"evolution of R&B\" and praising the themes of empowerment, but criticizing the romantic clichés and lack of interesting moments on the album. On the charts, \"Braveheart\" opened at number ten on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200, becoming Ashanti's fifth consecutive top-ten album, as well as her first Independent Albums chart topper. It also debuted in the top-thirty of the UK R&B Albums Chart and top-forty of the UK Indie Albums Chart. \"Braveheart\" is primarily an R&B album with electro, trap, and urban pop influences. On June 3, 2008, Ashanti released her fourth album \"The Declaration\", which spawned the singles \"The Way That I Love You\", \"Body on Me\" (with Akon & Nelly) and \"Good Good\". The first peaked within the top-forty on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, while \"Body on Me\" peaked at number forty-two; \"Good Good\" managed to reach the top-forty on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. These singles became the lowest charting among Ashanti's career thus far. While \"The Declaration\" peaked at number six and sold 86,000 copies in its first week, \"Concrete Rose\" (2004) reached number seven with 254,000 copies sold. \"The Declaration\" became her first album to not to be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Just under a year later in May 2009 Irv Gotti, the president of Ashanti's label Murder Inc., told MTV News that Ashanti's affiliation with the label was over. He said \"The relationship has run its course. The chemistry of what's needed — we're in two totally different places. You're talking to somebody that took her and shaped and molded her and put her out there for the world, and it blew up. We [hold the record] for the [fastest] selling debut by a female R&B artist — 503 [thousand]. We did it! My views and philosophies and her views and philosophies are not meeting up.\" In February 2010, Ashanti begun work in recording studios for a brand new album, and in December the same year, Ashanti confirmed that fans could expect new music in 2011. In July 2011, a promo picture was released announcing that new music was on the way and a brand new single was due in August 2011. On July 26, 2011, Ashanti announced that her fifth album would be the first to be independently released via her own newly established record label, Written Entertainment. Details of the label and distribution came out in December, when it was unveiled that Written Entertainment would be independently distributed worldwide through eOne Music. In a press release, the President of eOne Music, Alan Grunblatt said: \"eOne is proud to have a partnership with Ashanti and her label Written Entertainment. Ashanti truly has the independent entrepreneurial attitude that eOne was built on, and we're thrilled to be working with her.\" Ashanti added, \"I'm so excited to have my own record label, Written Entertainment. With eOne as my distributor, I feel that their innovative and ambitious approach to the music industry, really gives my label a worldwide presence. They have the top radio people in the business and are hungry to win! The more I learned the business the more I knew this is what I wanted. Ownership is so important. As a business woman this was a great move for me!\" During an interview on \"106 & Park\", Ashanti stated that there would be two collaborations on the album, one with a male vocalist and one with a female vocalist; Boombox later revealed that the male artist was R. Kelly and the female was Keyshia Cole. Ashanti worked with R. Kelly (\"That's What We Do\"), Rico Love (\"Perfect So Far\"), and Keyshia Cole (\"Woman to Woman\"). In total, Ashanti recorded sixty songs for the album. In an interview with Power 99 FM in Los Angeles, Ashanti explained how the Oscar-winning film \"Braveheart\" inspired her album title. \"The metaphor that I took was basically in the movie you have the Europeans, you have the soldiers from London and the U.K.,\" she said. \"They have the big horses, they have the shields, the guns, the weapons... They're all armored up. And then you have the Scots. They're all raggedy, homemade weapons, and paint on their faces. It's not an even playing ground, so I feel like with the [major labels], they're bossed up. They have the big engine and all the artists signed to them and with the indies, it's depending. It's homemade, it's homegrown. It's a lesser engine. So the metaphor I was using was being brave and putting your blood and guts into it and fighting passionately to win.\" The album's artwork was released on March 22, 2012. The artwork was described as \"The warrior princess strikes a bold pose on the dramatic cover art.\" The image used is a screenshot from the music video for \"The Woman You Love\"; it was later revealed on April 13, 2013, that Ashanti flew out to Atlanta to shoot a brand new artwork with photographer Robert Ector. In January 2014, the singer unveiled the brand-new album artwork on her official Instagram account. Ashanti spoke on the influences of the album, also explaining how the Oscar-winning film \"Braveheart\" inspired her album title. \"The metaphor that I took was basically in the movie you have the Europeans, you have the soldiers from London and the U.K.,\" she said. \"They have the big horses, they have the shields, the guns, the weapons... They're all armored up. And then you have the Scots. They're all raggedy, homemade weapons, and paint on their faces. It's not an even playing ground, so I feel like with the [major labels], they're bossed up. They have the big engine and all the artists signed to them and with the indies, it's depending. It's homemade, it's homegrown. It's a lesser engine. So the metaphor I was using was being brave and putting your blood and guts into it and fighting passionately to win.\" The album opens with a monologue introduction spoken by Ashanti in which she says; \"A lot of people counted me out and that feeds my hunger and ignites my passion to continue my journey, I will continue to thrive, continue to prosper, I will continue to be brave. I am Braveheart.\" \"She Can't\" was produced by Mansur, which was described as a sexy mid-tempo number with a chaotic beat. \"Never Should Have\", also produced by Mansur, sees the singer cooing over a former lover she now regrets over a marching band-driven beat. Rico Love co-wrote the guitar-laden track \"Perfect So Far\". Ashanti performed \"The Woman You Love\" live on \"Good Morning America\" on February 13, 2012, and also performed the song on April 17, 2012, as the musical guest on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\". Over a year later, in June 2013, Ashanti took to the stage of \"Marie\" to perform \"Never Should Have\" live for the first time. \"Never Should Have\" along with snippets of \"She Can't\" and \"I Got It\" (featuring Future) all featured on DJ Ty Boogie's \"Str8 RnB pt. 6\" mixtape, hosted by Ashanti. On July 30, 2013, the date \"BraveHeart\" was supposed to be released, Ashanti confirmed that the album would now be released in September 2013. Via her Instagram account she posted a new promotional picture and said, \"Hey y'all! So \"Braveheart\" is NOT coming out today we have clearances & legalities to take of... It costs to be", "performed \"The Woman You Love\" live on \"Good Morning America\" on February 13, 2012, and also performed the song on April 17, 2012, as the musical guest on \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\". Over a year later, in June 2013, Ashanti took to the stage of \"Marie\" to perform \"Never Should Have\" live for the first time. \"Never Should Have\" along with snippets of \"She Can't\" and \"I Got It\" (featuring Future) all featured on DJ Ty Boogie's \"Str8 RnB pt. 6\" mixtape, hosted by Ashanti. On July 30, 2013, the date \"BraveHeart\" was supposed to be released, Ashanti confirmed that the album would now be released in September 2013. Via her Instagram account she posted a new promotional picture and said, \"Hey y'all! So \"Braveheart\" is NOT coming out today we have clearances & legalities to take of... It costs to be the boss!!!\". The album was then slated for release in early 2014, preceded by the single \"I Got It\" featuring rapper Rick Ross. Originally set for a February 18 release, the album was released on March 4, 2014. On December 15, 2011, \"The Woman You Love\" featuring American rapper Busta Rhymes was unveiled as the album's lead single. The song, which samples Cream's single \"White Room\", was released for digital download a day later. Trent Fitzgerald of Popcrush wrote \"This song is a great start for Ashanti\" and expressed great interest in \"what she is going to bring in 2012 now that she is an independent woman\". The video premiered on BET's \"106 & Park\" on March 13, 2012, and peaked at number 5 on April 23, 2012. \"The Woman You Love\" debuted at number ninety-seven on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for the week of January 7, 2012. Three weeks later the song re-entered at number ninety-five for the week of January 28, 2012. An \"R&B Mix\" of the song, sans Busta Rhymes, was released on February 14, 2012. \"The Woman You Love\" peaked at number fifty-nine. According to Ashanti's website, On March 25, 2013, a brand new song titled \"Never Should Have\" was released for digital download. The official music video was filmed in March 2013 by director Sanji. The song impacted US Rhythmic and Urban radio on April 29, 2013. After it was announced that the album was pushed back from July 30, 2013, Ashanti announced that two exclusive remixes, The JButtah and AllStyle Remixes of \"Never Should Have\" would be released and promoted to radio stations. Despite not charting, \"Never Should Have\" won Ashanti a 2013 Soul Train Music Award for Best Independent R&B/Soul Performance. The album's next single \"I Got It\" featuring Rick Ross, was made available for purchase via iTunes on November 26, 2013. It was sent to US urban contemporary radio stations on January 28, 2014. On February 20, 2014, Rap-Up confirmed that \"First Real Love\" would be the album's next music video. However, in April 2014, during an interview with Mike Wass for Idolator, Ashanti said she was going with \"Early in the Morning\" featuring French Montana as the album's next single after its skyrocketing performance on the US iTunes R&B Chart. In July 2014, Ashanti announced that future official singles from \"Braveheart\" would be voted on by fans. Upon its release, \"BraveHeart\" was met with generally positive from music critics. Jon Reyes of HipHopDX gave the album three out of five stars, saying \"\"Braveheart\" has a few of those moments that demonstrate sonic evolution and connectedness. Though it is concise and cohesive, more than any of Ashanti's albums, it's still marred with glimpses of wanted grandiosity at the expense of artistic revelation.\" Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, saying \"Although it took longer to complete than \"Ashanti\", \"Chapter II\", and \"Concrete Rose\" combined, \"Braveheart\" doesn't sound like it. More importantly, \"The Declaration\"'s lack of success – relative to those previous albums – doesn't seem to have changed Ashanti's direction one bit.\" At \"USA Today\", Elysa Gardner rated the album two-and-a-half stars out of four, stating that \"Ashanti defies and succumbs to romantic clichés, her piquant soprano alternately teasing and sulking, lashing out and standing firm.\" The album debuted at number 10 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart, with first-week sales of 28,000 copies in the United States. Braveheart (Ashanti album) Braveheart is the sixth studio album by American recording entertainer Ashanti. Released on March 4, 2014, it is her first album in six years, since \"The Declaration\" (2008) and her first since leaving Murder Inc Records. In 2012, Ashanti formed her own record label Written Entertainment, which was independently distributed worldwide by eOne Music. \"Never Should Have\" was used" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Filipe Machado Filipe José Machado (13 March 1984 – 28 November 2016) was a Brazilian footballer who last played for Chapecoense as a central defender. Machado was one of the victims when LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 crashed on 28 November 2016. Born in Gravataí, Rio Grande do Sul, Machado represented Internacional as a youth but made his senior debut while on loan at Fluminense. He also played the first half of the 2005 season for Esportivo, again on loan. On 8 August 2006, Machado left for Spanish club Pontevedra CF in Segunda División B. He was an undisputed starter as his club finished first in its group, but failed to achieve promotion in the play-offs. In the summer of 2007 Machado joined Portuguese club U.D. Leiria, but after altercations with the club's manager, he left for Bulgarian club CSKA Sofia. Machado appeared in 37 matches for the club, contributing with 2 goals. He also scored the winning goal for CSKA Sofia against Levski Sofia in the Eternal Derby during their first meeting of the 2007-08 A PFG season. He stayed there until August 2009, contributing to the club's record 31st league title. As a free agent, and following a trial period, Machado signed a 1+2-year contract with Serie B side Salernitana in August 2009. He was released in January 2010, and claiming to have unpaid wages. Machado switched teams and countries again ahead of the 2010–11 campaign, joining Azerbaijani club FC Inter Baku. In February 2011 he moved to the United Arab Emirates for Al Dhafra SCC, but appeared rarely. Machado returned to Brazil in the 2011 summer, joining Duque de Caxias. He subsequently represented Resende and Guaratinguetá before moving abroad again to join Al-Fujairah SC in September 2012. On 2 January 2014, Machado joined Macaé Esporte, helping the club in its Campeonato Brasileiro Série C winning campaign. In the summer of 2015 he joined Persian Gulf Pro League side Saba Qom. On 10 May of the following year he returned to his homeland, signing for Chapecoense. Machado became a first-choice upon arriving at \"Chape\", and scored his first goal on 6 October 2016 in a 1–3 away loss against Atlético Paranaense. In his last match on 27 November, he was handed the captain armband in a 0–1 away loss against Palmeiras. Machado was one of 71 fatalities on 28 November 2016, when Chapecoense were en route to the first leg of the 2016 Copa Sudamericana Finals to play against Atlético Nacional in Medellín. Shortly before the take off, he recorded a video to his official Instagram account, showing all the players and the staff inside the plane. Following the tragic accident, Machado's former club CSKA Sofia announced that part of the ticket revenue from their upcoming Bulgarian First League fixture against Pirin Blagoevgrad would be donated to Machado's family. CSKA Sofia supporters also gathered to pay tribute to Machado and his Chapecoense teammates in front of the Brazilian embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria. Filipe Machado Filipe José Machado (13 March" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Peter Aronsson Peter Aronsson (born 28 April 1959) is the Vice-Chancellor of Linnaeus University since 2017. He is also a well-known Swedish historian specializing in early-modern political culture and public history. Peter Aronsson is born into a family of medium enterprisers in Gemla, Småland. His grandfather and father ran a toy factory in Gemla. In the late 1980s Aronsson took up doctoral studies in history at Uppsala University and later Lund University where he studied under Professor Eva Österberg. His PhD thesis, \"Bönder gör politik\" (Peasants making politics) was successfully defended in 1992. In his thesis, Aronsson argues that the Swedish political culture has been shaped through a local practice with roots centuries back in time. After the completion of the thesis, Aronsson worked as a teacher and researcher at the Department of Humanities of Växjö College (from 1999, Växjö University). In 1999 he was promoted to full professor in history. Aronsson's research was increasingly geared towards questions of how the past has been used in various contexts. In 1994 he published a textbook that summarized his ideas, \"Historiebruk - att använda det förflutna\" (Uses of history - to use the past). In 2001 he took leave from Växjö University for a position as \"Professor in Uses of History and Cultural Heritage\" at Linköping University. During his tenure in Linköping he was involved in a major comparative European project about the significance of national museums for state and nation formation. The project was carried out with support from the European Union between 2010 and 2012, and resulted in several publications. Växjö University was merged with Kalmar College in 2010, and became the Linnaeus University. Returning from Linköping, Peter Aronsson was employed as the Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Humanities in 2013. He filled this post until the end of 2015, and took up the position of Deputy Vice-Chancellor on 1 January 2016. When the Vice-Chancellor Stephen Hwang left his position in 2017, Peter Aronsson was employed as Acting Vice-Chancellor, and eventually as the regular successor from October 2017.. Apart from his university positions, Peter Aronsson is a member of Kungliga Vitterhetsakademin (Royal Academy of Learning), and Smålands Akademi (Academy of Småland). He has been a board member of the Historical Association of Kronoberg County. Peter Aronsson Peter Aronsson (born 28 April 1959) is the Vice-Chancellor of Linnaeus University since 2017. He is also a well-known Swedish historian specializing" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Black Dog Scotch Whisky Black Dog is a brand of Scotch whisky that is bottled and marketed in India by United Spirits Limited (USL), a subsidiary of Diageo PLC. In 2013, Black Dog was reported to be the world's fastest growing Scotch whisky by volume, according to International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR). The whiskies used in the blend come from Scotland. Black Dog Scotch Whisky sold in India is bottled in Parmori District Nasik in Maharashtra, by importing the undiluted spirits from Scotland, a strategy that avoids the import duties imposed on liquor imports to India that are bottled prior to import. (Import duties may be as high as 150% for liquor bottled prior to import, but only about 30% when bottled in India.) The brand's main competitors outside the Diageo family are Ballantine’s Finest Blended Scotch, 100 Pipers Blended Scotch, both owned by Pernod Ricard and two expressions from the Teachers' family, Teacher’s 50, a premium 12 year old Scotch whisky, blended and matured in Scotland but bottled in India starting August 1997 to celebrate India’s 50 years of independence and Teacher's Highland Cream, both owned by Beam Suntory. The Black Dog brand of Scotch Whisky was first blended and bottled in Scotland in 1883 by James MacKinlay, a second generation blender of the Leith-based family of Scotland to meet an order placed by Herbert Musgrave Phipson, owner of Phipson & Co. Wine Merchants from Bombay (now Mumbai), India. He was assisted in this task by Walter Samuel Millard (1864–1952), a 19-year old British employee of Phipson- who was responsible for dispatching the consignment back to India- arriving in 1884. The brand was named Millard Black Dog and legend has it that he named it after his favourite salmon fishing fly, known as the Black Dog. McDowell & Co (now known as USL) and United Distillers formed United Distillers India Limited in 1992, creating India's first joint venture in the alcoholic beverages industry. It began bottling operations in Nashik to produce Black Dog for the Indian market. In April 2004, it was reported in the media that USL (then named McDowell & Co) was planning to sell Black Dog in Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. Black Dog had been sold in Pakistan during the British Raj, prior to the Partition of India. In October the same year, it was reported that McDowell & Co was negotiating with a company in Pakistan to manufacture Black Dog. According to Vijay Rekhi, then managing director of McDowell & Co, and then President of the UB Group's spirits division, \"It will only be a small set-up as just 3 per cent of the Pakistani population is permitted alcohol consumption. But we are looking at the opportunity as we are trying to widen our footprints in the SAARC region.\" Rekhi also stated that bottling was already underway in Sri Lanka and the company was looking to expand to Bangladesh, Malaysia and Myanmar. Black Dog Scotch Whisky is available in four variations: The Black Dog range of Scotch Whiskies have won gold medals at several spirits competitions including The Monde Selection in 2006 and the World Spirits Awards in 2011 for the Black Dog Aged 12 Years and the Monde Selection, World Spirits Awards and the International Wine and Spirit Competition in 2011 for the Black Dog Aged 18 Years. The Black Dog Reserve Aged 18 Years and the Black Dog Quintessence Aged 21 Years also won Gold at Internationaler Spirituosen Wettbewerb 2013. USL has used jazz events as a platform to promote Black Dog in India. A Black Dog \"Jazz Incident\" was held in Mumbai on 22 February 2008. A concert featuring The Curtis King Band, was part of \"The Black Dog Jazz Series\", a series of jazz concerts in India. The band also performed at Black Dog \"Jazz Incident\" held in Gurgaon, Haryana on 28 February 2008. In 2008, as part of the 125th anniversary celebrations of Black Dog, the company held a 10-city concert tour by Stephen Kabakos, beginning in Delhi on 8 May. The concert also included shows in Kolkata, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Mysore, Bangalore, Goa and Pune. The Westin Gurgaon, New Delhi threw a celebration dinner to celebrate Black Dog's 130th anniversary in 2013. Black Dog Scotch Whisky Black Dog is a brand of Scotch whisky that is bottled and marketed in India by United Spirits Limited (USL), a subsidiary of Diageo PLC. In 2013, Black Dog was reported to be the world's fastest growing Scotch whisky by volume, according to International Wine and Spirits Research (IWSR). The whiskies used in the blend come from Scotland. Black Dog Scotch Whisky sold in India is bottled in Parmori District Nasik in Maharashtra, by importing the undiluted spirits from Scotland, a strategy that avoids the import duties imposed on liquor imports" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nelson Rand Nelson Rand has lived in Southeast Asia for over ten years working as a freelance journalist, which has taken him to some of the most remote and little known conflict areas of the region. A subeditor for The Nation newspaper, and a regular contributor to the Asia Times he has also worked as a political contractor for the Embassy of Canada in Thailand. He currently resides in Bangkok. His first book Conflict: Journeys through war and terror in Southeast Asia was published by Maverick House in 2009. CONFLICT documents time spent with the Hmong, the Karen, the Montagnards of Vietnam and the Muslim rebels in the south of Thailand. Reviewing the obscure histories behind each of these conflicts and the atrocities behind them, the book also focuses on time spent with the Cambodian government troops tracking down the last of the Khmer Rouge in northern Cambodia. Conflict: Journeys through war and terror in Southeast Asia was met with largely positive reviews. On May 14, 2010 France 24 said its Canadian-born TV reporter Nelson Rand had been shot in the leg, hand and abdomen whilst covering the Red-Shirt protests in Bangkok. Nelson Rand Nelson Rand has lived in Southeast" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five states which the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council. \n * China (formerly the Republic of China) \n * France \n * Russia (formerly the Soviet Union) \n * United Kingdom \n * United States \n\n\n The \"power of veto\" refers to the veto power wielded solely by the permanent members, enabling them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of the level of international support for the draft. The veto does not apply to procedural votes, which is significant in that the Security Council's permanent membership can vote against a \"procedural\" draft resolution, without necessarily blocking its adoption by the Council. \n The following are the heads of state and government that represent the permanent members of the UN Security Council as of 2018:\n * Xi Jinping President of the People's Republic of China since 14 March 2013 (de facto leader since 15 November 2012) \n\n * Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic since 14 May 2017 \n\n * Vladimir Putin President of the Russian Federation since 7 May 2012 (de facto leader since 7 May 2000) \n\n * Theresa May Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 13 July 2016 \n\n * Donald Trump President of the United States of America since 20 January 2017 \n\n\n\n These countries were all allies in World War II, which they won. They are also all nuclear weapons states. A total of 15 UN member states serve on the UNSC, the remainder of which are elected. Only the five permanent members have the power of veto, which enables them to prevent the adoption of any \"substantive\" draft Council resolution, regardless of its level of international support. \n Most of the leading candidates for permanent membership are regularly elected onto the Security Council by their respective groups. Japan was elected for eleven two-year terms, Brazil for ten terms, and Germany for three terms. India has been elected to the council seven times in total, with the most recent successful bid being in 2010 after a gap of almost twenty years since 1991–92. \n At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the French Republic, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two seat changes since then, although not reflected in Article 23 of the United Nations Charter as it has not been accordingly amended:\n The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually top the list of countries with the highest military expenditures; in 2011, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defense, accounting for over 60% of global military expenditures (the U.S. alone accounting for over 40%). They are also five of the world's six largest arms exporters, along with Germany and are the only nations officially recognized as \"nuclear-weapon states\" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons. \n Additionally, France reformed its provisional government into the French Fourth Republic in 1946 and later into the French Fifth Republic in 1958, both under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle. France maintained its seat as there was no change in its international status or recognition, although many of its overseas possessions eventually became independent. \n This sort of reform has traditionally been opposed by the \"Uniting for Consensus\" group, which is composed primarily of nations that are regional rivals and economic competitors of the G4. The group is led by Italy and Spain (opposing Germany), Mexico, Colombia, and Argentina (opposing Brazil), Pakistan (opposing India), and South Korea (opposing Japan), in addition to Turkey, Indonesia and others. Since 1992, Italy and other council members have instead proposed semi-permanent seats or expanding the number of temporary seats. \n In 2013, the P5 and G4 members of the UN Security Council accounted for eight of the world's ten largest defense budgets, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). \n * China's seat was originally held by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China. However, it lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949. The Communist Party won control of mainland China and established the People's Republic of China. In 1971, UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 recognized the Government of People's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in the UN, and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether. Both governments still officially claim one another's territory. However, only 18 states continue to officially recognize the Republic of China's sovereignty. \n * After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia was recognized as the legal successor state of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council. \n\n\n There have been proposals suggesting the introduction of new permanent members. The candidates usually mentioned are Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan. They comprise the group of four countries known as the G4 nations, which mutually support one another's bids for permanent seats. \n Country \| Current state representation \| Former state representation \| Current leaders \| Current representative \n---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nChina \| People's Republic of China (since 1971) \| Republic of China (1945–1949) (on both Mainland China and Taiwan) Republic of China (since 1949) (only on Taiwan) \| President:Xi Jinping Premier:Li Keqiang \| Ma Zhaoxu \nFrance \| French Fifth Republic (since 1958) \| Provisional Government of the French Republic (1945–1946) French Fourth Republic (1946–1958) \| President:Emmanuel Macron Prime Minister:Édouard Philippe \| François Delattre \nRussia \| Russian Federation (since 1991) \| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1945–1991) \| President:Vladimir Putin Prime Minister:Dmitry Medvedev \| Vasily Nebenzya \nUnited Kingdom \| United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (since 1945) \| \\-- \| Monarch:Queen Elizabeth II Prime Minister:Theresa May \| Karen Pierce \nUnited States \| United States of America (since 1945) \| \\-- \| President:Donald Trump Vice President:Mike Pence \| Nikki Haley \n The veto is exercised when any permanent member–the so-called \"P5\"–casts a \"negative\" vote on a \"substantive\" draft resolution. Abstention or absence from the vote by a permanent member does not prevent a draft resolution from being adopted." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Fund for Peace The Fund for Peace is a US non-profit, non-governmental research and educational institution. Founded in 1957, FFP \"works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security.\" The Fund for Peace works towards sustainable security and development in failed states by focusing on conflict assessment and early warning, transnational threats, peacekeeping, and security and human rights. The Fund for Peace maintains programs in Nigeria, Uganda, Liberia, and works with private business in conflict zones to better secure the interests of businesses, local populations, and their governments. FFP publishes the annual Fragile States Index, used by researchers, educators, and governments across the world. The Fund for Peace was founded in 1957 by Randolph Compton. The organization was created in the memory of Randolph Compton's youngest son, John Parker Compton, who was killed in World War II. At a young age, John Parker wrote an essay, discussing the effects of war and the need for human civilization to embrace other methods of conflict resolution. After John Parker's death, Compton created the Fund for Peace, an organization based on the ideals of justice, environment, peace, and population. The Fragile States Index assesses the pressures experienced by nations based on social, economic, and political indicators such as demographic pressures, refugee flows, uneven economic development or severe economic decline, and human rights, among others. The \"Failed States Index\" debuted in 2005 with a limited assessment of approximately 75 countries; this was expanded to 146 countries in 2006, and then to 177 countries the following year. South Sudan was added to the assessment in 2011. In 2014, The Fund for Peace announced that the ranking would be renamed \"\"Fragile\" States Index\", claiming that the controversial term 'failed' had \"[become] a distraction away from the point of the Index, which is to encourage discussions that support an increase in human security and improved livelihoods.\" The Fragile States Index uses color-coded maps, tables, and a four level-ranking system (\"Alert,\" \"Warning,\" \"Moderate,\" \"Sustainable\") to determine the current conditions and negative potential in the future. All four nations on high \"Alert\" are a part of the African continent: Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the \"Warning\" level were many Latin American or former Soviet nations, including Moldova, Russia, Belarus, Colombia, Bolivia, and Mexico. At \"Moderate\" were the United States and several European states, such as Latvia, Poland, Italy, and Spain. Only a few nations, such as the Scandinavian countries, Iceland, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand were rated as \"Sustainable.\" The Fragile States Index is subject to criticism, in part, because it takes institutions and data to draw its conclusions, as opposed to the Human Development Index or other more telling signs. The FSI is checked against human analysis. UNLocK links global information technologies with local social networks for the benefits of stakeholders. FFP conducts workshops in the conflict-affected countries of Liberia, Uganda, and Nigeria, training local participants in the Conflict Assessment System Tool (CAST). They train others at the community level. Data collected from field reports by the participants are analyzed for signs of early-warning conflict. The aggregate data is privately disseminated back to the participants and used to resolve disputes, identify priority issues at the community level, and as a way to obtain more immediate early warning and conflict prevention information. While the recent elections in Nigeria were widely recognized as a major step forward in the difficult journey toward democracy, UNLocK Nigeria provided a ground-level view of challenges that remained, including incidents of ballot box snatching, vote-buying, abductions, and violence. This report focuses on the Niger Delta Region, with a particular emphasis on the Akwa Ibom and Rivers states. The Center for the Study of Threat Convergence explores the linkages between fragile states, the proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, and terrorism. CSTC performs ground research in the Black Sea/South Caucasus region, the Tri-border area of Latin American, East and the Horn of Africa, and Southeast Asia. It partners with regional and sub regional organizations like NATO, the EU, and the African Union. The Center for the Study of Threat Convergence is funded by the MacArthur Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the Ploughshares Fund. Created in 1997, the Human Rights and Business Roundtable brings together businesses and human rights organizations to ensure compliance with international standards, particularly in regard to the conduct of security forces in and around industrial operations. It recognizes the challenges faced, particularly in the extractive industries, in balancing human rights and security. FFP works with various private companies in the oil, mining, agribusiness, renewable energy, and infrastructure sectors in both stable and conflict zones around the world. The Sustainable Development & Security program supports companies in their development of human rights and security policies, conflict and human rights assessments, community relations and stakeholder engagement, and monitoring and reporting mechanisms. FFP is a long-standing civil society participant of the Voluntary Principles on Security & Human Rights initiative, and currently serves on the initiative's Steering Committee and Board of Directors. For conflict assessment, the Fund for Peace utilizes the Conflict Assessment System Tool (CAST). CAST was created in 1996 as a system of locating and analyzing potential conflicts in failed states. It works by incorporating \"theoretical rationale, a conceptual framework, quantitative and qualitative indicators...and a rating system for trend analysis. \" However, CAST may be criticized for putting too much emphasis on technology and equations, and not enough on the human analysis. Furthermore, CAST is a tool that remains static, despite the specific conflict at hand. Each case is unique, and CAST does not have the mathematical ability to assess the uniqueness and specific needs of varying failed states. FFP maintains relationships with the United States Marine Corps and the South Korean government, among others. As the Fund for Peace works in regions prone to genocide, the organization developed a relationship with the Office of the Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide. The Special Adviser played a role in researching and delivering information to aid the Special Adviser in his responsibilities. The Special Adviser and the Fund for Peace were involved in researching human rights violations, sharing information and giving warnings to the Secretary General and the Security Council on matters of genocide, and making recommendations on courses of action. Originally called the Regional Responses to Internal War Project, the program looks to shed light on regional organizations and their \"political will\" to maintain peaceful relations. The Peace and Stability Operations Project also serves to form relationships with actors in other sectors, such as scholars, research institutions, journalists, and experts. The Fund for Peace believes that, through these extended relationships, the international community can work together to maintain peace in typically violent areas. The Fund for Peace has been successful in advancing the international dialogue on peacekeeping by holding public meetings with international representatives, performing research missions in over thirty-five countries, and holding workshops. By collaborating with actors in other sectors, the Fund for Peace is able to gather the ideas and opinions of other experts and publish them in their issues of Reality Check: Diverse Voices on Internal Conflict. The second initiative is the Use and", "Project also serves to form relationships with actors in other sectors, such as scholars, research institutions, journalists, and experts. The Fund for Peace believes that, through these extended relationships, the international community can work together to maintain peace in typically violent areas. The Fund for Peace has been successful in advancing the international dialogue on peacekeeping by holding public meetings with international representatives, performing research missions in over thirty-five countries, and holding workshops. By collaborating with actors in other sectors, the Fund for Peace is able to gather the ideas and opinions of other experts and publish them in their issues of Reality Check: Diverse Voices on Internal Conflict. The second initiative is the Use and Purpose of American Power. The goal of this initiative is to promote ongoing dialogue and debate on the role of the United States in the international arena. It does so by asking four questions: The Use and Purpose of American Power also has three main components. The first is the National Dialogue forums. In 2008 and 2009, the Fund for Peace partnered up with local organizations, such as chambers of commerce and universities, across the country and organized \"'traveling town halls.'\" The purpose of these were to discuss topics relating to the presidential election, and the condition of the United States and its population. The format of the forums were designed to encourage participation and dialogue on behalf of Americans to actively and critically think about their role, their country's condition, and the government's responsibility. Throughout two years, the National Dialogue forums took place in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New Mexico, Alabama, Idaho, Florida, and California. The second component is the American Conversation. While the National Dialogue forums were designed to spark interest and discussion, the purpose of the American Conversation is an online discussion hosted by Google Groups to continue conversations that began at the National Dialogue forums. The American Conversation is an effort by the Fund for Peace to encourage ongoing critical thinking in the minds of Americans and their communities. The third component of the Use and Purpose of American Power is the Final Report. The Final Report is a summary of the National Dialogue forums and the ideas and concepts presented at the forums. The Final Report, titled The Use and Purpose of American Power in the 21st Century highlights five main points: The Fund for Peace's efforts in United States foreign policy is based on the fear of \"spillover\" and the influence and multiplication of failed states. The National Dialogue forums were sponsored by the Fund for Peace. The Final Report was funded by the Ford Foundation. Another initiative to promote human rights is the Globalization and Human Rights Series. This consists of publications dedicated to discussing pertinent topics relating to human rights, the impact of failing states, and corruption. Four issues have been published since 2005 in an effort to continue to educate the industries and the public on the harmful effects of failing governments, and the need for the recognition of, and commitment to, human rights. Furthermore, the Fund for Peace is a supporter of the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights, which guides businesses who voluntarily participate on how to align their security practices with human rights considerations. The Voluntary Principles are important because of the potentially harmful impacts security practices can have when operating in a failed state or conflict zone, but also because the international community is putting increasing emphasis on the rights of individuals. The Fund for Peace does not limit its partnerships to select sectors. The organization has collaborated with Georgetown University's Center for Peace and Security Studies and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Together, the three institutions developed a thesis on the increased participation of regional organizations and their member states in promoting peacekeeping. The Fund for Peace partnered with the Centre for International Governance Innovation in 2007. From September 4–6, thirty participants from varying Middle Eastern countries, as well as Australia, the United States, and Canada, met in Istanbul, Turkey. The participants came from academia, international organizations, the Arab League, the United Nations, governments, and human rights organizations. The representatives were faced with the task of determining what steps should be taken to efficiently protect civilians. The conference promoted a sense of international unity by asking the representatives to leave aside their political ideologies and keep the welfare of human beings as their priority. The conference ended with the unanimous support of International Humanitarian Law and the Bosphorous Consensus. The Fund for Peace has also partnered with Logos Technologies, the United States Institute of Peace, the United States Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, the U.S. State Department Office of the Coordinator for Stabilization and Reconstruction, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers to create a metrics framework for peacekeeping. The project includes concepts from the book \"The Quest for Viable Peace\" with the theoretical approach of the Fund for Peace's CAST methodology. The organizations involved are interested in helping governments determine the outcome of Stabilization and Reconstruction Operations. Fund for Peace The Fund for Peace is a US non-profit, non-governmental research and educational institution. Founded in 1957, FFP \"works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security.\" The Fund for Peace works towards sustainable security and development in failed states by focusing on conflict assessment and early warning, transnational threats, peacekeeping, and security and human rights. The Fund for Peace maintains programs in Nigeria, Uganda, Liberia, and works with private business in conflict zones to better secure the interests of businesses, local populations, and their" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Gilpin John Gilpin (18th century) was featured as the subject in a well-known comic ballad of 1782 by William Cowper, entitled \"The Diverting History of John Gilpin\". Cowper had heard the story from his friend Lady Austen. Gilpin was said to be a wealthy draper from Cheapside in London, who owned land at Olney, Buckinghamshire, near where Cowper lived. It is likely that he was a Mr Beyer, a linen draper of the Cheapside corner of Paternoster Row. The poem tells how Gilpin and his wife and children became separated during a journey to the Bell Inn, Edmonton, after Gilpin loses control of his horse, and is carried ten miles farther to the town of Ware. A number of sites commemorate the exploits of John Gilpin, most notably Gilpin's Gallop, a street in the village of Stanstead St Margarets. This was said to have been on the original route taken by the horse and his unfortunate rider. The \"John Gilpin\" clipper of 1852 was also named after him. A sculpture by Angela Godfrey, which was inspired by William Cowper's poem about Gilpin now sits in Fore Street, Edmonton, London. John Gilpin John Gilpin (18th century) was featured as the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Salt Creek Township, Davis County, Iowa Salt Creek Township is a township in Davis County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 294. Salt Creek Township was organized in 1846. It took its name from Salt Creek. Salt Creek Township covers an area of 35.9 square miles (92.98 square kilometers); of this, 0.29 square miles (0.76 square kilometers) or 0.82 percent is water. The stream of Salt Creek runs through this township. (This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.) The township contains ten cemeteries: Anderson, Bethlehem, Glasgow, Heidlebaugh, Hem, Jackson, Litgner, Mount Gilead, Pagett and Pierce. Salt Creek Township, Davis County, Iowa Salt Creek Township is a township in Davis County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 294. Salt Creek Township was organized in 1846. It took its name from Salt Creek. Salt Creek Township covers an area of 35.9 square miles (92.98 square kilometers); of this, 0.29 square miles (0.76 square kilometers) or 0.82 percent is water. The stream of Salt Creek runs through this township. (This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.) The township contains ten cemeteries: Anderson, Bethlehem, Glasgow, Heidlebaugh," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Horn High School Dr. John D. Horn High School is a secondary school in Mesquite, Texas, United States. The school serves the southern portion of Mesquite and the Mesquite ISD portion of Seagoville. John Horn High School, which serves grades 9 through 12, is a part of the Mesquite Independent School District. The school is under the UIL AAAAAA (or 6A) division. The Jaguar is the school mascot, and the school colors are red, black and white. John Horn High School is the newest high school opened in the Mesquite Independent School District. It is named after the former superintendent Dr. John D. Horn. The school opened in 2000 with only 9th and 10th grade classes. The enrollment in that first school year was approximately 550. In the 2006-2007 school year its enrollment was over 2,000 students. Ronnie Pardun was the first principal of the school succeeded by the current principal, Bruce Perkins. All students at Horn are required to dress according to a standardized dress code (similar to a school uniform) as of 2005 the code is at all Mesquite ISD middle and high schools. John Horn High School Dr. John D. Horn High School is a secondary" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bab el-Mrissa Bab el-Mrissa (), also known as Bab al-Falah (), is a gate in the city of Salé, Morocco. The gate was commissioned by the Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq between 1270—1280. It is one of the largest as well as the oldest gates in Morocco, and the main landmarks of the city. The gate was a construction after the Marinid dynasty had regained the control of the city of Salé from the Kingdom of Castile during the Battle of Salé. In the process, they created a hole on the western city wall in order to allow access to the city square. Later, a shipyard was created to place the warships, and the entrance was established as Bab el-Mrissa. According to the account of Al-Nasiri, the gate existed on the protected harbor of the city, which was used by the Marinid as a shipyard. The harbor connects the city to Bou Regreg via canal, and ships entered the harbor from the canal by passing through the arch of the gate. The gate is also known as a place where the sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub dispatched his naval fleet to attack the city of Algeciras several times in 1285, in which joined by around 36 warships. The name \"Mrissa\" means muddiness, and this is because Bou Regreg and linked canal contained a lot of sands from the surrounding land, and the ships brought muddy water which disseminated in front of the gate when they were docking. Today, the scene is no longer observable due to the canal was depleted after the construction of roads connecting Rabat and Salé, as a solution to mitigate the relatively long distance and inconvenience of the canal. The designer of the gate is Muhammad bin Ali al-Ashbili, a well known Andalusian architect. The arch takes a horseshoe shape, and the peak reaches 9.60 meters high and the width has 3.50 meters long. Inside of the gate has pathways for soldiers guarding the gate. Bab el-Mrissa Bab el-Mrissa (), also known as Bab al-Falah (), is a gate in the city of Salé, Morocco. The gate was commissioned by the Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq between 1270—1280. It is one of the largest as well as the oldest gates in Morocco, and the main landmarks of the city. The gate was a construction after the Marinid dynasty had regained the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Erol Kaymak Dr Erol Kaymak is a Turkish Cypriot academic who in 2004 from 2007 was the Chair of the Department of International Relations at Eastern Mediterranean University in north Cyprus. Kaymak received his BA in Political Science at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1990. He completed a master's degree in Political Science at Texas Tech University in 1994, and in 1999 completed his PhD in Political Science at Texas Tech University in Political Science. Erol Kaymak is currently interested in the study of international phenomena from the vantage point of constructivism, a sociological view of international relations, with the intent of contributing to an understanding of the relationship between ethnic conflict, sovereignty, and the international system. To this end, Dr Kaymak has been researching the Cyprus dispute as a case study of Europeanization processes. Kaymak participated at the technical level negotiations of the Annan Plan for a comprehensive settlement to the Cyprus problem. He is a founding member of the Cyprus Academic Forum (CAF), which is actively working to enhance dialogue among academics on both sides of the island of Cyprus. Dr Kaymak has published works on the Cyprus dispute and other issues of problematic political integration in journals including \"Nationalism and Ethnic Politics\", and \"Mediterranean Politics\". Most recently he authored the northern Cyprus section of the CIVICUS Civil Society Index report for Cyprus that provides a comprehensive analysis of the civil society's structure, environment, values, and impact. Erol Kaymak Dr Erol Kaymak is a Turkish Cypriot academic who in 2004 from 2007 was the Chair of the Department of International Relations at Eastern Mediterranean University in north Cyprus. Kaymak received his BA in Political Science at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1990. He completed a master's degree in Political Science at Texas" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Stephen Doutreleau Stephen Doutreleau (born in France, 11 October 1693; date of death uncertain, after 1747, in France) was a French Jesuit missionary who ministered to Native Americans and colonists in present-day Illinois, Mississippi and Louisiana for 20 years. He became a Jesuit novice at the age of twenty-two and migrated in 1727 to Louisiana, with a group of Ursuline nuns. Soon after his arrival, he was sent to the Illinois mission. In 1728 he was recorded at Post Vincennes, \"the fort on the Wabash\" [River], which was established about that time. On 1 January 1730, Doutreleau set out for New Orleans on business connected with the mission. In the previous two months, the Natchez Indians had massacred all the inhabitants of the small French village of Natchez and the Yazoo, a neighboring Indian tribe, also attacked the French. Two Jesuit missionaries, fathers Paul Du Poisson (resident priest of Arkansas Post who had been visiting Natchez) and Jean Rouel, were killed in these uprisings. Ignorant of the hostilities and accompanied by four or five French \"voyageurs\", Father Doutreleau landed at the mouth of the Yazoo River to offer up the Mass. The Yazoo attacked the small party, killing one of the Frenchmen and wounding the missionary. Doutreleau escaped to his canoe with two of his companions; they fled down the Mississippi. When they reached the French camp at Tunica Bay, their wounds were dressed. After a night's rest, they continued and made it to New Orleans without attacks. They had accomplished a journey of four hundred leagues through a hostile country. Shortly after, Father Doutreleau became chaplain of the French colonial troops in Louisiana. He accompanied them on one expedition. At his own request, he was sent back to the Illinois Indians, but how long he remained in the Illinois Country is uncertain. At one time Doutreleau was chaplain of the hospital at New Orleans. In 1747 he returned to France, after twenty years as a missionary in the Mississippi Valley. Stephen Doutreleau Stephen Doutreleau (born in France, 11 October 1693; date of death uncertain, after 1747, in France) was a French Jesuit missionary who ministered to Native Americans and colonists in present-day Illinois, Mississippi and Louisiana for 20 years. He became a Jesuit novice at the age of twenty-two and migrated in 1727 to Louisiana, with a group of Ursuline nuns. Soon after his arrival, he was sent to" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Musica (sculpture) Musica is a bronze statue that sits upon a grassy knoll at the center of a traffic rotary where the confluence of Division Street and 16th Avenue North happens, known as the Music Row Roundabout or Buddy Killen Circle. It is located directly across from Owen Bradley Park in the Music Row district of Nashville, Tennessee. It was built as part of an urban renewal project for the Music Row neighborhood and unveiled in 2003. \"Musica\" is Alan LeQuire's largest sculpture commission to date, and currently the largest sculpture group in the United States. It features nine nude figures, male and female, dancing in a circular composition approximately 38 feet (11.5 m) tall. There are five figures which spring forth from the base. Four more rise up in the center floating above the others. The pinnacle of the statue is a female holding a tambourine. The scale of each figure is fourteen to fifteen feet, or more than twice life-size. The dancers and part of the base are cast in bronze. The other part of the base is composed of massive natural limestone boulders, which are prevalent in the Nashville area. Much of the work on the statue was actually done at a foundry in Lander, Wyoming, with the pieces transported and assembled onsite. It weighs approximately 10 tons. LeQuire writes of his work: Dance is the physical expression of music and the piece is intended to convey that feeling to the viewer in a composition which is simple, exuberant and celebratory. The theme of the sculpture is music, because of the historical and economic significance of the site. This is the heart of Music Row, the area and the artistic activity for which Nashville is best known. The sculpture conveys the importance of music to Nashville, past, present and future, and represents all forms of music without reference to any one form or style. It is meant to provide a visual icon for the area and for the city as a whole. The theme is music, but the sculpture represents artistic creativity itself. An artistic idea often seems to miraculously and spontaneously burst forth. This is what happens in the sculpture, and the title \"Musica\" suggests this since it refers to all the 'arts of the muses.' He also intended for the work to make a statement about Multiculturalism/diversity and racial harmony. Just as I wanted all different kinds of music included, not just country, I always wanted it to be a reflection of our culture the way it is...this is a multicultural city with an amazing number of ethnicities in it. Using live models, whose facial and bodily features he depicted, LeQuire created two Caucasian women and one Caucasian man; an African-American man and woman; one Asian-American woman; a Native American man; and a Hispanic man and woman. The $1.1-million project, funded by local arts patrons who gave on the condition of anonymity, is being offered as a gift to the city to highlight that very point. Such a permanent tribute, since approved by the Metropolitan Nashville Arts Commission and Metro Council, is what project backers sought originally when they approached LeQuire several years back. The artist is quoted as saying: They wanted to do something lasting for that area, which is such a significant place in the history and future of Nashville. Plus, everyone felt that Music Row, as important as it has been, never had a sort of identifying feature. That was the whole reason for the roundabout itself, and those who created it always imagined a monument that went in the center. The work was controversial due to its depiction of nudity, although according to LeQuire the work is entirely tasteful and not at all sexualized. One television commentator, Larry Brinton, referred to the statue constantly as \"the naked statue\" after its unveiling. Others expressed even stronger disapproval. \"It seems quite hypocritical to me that, in a nation like ours, naked statues paid for by private money can be displayed on public land but a copy of the Ten Commandments paid for by private funds could not,\" said Jerry Sutton, former pastor of the Two Rivers Baptist Church in Nashville. Sutton and others called unsuccessfully for removal of the statue from public view. Proponents of the statue were equally vehement in its defense. Columnist Gail Kerr of \"The Tennessean\" wrote, \"It's art. But naked art, predictably, has some people all upset. I'm not sure why really. We've already got naked statues.\" She urged bemused indifference to the current controversy. \"If you have such a peculiar fetish for bronze that fondling \"Musica\"'s tambourine will be simply irresistible, just steer clear of the roundabout. Otherwise, don't get your toga in a wad.\" On Saint Patrick's Day, 2010, a local music group, the Willis Clan, and a group of friends, clothed the statues in oversized Celtic kilts and blouses they had made for the event, in what one local news source described as an \"epic\" prank. 2011 was the second year the ritual was performed. Unfortunately the wind that day was particularly violent; the statues had to be reclothed multiple times to keep from exposing anything explicit. The sculpture occasionally adorns other trinkets, such as T-shirts supporting the Nashville Predators during playoff runs, as well as runners' bibs during the Country Music Marathon. Musica (sculpture) Musica is a bronze statue that sits upon a grassy knoll" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Campeche spiny-tailed iguana The Campeche spiny-tailed iguana (\"Cachryx alfredschmidti\") is a species of lizards in the family Iguanidae. The species is found in southeastern Mexico and adjacent Guatemala. The specific name, \"alfredschmidti\", is in honor of German herpetoculturist Alfred Schmidt. Adult males of \"C. alfredschmidti\" reach at least and females in snout–vent length. Tail length varies from 74 % to 85% of the snout–vent length. \"C. alfredschmidti\" was thought to be endemic to southern Campeche in Mexico. However, in 2003, this species was also recorded by a scientific expedition to the Mirador-Río Azul National Park in the Petén Department in Northern Guatemala. This was the first record in Guatemala's herpetofauna for this species. The natural habitat of \"C. alfredschmidti\" is tropical moist lowland forest and seasonally flooded scrub forest. \"C. alfredschmidti\" is arboreal. It can find safety in hollow branches and tree trunks, blocking the entrance with its spiny tail. Fecal samples suggests that the diet of \"C. alfredschmidti\" consists of leaves, though it probably will eat arthropods too. \"C. alfredschmidti\" is potentially threatened by habitat loss and degradation. The Guatemalan population was found in the Mirador-Río Azul National Park. Campeche spiny-tailed iguana The Campeche spiny-tailed iguana (\"Cachryx alfredschmidti\") is" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "John Hay of Cromlix John Hay of Cromlix (1691–1740) was the Jacobite Duke of Inverness and a courtier and army officer to the King James VIII & III (known as the \"Old Pretender\"). He was from the Clan Hay. His parents were Thomas Hay, seventh earl of Kinnoull (c.1660–1719) and Elizabeth (1669–1696). He was their third son, with their first son, George (d. 1758), succeeding their father. The family was sympathetic to the Stuart kings but still felt that being Protestant and serving Queen Anne and supporting the Harley administration did not mar this sympathy and loyalty. John's maternal grandfather William Drummond, first viscount of Strathallan, bequeathed Thomas an estate at Cromlix, Perthshire. Thomas purchased a commission in command of a foot guards company in 1714 and a year later married Marjorie Murray (d. in or after 1765), daughter of David Murray, fifth Viscount Stormont, and sister of the Earl of Mansfield and the Jacobite James Murray, \"Earl of Dunbar\". On 5 October 1718 John Hay was created by James III & VIII (the \"Old Pretender\") Earl of Inverness, Viscount of Innerpaphrie and Lord Cromlix and Erne in the Jacobite Scottish peerage. The Old Pretender appointed him his Secretary of State in 1725, and his wife and brother-in-law governess and tutor to the royal children at the same time. Thus John Hay and John Murray became known as the \"King's favourites\". However, in 1725, one of James Stuart's wife Clementina's cited reasons for retiring to a convent was ill-treatment by Lord and Lady Inverness, and another was Murray's being imposed on her as her children's governor despite being a Protestant. These complaints may, however, have been influenced somewhat by the children's former governess Mrs Sheldon, sister-in-law of John Erskine, 6th Earl of Mar. Mar's failed rebellion in 1715 and further intrigues had eventually led to his being replaced by John Hay as James Stuart's intermediary between the exiled Jacobites and those still in Britain, and Mar had sworn revenge on Hay for this loss of royal favour. However, other Jacobites' correspondence suggests that some ill-treatment of Clementina by the Hays did occur, though the suggestion that Lady Inverness and James Stuart were having an affair, with Lord Inverness turning a blind eye, is less likely to be a fact than merely a rumour begun by Mar and the English government. Whatever the reasons for Clementina's retirement, however, it began to alienate James Stuart's supporters in Britain as well as the main contributors to his pension, Pope Benedict XIII and the King of Spain, and so he reluctantly accepted Hay's resignation as Secretary of State in 1727, upon which Clementina left the convent but threatened to return at any time should her husband or his court step out of line. James nevertheless elevated Hay in April 1727 to the titular Dukedom of Inverness and further created him Baron Hay in the Jacobite Peerage of England. Hay moved out of active political involvement into retirement in the Jacobite colony in Avignon, France by 1738, to which James Murray also retired later. In that year, with his brother William garnering European support for James and a Jacobite invasion of Britain, and Anglo-French relations on the slide, Thomas wrote to Dr. Robin Wright, James Francis Edward Stuart's physician, stating: John Hay of Cromlix John Hay of Cromlix (1691–1740) was the Jacobite Duke of Inverness and a courtier and army officer to the King James VIII & III (known as the \"Old Pretender\"). He was from the Clan Hay. His parents were Thomas Hay, seventh earl of Kinnoull (c.1660–1719) and Elizabeth (1669–1696). He was their" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "DreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015 DreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015 was the seventh \"\" that was held from October 28–November 1, 2015 at the Sala Polivalentă in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. It was organized by DreamHack with help from Valve Corporation and the Professional Gamers League. The tournament had a total prize pool of $250,000 USD. Eight teams were featured in the playoffs. Fnatic, G2 Esports, Luminosity Gaming, Natus Vincere, Ninjas in Pyjamas, Team EnVyUs, Team SoloMid, and Virtus.pro – all Legends from the last major – were once again Legends as no Challenger took their spots. Team EnVyUs, which defeated Fnatic and G2 Esports, was the winner of the event, defeating Natus Vincere, which defeated Luminosity Gaming and Ninjas in Pyjamas, in the finals, 2-0. This came after Team EnVyUs placed second at the previous major, including a game in which Fnatic came back from a large deficit in the first game of grand finals. The top eight teams of the ESL One Cologne 2015 qualified as Legends. The Challengers consisted of the top eight teams from the DreamHack Open Stockholm 2015 Qualifying tournament. Teams will be split up into four groups. All group matches are best of 1. The highest seed will play the lowest seed in each group and the second and third seeds will play against each other. The winner of those two matches will play to determine which team moves on to the Playoffs; the loser of that match will play another match against the winner of the two losing teams. The loser of the lower match is eliminated from the tournament. The last two teams will play each other and the winner of that match moves on to the playoffs. The playoffs bracket consists of eight teams, two from each group. All of these matches are a best of three, single elimination format. Teams advance in the bracket until a winner is decided. The same map pool was kept at this major. There were seven maps to choose from. In all best of one matches, each team bans two maps. Then, one team bans another map From the remaining two maps, the map played is randomly selected. The team that did not get the third ban gets to choose which sides it starts on. In all best of three series, each team will first remove one map. Then, each side chooses a map, which will be played in the first two matches. The team that did not choose the map will choose which side it starts on. If the series were to go to a third map, that map is randomly selected among the three remaining maps. Two teams from the first European qualifier moved on to the major. Eight teams that were eliminated in the said qualifier moved to the second European qualifier. Three teams from that qualifier moved on to the major. Two teams from the North American qualifier moved on to the major and one team from the Asian qualifier moved on to the major. The 16 teams at the major qualifier played at DreamHack Open Stockholm 2015. The bottom eight teams from ESL One Cologne 2015, five teams from two European qualifiers, two teams from the North American qualifier, and one team from the Asian qualifier. Teams were divided into four groups and the top two from each group made it to the major. The main qualifier took place at DreamHack Open Stockholm 2015. Group A Group B Group C Group D Hosts Interviewers Analysts Commentators All streams were broadcast on twitch.tv in various languages. DreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015 DreamHack Open Cluj-Napoca 2015 was" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Missouri Route 755 Route 755 was a proposed state highway entirely in the city limits of St. Louis, Missouri which was never built due to local objections. Its northern terminus was to be at an interchange with Interstate 70 (I-70) in the northeastern part of the city and its southern terminus was at an interchange with I-44/I-55. It would have had an interchange with I-64/U.S. Route 40 along the way. The road was proposed as a freeway bypassing the downtown area of St. Louis and would have provided the currently-missing connections of northbound I-44/I-55 to westbound I-64 and eastbound I-64 to westbound I-44/I-55 or westbound I-70. It also was to be signed Interstate 755, or I-755. Route 755 was partially built, in the form of large flyover ramps between I-44/I-55 and I-64/US 40, which lead to local streets. These large interchanges have excess right of way, as well as unused pavement segments. Truman Parkway and long exits to Lafayette Avenue and 20th, Chestnut, and Market Streets were all that was built of the once proposed and since canceled Route 755. Missouri Route 755 Route 755 was a proposed state highway entirely in the city limits of St. Louis, Missouri which" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Aurora High School (Ontario) Aurora High School is one of five high schools in Aurora, Ontario, and is one of two under the jurisdiction of the York Region District School Board. It serves students from Grades 9 to 12. Aurora High School has a strong French immersion program, and serves as the feeder school for many local French immersion public schools. This includes Aurora, Whitchurch-Stouffville, Oak Ridges, and King City The original Aurora High School was built in 1888 on Wells Street. This building was rebuilt in 1923. Parts of this school building are incorporated into the Wells Street Lofts residential complex. The high school student population eventually outgrew the Wells Street building and a new high school was built on Dunning Avenue. This high school, which opened in 1961 and is still in operation in 2018, is called the Dr. G.W. Williams Secondary School. From 1961-1972 Dr. G. W. Williams Secondary School was the only high school in Aurora, Ontario. In 1972, the new Aurora High School opened at 155 Wellington Street West. It can accommodate a student population of approximately 1500 students. As of the 2017/2018 school year Aurora High School has required 4 portable classrooms to accommodate the influx of new students. The school colours are red and gold, and the mascot is an eagle. The original mascot of the school was the Golden Gopher but the gopher was buried in the back field and replaced by the eagle in June 1985. Former prime minister Paul Martin visited the school on November 9, 2005, to talk about various topics, including Iraq, Afghanistan, and politics. Singer-songwriter Chantal Kreviazuk visited Aurora High in January 2000. She sang the song \"Leaving on a Jet Plane\" with Aurora band the Amazing Circus Midgets and spoke about her career. John-Michael Scapin, winner of CBC's \"Triple Sensation\", attended this school. Christine Horne attended this school. In 2005, The Senior Boys Cross Country Team won the gold medal in the OFSAA Championships. This capped an impressive career for the squad which included winning the YRAA gold medals three years running (2003–2005), the most decorated and successful single team in any sport in the recent history of the school. In 2007, Kaitlyn Oliver won an OFSAA gold medal in cross country. In 2008, she also won an OFSAA gold medal in the 3000m and an OFSAA silver medal in cross country. Rob Denault won OFSAA gold medals in the 1500m in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Collectively, they both won numerous YRAA gold medals in both cross country and track throughout their four years at the school. In Fall 2015, Cameron Ormond was the OFSAA Cross Country Female Champion at the Midget level. In 2009, 2010, and 2011, the Varsity Women's Ice Hockey team qualified for OFSAA. Since 2007, the Varsity Alpine Ski and Snowboard Team has secured numerous York Region Championships and seven OFSAA Gold Team Championships. In 2008, the Varsity Boys Snowboard Team won Gold at OFSAA and in both the 2010 and 2011 season, the Varsity Boys Level One Alpine Ski Team won Gold at OFSAA. In 2010, the Varsity Girls and Boys Snowboard Team took Bronze at OFSAA and in 2012, the Varsity Boys Snowboard Team took Silver. In 2015, the Varsity Alpine Boy's Snowboard Team and Varsity Alpine Girl's Ski Team garnered Silver at OFSAA and the Varsity Girls' Snowboard Team were OFSAA Champions. Prior to this stellar history, the last time that the Alpine Team won at OFSSA was in 2000, when the Level One Boys Alpine Ski Team took Gold at OFSAA. And, since 2016, another four OFSAA Golds have been won by the Girls Ski Team and the Girls Snowboard Team. The coaches are already gearing up for the 2017/2018 season. In 2012, the Robotics club won second place in the 2012 Robofest World championship in the Senior Exhibition division. Aurora High School's student council is generally elected every year. The process for selecting a new council consists of two elections. The first election determines the members of the new council and is decided by the general student body. The second election, voted on by members of the old and new councils, determines the positions of each member of the council. The school has a very strong arts program, though most of the focus is on its music program. The music department has several ensembles led by the department head, Teri Fowler, the grade nine lead, Peter Milne, and the grade 10 lead, Tanya Sudy. These include: In addition to these ensembles, the music department also has a Music Council, in which students and teachers plan for music-related events that the department has to offer, such as: Along with competitions, the music department travels with their students around the world to places like Washington, Cleveland, New York City, Rome, Florence, Venice, Salzburg, and Vienna Aurora High School (Ontario) Aurora High School is one of five high schools in Aurora, Ontario, and is one of two under the jurisdiction of the York Region District School Board. It serves students from Grades 9 to 12. Aurora High School has a strong French immersion program, and serves as the feeder school for many local French immersion public schools. This includes Aurora, Whitchurch-Stouffville, Oak Ridges, and King City The original Aurora High School was built in 1888 on Wells Street. This building was rebuilt in 1923. Parts of this school building are" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Lorenz Duftschmid Lorenz Duftschmid (born 1964 in Linz, Austria) is an Austrian viol player and conductor. Born to a musical family, Duftschmid began studying music in an early age, and enjoyed the opportunity to learn from the great masters of the viol, such as Jordi Savall. He studied at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel, Switzerland. Duftschmid is the director of the ensemble Armonico Tributo Austria, besides his solo career as a gamba player. He is also a member of Jordi Savall's ensembles Hesperion XX and La Capella Reial de Catalunya. Duftschmid is an expert in the field of Baroque music, and excels in the performance of Renaissance and early Classical repertory as well. Duftschmid owns and plays on the following viols: Duftschmid took part in more than 70 recordings. To mention some of the prominent releases: Lorenz Duftschmid Lorenz Duftschmid (born 1964 in Linz, Austria) is an Austrian viol player and conductor. Born to a musical family, Duftschmid began studying music in an early age, and enjoyed the opportunity to learn from the great masters of the viol, such as Jordi Savall. He studied at the Schola Cantorum Basiliensis in Basel, Switzerland. Duftschmid is the director of the ensemble" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau is a world music event held in the town of Dolgellau in Wales. The event was established in 1992 by Ywain Myfyr, Huw Dylan Owen, Esyllt Jones, Elfed ap Gomer and Alun Owen, and was held in the town's streets. From 2002 until 2008, Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau was held on the Marian Mawr, a large grassy area next to Afon Wnion. It was during this period that Sesiwn Fawr reached its peak audience figures with sell out crowds of approximately 5,000 attending each year. In 2007 and 2008, the festival was blighted by bad weather resulting in poor ticket sales, and as with a number of Welsh festivals, there was no Sesiwn Fawr in 2009. In 2011, however, Sesiwn Fawr returned to the festival calendar although on a smaller scale than the 2002–08 Sesiwn Fawr and far closer to its early 1990s roots.. The organisers decided to return to a primarily folky line-up which included Mynediad am Ddim, Cowbois Rhos Botwnnog, Calan and Steve Eaves. The 2011 Sesiwn Fawr also included a twmpath dawns (a large communal folk dance) on the town's Eldon Square on the following Saturday. After receiving positive reviews, organisers decided to follow a similar format again for 2012. Since 2012, Sesiwn Fawr has returned to Eldon Square, the festival's spiritual home, introducing bands from Wales, Brittany, Ireland, Scotland and England. During the next few years, organisers explored other venues within the town making use of hidden away court yards, cellar bars and coffee shops, thus rebuilding a festival around Dolgellau's historical architecture. In the past, the line-up has included Super Furry Animals, Steve Earle, The Dubliners Iwcs a Doyle, Burning Spear, Bob Geldof, Saw Doctors, Bryn Fôn, Meic Stevens, Geraint Jarman a'r Cynghaneddwyr, Derwyddon Dr Gonzo, Grupo Fantasma, Paul Dooley, N'Faly Kouyate, Endaf Emlyn, Cerys Matthews and Goldie Lookin Chain. The folk festival was winner in 2000 of the Wales Tourist Board's Welsh Event of the Year Award, sponsored by This Week the national tourism newspaper for Wales and rebranded The Greatest Show in Wales. The Award was made in the face of stiff competition from a South Wales golfing event, which was heavily tipped to win. The judges were unanimous, however, in considering Sesiwn Fawr to be a uniquely Welsh experience for visitors in June to this old Meirionnydd town; a celebration of Welsh culture at its best, and a prime example of how, via tourism, culture can drive economic growth in a community. The festival sat perfectly within the new strategy for arts and culture in Wales and was set to emerge onto a wider stage, strengthening rather than foregoing its sense of local identity as it progressed. Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau is a world music event held in the town of Dolgellau in Wales. The event was established in 1992 by Ywain Myfyr, Huw Dylan Owen, Esyllt Jones, Elfed ap Gomer and Alun Owen, and was held in the town's streets. From 2002 until 2008," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Patrocladogram A patrocladogram is a cladistic branching pattern that has been precisely modified by use of patristic distances (i.e., divergences between lineages); a type of phylogram. The patristic distance is defined as, \"the number of apomorphic step changes separating two taxa on a cladogram,\" and is used exclusively to determine the amount of divergence of a characteristic from a common ancestor. This means that cladistic and patristic distances are combined to construct a new tree using various phenetic algorithms. The purpose of the patrocladogram in biological classification is to form a hypothesis about which evolutionary processes are actually involved before making a taxonomic decision. Patrocladograms are based on biostatistics that include but are not limited to: parsimony, distance matrix, likelihood methods, and Bayesian probability. Some examples of genomically related data that can be used as inputs for these methods are: molecular sequences, whole genome sequences, gene frequencies, restriction sites, distance matrices, unique characters, mutations such as SNPs, and mitochondrial genome data. Patrocladograms are graphs that assert hypotheses of similarity whereas phylogenetic trees are graphs that assert hypotheses of common ancestry. When a patrocladogram does not logically match with a comparable phylogenetic tree hypothesis it should not be used to define monophyletic groups. The usage of patrocladograms can skew interpretations of novel evolution or depict homologous traits as homoplastic. Most phylograms are saved in some variant of the Newick format such as: PAUP*, MEGA, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Clustal, PHYLIP, or Nexus file. These various versions of the Newick format can then be used as an input for patristic distances in patrocladogram formation. There are two widely used pieces of software; one is used for analyzing patristic distance, and the other for creating a viewable patrocladogram. See both programs below: Patristic is a Java program that uses different tree files as input and computes their patristic distances. Patristic allows saving and editing those distances. Patristic provides different graphic views of the results as well as the possibility to save them in the CSV format for building graphics using Excel. RAMI uses branch lengths to create clusters which can then be visualized as a patrocladogram. Patrocladogram A patrocladogram is a cladistic branching pattern that has been precisely modified by use of patristic distances (i.e., divergences between lineages); a type of phylogram. The patristic distance is defined as, \"the number of apomorphic step changes separating two taxa on a cladogram,\" and is used" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2010 FC Rubin Kazan season The 2010 FC Rubin Kazan season was the clubs 8th season in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia. Rubin where the reigning Premier League champions having won the title the previous two seasons. Rubin finished the season in 3rd place, qualifying for the Third qualifying round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, whilst they were also knocked out of the 2010–11 Russian Cup at the Round of 32 stage by Volgar-Gazprom Astrakhan. In Europe, Rubin advanced to the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League Round of 32 having finished third in their 2010–11 UEFA Champions League group, behind Barcelona and Copenhagen but ahead of Panathinaikos In: Out: In: Out: 2010 FC Rubin Kazan season The 2010 FC Rubin Kazan season was the clubs 8th season in the Russian Premier League, the highest tier of football in Russia. Rubin where the reigning Premier League champions having won the title the previous two seasons. Rubin finished the season in 3rd place, qualifying for the Third qualifying round of the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, whilst they were also knocked out of the 2010–11 Russian Cup at the Round of 32 stage by Volgar-Gazprom Astrakhan. In" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Brescia Arsenal The Brescia Arsenal was a small arms factory located in Brescia, Italy, and active from the early 19th century to the end of World War II.<br> Initially it was built as a convent for Servite monks in the 15th century, and maintained a religious destination until the end of the 18th century. Following Napoleonic suppressions the convent was turned into barracks and, in 1812, the production of small arms was started. Many kinds of small arms in use by the Regio Esercito were overhauled in the Brescia Arsenal, including the Vetterli rifle and the Carcano rifle in its many versions. Built-in assembly lines produced thousands of the latter, including the entire lot of the M91 TS (Special Troops) Carbine, made between 1898 and 1919. Ammunition was also produced. On 2 March 1945 the military facility was targeted by a massive USAAF air raid that wrought damage all over the city. The Arsenal was leveled and the church of St. Afra (now Saint Angela Merici) in \"Via dell'Arsenale\" (now via Francesco Crispi) was directly hit and collapsed causing the death of 21 people who had sought refuge there. The total death toll for the bombing was of 80 killed among the population. After World War II the building was named after Sottotenente Serafino Gnutti, an Alpini officer who had earned a posthumous Gold Medal of Military Valor in the Greco-Italian War. The Headquarters and Signals section of Brigata Meccanizzata \"Brescia\" were accommodated there. Following the post-Cold War reorganization of the Italian Army, the \"Brigata\" was disbanded and the barracks were left empty. As of August 2010, they have been alienated by the Ministry of Defence to be turned into flats and offices. Brescia Arsenal The Brescia Arsenal was a small arms factory located in Brescia, Italy, and active from" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Uncommon Dissent Uncommon Dissent: Intellectuals Who Find Darwinism Unconvincing is a 2004 anthology edited by William A. Dembski in which fifteen intellectuals, eight of whom are leading intelligent design proponents associated with the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (CSC) and the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design (ISCID), criticise \"Darwinism\" and make a case for intelligent design. It is published by the publishing wing of the paleoconservative Intercollegiate Studies Institute. The foreword is by John Wilson, editor of the evangelical Christian magazine \"Christianity Today\". The title is a pun on the principle of biology known as common descent. The Discovery Institute is the engine behind the intelligent design movement. The fifteen dissenting intellectuals are: Phillip E. Johnson's contribution is a reprint of his 1990 \"First Things\" essay \"Evolution as Dogma\". Marcel-Paul Schützenberger's \"The Miracles of Darwinism\" is a reprint of a 1996 interview with \"La Recherche\". David Berlinski's \"The Deniable Darwin\" is a reprint of a 1996 \"Commentary\" essay, along with his responses to critics. The other contributions were specifically commissioned for \"Uncommon Dissent\". In a 2004 review on its Web site, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture describes \"Uncommon Dissent\" as \"a summary of the widespread attack upon Darwinism by some of today’s leading intellectuals.\" Mathematics professor and intelligent-design critic Jason Rosenhouse points out that the subtitle says \"intellectuals\", not \"scientists\", and adds that \"[v]ery few of the contributors hold PhD's in any field related to biology. ... The ID folks are constantly telling us that evolution is failing as a scientific paradigm, and that scientists are jumping ship in droves. But when they have a chance to put together an anthology of testimonials authored by people who dissent from modern evolutionary theory, they have to resort to philosophers, lawyers or scientists who do not work in any field related to biology.\" The book contains four sections: Part I: A Crisis of Confidence; Part II: Darwinism's Cultural Inroads; Part III: Leaving the Darwinian Fold; and Part IV: Auditing the Books. Part I, consisting of three essays, offers opinions on why Darwinism is questioned by the public at large. Part II, consisting of four essays, discusses the authors' opinions on the effects Darwinism has had on society and culture. Part III, consisting of three essays, deals with the personal intellectual journeys of contributors Behe, Denton, and Barham, whose attitudes toward Darwinism have changed through their lives. Part IV, consisting of four essays, presents the authors' opinions on the consistency and scope of Darwinism. The book's introduction characterizes Darwinism by the \"central claim\" that \"an unguided physical process can account for the emergence of all biological complexity and diversity\". Contributor James Barham argues that \"it is incorrect to simply equate Darwinism with belief in evolution.\" He distinguishes empirical Darwinism (\"the idea that the formation of new species is due to random changes in individual organisms that happen to be 'selected' by the environment\") from metaphysical Darwinism (the claim that \"the theory of natural selection has successfully reduced all teleological and normative phenomena to the interplay of chance and necessity, thus eliminating purpose and value from our picture of the world\"). For Barham, the \"real problem with the evolution debate\" is not empirical Darwinism, but a sort of \"theory creep\" in which a \"bold but circumscribed scientific claim\" (empirical Darwinism) becomes conflated with \"a much more sweeping philosophical claim\" (metaphysical Darwinism). Robert C. Koons says in \"Uncommon Dissent\" that \"if evolution is defined broadly enough, there's little doubt that it has occurred.\" He sees the \"defining differential element\" of the modern synthesis as the view that \"the probability of the occurrence of any mutation is unrelated to its prospective contribution to the functionality of any structure, present or future\", and argues that \"the natural presumption about the cause of life\" lies against this view, and instead with a teleological \"intelligent agency position\". Contributor Edward Sisson sees the key question in the debate over biological evolution as whether \"all\" life is \"the result of chance events occurring in DNA (or perhaps elsewhere) that are then 'selected' in some fashion without the need of any guiding intelligence\", thereby undergoing \"unintelligent evolution\", or whether at least \"some\" of the diversity of life on earth can be explained \"only\" through \"intelligent evolution\", in which \"an intelligent designer (or designers)\" causes preexisting species to undergo designed changes in DNA. His view is that \"no data has been found that amounts to real evidence for unintelligent evolution as the explanation for the diversity of life\", that \"science is ignorant of how the diversity of life came to be\", and that \"an intelligent cause is necessary to explain at least some of the diversity of life as we see it\". Evolution has broad acceptance within the scientific community, and that community rejects intelligent design, with critics such as Barbara Forrest and Paul R. Gross saying that design proponents seek to destroy evolution and that they employ intentional ambiguity and conflation in using \"Darwinism\" synonymously with evolution. Of Uncommon Dissent computational physicist and an assistant professor of physics Taner Edis writes: The testimony of Barbara Forrest in the 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial contributed to the ruling that intelligent design is not science and essentially religious in nature. In her expert witness report Forrest presented Nancy R. Pearcey's section in \"Uncommon Dissent\" as evidence of that religious nature. Evolutionary and historical researcher John M. Lynch describes \"Uncommon Dissent\": Of the fifteen intellectuals in the book he says: Uncommon Dissent Uncommon Dissent: Intellectuals Who Find Darwinism Unconvincing is a 2004 anthology edited by William A. Dembski in which fifteen intellectuals, eight of whom are leading intelligent design proponents associated with the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (CSC) and the International Society for Complexity, Information and Design (ISCID), criticise \"Darwinism\" and make a case for intelligent design. It is published by the publishing wing of the paleoconservative Intercollegiate Studies Institute. The foreword is by John Wilson, editor of the evangelical Christian magazine" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Donna Zuckerberg Donna Zuckerberg is an American classicist, editor-in-chief of an online journal and author of the book \"Not All Dead White Men\" (2018) on the appropriation of classics by misogynist groups on the Internet. Zuckerberg earned her Ph.D. in classics at Princeton University in 2014, specializing in the study of ancient tragedy. The title of her doctoral thesis was \"The Oversubtle Maxim Chasers: Aristophanes, Euripides, and their Reciprocal Pursuit of Poetic Identity.\" Her doctoral adviser was Professor Andrew Ford. The classicist Natalie Haynes notes that Zuckerberg 'is a classicist with a strong Internet pedigree'. Zuckerberg is the founder and editor-in-chief of the online journal \"Eidolon\", which publishes texts about classics that are not formal scholarship. Its authors are well-established classicists as well as new experts in the field. Aside from \"Eidolon\", Zuckerberg's work has been published in numerous popular publications, including the \"Times Literary Supplement\", \"Jezebel\", \"The Establishment\", and \"Avidly\". She has also written for mainstream publications about the use of the classics by the alt-right movement. In a 2018 op-ed in the \"Washington Post\", she argues that the sexism and racism found in classic texts should be studied and discussed rather than ignored or, as right-wing ideologues are doing, celebrated. Natalie Haynes agrees with Zuckerberg's ideological stance, arguing that \"ignoring these people is no longer the answer\". Zuckerberg's first monograph \"Not All Dead White Men: Classics and Misogyny in the Digital Age\" was published by Harvard University Press in October, 2018. It has been described as 'one of the first books to examine the online formation known as the Red Pill...also known as the manosphere'. The 'manosphere' includes numerous factions such as men's rights activists, pickup artists, and Men Going Their Own Way. The groups are united by the understanding that they are disadvantaged by contemporary society which operates in favour of women. Zuckerberg's book is a reception study. It describes how the Red Pill movement online finds support for its sexist ideology in texts from ancient Greece and Rome, tracing the phenomenon back to its origins and describing its misappropriation of Ovid, Euripides, Xenophon's Oeconomicus and Marcus Aurelius' Meditations. The book touches on the links between the Red Pill community and the white supremacy movement. The 'Red Pill' is a cultural reference to the film \"The Matrix\" (1999), where Morpheus (Laurence Fishburne) offers Neo (Keanu Reeves) the choice of the blue or red pill, giving blissful ignorance or gritty, painful truth respectively. Zuckerberg argues that \"[t]he red pill metaphor really encapsulates for them [alt-right groups] the fact that they really see their misogyny and racism as a form of enlightenment. They are able to see the world more clearly than the rest of us… and what they see is that white, heterosexual men are discriminated against in our society.\" Zuckerberg's book also explores the popularity of stoicism within the manosphere. It book describes how Red Pill men use stoicism to support their belief in a dichotomy between the rational nature of males and the emotional nature of women. Zuckerberg argues that the point of the Red Pill discourse \"is not for everything to hang together logically and to be totally immune to criticism. The point is to make people feel something—to make their audience feel validated and justified and scared and angry—and [get] any reaction [out of] them\" . Zuckerberg takes a feminist approach to classical antiquity, arguing that the ancient world was deeply misogynistic: 'it was a time when there was no word for rape, feminism did not exist and women's actions were determined by male relatives'. Alt-right groups are using classical texts, distorted and stripped of context, to add weight and authority to campaigns of misogyny and white supremacy. Zuckerberg's interest in the topic began in 2015 when she realized an article about Ovid in \"Eidolon\" saw heavy traffic from the Red Pill community on Reddit. In the same period, she read an interview with Neil Strauss, who mentioned seduction advice by Ovid. That research interest became a magazine article, then a book. The final draft of her book was submitted days before the 2016 United States elections. It then became relevant outside academia, as the grievances of many of the groups she studied entered the political mainstream at the highest level. Zuckerberg says that while her book was in production, the Red Pill movement started to focus more on policing women's reproductive rights, away from the more traditional \"men's rights\" issues such as child custody. The book has been generally well received. Natalie Haynes, Samuel Argyle, and Sarah Bond reviewed it positively, concurring with Zuckerberg's conclusions. The classicist Emily Wilson deems it an \"important and very timely book\" in which Zuckerberg \"makes a persuasive case for why we need a new, more critical, and less comfortable relationship between the ancient and modern worlds \". Similarly Sarah Bond locates Zuckerberg within 'a new generation of classicists, archaeologists, and premodern historians [who] have begun to realize that an insulated approach to scholarship is itself a form of privileged monasticism that we can no longer retreat to'. Bond sees the work as shedding light into the crevices of the internet. Rachel O'Neill applauds Zuckerberg’s willingness to subject the manosphere to scrutiny, given the lack of scholarship on the topic. Paul Cartledge argues that Zuckerberg's is a 'brilliant new book [that] offers a must-read analysis of classicizing antifeminist diatribes that will enlighten or serve as a timely warning to all liberals, as well as to members of the Alt-Right and Red Pill men’s groups (if only they would read it).' It has been described as 'a rare book from a university press that will probably be a crossover bestseller in non-academic markets'.. Jaspreet Singh Boparai is harshly critical of the book's methodology, focusing on an apparent lack of mastery of ancient languages, and on what Bopari regards as Zuckerberg's mistranslations and poor choices in translation. Bopari represents Zuckerberg as 'out of her depth' when writing about ancient philosophy. Bopari dismisses the premise of Zuckerberg's work, writing 'How many of this book’s subjects turn out simply to be frustrated, isolated twenty-year-olds with limited professional prospects?' Bopari takes issue with Zuckerberg's assertion that \"in Herodotus’s text the line between rape and abduction … was not sharply defined,\" arguing that the conflation is Zukerberg's, not Herodotus' because while the noun ἁρπαγή (harpagē) can mean ‘seizure’, ‘robbery’ or ‘rape,’ \"in context it is invariably clear which of these is meant.\" Bopari denies that ancient societies were formulated around rape culture or that rape was normalised within antiquity. He also questions the connection between sexual violence and the Red Pill community. Bopari accuses Zuckerberg of deliberately misleading the reader in a way that 'verges on libel'. The tone of the review is condescending and derisory: 'Zuckerberg should re-read [Ovid] ..., in English if necessary, to see how dishonestly she has portrayed Ovid’s work here. Or does Dr Zuckerberg simply not understand that Ovid is merely saying here that he hopes his works will be read in the future...As for Greek: Dr Zuckerberg does not seem in general to comprehend that a given word may have several meanings'. Zuckerberg has spoken out against social media, arguing that it has created a toxic culture and given men 'with anti-feminist ideas to broadcast their views to more people than ever before – and to spread conspiracy theories, lies and misinformation'. Zuckerberg understands that social media has elevated misogyny to 'entirely new levels of violence and virulence'. Zuckerberg was the recipient of the", "is condescending and derisory: 'Zuckerberg should re-read [Ovid] ..., in English if necessary, to see how dishonestly she has portrayed Ovid’s work here. Or does Dr Zuckerberg simply not understand that Ovid is merely saying here that he hopes his works will be read in the future...As for Greek: Dr Zuckerberg does not seem in general to comprehend that a given word may have several meanings'. Zuckerberg has spoken out against social media, arguing that it has created a toxic culture and given men 'with anti-feminist ideas to broadcast their views to more people than ever before – and to spread conspiracy theories, lies and misinformation'. Zuckerberg understands that social media has elevated misogyny to 'entirely new levels of violence and virulence'. Zuckerberg was the recipient of the 2017-18 Award for Special Service from the Classical Association of the Middle West and South. Zuckerberg will speak at the Jaipur Literature Festival 2019 where she will be in conversation with biographer Patrick French and writer and editor Sharmila Sen. Zuckerberg's parents, a dentist and a psychologist, lived in Dobbs Ferry, New York, when she was born in 1987, the third of four children. She says the family was tight-knit and the parents encouraged their children to develop whatever talents they had. All three of her siblings, Mark Zuckerberg, Randi Zuckerberg and Arielle Zuckerberg, work in the technology sector. Zuckerberg currently lives in Silicon Valley with her husband and her two children. While she was doing her graduate studies, Zuckerberg wrote a food blog called \"Sugar Mountain Treats\". Donna Zuckerberg Donna Zuckerberg is an American classicist, editor-in-chief of an online journal and author of the book \"Not All Dead White Men\" (2018) on the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "In the mid-season premiere \"Inmates\", in the aftermath of the prison attack, Glenn finds Tara hiding within the gates and tells her that he needs her help to escape the prison and find his wife, Maggie, Hershel's daughter. Tara is too disgusted with herself for trusting the Governor and reveals that she saw Lilly die and questions why Glenn wants her help; he states that he doesn't want it, but needs it. After fighting off walkers, Glenn collapses with fatigue and Tara is left to attack the walker who tried to bite him. She is encountered by Abraham Ford, Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa, who are impressed by her skills and ask her to accompany them. In the episode \"Claimed\", she travels alongside the trio until Glenn forces them to stop the truck as Abraham explains that their mission is to get Eugene to Washington D.C. to cure the outbreak. However, Glenn still insists on finding Maggie; Tara and the others accompany him after Eugene accidentally rips the truck's fuel line, and she begins to bond with Abraham. In the episode \"Us\", Tara and Glenn enter a tunnel on the road to Terminus, where Glenn believes Maggie might be, and they find evidence of a fresh cave-in, as well as many trapped walkers. Glenn insists he needs to see the faces of the walkers to ensure none of them are Maggie, and Tara helps. When the two set a diversion with a flashlight to sneak around the swarm of walkers, Tara slips and gets her ankle stuck in the debris. She tells Glenn to leave her, but Glenn, tired of losing people, fires on the walkers until he runs out of bullets and tries to commit suicide by telling them to get him. They are then unexpectedly saved by Abraham, Eugene and Rosita, who have found Maggie. Glenn introduces Tara to Maggie but says that he met Tara on the road, avoiding any mention of the Governor. Tara later agrees to join Abraham in his mission to Washington D.C., and they reach Terminus. In the season finale \"A\", it is shown that they were forced into a train car with the rest of the group. Rick recognizes Tara from the prison but says nothing on the subject. \n In the episode \"Remember\", when the survivors arrive in Alexandria, Tara is assigned the job of a supply runner. In the episode \"Spend, Tara is tasked with looting the warehouse for parts needed to restore power to Alexandria, along with Nicholas, Aiden, Glenn, Noah, and Eugene. Inside the warehouse, Aiden accidentally shoots a grenade on a walker, leaving Tara knocked unconscious by the blast. Eugene looks after Tara and, when the walkers begin to close in, he summons up the courage to carry her out to safety inside the van and Tara is taken back to Alexandria. In the season finale \"Conquer\", after days of being unconscious, Tara wakes up in Alexandria with Rosita by her side. \n Ron Hogan for Den of Geek was complimentary of Tara's humor, saying, \"Alanna Masterson has some good comedic sensibilities (...) However, I just don't feel like Tara's a strong enough character to carry an entire episode, and neither she nor Heath have been developed enough to disappear for two months' worth of episodes stretched across two seasons.\" Conversely, Jeff Stone for IndieWire liked the decision to focus on Tara for an episode saying, \"Tara has always been a sentimental favorite of mine, with her humorous streak and unwillingness to be a full-blown Ricketeer stormtrooper. It's nice to have her back.\" \n Tara Chambler is a fictional character from the horror drama television series The Walking Dead, which airs on AMC in the United States and is based on the comic book series of the same name. The character is based on Tara Chalmers from The Walking Dead:Rise of the Governor, a novel based on the comic book series and the past of the Governor. She is portrayed by Alanna Masterson. She is the first character identified as LGBT to be introduced in the series. \n For the episode \"Crossed\" in the fifth season, Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club commented positively on the character, saying, \"Tara is pretty great.\" \n In the episode \"New Best Friends\", Tara is part of the group who meets the Scavengers while Rick negotiates a deal with them to fight the Saviors. She is dismayed to see Rosita becoming more restless and eager to fight while Tara advises patience. In the episode \"Say Yes\", Tara is shown to be conflicted as she knows that Oceanside has the numbers and weapons to make a difference in the fight, but does not want to break her promise to Cyndie. She also knows that if Rick and the others go to Oceanside, it will most likely lead to a fight. She ultimately comes to Rick at the end of the episode and states she there is something she needs to tell him. In the episode \"Something They Need\", it is shown that Tara told Rick and the others about Oceanside and their considerable firepower, causing them to form a plan to ambush the community and take the weapons. Tara infiltrates the community and attempts to convince Natania and Cyndie to join them and fight rather than hide. When they refuse, Tara is forced to allow Rick's plan to take the community hostage. Natania manages to disarm Tara and holds her at gunpoint, demanding they all leave. Rick refuses and states they are taking the guns one way or another. The tensions are halted when a herd of walkers converges on them, forcing the groups to work together. When Oceanside still refuses to aid them, the group leaves with their weapons (although Tara promises to return them once the fighting is done). After thanking Cydnie once more for her help, Rick approaches Tara and reminds her that she does not have to feel guilty. Tara responds that she knows that and does not anymore. Tara returns to Alexandria with Rick and the others, to find Rosita waiting for them. She explains that Dwight is in their cell. \n For the episode \"Swear\", the character of Tara was mostly well received. Matt Fowler commented that, \"Tara still needs a bit of work from a character standpoint, but at least her conviction that all the murders her crew committed were justified more or less fits with her as someone who was part of the Governor's assault on Rick's prison\". He was also skeptical about her decision to lie about the community. Zack Handlen, writing for The AV Club was more complimentary on the ending scene, calling it \"a rare example of a character actually making a difficult but responsible moral choice!\". He praised Tara in the hour saying, \"As maybe the closest thing to self-aware comic relief the show has left, Tara remains likable enough\" and praised the \"moment of selflessness and faith\" in not speaking of Oceanside which \"generates one of the few moments of legitimate tension in the whole hour.\" Despite this, he was critical of her decision to lie to members of Oceanside saying, \"I like Tara, but it's harder to root for her when she tells such hilariously stupid lies. Her decision to talk about Rick and company murdering a bunch of Negan's men also seems like a bad call. (\"You should totally trust my group! We're good at killing!\")\"", "In the episode \"No Sanctuary\", Tara crafts a makeshift weapon to use in the escape attempt, but it fails and she is left inside. She encourages the group and is confident that they will be able to survive their break-out. When Rick opens the boxcar for everyone to escape, Tara helps kill walkers on their way out and aids in protecting the group. In the episode \"Strangers\", Tara speaks to Rick about her involvement with the Governor; he tells her that he was aware of her hesitation to be there and that is why he tried to talk to her. After they resolve their differences he accepts her as part of his family. Later, the group follows Gabriel Stokes to his church. She goes on a supply run with Glenn and Maggie, and forms a close bond with Maggie. Later, Tara reveals the truth to Maggie that she was with the Governor during Herschel's murder at his hands. After Tara explains herself, Maggie forgives her and they hug. In the episode \"Four Walls and a Roof\", upon hearing of Gareth's return, Abraham demands that the group leave for Washington right away. As part of a bargain to make him stay and fight, Tara promises to go with him tomorrow regardless of what happens. She joins Rick's posse to help trap Gareth's group inside the church, and then watches as Rick, Michonne, Sasha and Abraham brutally slaughter the Terminus cannibals. The next day she is with the others bidding farewell to Bob before he dies from infection, and then following Abraham in the church bus to Washington. In the episode \"Self Help\", she helps keep Eugene safe when the bus crashes, and promises to keep his secret about sabotaging the bus. She is not happy when Eugene reveals he lied about knowing a cure, but still defends him when an enraged Abraham nearly punches him to death. \n Tara Chambler is introduced in the episode \"Live Bait\". After welcoming the Governor (who addresses himself as \"Brian Heriot\") into their apartment, Tara seems to trust him relatively sooner than her sister and quickly seems to see him as a friend. She is briefly disoriented by his bloody smashing of David's skull after David reanimates and tries to bite her; however, she later accepts and agrees with the decision, and realizes that all people who die turn, whether they have been bitten or not. She and the others leave the apartment after David's burial, in search of shelter elsewhere. While on the road, a group of walkers forces them to flee. They are stopped once again when Brian and Meghan fall into a pit full of walkers, all of which Brian successfully kills before any harm can come to himself or Meghan. In the episode \"Dead Weight\", Tara begins a romantic relationship with Alisha, at Martinez's camp. In the mid-season finale \"Too Far Gone\", Tara joins the Governor in attacking the prison, using Hershel and Michonne as leverage, and believing the prison occupants to be bad people, as Brian tells them. However, when Rick Grimes tries to reason with the Governor for the sake of his people. Tara begins to question Brian's plan, especially when Brian holds a sword to Hershel's neck, despite Rick offering to welcome them in. Rick, seeing that Tara doesn't want to be there, tries to personally reason with Tara but she is too conflicted to answer. When the Governor decapitates Hershel, Tara tries to retreat from the battle in shock. Alisha tries to get her to fight back but Tara is disgusted with the Governor and ultimately walks off, traumatized. \n Tara Chalmers lives in Atlanta with her sister April and her father David in an apartment building that they have secured. April saves a group of people, including the man later known as the Governor, from a large herd of undead. The elderly David later dies and turns into a walker without having been bitten. After Philip kills David, tension grows between him and Tara. Philip sexually assaults April. The morning afterwards, April is nowhere to be found, and Tara forces the group, at gunpoint, to leave the building. \n In the season finale, \"The First Day of the Rest of Your Life\", Tara encourages Daryl to kill Dwight as revenge for Denise's death, but Daryl resists. Later, Tara is shown to be disappointed in Rick and Daryl's decision to trust Dwight. At the battle with Negan the following day, when Rosita is shot, Tara helps her to safety. Tara is later seen at Rosita's bedside while she heals from her injuries. \n Some critics felt the characterization of the core group of survivors, including Tara, was off in \"Something They Need\". Ron Hagan for Den of Geek! said, \"Rick and Tara finally discuss the presence of the Seaside Motel group, and that means he's ready to go wage a full-fledged assault on a group of women and children, blowing up dynamite outside their walls, drawing the attention of zombies in the area, and then taking all their guns away to fight his own battle. And yes, that's the hero of the story.\" He was relieved that the cliffhanger involving Sasha in the previous week was not stretched out to the finale. Zack Handlen for The A.V. Club had a similar perspective on raiding Oceanside. He said, \"The fact that Tara not only signed off on this plan, but also seems to be one hundred percent behind it, is at odds with everything we know about her. However much she's supposed to believe in Rick now (and clearly, she's supposed to believe in him a lot), for her to willingly go in on such an openly aggressive scheme is bizarre. This isn't \"we're going to talk, and see what happens next.\" \n Masterson was promoted to the main cast for the renewed fifth season. As of the second episode of the seventh season, her name appears in the opening credits. \n Masterson's performance received a mixed response from critics. Jacob Stolworthy for The Independent was complimentary of Masterson's portrayal of Tara saying, \"Granted, if fans were told they'd be getting an episode dedicated to Tara upon her introduction in season four, eyebrows would have been raised. But it's through this character-played with a refreshing charm by Masterson (whose pregnancy is to account for her lack of presence)-that we meet yet another new community\". Conversely, Shane Ryan for Paste Magazine was extremely critical of Masterson's performance. He went further to say, \"I went from thinking this was an episode about a couple of badass tropical killers to realizing the mysterious body washed up on shore belonged to Tara ... that was the worst kind of gut punch.\" In contrast to Stolworthy, Ryan disliked the humor in the episode saying, \"Every single \"funny\" bit of dialogue Tara uttered under stress was painfully unfunny. Hire a comedy writer, Walking Dead. Your shit needs a punch-up.\"", "Tara returns in the episode \"Swear\". She gets separated from Heath, ending up on a beach, unconscious. A girl named Cyndie (Sydney Park) gives her water and leaves. Soon after, Tara wakes up and follows her, only to find a community named Oceanside full of armed women that kill any stranger they see on sight in order to protect themselves. She is discovered and tries to flee as the women try to gun her down. She is later captured. At dinner, she learns they were attacked by the Saviors and all of their men were killed. Tara is asked to stay by the leader of the community, Natania, but she convinces them to let her go, as she says she needs to get back to her girlfriend (unaware Denise is dead). Later, Tara realizes she is being led out to be killed, so she escapes with the help of Cyndie, who asks her to swear not to tell anybody else about the community. Tara returns home only to find out about the deaths. Rosita asks if there is a place, no matter how dangerous, to find food. Tara lies, saying she did not see anything on her supply run, thus keeping her promise to Cyndie. In the mid-season finale, \"Hearts Still Beating\", Tara arrives outside Rick's house to give Olivia (Ann Mahoney) Denise's lemonade at Negan's request. Tara comforts Olivia for having to face Negan. Later, Tara, Rosita, Carl, and other Alexandrians watch the exchange between Negan and Spencer over a game of pool as Spencer tries to convince Negan to kill Rick and put him in charge. As Negan brutally murders Spencer for dislike of his weak abilities, Tara watches in shock with everyone else. Soon after, Rosita pulls out her gun and tries to shoot Negan, only to miss and hit Lucille, his beloved baseball bat, causing him to rage and threaten Rosita to which Tara is visually distressed about. Tara then watches Olivia get shot in the face by Arat, one of Negan's soldiers after Rosita lies continuously about who made the bullet she shot Lucille with, resulting in Negan ordering Arat to kill someone of her choice, furthering Tara's distress. After this, Negan continues to demand to know who made the bullet. Tara lies and says it was her briefly before Eugene admits it was him and is taken away. \n Tara Chambler \n--- \nThe Walking Dead character \nTara Chambler, as portrayed by Alanna Masterson in the television series. \nFirst appearance \| \"Live Bait\" 4x06, November 17, 2013 \nCreated by \| Scott M. Gimple \nPortrayed by \| Alanna Masterson \nInformation \nOccupation \| Police Academy student Alexandria Supply runner \nFamily \| David Chambler (father) Lilly Chambler (sister) Meghan Chambler (niece) \nSignificant other (s) \| Alisha Denise Cloyd \n In the season premiere \"First Time Again\", Tara is still recovering in bed while Maggie and Rosita check up on her. She is soon able to walk around and helps with building a wall barrier, to help guard the walkers that are stuck in the quarry. She and Maggie discuss how Nicholas caused Noah's death and Maggie reveals to her that Nicholas tried to kill Glenn. Maggie then reminds her she too used to be on the enemy's side when The Governor attacked, and the two hug. In the episode \"JSS\", Tara is first seen in the infirmary with Eugene. Tara meets Denise and asks why hasn't she met her yet. Tara asks Denise if she can help her with a headache. As the wolves attack Alexandria, Tara, Eugene and Denise stay in the infirmary. An injured Holly is brought in who has been stabbed. Tara notices Denise being reluctant to help a dying Holly and pressures her to help. Despite Denise trying her best to save Holly, she passes away due to blood loss. Before Tara leaves the infirmary, she quietly reminds Denise to destroy Holly's brain so she will not reanimate. In the episode \"Now\", Tara encourages Denise not to give up hope on Scott. Denise tells her later that he will make it and kisses her. In the episode \"Heads Up\", Tara saves an Alexandrian, Spencer (Austin Nichols) by shooting at walkers after Spencer falls into a herd for trying to use a zip-line to crawl across. Despite saving his life, Rick is angry at her for wasting bullets and she flips him off. Rick apologizes but says that she didn't need to save him. In the mid-season finale \"Start to Finish\", Tara is first seen helping drag Tobin to safety when the walls fall down and the herd enters Alexandria. She and Rosita then rescue Eugene and take refuge in a nearby garage, trapped in there by the walkers. Rosita is beginning to give up hope but Tara encourages her to keep going and the trio start working to escape the garage. Later on, they escape and stumble into the same room The Wolf is holding Denise captive, with Carol and Morgan unconscious on the floor. He forces them to surrender their weapons and Tara watches helplessly as he takes Denise with him as a hostage. In the mid-season premiere \"No Way Out\", Tara joins Rick and the rest of the town in wiping out the walkers. In the episode \"The Next World\", two months later, it is shown that Tara and Denise (who managed to survive the event) are now living together as a couple. In the episode \"Not Tomorrow Yet\", Tara accompanies the group to the Saviors' compound to infiltrate and kill them. Both Jesus and Father Gabriel comfort Tara, who is feeling guilty for lying to Denise. She later kills two members of the Saviors. Heath and Tara then leave to go on a two-week supply run. \n Tara's family encounters the Governor, under the alias \"Brian Heriot\", and they invite him into their apartment complex. Later, Tara's sister, Lilly, forms a relationship with him, although Tara remains fiercely protective of her sister and her niece. Eventually, after her father dies, the Governor and Tara's family leave the apartment complex and find Martinez's camp. As the Governor coerces the people of the camp to attack the safe haven prison, Tara discovers his true brutality and the vendetta he maintains, and is traumatized when he murders Hershel. After the downfall of the prison, Glenn comes to Tara for help in finding his wife, Maggie, who escaped during the gunfire. Tara reluctantly follows him on his quest and, eventually, becomes a member of Rick Grimes's group after he forgives her for being part of the Governor's militia. She remains an active part of the group when they reach the Alexandria Safe-Zone where she sparks up romance with Dr. Denise Cloyd, and becomes one of Alexandria's primary supply runners. \n Significant other (s) \| Alisha Denise Cloyd \n Tara Chambler is Lilly's sister, David's daughter, and Meghan's aunt." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Star Awards for Top Rated Drama Serial The Star Awards for Best Drama Serial was an award presented annually at the Star Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1994. The category was introduced in 2000, at the 7th Star Awards ceremony; \"The Legendary Swordsman\" received the award and it is given in honour of a Mediacorp drama serial which has the highest overall viewership. Since its inception, the award has been given to 14 drama serials. \"Tiger Mum\" was the most recent winner in this category. The award was not presented in 2001 and 2005. Additionally, following changes to the measurement of television viewership, the award category was not presented from 2017 onwards. Star Awards for Top Rated Drama Serial The Star Awards for Best Drama Serial was an award presented annually at the Star Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1994. The category was introduced in 2000, at the 7th Star Awards ceremony; \"The Legendary Swordsman\" received the award and it is given in honour of a Mediacorp drama serial which has the highest overall viewership. Since its inception, the award has been given to 14 drama serials. \"Tiger Mum\" was the most recent winner in this" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "HMS Pelorus (1808) HMS \"Pelorus\" was an 18-gun \"Cruizer\"-class brig-sloop of the British Royal Navy. She was built in Itchenor, England and launched on 25June 1808. She saw action in the Napoleonic Wars and in the War of 1812. On anti-slavery patrol off West Africa, she captured four slavers and freed some 1350 slaves. She charted parts of Australia and New Zealand and participated in the First Opium War (18391842) before becoming a merchantman and wrecking in 1844 while transporting opium to China. \" Pelorus\" was commissioned in July 1808 under Commander the Honourable James William King, and sailed for the Leeward Islands on 15December. In January 1809 Commander Thomas Huskisson was appointed commander of \"Pelorus\", but did not find out until May. Therefore he was not her commander at the capture of Martinique in February. (Some accounts have her under the command of Captain Francis Augustus Collier; however, he was commander of .) Under Huskinson she then took part in enforcing the blockade of Guadeloupe. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp \"Martinique\" to any surviving crewmen from that campaign that wished to claim it. On 16 October \"Pelorus\" and were in company when they came upon the French privateer schooner \"Général Ernouf\" moored under the guns of the battery of St. Marie on the east coast of the southern part of Guadeloupe. \"Hazard\" and \"Pelorus\" attempted to send in a cutting out party during the night, but the boats could not find a channel. The British went in again in the daylight despite fire from the battery and the schooner's long 18-pounder pivot-gun and two swivels. Fire from \"Hazard\" and \"Pelorus\" silenced the batteries but as the British came alongside the French crew, an estimated 80-100 men, fled ashore. There two field guns joined them in firing on the cutting-out party. Because the schooner was aground and chained to the shore the boarding party could not bring her out; instead, they set fire to her. However, a premature explosion injured some of them. In all, \"Hazard\" lost three men killed and four wounded; \"Pelorus\" lost three killed and five wounded. In February 1810 \"Pelorus\" participated in the capture of Guadeloupe. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp \"Guadaloupe\" to any surviving crewmen from that campaign that wished to claim them. Later the same year, under Commander Alexander Kennedy, \"Pelorus\" patrolled the Leeward Islands. In May, command transferred to Commander Joshua Rowley. In late December 1811 and early 1812, \"Pelorus\" was cruising off Plymouth. On 22 and 23 December 1811 she captured \"Marianne\" and \"Deux Freres\". On 6January 1812, she sent in a French \"chasse maree\" that she had taken. On 5April Rowley sailed her for the Mediterranean. In September 1812, Commander Robert Gambier took command of \"Pelorus\". By 1814, her captain was Commander Robert Stow. On 7 March boats from , , and a third British vessel, destroyed the American privateer \"Mars\", of 15 guns and 70 men, off Sandy Hook. Some accounts name \"Pelorus\" as the third British vessel, but the prize money notices and most other accounts give the name of the third vessel as . Then by September, \"Pelorus\" was under the command of Commander John Gourly. A year later she was paid off at Plymouth where she underwent a Middling Repair before she was laid up. She was fitted for sea from April–August 1823, Commander William Hamley having recommissioned her in April. In 1824, she was at Cork on coast guard duties. On 19 May she captured the smuggling vessel \"Good Hope\". On 9October, she captured a small smuggling lugger, the \"Phoenix\", which was carrying a cargo of tobacco and a small amount of tea. Over a period of three years, Hamley captured more smuggling-vessels than any other vessel. On 30 October 1823, a ship ran into \"Pelorus\" during the night, and then sailed on. The crash destroyed the bowsprit and sent the foremast over the side; both of which had to be cut away despite the heavy seas and otherwise bad weather. The crew rigged a jury-mast and bowsprit and \"Pelorus\" was able to get back to Plymouth. Had the ship struck \"Pelorus\" a few inches further aft the sloop would almost certainly have foundered. \"Pelorus\" was paid off in July 1826. In all, Hamley had seized more than 62,000 weight of tobacco. From July–October 1826, she underwent alteration from a brig-sloop to a ship-sloop via the addition of a third mast. Then in October, Commander Peter Richards recommissioned her. In January 1827, \"Pelorus\" was employed in the Mediterranean protecting British trade in the Archipelago, at Alexandria, and around the coasts of Syria and Caramania. Commander Michael Quinn took command from September 1828. In December 1829, she struck a rock at the entrance of Port Mahon, Menorca. came from Gibraltar to retrieve her officers and crew. By 9 May 1830, \"Pelorus\" was back in Portsmouth. From December 1830-December 1831, she underwent repairs and an alteration back to a brig. In 1831, William Wilberforce's anti-slavery law was passed. In September, Captain Richard Meredith recommissioned \"Pelorus\" and she joined the West Africa Squadron. Here she patrolled the west coast of Africa to suppress the slave trade. On 9May 1832, she was at Sierra Leone having brought in the Spanish slaving vessel \"Segunda Theresa\", which was carrying 459 slaves. On 18 October 1832 \"Pelorus\" sailed from the Cape of Good Hope for Simon's Bay. In May 1833 she was back at the Cape, and on the 16th she sailed for Mauritius. She arrived there on 3 June. A month later, on 6 June, she left Mauritius for Colombo with specie to pay the troops in Ceylon. From there she returned to the Cape, from whence she sailed for St Helena, where she arrived on 7 December. She then sailed to Ascension and the west coast of Africa. On 16June 1834, Lieutenant Philip de Sausmarez of \"Pelorus\" came before a court martial. The charge was that on 18 April 1832, while in command of the prize crew on the \"Segunda Theresa\", Sausmarez had the boatswain's mate of administer 24 lashes to Francis Brown for neglect of duty. Meredith preferred the charges because he had forbidden the lash in written orders. The court supported Suasmarez, who had been under arrest for 18 months before his exoneration. On 30June, boats from \"Pelorus\" captured the Spanish slaver \"Pepita\". At the time of her capture, \"Pepita\" had no slaves aboard. Under the terms of the treaty with Spain, the Royal Navy could only seize vessels actually carrying slaves. The boarding party manufactured evidence by putting three slaves aboard \"Pepita\" after boarding her. They then brought another 176 slaves that were on shore waiting to be loaded. Meredith accepted responsibility for the manufacturing of evidence. The Court in Sierra Leone therefore had to order \"Pepita\" returned to her master. \"Pepita\"s master then sued for damages. The Court found against Meredith and charged him £1092 in damages. \"Pelorus\" continued to patrol the Bight of Benin and the vicinity of Princees Island. On 17 December, \"Pelorus\" captured the two-gun slaver \"Sutil\". She had 307 slaves aboard, of whom 91 died of dysentery and disease before they could be freed in Sierra Leone. On 5January 1835, boats from \"Pelorus\" captured the Spanish polacca-bark \"Minerva\", which armed with two 18-pounder and two 8-pounder guns. The boats had sailed up the Calabar river and laid in ambush. Skillful handling resulted in the capture of the slaver with no casualties to the boarding party although the vessel's guns were double-shotted and the crew and the boarding party exchanged small arms fire. The vessel had a crew of 37 men, two of whom were cut down. The boarding party consisted of 22 men. The slaver had some 650 slaves aboard, and after her capture, the master arrived with 25 more. In sum, she had 676 aboard, of whom 206 died of disease before they could be freed in Sierra Leone. On 24 February 1835 she was off Princes Island", "before they could be freed in Sierra Leone. On 5January 1835, boats from \"Pelorus\" captured the Spanish polacca-bark \"Minerva\", which armed with two 18-pounder and two 8-pounder guns. The boats had sailed up the Calabar river and laid in ambush. Skillful handling resulted in the capture of the slaver with no casualties to the boarding party although the vessel's guns were double-shotted and the crew and the boarding party exchanged small arms fire. The vessel had a crew of 37 men, two of whom were cut down. The boarding party consisted of 22 men. The slaver had some 650 slaves aboard, and after her capture, the master arrived with 25 more. In sum, she had 676 aboard, of whom 206 died of disease before they could be freed in Sierra Leone. On 24 February 1835 she was off Princes Island where Midshipman Judd died. On 26September, \"Pelorous\" was paid off at Portsmouth. A bounty was paid on both \"Sutil\" and \"Minerva\" in June 1836. On 31January 1837, \"Pelorus\" was recommissioned under Captain Francis Harding who had taken command on 21January. She then sailed for the Cape of Good Hope on 9 April, having received specie from London that she was to take to Mauritius via the Cape. She arrived at the Cape on 1 June. \"Pelorus\" — under Commander Harding — called at the Cocos (Keeling) Islands on 16December, and stayed for six days. Captain John Clunies-Ross — the \"King of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands\" — had asked for a visit from a naval vessel to forestall a possible revolt by the inhabitants. In mid-September 1837, \"Pelorus\" sailed to Rangoon to deliver an ultimatum to the mutinous King Tharyarwaddy from the Governor-General of India, Lord Auckland. Next, she sailed for Western Australia and Van Diemen's Land. On 9January 1838, she arrived at Fremantle from Calcutta, departing on 19 March for King George Sound carrying a party including Governor of Western Australia Captain James Stirling. While there a boatcrew, under master's mate Charles Forsyth, surveyed the nearby Tor Bay for a potential new anchorage. She returned Stirling to Fremantle, arriving on 9 April, then departing on 7 May for Adelaide, Launceston and Sydney, arriving on 22June. On 5July she sailed for New Zealand. Then in August \"Pelorus\" sailded to New Zealand to conduct a survey of the Marlborough Sounds region. On 22August, \"Pelorus\" sailed into Port Underwood, New Zealand, and cast anchor in Oyster Cove. She was under the temporary command of Lt. Phillip Chetwode while Commander Harding was ill. From here, Chetwode surveyed and named Pelorus River and Pelorus Sound in New Zealand in honour of his ship. He also named the Chetwode Islands, off Pelorus Sound. Lt. Augustus Leopold Kuper was nominated acting commander of \"Pelorus\" on 27July 1839. On 26 August, \"Pelorus\" and attempted to scuttle the British merchant ship \"Lucretia\", which had caught fire off Kyardbilly's point, Sydney. The attempt was unsuccessful and the ship exploded and sank. On 25November 1839, while anchored off Port Essington, Australia, a hurricane struck \"Pelorus\", wrecking her. She lost 12 of her crew; a whaleboat from , under Captain Owen Stanley, rescued the survivors. According to Kuper, \"\"Pelorus\" was buried in the mud for 86 days.\" On 5March 1840, Kuper was promoted to command of \"Alligator\", then on 26December, Lieutenant Kuper was promoted to the rank of commander, his commission being back-dated to when he took command of \"Pelorus\". After repairs, in late July 1840, \"Pelorus\" sailed from Sydney with to take part in the First Opium War. On 23April 1841, she arrived at Singapore. One month later, Lieutenant W. W. Chambers, of , was appointed and promoted to be acting commander of \"Pelorus\". At the time, \"Wellesley\" was at Canton (now Guangzhou) in China. On 6July 1841, \"Pelorus\" was laid up at Singapore and Lieutenant Chambers returned to Britain. The officers and crew transferred to the steam paddle and sail survey cutter , which Commodore Sir J.J.G. Bremer had just purchased and which went on to operations in China. An Admiralty Order of 16 October specified that \"Pelorus\" was to be sold, which took place in 1842. The purchasers may have been Pybus Brothers. On 27 1843, under Captain Triggs, she arrived in Hong Kong with a load of opium. \"Pelorus\" sank on 25December 1844 when she struck a shoal at off the coast of Borneo in the South China Sea. Captain Triggs took her gig and two passengers and sailed to Singapore. From there he led the steamer \"Victoria\" to the wreck. \"Victoria\" was able to rescue 20 of the crew and save 70 chests of opium. Notes Citations References HMS Pelorus (1808) HMS \"Pelorus\" was an 18-gun \"Cruizer\"-class brig-sloop of the British Royal Navy. She was built in Itchenor, England and launched on 25June 1808. She saw action" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Edward Winter (chess historian) Edward Winter (born 1955) is an English chess journalist, archivist, historian, collector and author. Very little information about him is publicly available. His correspondence with other chess historians as well as prefaces of his books suggest he lives in Geneva, Switzerland. He writes a regular column on chess history, \"Chess Notes\", and is also a regular columnist for ChessBase. \"Chess Notes\" started as a bimonthly periodical, and was described by its author, in the first issue (January–February 1982), as \"A forum for aficionados to discuss all matters relating to the Royal Pastime\". At the end of 1989, the periodical ceased publication. In 1993, Winter resumed publication of \"Chess Notes\", which appeared, this time, as a syndicated column, in many languages around the world. From 1998 to 2001, it was published exclusively in \"New In Chess\". Later, it appeared online at the Chess Café website. Since September 2004, \"Chess Notes\" are hosted by the Chess History Center website. Beginning in 1996, selected collections of \"Chess Notes\" have been published in book form. Yasser Seirawan calls Winter \"the chess world's foremost authority on its rich history\". William Hartston observed of him: \"Edward Winter is probably the most meticulous and diligent researcher and chess writer around. For several years, from his home in Switzerland, he produced the much-admired \"Chess Notes\", a privately published journal of chess history and anecdotes that was the scourge of all that was sloppy or dishonest in chess. Winter's brilliantly scathing style, always adopted in the noble cause of accuracy, give his writings a marvellously entertaining as well as instructive quality.\" Winter is noted for his abrasive style in his criticisms of other writers; frequent targets include Eric Schiller, Raymond Keene, and Larry Evans. Hans Ree wrote of Winter, \"[He] is a just but stern supervisor of chess literature. Every chess writer in the English language knows: when he makes a mistake in a date, overlooks a mate in an analysis, or sins against the King's English, he will be flogged by Winter, whose eyes see everything.\" Edward Winter (chess historian) Edward Winter (born 1955) is an English chess journalist, archivist, historian, collector and author. Very little information about him is publicly available. His correspondence with other chess historians as well as prefaces of his books suggest he lives in Geneva, Switzerland. He writes a regular column on chess history, \"Chess Notes\", and is also" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Bunyoro rabbit The Bunyoro rabbit or Central African rabbit (\"Poelagus marjorita\") is a species of mammal in the family Leporidae. It is monotypic within the genus Poelagus. It is found in central Africa and its typical habitat is damp savannah, often with rocky outcrops. The Bunyoro rabbit has a head and body length of about and a weight of . Both the hind legs and ears are shorter than in other African species, and the coat is coarser. The general body colour is greyish-brown and the tail is yellowish above and white beneath. The Bunyoro rabbit is native to Central Africa. Its range extends from southern Chad and South Sudan to northeastern Zaire and western Kenya as far south as the northern end of Lake Tanganyika. There is a separate population in Angola. Its favoured habitat is damp savannah, often with rocky outcrops. It also occurs in woodland where \"Isoberlinia\" spp. trees grow and sometimes in forests. It is often associated with rock hyrax and may use the same crevices among rocks in which to hide, and in the Rift Valley it occupies the same type of habitat as rockhares (\"Pronolagus\" spp.) do in southern Africa. The Bunyoro rabbit is nocturnal, hiding during the day in a form in dense vegetation or a hole among rocks and coming out to feed as part of a family group at night. Its diet consists of grasses and flowering plants and it likes the succulent young shoots that sprout from the ground after land has been cleared or burned. When living in proximity to cultivated land, it feeds on rice and peanut plants. Predators that feed on the Bunyoro rabbit probably include owls, hawks, servals (\"Felis serval\"), cape genets (\"Genetta tigrina\") and servaline genets (\"Genetta servalina\"). Breeding seems to occur at any time of year. The gestation period is about five weeks and one or two altricial young are born in a breeding hole, the entrance of which is loosely blocked with soil or grass. The population trend of the Bunyoro rabbit is believed to be stable and it is common in some parts of its range. No particular threats have been identified although the animal is hunted locally, and for these reasons the IUCN, in its Red List of Endangered Species, lists it as being of \"Least Concern\". Bunyoro rabbit The Bunyoro rabbit or Central African rabbit (\"Poelagus marjorita\") is a species" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Arda Collins Arda Collins is an American poet and winner of the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition. Collins was born in New York. She is a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, where she was a Glenn Schaeffer Fellow, and the University of Denver, where she received a Ph.D. in poetry. Her book \"It Is Daylight\" was selected by Louise Glück for the Yale Series of Younger Poets. She has taught at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, New York University, and at Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand. She is currently the Grace Hazard Conkling Writer in Residence at Smith College. She lives in Western Massachusetts. Her poems have been published in journals and magazines including \"The New Yorker\", jubilat, \"The American Poetry Review\", \"A Public Space\" and \"Gutcult.\" Arda Collins Arda Collins is an American poet and winner of the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition. Collins was born in New York. She is a graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, where she was a Glenn Schaeffer Fellow, and the University of Denver, where she received a Ph.D. in poetry. Her book \"It Is Daylight\" was selected by Louise Glück for the Yale Series of Younger Poets. She" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zanoni, Missouri Zanoni is an unincorporated community located in Ozark County, Missouri, on Route 181 about ten miles northeast of Gainesville. A watermill (doubling as a bed and breakfast) and a post office are all that remain of the community. The community was founded in 1898 and was named for the novel \"Zanoni\" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton. The mill was built in 1905 as an overshot wheel mill by \"Doc\" Morrison and restored by his grandson. The mill is located where the Zanoni Spring arises from openings in the Roubidoux Formation, an Ordovician unit of mixed sandstone and dolostone. The spring discharges at the base of a ridge above Pine Creek, a tributary of Caney Creek which discharges into Bryant Creek just above its intersection with North Fork River and Norfork Lake. The discharge of the spring is or per day. Zanoni, Missouri Zanoni is an unincorporated community located in Ozark County, Missouri, on Route 181 about ten miles northeast of Gainesville. A watermill (doubling as a bed and breakfast) and a post office are all that remain of the community. The community was founded in 1898 and was named for the novel \"Zanoni\" by Edward Bulwer-Lytton. The mill was built" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Death in Singapore Deaths in Singapore offset the population increase from live births. In 2007, 17,140 people in Singapore died from various causes. The death rate was 4.5 deaths per 1,000 of the population. There are strict regulations surrounding death and treatment of the body after death. Under section 2A of the Interpretation Act, a person is considered as having died when there is either irreversible cessation of circulation of blood and respiration, or total and irreversible cessation of all functions of the brain. Irreversible cessation of the blood circulation and respiration is determined according to ordinary standards of current medical practice, while total and irreversible cessation of all brain functions is made in accordance with the following criteria: In addition, the Interpretation Act sets out other safeguards for the determination of death: When the question of whether a person is alive or dead arises, and it is shown that he was alive within 30 years, the burden of proving that he or she is dead lies on the person who affirms it. However, if it is proved that he or she has not been heard of for seven years by those who would naturally have heard of the person if he or she had been alive, the burden of proving that the person is alive shifts to the person who affirms this. Any married person who alleges that reasonable grounds exist for supposing that the other party to the marriage is dead may apply to court to have it presumed that the other party is dead and to have the marriage dissolved. If the court is satisfied that such reasonable grounds exist, it may make an interim judgment of presumption of death and of divorce. In such proceedings, the fact that for seven years or more the other party to the marriage has been continually absent from the applicant, and the applicant has no reason to believe that the other party has been living within that time, is evidence that the missing person is dead until the contrary is proved. As of 2017, the top 10 causes of death in Singapore were those set out in the table below: Capital punishment is legal in Singapore. The number of judicial executions has fluctuated widely depending on crime rates; at its highest point, according to unofficial statistics compiled by Amnesty International, about 408 people were hanged between 1991 and 2003; at its lowest point in 2010, none were executed. Between 2004 and 2011, the number of executions varied between none and 10. Hanging, which is used for all executions and are carried out in Changi Prison on Fridays at dawn, are by the long drop method, which severs the spinal cord. Suicide is a significant non-medical cause of death in Singapore. Although attempted suicide is an offence punishable with jail under section 309 of the Penal Code, Singapore still sees many cases of suicide each year. Between 2000 and 2004, 1,700 people killed themselves, and in 2007 suicides amounted to about 2.2% of all deaths. For every successful suicide attempt, there were seven unsuccessful ones. It was reported in 2006 that suicide was one of the top causes of death of Singapore youths. In 2001, five children younger than 15 years took their lives, and 37 people between the ages of 15 and 25 did so. The coroner's report of a junior college student who killed himself because he believed his penis was too small was reported in the international media. The pressure exerted by parents on their children to produce good academic results has also been a contributing factor in some suicides. Recent notable examples of young adults that commit suicide include Cpt (Dr) Allan Ooi Seng Teik, who ended his life on 3 March 2009 presumably due to disenchantment working with the Singapore Armed Forces. When a person dies, a doctor will certify the cause of death if it is known and due to natural causes. He or she will then fill up a certificate of cause of death (CCOD) which will be given to the family of the deceased. If the doctor is unable to determine the cause of death, or the death is due to non-natural causes, the Criminal Procedure Code requires him to refer the case to the police. The police will provide a hearse to send the body to the Centre for Forensic Medicine (CFM) Mortuary at Block 9 of the Singapore General Hospital, which will then inform the family when to visit the mortuary. At the CFM Mortuary, the family will view and identify the body of the deceased in the presence of a coroner, who reviews the case and determines if an autopsy is required. The family will be informed of the coroner's decision and the time to claim the body for the funeral. If an autopsy is conducted and reveals that the death is unnatural, the police will conduct further investigations into the cause of death with the family's assistance. Once the investigations are complete, the family will be told to attend a coroner's inquiry at the Subordinate Courts. Only after that will they be able to claim the body. After the family obtains the CCOD, they usually engage a funeral director (also known as an undertaker) who collects the body, embalms it if necessary, and delivers it to the wake. In addition, they have to decide whether the body is to be cremated or buried, and register the death. The funeral director also helps to make arrangements for the wake and funeral, according to the religious beliefs and wishes of the family. When a person dies in a house, the death must be notified to the authorities within 24 hours by the occupier of the house in which to his or her knowledge the death took place, the relatives of the deceased present at his or her death or in attendance during the last illness of the deceased, or each person present at the death. If those persons fail to do so, another inmate of the house or the person causing the body of the deceased person to be buried. When a person dies in a place which is not a house, or a dead body is found elsewhere than in a house, every relative of the deceased person having knowledge of any particulars required to be registered concerning the death, and every person present at the death, and every person taking charge of the body, and, if the death occurs in a ship or vessel the master or other person having charge of the ship or vessel, and the person causing the body to be buried must, within 24 hours after the death or finding of the body, give to the authorities such information that the informant has concerning the death that is required to be registered. The Choa Chu Kang Cemetery Complex is the only cemetery in Singapore still accepting burials. Others, such as Bidadari Cemetery, have made way for redevelopment. Burials cost up to S$420 for children and $940 for adults. The complex is divided into cemeteries according to religion, and includes the Parsi, Jewish and Christian cemeteries. On 1 November 1998, the NEA implemented a policy to limit the burial period of all graves to 15 years, due to a shortage of space in the cemeteries. After being buried for 15 years, graves are exhumed and the remains removed. If the religion of the deceased permits cremation, the exhumed remains are cremated and stored in government columbaria niches; otherwise, the remains are re-buried in smaller individual plots. Sea burial is being implemented at Tanah Merah by the end of 2019. In the days of British rule, the number of Chinese burial grounds in Singapore increased very rapidly and the colonial government had little power to control burial spaces because it did not possess sanctions of sufficient strength. Clan associations met all the physical and social needs of the Chinese majority, and the result was the creation of segmented Chinese immigrant communities separated by kinship ties and operating independently of the state, each conducting their own death rites and running their own cemeteries. The local authorities began to view these cemeteries as hazardous sources of disease-causing vectors such as mosquitoes, as well as a form of land waste. There", "are re-buried in smaller individual plots. Sea burial is being implemented at Tanah Merah by the end of 2019. In the days of British rule, the number of Chinese burial grounds in Singapore increased very rapidly and the colonial government had little power to control burial spaces because it did not possess sanctions of sufficient strength. Clan associations met all the physical and social needs of the Chinese majority, and the result was the creation of segmented Chinese immigrant communities separated by kinship ties and operating independently of the state, each conducting their own death rites and running their own cemeteries. The local authorities began to view these cemeteries as hazardous sources of disease-causing vectors such as mosquitoes, as well as a form of land waste. There were urgent demands on space in land-scarce Singapore in the name of national development. In the words of E. W. Barker, then the minister for law, environment, science and technology, \"The needs of Singapore's young population must require the use of sterilised land, for the economic and social good of all citizens of Singapore.\" In the 1965 Master Plan, which was designed to guide land-use development in Singapore, cemeteries were identified as land \"considered available for development\", and cremation was mooted as a viable option to deal with the exhumed bodies from these burial grounds, and as a way to dispose of people who died. To encourage the population to adopt this relatively new way of treating the dead, the state employed the help of \"funerary middlemen\" who could erode the distrust of cremation because they were respected for their knowledge of death rites and disposal. In addition, the rallying cries of national development, the common good, and the country's future were used to encourage the populace to take up the idea of cremation and to abandon their insistence of traditional burial grounds. In 1972, the state made it clear that it would close all cemeteries near and around the city area to \"conserve land\". State power over cemeteries was considerably strengthened by an alteration in the law allowing the public commissioner to \"close cemeteries without assigning reasons for doing so\". As an alternative means of managing the disposal of the dead, the state offered burial space at a state-owned public cemetery complex at Choa Chu Kang, although it made it clear that it considered cremation as the only viable long-term option. As various academics have pointed out, the clearance of ethnic burial grounds served more than a practical purpose as it signified the transferring of power from clan- and ethnic-based associations, which had previously run these burial grounds, to state organizations. The earliest government crematorium, situated at Mount Vernon, began operations in 1962 with only one funeral service hall and about four cremations a week. By 1995, it had three service halls and was averaging 21 cremations a day, with operations beginning every day at 9:00 am with cremations scheduled at 45-minute intervals until about 6:00 or 7:00 pm. The site includes a columbarium built in several phases, comprising niches arranged in numbered blocks which either feature Chinese-style green roofs, or housed within a nine-storey pagoda-style building. There also exists a two-storey \"church-style\" building. Towards the end of the 1970s, the Mount Vernon complex, which was initially intended for the storage of ashes from recent deaths, could no longer cope with the scale of exhumation projects fuelling the demand for columbarium niches. Another crematorium and columbarium complex was built at Mandai, and this commenced operations in 1982, equipped with eight small and four medium-sized cremators and a total of 64,370 niches for the storage of cremated remains. Chinese voluntary associations such as Pek San Theng were allowed to build columbaria to house the remains of those exhumed from clan-owned cemeteries, and temples and churches were allowed to accommodate cremated remains. Mount Vernon Crematorium ceased operations on 30 June 2004. After a body is cremated, the family of the deceased can store the ashes at home or in a columbarium, or scatter them in the sea about south of Pulau Semakau. There are three crematoria in Singapore. The Mandai Crematorium, the only government facility, is now operated by the National Environment Agency. The other two crematoria are privately operated; one is in the Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery at Bright Hill Drive, Bishan, and the other is in Tse Toh Aum Temple at Sin Ming Drive. There are three government columbaria and 57 private ones. The government-operated columbaria are at Mandai, Yishun and Choa Chu Kang. (A fourth government columbarium at Mount Vernon is due to close at an unspecified date due to redevelopment of its surrounding area into a public housing estate.) Private columbaria are operated by the Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery, the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Mary of the Angels in Bukit Batok, and the Singapore Soka Association, among others. As with crematoria, there is a significant price difference between niches in private and government columbaria. A standard niche in any government columbarium costs less than $900, but one at the Kong Meng San monastery costs more than $15,000. The government columbaria allocate niches sequentially, and charge an extra $250 for any location change request; for an extra price, the private columbaria allow families to choose niche locations subject to availability, and even to pre-book niches before death. There has been an increase in the number of Singaporeans pre-booking niches at private crematoria, even though some people consider talking about death and pre-booking a final resting place inauspicious. Reasons for pre-booking include wanting one's ashes to be close to those of loved ones, and hedging against higher prices for niches in future. The bodies of foreigners (regardless of where they die) can be cremated in Singapore, but their ashes have to be placed in private columbaria. There are also irregular instances of Singaporeans dying overseas, such as the 2015 accident surrounding Huang Lin Davina, a high-profile demise of a Singaporean abroad. It has been observed that the architecture of government columbaria reflects the outlook of the Singaporean nation. The early columbaria were simple, with few aesthetic ornaments, just like early Singaporean housing flats. The later columbaria have more modern designs, with well-designed landscaped environments, and looking similar to contemporary HDB (Housing and Development Board) flats. These columbaria include the Chua Chu Kang Columbarium and the Mandai Columbarium, which was renovated and expanded in 2004 to accommodate approximately another 60,000 niches. The designs are more elaborate, and are often reminiscent of other structures people often encounter in everyday life. Comparisons have been drawn between the architecture of these columbaria and that of schools and condominiums, and hypotheses have been made that such are deliberate efforts to eliminate the sense of fear and dread traditionally associated with landscapes of death. Death in Singapore Deaths in Singapore offset the population increase from live births." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage, the Rouquette family was then connected not only to the Cousin family but also the Carrière family, two of the biggest landowning families in Louisiana. Dominique fought under the command of General Andrew Jackson during the Battle of New Orleans and, four years later, committed suicide by drowning in the Mississippi River. Following his father's suicide, Rouquette moved with his family to the Bayou St. John area, just outside New Orleans. Here in his youth, he became interested in the Choctaws who lived on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain. He later recalled, with much hyperbole, that by 1820 \"there were more Indians in the city than there were whites or negroes\". He and his siblings would play games together and, as Rouquette's older brother later recalled, it was a \"golden age of life\", and referred fondly the \"free and happy years of my half savage childhood\". Rouquette was sent as a young man to study at Transylvania University in Kentucky; while there, he heard of his mother's death. In 1829 he was sent to France and finished his collegiate studies in Paris, Nantes, and Rennes, earning his baccalaureate in 1833. He returned to New Orleans, and spent much time alone or among his Choctaw friends. Later he returned to Paris to study law, but preferred literature, and returned to Louisiana. In 1842 he made a third visit to France, where he published his first poetic essay, \"Les Savannes\", which was well received. Between 1829 and 1846, Rouquette made five separate trips from New Orleans to France. The writings of the Rouquette family were soon well-known both in Louisiana and in France; in addition to Adrien's writings, his older brother François-Dominique published a book of poetry, as did his younger brother Térence. In Louisiana, Rouquette soon became editor of \"Le Propagateur Catholique\". Before long he was ordained as a Catholic priest. Assigned to duty at the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans, he served for fourteen years as a priest in the city, then suddenly, in 1859, he severed all connection to it. He then made his home for twenty-nine years as a missionary with the Choctaws. He anticipated that other enlightened Christians would join him to escape modern commercialism but, failing that, he established a mission community among the several thousand Choctaws then living in the forests beside Lake Pontchartrain. He eventually built five cabin chapels to sleep in, write, and conduct Mass. By 1859, he was accepted as an honorary member and granted the name \"Chahta-Ima\", meaning \"Like a Choctaw\", which he began to use in his professional life. He lived among the tribe on the banks of Bayou Lacombe until his death in 1887. Special Collections & Archives at Loyola University New Orleans preserves a small collection of writings by Rouquette and his brother, author and poet François Dominique. Adrien Rouquette Adrien Rouquette (February 26, 1813–July 15, 1887) was a writer and a Catholic missionary among the Choctaw Native Americans. Adrien Emmanuel Rouquette was born February 26, 1813, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the third of five surviving children. His father, Dominique, had emigrated to New Orleans from Fleurance, France, in 1800, where he soon married a Creole woman named Louise Cousin. By marriage," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Antonella Lualdi Antonella Lualdi (born 6 July 1931) is an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French films in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's film \"The Red and the Black\" in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe. Lualdi was born Antonietta de Pascale in Beirut, Lebanon to an Italian father and a Greek mother, and grew up fluent in Arabic, French and Italian. She began her career in 1949, after having won a contest for new talents of the cinema magazine \"Hollywood\", in which she was presented as \"Signorina X\" (\"Madam X\"), inviting the readers to choose her stage name. After having starred with him in several films, she married Italian actor Franco Interlenghi in 1955; the couple had two daughters, Stella and Antonellina, an actress in her own right. In 1974 she debuted in France as a singer with some success and critical appreciation, then she also debuted on stage with the comedy \"Le Moulin de la Gallette\", with which she toured across several European countries. Antonella Lualdi Antonella Lualdi (born 6 July 1931) is an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French films in the 1950s and 1960s, notably" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Turbulent Prandtl number The turbulent Prandtl number (Pr) is a non-dimensional term defined as the ratio between the momentum eddy diffusivity and the heat transfer eddy diffusivity. It is useful for solving the heat transfer problem of turbulent boundary layer flows. The simplest model for Pr is the Reynolds analogy, which yields a turbulent Prandtl number of 1. From experimental data, Pr has an average value of 0.85, but ranges from 0.7 to 0.9 depending on the Prandtl number of the fluid in question. The introduction of eddy diffusivity and subsequently the turbulent Prandtl number works as a way to define a simple relationship between the extra shear stress and heat flux that is present in turbulent flow. If the momentum and thermal eddy diffusivities are zero (no apparent turbulent shear stress and heat flux), then the turbulent flow equations reduce to the laminar equations. We can define the eddy diffusivities for momentum transfer formula_1 and heat transfer formula_2 asformula_3 and formula_4where formula_5 is the apparent turbulent shear stress and formula_6 is the apparent turbulent heat flux.The turbulent Prandtl number is then defined asformula_7 The turbulent Prandtl number has been shown to not generally equal unity (e.g. Malhotra and Kang, 1984; Kays, 1994; McEligot and Taylor, 1996; and Churchill, 2002). It is a strong function of the molecular Prandtl number amongst other parameters and the Reynolds Analogy is not applicable when the molecular Prandtl number differs significantly from unity as determined by Malhotra and Kang; and elaborated by McEligot and Taylor and Churchill Turbulent momentum boundary layer equation: formula_8Turbulent thermal boundary layer equation,formula_9 Substituting the eddy diffusivities into the momentum and thermal equations yieldsformula_10andformula_11Substitute into the thermal equation using the definition of the turbulent Prandtl number to get formula_12 In the special case where the Prandtl number and turbulent Prandtl number both equal unity (as in the Reynolds analogy), the velocity profile and temperature profiles are identical. This greatly simplifies the solution of the heat transfer problem. If the Prandtl number and turbulent Prandtl number are different from unity, then a solution is possible by knowing the turbulent Prandtl number so that one can still solve the momentum and thermal equations. In a general case of three-dimensional turbulence, the concept of eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity are not valid. Consequently, the turbulent Prandtl number has no meaning. Turbulent Prandtl number The turbulent Prandtl number (Pr) is a non-dimensional term defined" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Zoning (Australian rules football) In Australian rules football, zoning (originally called district football, or electorate football in South Australia) refers to a system whereby a given area, either region or lower-level football league, is reserved exclusively for one club. Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues, being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition. In the early years of Australian rules football, players, though required to be amateurs, were free agents. Problems arose as a small number of clubs (Carlton, Geelong and South Melbourne in the VFA, Norwood, Port Adelaide and South Adelaide in the SAFA and Fremantle in the WAFA) perennially dominated the competition, leaving considerable pressure on the leagues to eliminate this inequality in order to retain interest. District football was first introduced in the SANFL in 1897, with compulsory district qualification from 1899. Under district football, a player could only play for the club whose district he resided in. The effect on the competitiveness of the SANFL was noteworthy: between 1877 to 1899, Norwood, South Adelaide and Port Adelaide won 22 of the 24 premierships, including several sequences of successive premierships (for instance, South Adelaide had won six of the last eight, and Norwood had won 11 premierships in their first 17 years, including sequences of six and three in succession). In the years between 1900 and 1912, two teams who had previously been perennially been close to or at the bottom of the ladder won premierships: North Adelaide in 1900, 1902, and 1905, and West Adelaide in 1908–1909 and 1911–1912 (four premierships in five years). The VFL formally adopted metropolitan zoning for the 1916 season under laws which required a player to play for the club in his zone he lived, unless he: Metropolitan zoning has been seen by historians of the VFL as improving the competitive balance of the league in the years following World War I. When Footscray, Hawthorn and North Melbourne were admitted for the 1925 season, they were allocated zones. Over time, boundaries were changed to cope with demographic shifts. Whilst recent studies have shown that metropolitan zoning became less effective at equalising playing strength following the admittance of the three new clubs in 1925, it was already firmly accepted by the majority of club officials in most Australian Rules competitions by the late 1920s and at no stage during the following forty years was there ever any thought of abolishing it, while a tradition of club loyalty further entrenched the viewpoint that zoning was a legitimate policy. With the great urban sprawl after World War II, newly developed areas were zoned almost as soon as they were developed. In the case of the VFL, such areas were quite often zoned to a different club from the one who held adjacent previously developed areas, whereas the SANFL tried to keep zones contiguous. These and other leagues remained concerned about the possible impacts if zoning were removed, and this caused their zoning laws to ossify. In the early days of Australian Rules football, metropolitan clubs were unable to buy players from rural leagues, but the growth of Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth due to urbanization in the 1950s meant that city clubs could offer much more money (even if not as direct payments) than country clubs could. This permitted wealthier clubs to circumvent the restrictions imposed by metropolitan zoning, as top country players tended to go to the club who was able to offer them most money by gifts such as motor cars and signing-on fees. From the mid-1960s, Carlton, Collingwood, Essendon, Richmond (and to a lesser extent Geelong) perennially dominated the competition because their greater wealth allowed them to monopolise top country players and build up greater playing strength than was previously possible, while Footscray, North Melbourne and Fitzroy were in grave danger of folding. The VFL’s response was to zone rural Victoria and the Riverina of New South Wales in a similar manner to metropolitan Melbourne. Because of the sparseness of Australia’s rural population, the country zones related not to \"the player’s address\", but rather \"to the league in which he played\". This difference made zone boundaries impossible to adjust and was a critical component of the failure of country zoning. Because the VFL was aware that discrepancies existed in the strength of each zone, it was originally planned that the zones would be \"rotated\" every year so that each club would obtain a chance of receiving the best young country players. However, Carlton and Hawthorn had productive zones and were naturally unwilling to give them up for less productive ones, so the zones remained the same from the inception of country zoning until it was abolished in 1986. There was also no provision for demographic changes which occurred in the various country zones, which exacerbated the problems mentioned above. Although the more even distribution of top country players at the beginning of the 1970s was such that the SANFL and WAFL quickly adopted country zoning, its gains were very short-lived. Carlton, Richmond, Hawthorn and North Melbourne won every VFL premiership between 1967 and 1983, a period of dominance not known in any other era, as strong country zones gave these clubs lists more powerful than any club could build without zoning. In contrast, the clubs with the worst zones, Melbourne and South Melbourne, took eight wooden spoons between them in that period. South Melbourne played only two finals in 1970 and 1977, whilst Melbourne did not play a final until 1987, after country zoning had been abolished. Some writers on VFL history have argued that the inequalities created by country zoning were much greater than those created by club wealth beforehand and that some clubs lost many players they would have gained were players able to move to the club nearest to them. Most significantly, St Kilda’s return to the bottom of the ladder in the mid-1970s after a period of success from 1961-1973 has been related to its loss of many players to Hawthorn from the Frankston area, which was already becoming part of metropolitan Melbourne when country zoning began. Defenders of country zoning have argued that it provided greater incentive for VFL clubs to look for players in country leagues, and that its abolition has meant that this incentive has been lost. In 1981, the system of player permits based on country and metropolitan zoning was threatened by two cases. In the better-known of these, a full-back from SANFL club West Torrens, Doug Cox, had his permit to play with St Kilda challenged because he had played in 1975 for South Mildura, which was within Richmond’s country zone. St Kilda temporarily lost eight points for two wins against Footscray and Melbourne, later reinstated on appeal, and were fined $5,000 for playing Cox in the first eight rounds. Soon afterwards, South Melbourne centre-half forward Michael Smith admitted he gave false information on his application for a permit to play with South, and his true address was in St Kilda’s zone. South were going to lose four points but since the VFL, challenged by the Cox case to be more lenient about its now-archaic zoning laws, was considering changing the rules, South were not punished. The \"Foschini Case\" of 1983, where teenage rover/forward, Silvio Foschini did not want to move to Sydney when South Melbourne did so in 1981/1982 but was refused a clearance to play with St Kilda, declared previously unchallenged zoning an illegal labour market restraint. Although the VFL retained zoning for two more years, it had to radically alter the system of clearances and player contracts, and in 1985, with the competition less competitive than ever (only six clubs had made the Grand Final since 1972), reform of the system of player trading began. Zoning was replaced", "in St Kilda’s zone. South were going to lose four points but since the VFL, challenged by the Cox case to be more lenient about its now-archaic zoning laws, was considering changing the rules, South were not punished. The \"Foschini Case\" of 1983, where teenage rover/forward, Silvio Foschini did not want to move to Sydney when South Melbourne did so in 1981/1982 but was refused a clearance to play with St Kilda, declared previously unchallenged zoning an illegal labour market restraint. Although the VFL retained zoning for two more years, it had to radically alter the system of clearances and player contracts, and in 1985, with the competition less competitive than ever (only six clubs had made the Grand Final since 1972), reform of the system of player trading began. Zoning was replaced with a player draft, which studies have shown to be much more effective at equalising club strength than country zoning ever was. In competitions such as the SANFL and WAFL, however, country and metropolitan zoning are still used today, despite the declarations concerning their use in the VFL. The SANFL, which introduced country zoning of South Australia in 1973 has made efforts to make country zoning less inflexible than it proved in the VFL though making provisions for the adjustment of zone boundaries. In the WAFL, however, there is already distinct concern country zoning is creating inequalities in available talent. In 2010, the AFL had set up four junior development academies, two each in Queensland and New South Wales, which were run by the AFL clubs based in those states (, , and ). The academies were designed to aid the development of junior footballers from the states traditionally dominated by rugby league. The AFL club which ran each academy was afforded priority access (but not exclusive access) to draft graduates from their academies, providing a direct incentive for those AFL clubs to invest in junior development which would not otherwise have existed under the draft. Through 2015, the AFL developed a plan to enable all AFL clubs to establish similar academies, known as 'Next Generation Academies', with each club allocated a zone and juniors qualifying residentially. This was designed to give all clubs an incentive to invest directly in junior development, particularly focussing on diverse and indigenous backgrounds. As with the northern clubs' academies, a club will have the ability to draft its academy's graduates with a discounted draft pick, but will not have exclusive recruitment rights. In February 2016, the AFL announced the allocation of Victorian and Northern Territorian zones amongst the ten Victorian clubs; unlike historical zones, not all clubs were given both a metropolitan and a country zone, with most clubs receiving either one or the other. . South Australian and Western Australian AFL clubs (, , and ) were designated SANFL and WAFL clubs and their respective country and metropolitan zones. In 2017, 's academy rules were changed for its Albury, Riverina and Sunraysia zones in southern New South Wales, the club only has access to indigenous and multicultural players in these zones. North Melbourne was designated Tasmania at large. New South Wales and Queensland based teams (, , and ) are based outside the Barassi Line, to help develop the game in regions with minimal AFL presence, they were designated with Academy zones to develop players from these regions Zoning (Australian rules football) In Australian rules football, zoning (originally called district football, or electorate football in South Australia) refers to a system whereby a given area, either region or lower-level football league, is reserved exclusively for one club. Zoning has been historically an important part of most major Australian football leagues, being usually justified as necessary to ensure a reasonably equitable competition. In the early years of Australian rules football, players, though required to be amateurs," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Heinrich Kohl Heinrich Kohl (4 May 1877, Kreuznach – 26 September 1914, Moronvilliers) was a German architectural historian and archaeologist. He took classes in architecture at the technical universities in Munich, Dresden and Berlin. In 1902 he passed the first state examination for \"Regierungsbauführer\", then later passed the second state examination for attaining \"government architect\" status (1907). Within this time frame he attended lectures on archaeology at the University of Freiburg (1904). In May 1914 he obtained his habilitation in architectural history from the Technical University of Hannover. In 1902-1904, under the guidance of Otto Puchstein and Bruno Schulz, he took part in the excavation at Baalbek. In the summer of 1905, along with Carl Watzinger, he investigated the synagogue ruins in Palestine (Galilee). In the summer of 1907, with Puchstein, he performed excavatory work of the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa (Asia Minor). In November 1907, he studied the ruins of Qasr al-Bint Firaun at Petra. During World War I, as an \"Oberleutnant\" assigned to the Saxon Reserve Infantry Regiment (\"Sächsischen Reserve-Infanterieregiments\"), he was killed on 26 September 1914 at Moronvilliers, a French village not far from Reims. Heinrich Kohl Heinrich Kohl (4 May 1877, Kreuznach – 26 September" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Sunshine Millions Sprint The Sunshine Millions Sprint is a race for thoroughbred horses held in January at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California or at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. Half the eight races of the Sunshine Millions are run at one track and half at the other. Open to four-year-olds and older willing to race six furlongs on the dirt, the Sunshine Millions Sprint is an ungraded stakes event but currently carries a purse of $150,000. This race is also known as the Padua Stables Sprint (in 2006) as part of the eight-race Sunshine Millions series. In its 17th running in 2017, the series of races called the Sunshine Millions are restricted to horses bred either in Florida or in California and is the brainchild of the Thoroughbred Owners of California, the California Thoroughbred Breeders Association, the Florida Thoroughbred Breeders’ and Owners’ Association, Inc., Santa Anita Park, Gulfstream Park, and Magna Entertainment Corporation. Sunshine Millions Sprint The Sunshine Millions Sprint is a race for thoroughbred horses held in January at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, California or at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida. Half the eight races of the Sunshine Millions are run at one track and" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Augustus Garrett Augustus Garrett (1801 – November 30, 1848) was an American politician who twice served as Mayor of Chicago (1843–1844, 1845–1846). He was a member of the Democratic Party. Garrett married Eliza Clark in 1825 and moved to Chicago from New York in 1834. He had a small auction house near the Chicago River and by the following year had formed a partnership with the Brown Brothers, which allowed him to become a leading land speculator and auctioneer. By October 1836, he had sales of more than $1.8 million. In 1842 Garrett ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Chicago. He ran again in 1843 and was successfully elected. Garrett initially won re-election in 1844, only to have the election invalidated based on charges of \"illegal proceedings and fraud.\" Garrett ran in a second election that year, but lost to Alson Sherman. During his terms in office, Garrett pushed to have the first brick school in Chicago, Dearborn School, turned into either a warehouse or an insane asylum, believing that the building was too large for use as a school. Following his death, Eliza established the Garrett Bible Institute, now Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary, in nearby Evanston, Illinois. Augustus Garrett Augustus Garrett" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2004 Libertarian National Convention The 2004 Libertarian National Convention was held from May 28 to May 31, 2004 at the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. The delegates at the convention, on behalf of the U.S. Libertarian Party, nominated Michael Badnarik for the presidency and Richard Campagna for the vice-presidency in the 2004 presidential election. The convention was televised nationally on C-SPAN. Libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years it nominates presidential and vice presidential candidates. Those which attended include: After the first round, a motion was passed to suspend the rules and allow only the top three candidates from the first round to proceed to the second ballot. After the second round, Gary Nolan, not receiving the necessary votes to advance, endorsed Michael Badnarik. After the second round of voting, Gary Nolan addressed the convention, endorsing Michael Badnarik for the 2004 nomination of the Libertarian Party. A separate vote was held for the vice presidential nomination. Per convention rules, nominee Michael Badnarik addressed the crowd but, declined to declare a preference for running mate. Richard Campagna of Iowa was nominated as vice presidential candidate on the first ballot. 2004 Libertarian National Convention The 2004 Libertarian National Convention was held from May 28 to May 31, 2004 at the Marriott Marquis Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. The delegates at the convention, on behalf of the U.S. Libertarian Party, nominated Michael Badnarik for the presidency and Richard Campagna for the vice-presidency in the 2004 presidential election. The convention was televised nationally on C-SPAN. Libertarians hold a National Convention every two years to vote on party bylaws, platform and resolutions and elect national party officers and a judicial committee. Every four years" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Babuji Ek Ticket Bambai Babuji Ek Ticket Bambai is a 2017 Indian Bollywood film, written and directed by Arvind Tripathi. The film is set to release on 6 October 2017. The story of the film reflects the dehumanising situation that the commercially sexually exploited women (CSEW) face in our country. The Film \"BABUJI EK TICKET BAMBAI\" is a social portraying a girl from Bedhiya community from the hinterlands of central India i.e. Bundelkhand region. Their culture is singing and dancing which is called \"RAI\". Their community is matriarchal and the story is about three generations of a family where the youngest girl Madhu rebels to change the age old tradition through education. But despite her progressive attitude she falls prey to the socio - police - politicon nexus she is married off to Rajjan, a boy from the same village who has intense crush for her from the beginning. The Music Was Composed By Nikhil Kamath, Altaaf Sayyed, Umesh Tarkaswar and Released by T-Series. Babuji Ek Ticket Bambai Babuji Ek Ticket Bambai is a 2017 Indian Bollywood film, written and directed by Arvind Tripathi. The film is set to release on 6 October 2017. The story of the film reflects" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit 2 was the debut NFS title from EA Black Box, and the first NFS for the sixth generation consoles. Different versions of the game were produced for each game platform; the Xbox, GameCube and PC versions were developed in EA Seattle, while the PS2 version was developed by Black Box Games in Vancouver. \n At E3 2012, Criterion Games vice president Alex Ward announced that random developers would no longer be developing NFS titles. Ward wouldn't confirm that all Need for Speed games in the future would be developed entirely by Criterion, but he did say the studio would have \"strong involvement\" in them and would have control over which NFS titles would be released in the future. \n Need for Speed:Underground Rivals was the first Need for Speed game released on the PlayStation Portable. Different from Need for Speed:Underground 2 as it had no free roam and the cars were very limited, it was released on February 24, 2005, in Japan, March 14, 2005, in North America, and September 1, 2005, in Europe. The title went Platinum in Europe on June 30, 2006. \n The game also features many weapons, with some exclusive to the cops or racers. The biggest feature introduced was the Need for Speed Autolog, which tracked player progressions and recommended events to play. In addition to its statistical system, Autolog also features Facebook-like speedwalls where players can post their comments and photos while in the game. Hot Pursuit has received some of the best reviews of the series. \n The Limited Edition features 3 unlocked cars, and an additional 37 career race events. Two downloadable contents were released for Shift 2. \n The beta was launched on June 2, 2010. The game was released to players who had the starter pack on July 20, 2010, and to others on July 27, 2010. Previously, the players who did not purchase the Starter Pack were not able to progress further from level 10; the level cap for those players has since been removed on September 8, 2010, allowing all players' progression and availability. Players were limited to 60 levels only. It has a garage of 150+cars. \n The Limited Edition gives players exclusive access to the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and Ford Shelby GT500. Various downloadable content was released for the game. \n The Collector's Edition for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 added another 5 new cars, twelve new circuits, and sprint and checkpoint track configurations. Also included were specially tuned versions of ten existing cars, plus 35 exclusive vinyls for adding a unique visual style. \n Need for Speed:Nitro is the first NFS game made exclusively for Nintendo DS and Wii, featuring arcade-style gameplay and targeting a casual audience. Nitro was released on November 3, 2009 in North America and in Europe on November 6, 2009. Need for Speed:Nitro was also available as a social multiplayer game on Facebook. \n Originally conceived as part of the Need for Speed series under the title Need for Speed:Motor City, all single player elements were discarded in favor of an online-only model. The result, Motor City Online was a racing MMO game released by EA on October 29, 2001. The point of the game was to buy classic cars, tune them, and race them against other players. The game went offline less than two years later to enable EA to focus on The Sims Online. Later, EA, would develop a new online racing game, called Need for Speed:World. \n Need for Speed:Undercover, developed by EA Black Box, was released on November 18, 2008. The game had a significantly longer development cycle than previous games, taking 16 months to develop. EA Games president Frank Gibeau stated that since sales of ProStreet didn't live up to EA's projections, the franchise would go back to its \"roots\". The game received lower scores on aggregate than Pro Street. \n Much like with the original V-Rally, EA purchased the rights to publish the PlayStation version of V-Rally 2. Infogrames published the Dreamcast version of the game in America as Test Drive:V-Rally. \n The PlayStation version of the game, released some months before the PC version featured improved gameplay. The AI in the game was more advanced:the five AIs known as Nemesis, Bullit, Frost, Ranger, and Chump featured different driving characteristics. In the PlayStation version, the McLaren F1 GTR was based on the 1997 Long Tail, while the PC version was based on the original 95/96 version. \n High Stakes introduced several new types of gameplay:High Stakes, Getaway, Time Trap, and Career. High Stakes was a racing mode; Getaway required the player to outrun numerous pursuing police vehicles; Time Trap was a time lap trial, and Career was a tournament mode which incorporated a monetary reward system. Another innovation was the introduction of damage models, where after a race the player is given the option to purchase repairs. The mode also allows players, for the first time, to upgrade cars. \n A special Black Edition of Most Wanted was also released, featuring additional races, challenges, and a few bonus cars; it also included a behind-the-scenes DVD. Both versions were available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo DS, and Windows-based PCs, while only the standard edition was available for GameCube and Xbox 360. \n Porsche Unleashed (North America and Latin America title), Porsche 2000 (European and Australian title) or simply Porsche (in Germany) is different from the previous versions, because it featured only Porsches. \n Need for Speed:The Run was developed by EA Black Box, and released on November 15, 2011. The game continued the street-racing gameplay of Black Box's previous titles, with a story based on a race across the United States from San Francisco to New York. \n Need for Speed:World was a free-to-play MMO racing game for Windows-based PCs. \n Main titles in the Need for Speed series Title \| Year \| PC \| Consoles \| Handheld \| Developer \| Notes \n---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|---\|--- \nThe Need for Speed \| 1994 \| DOS \| 3DO, Saturn, PS1 \| N/A \| Electronic Arts Canada \| 3DO version was the first version to be released \nNeed for Speed II \| 1997 \| Windows \| PS1 \| N/A \| EA (Canada/Seattle) \| Prototypes and showcars available. \nNFS III:Hot Pursuit \| 1998 \| Windows \| PS1 \| N/A \| EA (Canada/Seattle) \| \nNFS:High Stakes \| 1999 \| Windows \| PS1 \| N/A \| EA (Canada/Seattle) \| Known as Need for Speed:Road Challenge in Europe and Brazil \nNFS:Porsche Unleashed \| 2000 \| Windows \| PS1 \| GBA \| Eden Games/EA Canada Pocketeers \| Known as Need for Speed:Porsche 2000 in most European countries and Need for Speed:Porsche in Germany and Latin America \nNFS:Hot Pursuit 2 \| 2002 \| Windows \| GC, PS2, Xbox \| N/A \| EA (Black Box/Seattle) \| \nNFS:Underground \| 2003 \| Windows \| GC, PS2, Xbox \| GBA \| EA Black Box \| \nNFS:Underground 2 \| \| Windows \| GC, PS2, Xbox \| GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA Black Box \| PSP version was titled Need for Speed:Underground Rivals. \nNFS:Most Wanted \| 2005 \| Windows \| GC, PS2, Xbox, Xbox 360 \| GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA Black Box \| PSP version was titled Need for Speed:Most Wanted 5-1-0. \nNFS:Carbon \| 2006 \| Windows, Mac OS X \| GC, PS2, Xbox, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA (Canada/Black Box) \| PSP, DS and GBA versions was titled Need for Speed:Carbon Own the City. \nNFS:ProStreet \| 2007 \| Windows \| PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA Black Box \| \nNFS:Undercover \| 2008 \| Windows \| PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| Mobile, DS, PSP, Windows Mobile, iOS \| EA Vancouver Exient Entertainment Firebrand Games Piranha Games \| \nNFS:Shift \| 2009 \| Windows \| PS3, Xbox 360 \| PSP, Mobile, Windows Mobile, Android, iOS \| Slightly Mad Studios EA Bright Light \| \nNFS:Nitro \| N/A \| Wii \| DS \| Firebrand Games EA Montreal \| The DSiWare version was called Need for Speed:Nitro-X.", "NFS:Carbon \| 2006 \| Windows, Mac OS X \| GC, PS2, Xbox, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| GBA, Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA (Canada/Black Box) \| PSP, DS and GBA versions was titled Need for Speed:Carbon Own the City. \nNFS:ProStreet \| 2007 \| Windows \| PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| Mobile, DS, PSP \| EA Black Box \| \nNFS:Undercover \| 2008 \| Windows \| PS2, PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| Mobile, DS, PSP, Windows Mobile, iOS \| EA Vancouver Exient Entertainment Firebrand Games Piranha Games \| \nNFS:Shift \| 2009 \| Windows \| PS3, Xbox 360 \| PSP, Mobile, Windows Mobile, Android, iOS \| Slightly Mad Studios EA Bright Light \| \nNFS:Nitro \| N/A \| Wii \| DS \| Firebrand Games EA Montreal \| The DSiWare version was called Need for Speed:Nitro-X. \nNFS:World \| \| Windows \| N/A \| N/A \| EA Black Box \| Free-to-play MMO racing game. Closed in 2015. \nNFS:Hot Pursuit \| Windows \| PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| Windows Phone, Android, iOS \| Criterion Games \| Wii version by Exient Entertainment \nShift 2:Unleashed \| 2011 \| Windows \| PS3, Xbox 360 \| iOS \| Slightly Mad Studios \| Also known as Need for Speed:Shift 2-Unleashed. \nNFS:The Run \| Windows \| PS3, Wii, Xbox 360 \| 3DS \| EA Black Box \| Wii/3DS versions by Firebrand Games. \nNFS:Most Wanted \| 2012 \| Windows \| PS3, Wii U, Xbox 360 \| PS Vita, Android, iOS \| Criterion Games \| Wii U version (released 2013) was titled Need for Speed:Most Wanted U. \nNFS Rivals \| 2013 \| Windows \| PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One \| N/A \| Ghost Games Criterion Games \| Need for Speed Rivals Complete Edition was released October 21, 2014 (including all DLC packs & pre-order bonuses). \nNFS:No Limits \| 2015 \| N/A \| N/A \| Android, iOS \| Firemonkeys Studios \| \nNeed for Speed \| Windows \| PS4, Xbox One \| N/A \| Ghost Games \| Series reboot. Requires consistent internet connectivity. \nNFS Payback \| 2017 \| Windows \| PS4, Xbox One \| N/A \| Ghost Games \| \nNFS:Edge \| In development \| Windows \| Unknown \| Android, iOS \| EA Spearhead \| Free-to-play MMO racing game. Published by Nexon in South Korea and Tencent Interactive Entertainment in China (titled Need for Speed Online). \n The first installment of The Need for Speed was the only serious attempt by the series to provide a realistic simulation of car handling elements through the direct collaboration of Staff members from Road & Track. Electronic Arts left the handling dynamics tuning with the automotive magazine's seasoned drivers to match vehicle behavior including realistic over and understeer that remains impressive decades later, as well as sounds made by the vehicles' gear control levers and other functions. The game contained vehicle data with spoken commentary, several \"magazine style\" images of each car, and short video-clips highlighting the vehicles set to music. \n NFS III took advantage of the multimedia capabilities by featuring audio commentary, picture slideshows, and music videos. This game was the first in the series to allow the downloading of additional cars from the official website. As a result, modding communities sprang up to create vehicles. The PC version was also the first game in the series to support Direct 3D hardware. \n This was the first version since the start of the series not to feature an \"in the driving seat\" (cockpit) camera view, transitioning EA from realistic racing to arcade street racing. It was the last game in the series for the PC version to feature the split-screen two player mode introduced in Need for Speed II. For the multiplayer mode of the PC version, GameSpy's internet matchmaking system was used in place of Local Area Network (LAN) play. Hot Pursuit 2 was also the first NFS game to use songs sung by licensed artists under the EA Trax label. \n The Run employs a large range of real-world vehicles, which can be altered with visual upgrades. An XP (Experience points) system is used for unlocking cars and events. The Limited Edition features three exclusive cars and five exclusive challenges with bonus rewards and achievements. \n Underground features tuner cars and has a wide variety of tuning options such as widebody kits, bumpers, spoilers, etc., as well as performance upgrades such as engines and nitrous. City street racing is the primary focus of the game. \n Need for Speed:Carbon was developed by EA Black Box and released on October 31, 2006. It was the first NFS game for the PlayStation 3 and the Wii and the last NFS game for the Nintendo GameCube, the Game Boy Advance, and the Xbox. Carbon's handheld port is known as Need for Speed:Carbon–Own the City. The Wii port lacked online but made full use of the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. \n EA ported Undercover to various mobile devices. It was the last Need for Speed game for PlayStation 2. \n NFS:Carbon continued the story from Most Wanted, however, the game has far less emphasis on the police. Carbon saw the return of nighttime-only racing, with a selection of cars similar to that of Most Wanted. Carbon introduced a new feature wherein the player is allowed to form a \"crew\" that aids the player in races. Drift events returned to the series in Carbon. \n There were over 60 cars, most available to both racers and cops, but a few were exclusive to either side. Unlike previous NFS titles, there was no customization, and the game takes place in a fictional rural area called Seacrest County, which the \"free roam\" feature lets you explore. Hot Pursuit allows play as either police or racer. \n Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit was developed by British games developer Criterion Games and published by Electronic Arts on November 16, 2010. It focuses on racing and police chases rather than car customization. The game won many awards at the E3 2010, including \"Best Racing Game\", becoming the first game in the NFS series since the original Hot Pursuit to win an E3 award. \n Need for Speed:Nitro-X (2010) was a newer installment for use with the DSi/XL and the 3DS system. Essentially the original release, it was updated with several updates:18 licensed vehicles; new police units; custom tags; 16 updated tracks; a revised career mode; local multiplayer matches for up to 4 players; and new rewards and unlockables. The game was released as a digital download only, released on November 15, 2010, in North America and November 26, 2010, in Europe. \n The game focused on tuning and police chases, featured over 50 cars, and took place in a fictional city called Tri-City Bay. The player's role was as an undercover cop, trying to stop street racers. Containing live-action cutscenes which feature the actress Maggie Q, the game also featured a damage system where parts could break off after a crash. \n The original Need for Speed was released for 3DO in 1994 with versions released for the PC (DOS) (1995), PlayStation and Saturn (1996) following shortly afterwards. The Need for Speed and its Special Edition were the only games in the series to support DOS, with subsequent releases for the PC run only within Windows. \n Hot Pursuit 2 draws primarily from the gameplay and style of NFS III; its emphasis on evading the police and over-the-top tracks. Although the game allowed players to play as the police, the pursuit mode was less realistic than preceding versions of NFS; players merely needed to \"tap\" a speeder to arrest them, as opposed to using simulated police tactics to immobilize a speeding vehicle. \n There were no police in Underground and Underground 2, which drew criticism as police had been an important part of previous titles.", "Hot Pursuit 2 draws primarily from the gameplay and style of NFS III; its emphasis on evading the police and over-the-top tracks. Although the game allowed players to play as the police, the pursuit mode was less realistic than preceding versions of NFS; players merely needed to \"tap\" a speeder to arrest them, as opposed to using simulated police tactics to immobilize a speeding vehicle. \n There were no police in Underground and Underground 2, which drew criticism as police had been an important part of previous titles. \n The customization features were significantly expanded on modifications which did not affect vehicle performance. Players were required to customize their car to a certain numerical value in order to be offered DVD and magazine covers, the only way to advance to higher game levels. The game featured more extensive product placement for companies with no connection to auto racing. This game also had extensive customization options in the form of suspension upgrades, nitrous systems, and engine mods. \n EA and Ghost Games announced Need for Speed Payback in June 2017. The game was released on November 10, 2017 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The game has an offline single-player mode unlike the previous title. The game was revealed at the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 from June 10–12, 2017. \n The sequel to Need for Speed:Shift, Shift 2:Unleashed was developed by Slightly Mad Studios, and released on March 29, 2011. Shift 2 includes the Autolog feature introduced in Hot Pursuit. It also includes features such as night racing, an in-helmet camera, and a more in-depth career mode. Shift 2 features more than 140 vehicles available for racing and tuning, a smaller number compared with other racing games such as Forza Motorsport 3 and Gran Turismo 5. There are also 40 real-world locations including Bathurst, Spa-Francorchamps and Suzuka as well as fictional circuits. \n Although the games share the same name, their tone and focus can vary significantly. For example, in some games the cars can suffer mechanical and visual damage, while in other games the cars can not be damaged at all; in some games, the software simulates real-car behavior (physics), while in others there are more forgiving physics. \n The series has been overseen and had games developed by multiple notable teams over the years including EA Black Box and Criterion Games, the developers of Burnout. The franchise has been critically well received and is one of the most successful video game franchises of all time, selling over 150 million copies of games. Due to its strong sales, the franchise has expanded into other forms of media including a film adaptation and licensed Hot Wheels toys. \n Need for Speed:No Limits was released in 2015 for iOS and Android, and a mobile installment in the Need for Speed video game series, developed by Firemonkeys Studios and published by Electronic Arts. It is the franchise's first original title made exclusively for mobile devices, unlike past mobile games in the series that were simply adaptations of various Need for Speed games. \n Need for Speed:Rivals was developed by Ghost Games (formerly EA Gothenburg) in association with Criterion Games, and was released on November 15, 2013 for the PlayStation 4, on November 19, 2013 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on November 22, 2013 for the Xbox One. It runs on DICE's Frostbite 3 Engine. It has the same basic concept as Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit, but with new features like the AllDrive system, and several pursuit techs. \n The concept of car tuning evolved with each new game, from focusing mainly on the mechanics of the car to including how the car looks. Each game except Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit has car tuning which can set options for items like ABS, traction control, or downforce, or for upgrading parts like the engine or gearbox. Visual tuning of the player's car becomes important in tournament/career mode after the release of Need for Speed:Underground 2, when the appearance is rated from zero to ten points. When a car attains a high enough visual rating, the vehicle is eligible to be on the cover of a fictional magazine. \n Need for Speed II (NFS II) featured some rare and exotic vehicles, including the Ford Indigo concept vehicle, and featured country-themed tracks from North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. The PlayStation port of NFS II was the first PlayStation game to take advantage of the NeGcon controller, and the Dual Analog and DualShock controllers as well. A new racing mode was also introduced, dubbed \"Knockout\", where the last racers to finish laps will be eliminated. In addition, track design was more open-ended; players could now \"drive\" off the asphalt, and cut across fields to take advantage of shortcuts. Need for Speed II:Special Edition includes one extra track, extra cars, and support for Glide. \n High Stakes (North American and Australian title), also known as Road Challenge (European and Brazilian title), Conduite en état de liberté (French title) and Brennender Asphalt (German title), was released in the summer of 1999. \n EA worked with DreamWorks Pictures to create a film version of Need for Speed starring Aaron Paul as Tobey Marshall, a mechanic and street racer who was framed by a wealthy business associate. The movie was released by Disney's Touchstone Pictures on March 14, 2014, months before the franchise's 20th anniversary. Despite receiving negative reviews, the film ended up grossing over $200 million at the worldwide box office. \n Need for Speed:Most Wanted was developed by British games developer Criterion Games, and released on October 30, 2012. The game picked up on the Most Wanted IP, as opposed to the Hot Pursuit extension. This was the first game made subsequent to Criterion Games taking over the NFS series from Black Box. \n It features open world racing, and most of the cars in the game are available from the start, hidden in different locations. It also features a blacklist of 10 instead of 15, and there is no story or visual customization for the game. It is powered by Autolog 2.0. Performance upgrades are available for all the cars in the game, such as chassis, tires, nitrous, and bodywork. Milestones and achievements are unlocked through a variety of ways, e.g. completion of races and breaking through billboards. \n Need for Speed \n--- \nSeries typeface and logo used since the 2015 reboot. \nGenres \| Racing \nDeveloper (s) \| Current Ghost Games (2013–present) Firemonkeys Studios (2012–present) Previous (show)", "* Criterion Games (2010–13) \n * EA Black Box (2002–11) \n * EA Bright Light (2009) \n * EA Canada (1994–2000) \n * Eden Studios (1998–2000) \n * Exient Entertainment (2006–10) \n * Firebrand Games (2008–11) \n * Piranha Games (2008) \n * Slightly Mad Studios (2009–11) \n\n \nPublisher (s) \| Electronic Arts \nPlatforms \| List (show) \n\n * * 3DO \n * Android \n * Arcade \n * DOS \n * Game Boy Advance \n * iOS \n * Kindle Fire \n * Mac OS X \n * Microsoft Windows \n * Mobile game \n * MS-DOS \n * Nintendo 3DS \n * Nintendo DS \n * Nintendo GameCube \n * OS X \n * PlayStation \n * PlayStation 2 \n * PlayStation 3 \n * PlayStation 4 \n * PlayStation Portable \n * PlayStation Vita \n * Sega Saturn \n * Wii \n * Wii U \n * Windows Mobile \n * Windows Phone \n * Xbox \n * Xbox 360 \n * Xbox One \n * Zeebo", "Platform of origin \| 3DO \nYear of inception \| 1994 \nFirst release \| The Need for Speed August 31, 1994 \nLatest release \| Need for Speed Payback November 10, 2017 \n On May 21, 2015, EA and Ghost Games revealed Need for Speed, a full reboot of the franchise. The game was released on November 3, 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, with a release for Microsoft Windows (via Origin) in 2016. More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15, 2015. A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown. Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One. PC version was released on March 15, 2016, via Origin in two different editions. The Standard Edition is the base edition, whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack, performance pack, tricked-out starter car, exclusive wraps, unique identifying stickers, VIP icons and a lifetime discount on all items using the in-game currency. \n Originally the series took place in international settings, such as race tracks in Australia, Europe, and Africa. Beginning with Underground, the series has taken place in fictional metropolitan cities. The first game featured traffic on \"head to head\" mode, while later games traffic can be toggled on and off, and starting with Underground, traffic is a fixed obstacle. Most of the recent Need for Speed games are set in fictional locations of our world, in a number of different time periods. These include, but are not limited to, Bayview, Rockport, Palmont City, Seacrest County, Fairhaven City, Redview County, Ventura Bay, and Fortune Valley. \n Drag racing was removed from the series, but a new type of race called \"Canyon Duel\" was added, where the closer the player is to the leader, the more points they accrue. If the player overtakes the leader and remains in front for 10 seconds, they win automatically. Another new feature is \"Autosculpt\", which allows players to custom-fabricate their own auto parts. \n Need for Speed (NFS) is a racing video game franchise published by Electronic Arts and developed by Ghost Games. The series centers around illicit street racing and in general tasks players to complete various types of races while evading the local law enforcement in police pursuits. The series released its first title, The Need for Speed in 1994. The most recent game, Need for Speed Payback, was released on November 10, 2017. \n The Need for Speed series was originally developed by Distinctive Software, a video game studio based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Prior to Electronic Arts' purchase of the company in 1991, it had created popular racing games such as Stunts and Test Drive II:The Duel. After the purchase, the company was renamed Electronic Arts (EA) Canada. The company capitalized on its experience in the domain by developing the Need for Speed series in late 1992. EA Canada continued to develop and expand the Need for Speed franchise up to 2002, when another Vancouver-based gaming company, named Black Box Games, was contracted to continue the series with Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit 2. EA Black Box has been the primary series developer on a yearly cycle from 2002-08. In 2009, EA brought in Slightly Mad Studios, due to sagging sales, and they released Need for Speed:Shift, and EA's own UK-based company Criterion Games came with Hot Pursuit in 2010. In 2011, Slightly Mad Studios released a sequel to Shift, Shift 2:Unleashed and EA Black Box released Need for Speed:The Run. \n Need for Speed:Underground was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 17, 2003. This was the first NFS game to require Hardware Transform and Lighting in Graphics Cards. Most of the new elements in Underground became defining marks of later installments in the Need for Speed series. \n In 2010, EA introduced a social platform, titled Autolog, for Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit and future games in the series. Autolog provides social features for Need for Speed games via a mobile app and website; it allows players to track game progress, view leaderboards, share screenshots with friends, and more. \n There have been 23 games released in the Need for Speed series. \n The game featured quick time events with the player, for the first time in NFS history, exiting their car and traveling on foot. The Run was powered by DICE's Frostbite 2 engine, making the game the first non-shooter and one of the first console titles to use the engine. Additionally, the NFS Autolog was also used in the game. \n NFS:Shift received better reviews than the prior 3 games in the series. The Special Edition contained a special tuned BMW M3 GT2, and an Elite Series track. Two items of downloadable content were released for the game. \n Another version called The Need for Speed:Special Edition, was released only for the PC in 1996. It featured support for DirectX 2 and TCP/IP networking, two new tracks, but dropped the ever-popular flip and go in favor of the more generic scene reset after an accident, a portents of the arcade style gaming that would dominate the series ever after. \n Aggregate review scores As of April 20, 2018. Game \| GameRankings \| Metacritic \n---\|---\|--- \nThe Need for Speed \| (SAT) 95.00% (DOS) 83.00% (PS) 68.50% \| \nNeed for Speed II \| (PS1) 71.39% (PC) 68.25% \| (PS1) 71/100 \nNeed for Speed III:Hot Pursuit \| (PS1) 85.63% (PC) 84.82% \| (PS1) 88/100 \nNeed for Speed:High Stakes \| (PS1) 84.38% (PC) 83.08% \| (PS1) 86/100 \nNeed for Speed:Porsche Unleashed \| (PC) 84.36% (PS1) 74.50% (GBA) 59.25% \| (PS1) 78/100 (GBA) 62/100 \nNeed for Speed:Hot Pursuit 2 \| (PS2) 88.01% (Xbox) 80.04% (PC) 72.77% (GC) 72.05% \| (PS2) 89/100 (Xbox) 75/100 (PC) 73/100 (GC) 68/100 \nNeed for Speed:Underground \| (PS2) 84.29% (GC) 83.73% (PC) 82.29% (Xbox) 81.76% (GBA) 77.33% \| (PS2) 85/100 (GC) 83/100 (Xbox) 83/100 (PC) 82/100 (GBA) 77/100 \nNeed for Speed:Underground 2 \| (PC) 83.50% (Xbox) 82.61% (PS2) 80.77% (GC) 79.98% (GBA) 69.45% (NDS) 65.44% \| (PC) 82/100 (PS2) 82/100 (Xbox) 77/100 (GBA) 72/100 (NDS) 65/100. \nNeed for Speed:Most Wanted (2005) \| (X360) 83.05% (Xbox) 82.59% (PS2) 81.56% (PC) 81.50% (GC) 79.36% (GBA) 67.33% (NDS) 46.89% \| (X360) 83/100 (Xbox) 83/100 (PS2) 82/100 (PC) 82/100 (GC) 80/100 (NDS) 45/100 \nNeed for Speed:Carbon \| (PC) 78.47% (X360) 77.51% (PS3) 76.26% (PS2) 75.04% (GC) 74.25% (Xbox) 73.28% (PSP) 71.00% (GBA) 69.33% (NDS) 66.50% (Wii) 65.39% \| (PC) 78/100 (X360) 77/100 (PS3) 75/100 (GC) 75/100 (PS2) 74/100 (Xbox) 74/100 (PSP) 73/100 (NDS) 70/100 (Wii) 67/100 \nNeed for Speed:ProStreet \| (NDS) 74.83% (PS3) 72.87% (X360) 72.17% (PC) 69.12% (Wii) 63.94% (PS2) 60.64% (PSP) 60.38% \| (NDS) 74/100 (PS3) 73/100 (X360) 72/100 (PC) 70/100 (PS2) 62/100 (Wii) 61/100 (PSP) 57/100 \nNeed for Speed:Undercover \| (X360) 64.58% (PS3) 62.66% (PC) 61.70% (NDS) 58.20% (PS2) 58.00% (Wii) 53.92% (PSP) 50.50% \| (PC) 65/100 (X360) 64/100 (PS3) 59/100 (NDS) 59/100 (Wii) 54/100 (PSP) 52/100 \nNeed for Speed:Shift \| (PS3) 83.59% (X360) 82.84% (PC) 82.36% (PSP) 69.60% \| (PS3) 84/100 (X360) 83/100 (PC) 83/100 (PSP) 69/100 \nNeed for Speed:Nitro \| (Wii) 73.31% (NDS) 71.71% \| (NDS) 70/100 (Wii) 69/100 \nNeed for Speed:World \| (PC) 63.83% \| (PC) 62/100 \nNeed for Speed:Hot Pursuit (2010) \| (PS3) 88.86% (X360) 87.21% (PC) 86.19% (Wii) 45.83% \| (PS3) 89/100 (X360) 88/100 (PC) 86/100 (Wii) 50/100 \nNeed for Speed:Shift 2–Unleashed \| (PC) 83.08% (X360) 81.91% (PS3) 80.40% \| (PC) 84/100 (X360) 82/100 (PS3) 81/100 \nNeed for Speed:The Run \| (Wii) 70.00% (X360) 69.92% (3DS) 68.20% (PS3) 64.04% (PC) 60.14% \| (PC) 69/100 (X360) 68/100 (3DS) 65/100 (Wii) 64/100 (PS3) 64/100 \nNeed for Speed:Most Wanted (2012) \| (WIIU) 86.46% (PS3) 85.09% (Vita) 83.44% (X360) 83.05% (PC) 81.50% \| (WiiU) 86/100 (PS3) 84/100 (X360) 84/100 (Vita) 79/100 (PC) 78/100", "Need for Speed:Nitro \| (Wii) 73.31% (NDS) 71.71% \| (NDS) 70/100 (Wii) 69/100 \nNeed for Speed:World \| (PC) 63.83% \| (PC) 62/100 \nNeed for Speed:Hot Pursuit (2010) \| (PS3) 88.86% (X360) 87.21% (PC) 86.19% (Wii) 45.83% \| (PS3) 89/100 (X360) 88/100 (PC) 86/100 (Wii) 50/100 \nNeed for Speed:Shift 2–Unleashed \| (PC) 83.08% (X360) 81.91% (PS3) 80.40% \| (PC) 84/100 (X360) 82/100 (PS3) 81/100 \nNeed for Speed:The Run \| (Wii) 70.00% (X360) 69.92% (3DS) 68.20% (PS3) 64.04% (PC) 60.14% \| (PC) 69/100 (X360) 68/100 (3DS) 65/100 (Wii) 64/100 (PS3) 64/100 \nNeed for Speed:Most Wanted (2012) \| (WIIU) 86.46% (PS3) 85.09% (Vita) 83.44% (X360) 83.05% (PC) 81.50% \| (WiiU) 86/100 (PS3) 84/100 (X360) 84/100 (Vita) 79/100 (PC) 78/100 \nNeed for Speed Rivals \| (PS3) 79.00% (PS4) 80.59% (XOne) 79.08% (PC) 73.67% (X360) 71.43% \| (PS3) 80/100 (PS4) 80/100 (XOne) 75/100 (PC) 76/100 (X360) 76/100 \nNeed for Speed:No Limits \| (iOS) 72.00% \| (iOS) 67/100 \nNeed for Speed \| (PC) 61.00% (PS4) 66.44% (XONE) 66.12% \| (PC) 68/100 (PS4) 66/100 (XONE) 65/100 \nNeed for Speed Payback \| (PC) 93.00% (PS4) 59.00% (XONE) 56.81% \| (PC) 62/100 (PS4) 61/100 (XONE) 61/100 \n Most of the games in the franchise include police pursuits in some form or other. In some of the games featuring police pursuit (e.g. Need for Speed III:Hot Pursuit), the player can play as either the felon or the cop. The concepts of drifting and dragging were introduced in Need for Speed:Underground. These new mechanics are included in the tournament/career mode aside from the regular street races. Drift races, in games like Need for Speed:Underground and Need for Speed (2015), the player must defeat other racers by totaling the most points, earned by the length and timing of the drift made by the player's vehicle. In drag races, the player must finish first to win the race, though if the player crashes into an obstacle or wall, the race ends. In the recent game Need for Speed:Payback, the player has to earn a certain amount of points to win; increase their multiplier based on how many points they get, whist passing through a limited amount of checkpoints. \n Need for Speed:Edge is a free-to-play MMO racing game developed by EA Spearhead (formerly EA Korea) and published by Nexon from South Korea and Tencent Interactive Entertainment (known as Need for Speed Online) from China. It is the third free-to-play game in the franchise overall, along with being the only free-to-play racing game that runs on the Frostbite 3 game engine. It is based on the 2013 title Need for Speed Rivals. The open beta was released on December 10, 2017. \n Underground shifted from semi-professional racing and isolated circuits to the street racing style of other arcade racing series:all circuits became part of a single map, Olympic City, except for drifts. Underground introduced two new play modes (Drag and Drift) and more tuning options than in the earlier High Stakes. Underground was also the first game in the series to feature a story, told via pre-rendered videos. \n In April 2015, it was reported that a sequel would be produced by China Movie Channel, Jiaflix, and 1905.com in association with EA Games. \n Need for Speed:Shift and its sequel took a simulator approach to racing, featuring closed-circuit racing on real tracks like the Nürburgring and the Laguna Seca, and fictional street circuits in cities like London and Chicago. The car lists include a combination of exotics, sports cars, and tuners in addition to special race cars. \n Most Wanted had extremely positive reviews and received universal acclaim from reviewers in many gaming websites and magazines, praising the graphics, sound effects and general gameplay. With 16 million copies sold worldwide, it's the best-selling game in the franchise. A game, also named Need for Speed:Most Wanted, was released in 2012 with British developer Criterion Games responsible for the development. \n In August 2013, following the downsizing of Criterion Games, it was announced that Swedish developer Ghost Games would gain control of the Need for Speed racing franchise and oversee future development of the main series. At the time, 80% of Ghost Games' work force consisted of former Criterion Games employees. \n Like all racing games, the Need for Speed series features a list of cars, modeled and named after actual cars. Cars in the franchise are divided into four categories:exotic cars, muscle cars, tuners, and special vehicles. Exotic cars feature high performance, expensive cars like the Lamborghini Murciélago, Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford GT; muscle cars refer to the Ford Mustang, Dodge Challenger and the Chevrolet Camaro; while tuner cars are cars like the Nissan Skyline and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution. The special vehicles are civilian and police cars that are available for use in some games, such as the Ford Crown Victoria in Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit and garbage trucks, fire engines and taxis in Need for Speed:Carbon. \n When V-Rally was released in 1997, it was developed by Eden Studios and had no connection with the Need for Speed games. Electronic Arts acquired the rights to publish the PlayStation version of the game in the United States in order to help sales of the game, due to the fact that rally racing held little support in the U.S. The game was not originally intended to be part of the Need for Speed series; neither the game's development was done by Electronic Arts Canada (which at the time was the primary developer of the Need for Speed series), nor was it developed in as association with Electronic Arts in any way. Later versions of the game were solely published by Infogrames and were released under their original names. \n Timeline of release years 1994 \| The Need for Speed \n---\|--- \n1995 \n1997 \| Need for Speed II \n1998 \| Need for Speed III:Hot Pursuit \n1999 \| Need for Speed:High Stakes \n2000 \| Need for Speed:Porsche Unleashed \n\| Need for Speed:Hot Pursuit 2 \n2003 \| Need for Speed:Underground \n\| Need for Speed:Underground 2 \n2005 \| Need for Speed:Most Wanted \n2006 \| Need for Speed:Carbon \n2007 \| Need for Speed:ProStreet \n2008 \| Need for Speed:Undercover \n2009 \| Need for Speed:Shift \nNeed for Speed:Nitro \n\| Need for Speed:World \nNeed for Speed:Hot Pursuit \n2011 \| Shift 2:Unleashed \nNeed for Speed:The Run \n2012 \| Need for Speed:Most Wanted \n2013 \| Need for Speed Rivals \n2014 \n2015 \| Need for Speed:No Limits \nNeed for Speed (2015) \n2016 \n2017 \| Need for Speed Payback \nTBA \| Need for Speed:Edge \n There are three games which are associated with, but not part of, the Need for Speed series. \n Almost all of the games in the NFS series employ the same fundamental rules and similar mechanics:the player controls a race car in a variety of races, the goal being to win the race. In the tournament/career mode, the player must win a series of races in order to unlock vehicles and tracks. Before each race, the player chooses a vehicle and has the option of selecting either an automatic or manual transmission. All games in the series have some form of multiplayer mode allowing players to race one another via a split screen, a LAN or the Internet. Since Need for Speed:High Stakes, the series has also integrated car body customization into gameplay. \n The vehicle handling in the PC version was said to be the most realistic in any NFS game, but the PS1 version had very simplified arcade handling that fell woefully short of the hallmark handling offered in the first game. The player had to win races to unlock cars in chronological order from 1950 to 2000. Porsche Unleashed also featured a Factory Driver mode, where the player had to test Porsches to move forward in the game and did not feature a split screen mode.", "The vehicle handling in the PC version was said to be the most realistic in any NFS game, but the PS1 version had very simplified arcade handling that fell woefully short of the hallmark handling offered in the first game. The player had to win races to unlock cars in chronological order from 1950 to 2000. Porsche Unleashed also featured a Factory Driver mode, where the player had to test Porsches to move forward in the game and did not feature a split screen mode. \n On April 15, 2015, it was announced that Need for Speed World would be closing its servers on July 14, 2015. They soon after removed the ability to create new accounts for the game and began winding down their support for it. Since the announcement, there have been several \"end of the world\" promotions and in-game events but many of the players have since moved on. \n Police chases represent a significant body of the gameplay, and include the free-roaming aspect of Underground 2, but with less extensive vehicle customization features. The story mode is a different style from Underground, with CGI effects mixed with live action. The game featured the Blacklist, a crew consisting of 15 racers that the player must beat one-by-one to unlock parts, cars, tracks, and to complete career mode. The player had to meet certain requirements before they could take on the next Blacklist rival, such as races completed, milestones achieved, bounty earned, etc. \n Need for Speed:ProStreet, developed by EA Black Box, was released in 2007. Key features of the game included realistic damage, a return to realistic racing, modeling, and burnouts. The game lacked the free roam mode found in earlier releases, instead, all of the races were on closed race tracks that took place on organized race days. The game consisted of drag races, speed challenges (essentially sprint races and speed traps), grip races (circuit racing), and drift races. \n Most cars and tracks are available at the beginning of the game, and the objective is to unlock the remaining locked content by winning tournaments. This version featured chases by police cars, a popular theme throughout the series. \n Need for Speed:Underground 2, was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 15, 2004. A demo of the game was placed as a bonus in copies of the EA/Criterion collaboration Burnout 3:Takedown. \n Need for Speed:Most Wanted was developed by EA Black Box, released on November 16, 2005, and was one of the first games released for the Xbox 360. It was released on the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, Microsoft Windows and Nintendo DS. The PlayStation Portable port of Most Wanted is called Need for Speed:Most Wanted 5-1-0. \n In Underground 2, the story mode continued, but there were new racing modes such as Underground Racing League and Street X, more tuning options, and a new method of selecting races. Also included was an \"outrun\" mode where a player can challenge random opponents on the road (similar to Tokyo Xtreme Racer). Underground 2 also introduced several SUVs, used to race against other SUVs. The most significant change vs. the original Underground was the introduction of its Open World (free roam) environments, setting the tone for numerous NFS games to come. This was also the publisher's most marketed feature at launch. In addition, the game featured actresses/models Brooke Burke and Kelly Brook as in-game characters to help guide the player through the campaign. \n Need for Speed:Shift, developed by Slightly Mad Studios, was released on September 15, 2009. It features over 60 cars and 19 tracks, some of which are licensed tracks while others are fictional. The improved driving simulation was accompanied by an adaptive difficulty, while it reintroduced a cockpit view. NFS:Shift focused on racing simulation rather than the arcade racing of previous titles. \n The Collector's Edition Featuring three new cars, ten specially tuned cars, six new races, and a bonus DVD with behind-the-scenes footage on the making of the game. \n With the release of Need for Speed:Underground, the series shifted from racing sports cars on scenic point-to-point tracks to an import/tuner subculture involving street racing in an urban setting. To date, this theme has remained prevalent in most of the following games. \n It took on the gameplay style of Most Wanted and Carbon, focusing on illegal street racing, tuning and police chases, and adding classic MMO elements to the mix. World incorporated almost exact replicas of the cities of Rockport and Palmont, the cities of Most Wanted and Carbon respectively, into its map design. World was originally scheduled for an Asian release in the summer of 2009, however the game was not released at that time and it was released worldwide on July 27, 2010. In October 2009, the game was in public beta-testing limited to residents of Taiwan. \n Need for Speed III:Hot Pursuit added Hot Pursuit mode, where the player either attempted to outrun the police or be the cop, arresting speeders." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "T.A. Chapman Memorial T.A. Chapman Memorial is a public artwork by American artist Daniel Chester French. It is located at 2405 W. Forest Home Ave., in the Forest Home Cemetery Section 33 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The bronze sculpture was cast in 1896. Its dimensions are 62 x 41 x 23 in. The concrete base it stands on is 13 ½ x 21 7/8 x 14 3/8 in. Daniel Chester French’s sculpture is a memorial cast in honor of Timothy Appleton Chapman. Chapman was a pioneer dry goods merchant. The bronze statue stands tall but the angel figure is close to human proportions. It is her base that makes her seem larger than life. The statue is quite weathered. The angel has a neutral face. The figure holds a dish to symbolize the pouring of the water of life into the ground. The front of the base simply says CHAPMAN. The back of the statue says that the New York-based company Henry Bonnard Bronze cast the sculpture in 1896. Upon his death in 1892, the pioneer’s wife and two daughters commissioned ths sculpture. The artist, Daniel Chester French, chose to use a frequent model of his, Jessica Penn Evans. The cast can be found in front of a crypt located inside the Forest Home cemetery. An interesting fact about T.A. Chapman is that he was a major player in restoring Milwaukee after a big fire down town. It is a building on N. Milwaukee and East Milwaukee. The building was built five stories high and contained beautiful murals painted by Vergillio Tojetti. He established T.A. Chapman Co. in 1857. The artist, Daniel Chester French, is more well known for his design of the \"Lincoln Memorial\". According to the Smithsonian Art Inventories database, the statue was last surveyed in May 1993, and it needed some treatment. T.A. Chapman Memorial T.A. Chapman Memorial is a public artwork by American artist Daniel Chester French. It is located at 2405 W. Forest Home Ave., in the Forest Home Cemetery Section 33 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. The bronze sculpture was cast in 1896. Its dimensions are 62 x 41 x 23 in. The concrete base it stands on is 13 ½ x 21 7/8 x 14 3/8 in. Daniel Chester French’s sculpture is a memorial cast in honor of Timothy Appleton Chapman. Chapman was a pioneer dry goods merchant. The bronze statue stands" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "2006 Rugby League National Leagues The 2006 National Leagues (known as the LHF Healthplan National Leagues) are the second, third and fourth divisions of rugby league in the UK. National League One was won by Hull Kingston Rovers, who as a result entered Super League for the first time. They had led the league for the majority of the season and defeated Widnes Vikings in the final. York City Knights and Oldham R.L.F.C. were relegated to National Two. National League Two was won by Dewsbury Rams, who only sealed the title on the last day of the season. Runners-up Sheffield Eagles won the play-off final against Swinton, who won through the play-offs by beating Barrow Raiders, Featherstone Rovers and Celtic Crusaders, who they beat in rugby league's first ever golden point extra time. National League Three was won by Bramley Buffaloes, last year's losing finalists. The League One and League Three Grand Finals, and the League Two Play-off final were played at Warrington's Halliwell Jones Stadium on 8 October 2006. Final positions (10 September 2006) Whitehaven 26 Batley Bulldogs 8 Doncaster Lakers 0 Rochdale Hornets 44 Oldham R.L.F.C. 8 Hull Kingston Rovers 48 Widnes Vikings 25 York City Knights 18 Doncaster Lakers 32 Whitehaven 32 Batley Bulldogs 6 \|Halifax 26 Rochdale Hornets 28 Oldham R.L.F.C. 10 Leigh Centurions 53 Widnes Vikings 4 York City Knights 18 Hull Kingston Rovers 51 Whitehaven 38 Rochdale Hornets 24 Oldham R.L.F.C. 10 Doncaster Lakers 56 Widnes Vikings 52 Batley Bulldogs 6 Hull Kingston Rovers 30 Leigh Centurions 6 Whitehaven 16 Widnes Vikings 38 Rochdale Hornets 30 York City Knights 16 Hull Kingston Rovers 30 \|Halifax 22 Batley Bulldogs 24 Doncaster Lakers 32 Leigh Centurions 44 Oldham R.L.F.C. 12 Widnes Vikings 28 Hull Kingston Rovers 42 York City Knights 10 Leigh Centurions 24 Doncaster Lakers 22 Batley Bulldogs 24 Oldham R.L.F.C. 10 Whitehaven 48 Leigh Centurions 25 Doncaster Lakers 18 Whitehaven 30 \|Halifax 20 Rochdale Hornets 38 Widnes Vikings 46 Hull Kingston Rovers 80 Oldham R.L.F.C. 6 Batley Bulldogs 41 York City Knights 34 Doncaster Lakers 24 Hull Kingston Rovers 28 York City Knights 18 Widnes Vikings 40 Rochdale Hornets 32 Whitehaven 6 Batley Bulldogs 14 Leigh Centurions 8 Hull Kingston Rovers 74 Whitehaven 12 Widnes Vikings 34 Doncaster Lakers 12 Oldham R.L.F.C. 0 York City Knights 62 Leigh Centurions 30 Rochdale Hornets 16 Whitehaven 32 Leigh Centurions 22 Doncaster Lakers 22 \|Halifax 18 York City Knights 56 Oldham R.L.F.C. 14 Rochdale Hornets 16 Hull Kingston Rovers 66 Batley Bulldogs 36 Widnes Vikings 38 Leigh Centurions 38 \|Halifax 36 York City Knights 30 Doncaster Lakers 44 Oldham R.L.F.C. 18 Rochdale Hornets 22 Hull Kingston Rovers 42 Batley Bulldogs 8 Widnes Vikings 26 Whitehaven 12 Doncaster Lakers 22 Leigh Centurions 34 Whitehaven 42 York City Knights 24 Batley Bulldogs 26 Rochdale Hornets 12 Widnes Vikings 72 Oldham R.L.F.C. 18 Rochdale Hornets 28 Doncaster Lakers 30 Leigh Centurions 12 Whitehaven 22 York City Knights 24 \|Halifax 37 Hull Kingston Rovers 49 Widnes Vikings 24 Oldham R.L.F.C. 8 Batley Bulldogs 40 Rochdale Hornets 28 Leigh Centurions 29 Batley Bulldogs 12 Whitehaven 20 Hull Kingston Rovers 21 York City Knights 10 Doncaster Lakers 58 Oldham R.L.F.C. 10 Oldham are relegated to National League 2 following their 14th defeat of the season. York look certain to join them. Leigh Centurions 36 Hull Kingston Rovers 10 Whitehaven 22 Doncaster Lakers 12 Oldham R.L.F.C. 8 \|Halifax 56 Widnes Vikings 18 Rochdale Hornets 31 York City Knights 20 Batley Bulldogs 26 Hull KR are very close to taking the league leadership into the play-offs. Widnes are now in second place and York cling to National One by their fingertips. Widnes Vikings 32 Leigh Centurions 16 Hull Kingston Rovers 26 Rochdale Hornets 12 Batley Bulldogs 44 Oldham R.L.F.C. 16 York City Knights 28 Whitehaven 18 York go down fighting with their second straight win. Oldham R.L.F.C. 28 Widnes Vikings 78 Leigh Centurions 28 Batley Bulldogs 10 Rochdale Hornets 24 \|Halifax 14 Doncaster Lakers 28 York City Knights 44 Whitehaven 48 Hull Kingston Rovers 12 Hull KR are confirmed as Minor Premiers and will have home advantage in the semi-final of the play-offs. Oldham R.L.F.C. 12 Leigh Centurions 52 Batley Bulldogs 24 Hull Kingston Rovers 28 Doncaster Lakers 0 Widnes Vikings 56 York City Knights 24 Rochdale Hornets 18 Leigh Centurions 60 York City Knights 16 Hull Kingston Rovers 30 Doncaster Lakers 22 Whitehaven 66 Oldham R.L.F.C. 4 Widnes Vikings 76 \|Halifax 34 Rochdale Hornets 47 Batley Bulldogs 20 Elimination matches, 17 September Leigh Centurions 22–23 Batley Bulldogs Whitehaven 38–10 Rochdale Hornets Semi-final, 24 September Hull Kingston Rovers 29–22 Widnes Vikings Elimination match, 24 September Whitehaven 30–0 Batley Bulldogs Semi-final, 1 October Widnes Vikings 24–20 Whitehaven National League One Grand Final, Sunday 8 October Hull Kingston Rovers 29–16 Widnes Vikings Final positions (10 September 2006) Sheffield Eagles 44 Keighley Cougars 12 Featherstone Rovers 36 Gateshead Thunder 24 Workington Town 18 Celtic Crusaders 50 Swinton Lions 22 Barrow Raiders 20 London Skolars 30 Dewsbury Rams 34 Blackpool Panthers 14 Hunslet Hawks 12 Dewsbury Rams 22 Keighley Cougars 16 Featherstone Rovers 30 Sheffield Eagles 56 Workington Town 30 Barrow Raiders 22 Celtic Crusaders 70 London Skolars 0 Swinton Lions 56 Blackpool Panthers 24 Hunslet Hawks 10 Gateshead Thunder 19 Keighley Cougars 18 Hunslet Hawks 24 Sheffield Eagles 22 Celtic Crusaders 20 Barrow Raiders 26 Featherstone Rovers 24 London Skolars 24 Swinton Lions 38 Blackpool Panthers 16 Dewsbury Rams 36 Gateshead Thunder 54 Workington Town 6 Keighley Cougars 34 Blackpool Panthers 24 Hunslet Hawks 20 London Skolars 16 Barrow Raiders 32 Celtic Crusaders 16 Swinton Lions 26 Gateshead Thunder 21 Dewsbury Rams 27 Featherstone Rovers 28 Sheffield Eagles 44 Workington Town 46 Gateshead Thunder 38 Keighley Cougars 18 London Skolars 32 Barrow Raiders 34 Celtic Crusaders 36 Hunslet Hawks 16 Featherstone Rovers 16 Blackpool Panthers 6 Workington Town 23 Swinton Lions 18 Dewsbury Rams 27 Sheffield Eagles 12 Sheffield Eagles 38 Gateshead Thunder 14 Keighley Cougars 30 Celtic Crusaders 30 Blackpool Panthers 12 London Skolars 30 Barrow Raiders 12 Swinton Lions 16 Hunslet Hawks 14 Featherstone Rovers 14 Workington Town 15 Dewsbury Rams 22 Gateshead Thunder 16 Barrow Raiders 40 Celtic Crusaders 52 Blackpool Panthers 16 London Skolars 10 Sheffield Eagles 38 Swinton Lions 18 Dewsbury Rams 22 Hunslet Hawks 22 Keighley Cougars 4 Featherstone Rovers 19 Workington Town 12 Barrow Raiders 46 London Skolars 16 Dewsbury Rams 42 Celtic Crusaders 4 Blackpool Panthers 8 Swinton Lions 44 Sheffield Eagles 34 Hunslet Hawks 20 Keighley Cougars 22 Featherstone Rovers 24 Workington Town 24 Gateshead Thunder 33 Barrow Raiders 34 Workington Town 22 London Skolars 32 Blackpool Panthers 32 Celtic Crusaders 58 Keighley Cougars 18 Swinton Lions 54 Hunslet Hawks 22 Gateshead Thunder 27 Sheffield Eagles 26 Featherstone Rovers 34 Dewsbury Rams 14 Sheffield Eagles 29 Barrow Raiders 8 Workington Town 28 Featherstone Rovers 26 Swinton Lions 18 Celtic Crusaders 50 Hunslet Hawks 45 Blackpool Panthers 22 Keighley Cougars 20 Gateshead Thunder 31 Dewsbury Rams 60 London Skolars 0 Celtic Crusaders 28 Sheffield Eagles 12 Barrow Raiders 17 Hunslet Hawks 16 Featherstone Rovers 27 Swinton Lions 24 Blackpool Panthers 22 Keighley Cougars 18 Gateshead Thunder 16 Dewsbury Rams 20 London Skolars 16 Workington Town 30 Sheffield Eagles 44 Featherstone Rovers 28 Keighley Cougars 26 Barrow Raiders 18 Hunslet Hawks 12 Dewsbury Rams 42 Swinton Lions 46 Workington Town 30 Blackpool Panthers 6 Gateshead Thunder 24 London Skolars 4 Celtic Crusaders 48 Barrow Raiders 12 Sheffield Eagles 32 Featherstone Rovers 50 Keighley Cougars 32 Workington Town 30 Hunslet Hawks 12 Dewsbury Rams 66 Blackpool Panthers 6 Gateshead Thunder 36 London Skolars 6 Celtic Crusaders 10 Swinton Lions 21 Barrow", "45 Blackpool Panthers 22 Keighley Cougars 20 Gateshead Thunder 31 Dewsbury Rams 60 London Skolars 0 Celtic Crusaders 28 Sheffield Eagles 12 Barrow Raiders 17 Hunslet Hawks 16 Featherstone Rovers 27 Swinton Lions 24 Blackpool Panthers 22 Keighley Cougars 18 Gateshead Thunder 16 Dewsbury Rams 20 London Skolars 16 Workington Town 30 Sheffield Eagles 44 Featherstone Rovers 28 Keighley Cougars 26 Barrow Raiders 18 Hunslet Hawks 12 Dewsbury Rams 42 Swinton Lions 46 Workington Town 30 Blackpool Panthers 6 Gateshead Thunder 24 London Skolars 4 Celtic Crusaders 48 Barrow Raiders 12 Sheffield Eagles 32 Featherstone Rovers 50 Keighley Cougars 32 Workington Town 30 Hunslet Hawks 12 Dewsbury Rams 66 Blackpool Panthers 6 Gateshead Thunder 36 London Skolars 6 Celtic Crusaders 10 Swinton Lions 21 Barrow Raiders 48 Gateshead Thunder 10 Swinton Lions 14 Sheffield Eagles 24 Featherstone Rovers 54 London Skolars 6 Keighley Cougars 12 Dewsbury Rams 36 Hunslet Hawks 12 Celtic Crusaders 34 Blackpool Panthers 18 Workington Town 16 Celtic Crusaders 42 Barrow Raiders 12 Dewsbury Rams 27 Hunslet Hawks 20 Gateshead Thunder 36 Blackpool Panthers 38 London Skolars 31 Keighley Cougars 6 Swinton Lions 26 Featherstone Rovers 22 Workington Town 10 Sheffield Eagles 70 Blackpool Panthers 0 Celtic Crusaders 52 Hunslet Hawks 24 Swinton Lions 24 Dewsbury Rams 36 Gateshead Thunder 8 Sheffield Eagles 46 London Skolars 0 Keighley Cougars 19 Workington Town 12 Featherstone Rovers 32 Barrow Raiders 8 Celtic Crusaders 18 Dewsbury Rams 38 Gateshead Thunder 22 Featherstone Rovers 36 Sheffield Eagles 18 Swinton Lions 14 London Skolars 24 Hunslet Hawks 16 Workington Town 58 Blackpool Panthers 20 Barrow Raiders 38 Keighley Cougars 14 Celtic Crusaders 22 Gateshead Thunder 26 Keighley Cougars 28 Swinton Lions 6 London Skolars 31 Featherstone Rovers 12 Hunslet Hawks 18 Workington Town 44 Blackpool Panthers 20 Sheffield Eagles 40 Dewsbury Rams 24 Barrow Raiders 14 Gateshead Thunder 26 Hunslet Hawks 18 Workington Town 50 Keighley Cougars 18 Swinton Lions 58 London Skolars 12 Featherstone Rovers 11 Celtic Crusaders 10 Barrow Raiders 36 Blackpool Panthers 14 Sheffield Eagles 21 Dewsbury Rams 20 Dewsbury close in on automatic promotion but Sheffield keep chasing. Blackpool Panthers 28 Featherstone Rovers 38 Hunslet Hawks 16 Barrow Raiders 36 Keighley Cougars 14 Sheffield Eagles 58 Dewsbury Rams 20 Swinton Lions 12 London Skolars 16 Gateshead Thunder 26 Celtic Crusaders 38 Workington Town 10 Sheffield Eagles 52 Blackpool Panthers 0 Featherstone Rovers 34 Hunslet Hawks 24 Swinton Lions 54 Keighley Cougars 10 Barrow Raiders 26 Dewsbury Rams 28 Gateshead Thunder 16 Celtic Crusaders 28 Workington Town 28 London Skolars 18 Dewsbury sealed automatic promotion to National League One with a comeback victory over Workington. The Sheffield Eagles finish second after their eleventh straight win. Blackpool Panthers 4 Barrow Raiders 60 Celtic Crusaders 14 Featherstone Rovers 11 Dewsbury Rams 30 Workington Town 16 Gateshead Thunder 16 Swinton Lions 32 Hunslet Hawks 16 Sheffield Eagles 48 Keighley Cougars 32 London Skolars 44 Elimination matches, 17 September Featherstone Rovers 46–18 Gateshead Thunder Swinton Lions 26–20 Barrow Raiders Semi-final, 22 September Sheffield Eagles 26–16 Celtic Crusaders Elimination match, 24 September Featherstone Rovers 14–27 Swinton Lions Semi-final, 1 October This game was the first rugby league match in the UK to be settled in golden point extra time. After 80 minutes the score was 26–26. After two periods of extra time (10 minutes each) there was no further score. Two minutes into the additional overtime Swinton's Chris Hough dropped a goal to seal it for Swinton. Celtic Crusaders 26–27 Swinton Lions National League Two Grand Final, Sunday 8 October Sheffield Eagles 35–10 Swinton Lions Hillsborough Hawks withdrew after playing two matches. These results were expunged. Final positions Underbank Rangers 10 Warrington Wizards 60 Dewsbury Celtic 13 Hemel Stags 36 Featherstone Lions 20 Bradford Dudley Hill 30 St Albans Centurions 28 Gateshead Storm 14 St Albans Centurions 6 Bramley Buffaloes 10 Featherstone Lions 10 Warrington Wizards 82 Bradford Dudley Hill 34 Dewsbury Celtic 18 Gateshead Storm 16 Underbank Rangers 32 Hemel Stags 34 Bradford Dudley Hill 20 Bramley Buffaloes 34 Underbank Rangers 14 Featherstone Lions 14 Gateshead Storm 44 Dewsbury Celtic 42 Warrington Wizards 35 St Albans Centurions 48 Underbank Rangers 8 Bramley Buffaloes 76 Featherstone Lions 0 Gateshead Storm 36 Dewsbury Celtic 44 Warrington Wizards 24 Hemel Stags 34 Bradford Dudley Hill 18 Warrington Wizards 6 Featherstone Lions 10 St Albans Centurions 44 Dewsbury Celtic 18 Bramley Buffaloes 26 Hemel Stags 40 Gateshead Storm 30 Bramley Buffaloes 20 Hemel Stags 24 Dewsbury Celtic 34 St Albans Centurions 24 Gateshead Storm 16 Bradford Dudley Hill 22 Underbank Rangers 22 Featherstone Lions 16 Hemel Stags 20 St Albans Centurions 12 Dewsbury Celtic 52 Underbank Rangers 0 Gateshead Storm 10 Warrington Wizards 54 Bradford Dudley Hill 20 Bramley Buffaloes 22 St Albans Centurions 42 Bradford Dudley Hill 10 Featherstone Lions 14 Dewsbury Celtic 14 Underbank Rangers 24 Hemel Stags 36 Bramley Buffaloes 48 Warrington Wizards 24 Bradford Dudley Hill 34 Underbank Rangers 0 Bramley Buffaloes 70 Gateshead Storm 8 Warrington Wizards 36 St Albans Centurions 26 Hemel Stags 90 Featherstone Lions 14 Hemel Stags 56 Dewsbury Celtic 0 Bradford Dudley Hill 56 Featherstone Lions 10 Gateshead Storm 4 St Albans Centurions 44 Warrington Wizards 50 Underbank Rangers 16 Dewsbury Celtic 42 Bradford Dudley Hill 30 Warrington Wizards 48 Featherstone Lions 20 Bramley Buffaloes 16 St Albans Centurions 14 Underbank Rangers v Gateshead Storm – Postponed Bradford Dudley Hill 34 Hemel Stags 12 Warrington Wizards 36 Dewsbury Celtic 18 Underbank Rangers 12 Bramley Buffaloes 32 Gateshead Storm 26 Featherstone Lions 18 Hemel Stags 24 Warrington Wizards 45 Dewsbury Celtic 50 Gateshead Storm 20 Underbank Rangers 10 St Albans Centurions 38 Featherstone Lions 8 Bramley Buffaloes 44 Warrington Wizards 56 Bradford Dudley Hill 16 Gateshead Storm 6 Hemel Stags 48 St Albans Centurions 56 Featherstone Lions 28 Bramley Buffaloes 88 Dewsbury Celtic 16 Bradford Dudley Hill 34 Gateshead Storm 36 Hemel Stags 12 Bramley Buffaloes 38 St Albans Centurions 26 Dewsbury Celtic 26 Featherstone Lions 10 Underbank Rangers 8 Bramley Buffaloes 40 Bradford Dudley Hill 14 Warrington Wizards 24 Gateshead Storm 0 St Albans Centurions 22 Hemel Stags 6 Underbank Rangers 6 Dewsbury Celtic 32 Bradford Dudley Hill 24 St Albans Centurions 0 Warrington Wizards 22 Bramley Buffaloes 14 Hemel Stags 58 Underbank Rangers 16 Dewsbury Celtic 66 Featherstone Lions 12 Featherstone Lions 10 Hemel Stags 52 Gateshead Storm 24 Bramley Buffaloes 28 Underbank Rangers 44 Bradford Dudley Hill 14 St Albans Centurions 32 Warrington Wizards 18 Elimination match, 17 September. Bradford Dudley Hill withdrew from the play-offs. St Albans Centurions 36–16 Dewsbury Celtic Elimination match, 24 September Warrington Wizards 30–12 St Albans Centurions Semi-final, 24 September Bramley Buffaloes 30–10 Hemel Stags Semi-final, 1 October Hemel Stags 27–16 Warrington Wizards National League Three Grand Final, Sunday 8 October Hemel Stags 8–30 Bramley Buffaloes 2006 Rugby League National Leagues The 2006 National Leagues (known as the LHF Healthplan National Leagues) are the second, third and fourth divisions of rugby league in the UK. National League" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Civil Conflict The Civil Conflict (sometimes styled as the conFLiCT), was the name given by former University of Connecticut football head coach Bob Diaco to Connecticut's annual matchup against the UCF Knights football team of the University of Central Florida. The teams first met in 2013 as members of the American Athletic Conference. Diaco first mentioned a trophy after Connecticut's 37–29 victory over UCF in November 2014, his first FBS win as Connecticut head coach. It was also UCF's first conference loss in AAC, an 11-game winning streak that had dated back to 2013. \"We're excited about this game. I mean it. I'm excited to continue this game. With all admiration and respect. All admiration and respect for Central Florida and Coach O'Leary. They're spectacular. But we're excited about this North/South battle. You want to call it the Civil Conflict? Maybe with my money and I'll make a trophy. I'll buy it myself. Put a big giant Husky and a big giant Knight on it. Make a stand. Put it in our hallway. The Civil Conflict.\" In June 2015, Diaco had a trophy built for the series and announced it on Twitter. UCF had not been aware of it beforehand. The Knights' head coach and interim athletic director George O'Leary dismissed both the trophy and the motivations for a rivalry between the two teams. Diaco responded by saying, \"They [UCF] don't get to say whether they are our rival or not.\" The \"New York Post\" said that Diaco created the \"worst rivalry in sports history.\" The teams played three times during Diaco's tenure as head coach and twice following his announcement of the trophy. Connecticut won in 2014 and 2015. UCF won the 2016 game, and proceeded to exit the field without acknowledging or accepting the trophy. The trophy was then purportedly crated and transported back to Connecticut. Following that game, Diaco said he was \"shelving the venture\". Diaco was fired as head coach at the end of the 2016 season and was replaced by Randy Edsall. Connecticut Athletic Director David Benedict, who himself never officially acknowledged the rivalry or the trophy, was asked in 2017 about the trophy's whereabouts. He replied, \"I honestly don't know. That trophy was there before I got there. I believe that trophy was commissioned and paid for by coach Diaco. And therefore if it left with him, I don't know that, but if it did that's fine.\" During the 2017 meeting in Orlando, the trophy and the claimed rivalry continued to be a subject of ridicule, and the whereabouts of the actual trophy were still unknown. An August 2018 video appearing to show the trophy was revealed to be a hoax. Civil Conflict The Civil Conflict (sometimes styled as the conFLiCT), was the name given by former University of Connecticut football head coach Bob Diaco to Connecticut's annual matchup against the UCF Knights football team of the University of Central Florida. The teams first met in 2013 as members of the American Athletic Conference." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Leonid Rogozov Leonid Ivanovich Rogozov (; 14 March 1934 – 21 September 2000) was a Soviet general practitioner who took part in the sixth Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1960–1961. He was the only doctor stationed at the Novolazarevskaya Station and, while there, developed appendicitis, which meant he had to perform an appendectomy on himself in a case of self-surgery. Leonid Rogozov was born in Dauriya Station, Chita Oblast, a remote village in Eastern Siberia, just from the Soviet border with Mongolia and China, near Manzhouli. His father was killed in World War II in 1943. In 1953 he completed his studies at a secondary school in Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai and was admitted to the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute (now Saint Petersburg). After graduating in 1959 as a general practitioner, he started clinical training to specialise in surgery. In September 1960, at the age of 26, he interrupted his training and joined the sixth Soviet Antarctic Expedition as a doctor. From September 1960 until October 1962, Rogozov worked in Antarctica, including his role as the sole doctor in a team of thirteen researchers at the Novolazarevskaya Station, which was established in January 1961. On the morning of 29 April 1961, Rogozov experienced general weakness, nausea, and moderate fever, and later pain in the lower right portion of the abdomen. None of the possible conservative treatment measures helped. By 30 April signs of localised peritonitis became apparent, and his condition worsened considerably by the evening. Mirny, the nearest Soviet research station, was more than 1,600 km (1,000 mi) from Novolazarevskaya. Antarctic research stations of other countries did not have an aircraft. Severe blizzard conditions prevented aircraft landing in any case. Rogozov had no option but to perform the operation on himself. The operation started at 02:00 local time on 1 May with the help of a driver and meteorologist, who were providing instruments and holding a mirror to observe areas not directly visible, while Rogozov was in a semi-reclining position, half-turned to his left side. A solution of 0.5% novocaine was used for local anaesthesia of the abdominal wall. Rogozov made a 10–12 cm incision of the abdominal wall, and while opening the peritoneum he accidentally injured the cecum and had to suture it. Then he proceeded to expose the appendix. According to his report, the appendix was found to have a dark stain at its base, and Rogozov estimated it would have burst within a day. The appendix was resected and antibiotics were applied directly into the peritoneal cavity. General weakness and nausea developed about 30–40 minutes after the start of the operation so that short pauses for rest were repeatedly needed after that. By about 04:00 the operation was complete. After the operation gradual improvement occurred in the signs of peritonitis and in the general condition of Rogozov. Body temperature returned to normal after five days, and the stitches were removed seven days after the operation. He resumed his regular duties in about two weeks. The self-surgery captured the imagination of the Soviet public at the time. In 1961 he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour. The incident resulted in a change of policy, and thereafter, extensive health checks were mandatory for personnel to be deployed on such expeditions. In October 1962 Rogozov returned to Leningrad and started working on an MD at his alma mater. In September 1966 he published an MD thesis entitled \"Resection of the esophagus for treating esophageal cancer\". He later worked as a doctor in various hospitals in Leningrad. From 1986 to 2000 he served as the head of the surgery department of Saint Petersburg Research Institute for Tubercular Pulmonology. Rogozov died in 2000, aged 66, in Saint Petersburg, Russia, from lung cancer. Leonid Rogozov Leonid Ivanovich Rogozov (; 14 March 1934 – 21 September 2000) was a Soviet general practitioner who took part in the sixth Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1960–1961. He was the only doctor stationed at the Novolazarevskaya Station and, while there, developed appendicitis, which meant he had to perform an appendectomy on himself in a case of self-surgery. Leonid Rogozov was born in Dauriya Station, Chita Oblast, a remote village in Eastern Siberia, just from the Soviet" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies The university also organizes two short-term programs for students who are in Japan as study abroad students: the Japan Studies in Nagasaki (JASIN) Program and the Nagasaki International Communications Studies (NICS) Program. The JASIN Program is designed for students from Western countries so that the application, orientation, counseling and Japan Studies classes are conducted in English. The NICS Program is designed for students from Asia so that the above services are conducted in Japanese. Both Programs require Japanese language study. Students are placed in an appropriate level of Japanese language study (Beginning to Advanced) according to a placement test. No previous Japanese language study is required of JASIN students, but NICS students are required to begin from an intermediate level of Japanese. It was founded in December 1945, based upon the ideals of the YMCA. Its motto is to promote peace through international communication and understanding. This university is located in a very historic city, and provides not only classes for Japanese students but international students (\"ryuugakusei\") as well. Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies The university also organizes two short-term programs for students who are in Japan as study abroad students: the Japan Studies in" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Dervish Bejah Dervish Bejah Jakhrani Baloch (c. 1862 – 1957), also known as Dervish, was an Australian camel driver who had a significant role in the exploration and development of inland Australia. Darvish Bejjar was born in Baluchistan, then part of British India and since 1947 part of Pakistan. He served with British forces at Kandahar and Karachi under Lord Roberts where he attained the rank of sergeant. He moved to Australia in about 1890, arriving by sailing ship at the port of Fremantle. In 1896 Bejah was engaged by Lawrence Wells to manage the camels used for transport on the ill-fated Calvert Scientific Exploring Expedition to the Great Sandy Desert of north-central Western Australia. In 1902 he settled in Marree, South Australia, where he bought land and from where he operated his camel transport business. On 15 December 1909 he married Amelia Jane Shaw, a widow with whom he had a son, Abdul Jubbar (Jack). In 1930 he retired from camel driving to grow date palms. Baloch was featured in the award-winning 1954 documentary film \"The Back of Beyond\". On 6 May 1957 he died in the hospital at Port Augusta and was buried in the local cemetery. Bejah is commemorated by a plaque on the Jubilee 150 Walkway in Adelaide as someone who made a major contribution to the development of South Australia. Dervish Bejah Dervish Bejah Jakhrani Baloch (c. 1862 – 1957), also known as Dervish, was an Australian camel driver who had a significant role in the exploration and development of inland Australia. Darvish Bejjar was born in Baluchistan, then part of British India and since 1947 part of Pakistan. He served with British forces at Kandahar and Karachi under Lord Roberts where he attained the rank of sergeant. He moved to Australia in about 1890," ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Henning Dahl Mikkelsen Henning Dahl Mikkelsen (1915 - June 4, 1982) was a Danish cartoonist, best known for creation of the long running newspaper comic strip \"Ferd'nand\", which he signed as Mik. He was born in Skive, Denmark, and began the pantomime humor strip \"Ferd'nand\" in 1936. Because it had no dialogue or captions, it soon was circulated internationally. After World War II, he came to the United States, where he continued to do the strip while also profiting from California real estate. He became a United States citizen in 1954. In 1970, he turned the strip over to Al Plastino. Mikkelsen died unexpectedly, from a heart attack, in 1982 at age 67. He lived in Hemet, California and is buried at the San Jacinto Valley Cemetery in San Jacinto, California. He was survived by his wife Jessie, three daughters, a son and three grandchildren. Henning Dahl Mikkelsen Henning Dahl Mikkelsen (1915 - June 4, 1982) was a Danish cartoonist, best known for creation of the long running newspaper comic strip \"Ferd'nand\", which he signed as Mik. He was born in Skive, Denmark, and began the pantomime humor strip \"Ferd'nand\" in 1936. Because it had no dialogue or captions, it" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "William Parr Greswell William Parr Greswell (1765–1854) was an English clergyman and bibliographer. William Parr Greswell, son of John Greswell of Chester, was baptised at Tarvin, Cheshire, on 23 June 1765. He was ordained on 20 September 1789 to the curacy of Blackley, near Manchester, and succeeded on 24 September 1791 to the incumbency of Denton, also near Manchester, on the presentation of the first Earl of Wilton, to whose son he was tutor. This living, which when he took it was only worth ₤100 a year, he held for the long period of sixty-three years. To add to his income he opened a school. Greswell educated his own seven sons, five of whom went to Oxford and won high honours. They were William, M. A., fellow of Balliol, and author of works on ritual, died 1876; Edward, B.D., fellow and tutor of Corpus Christi College; Richard, B.D., fellow and tutor of Worcester College ; Francis Hague, M.A., fellow of Brasenose ; Clement, M.A., fellow and tutor of Oriel, and rector of Tortworth, Gloucestershire. His other sons were Charles, a medical man, and Thomas, master of Chetham's Hospital, Manchester. Greswell resigned his incumbency of Denton in 1853, and died on 12 January 1854, aged 89, and was buried at Denton. His large library was sold at Sotheby's in February 1855. Greswell wrote: William Parr Greswell William Parr Greswell (1765–1854) was an English clergyman and bibliographer. William Parr Greswell, son of John Greswell of Chester, was baptised at Tarvin, Cheshire, on 23 June 1765. He was ordained on 20 September 1789 to the curacy of Blackley, near Manchester, and succeeded on 24 September 1791 to the incumbency of Denton, also near Manchester, on the presentation of the first Earl of Wilton, to whose son he was tutor. This living, which when" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ramgarh Sardaran Ramgarh Sardaran is a village in Punjab state of India. It is situated 18 km from its tehsil (sub-district headquarter) Payal and approx. 40 km from its district ludhiana.As per 2014 stats, Ramgarh Sardaran village is also a gram panchayat. The village is located near to Malaudh and just 2 km from patiala-ludhiana highway.The total geographical area of village is approx. 851 hectares. Ramgarh Sardaran experiences three main seasons. They are: Apart from these three, this village experiences transitional seasons like: it starts experiencing mildly hot temperatures in February. However, the actual summer season commences in mid-April. The area experiences pressure variations during the summer months. The atmospheric pressure of the region remains around 987 millibar during February and it reaches 970 millibar in June. The monsoon brings joy to the agricultural sector as farmers become very busy.The rainy season begins in first week of July as monsoon currents generated in the Bay of Bengal bring rain to the region. Temperature variation is minimal in January. The mean night and day temperatures fall to 5 °C (41 °F) and 12 °C (54 °F), respectively. The monsoon begins to reduce by the second week of September. This brings a gradual change in climate and temperature. The time between October and November is the transitional period between monsoon and winter seasons. Weather during this period is generally fair and dry. The effects of winter diminish by the first week of March. The hot summer season commences in mid-April. This period is marked by occasional showers with hail storms and squalls which cause extensive damage to crops. The winds remain dry and warm during the last week of March, commencing the harvest period. Monsoon season provides most of the rainfall for the region. Ramgarh Sardaran receives rainfall from the monsoon current of the Bay of Bengal. This monsoon current enters the state from the southeast in the first week of July. The winter season remains very cool with temperatures falling below freezing at some places. Winter also brings in some western disturbances. Rainfall in the winter provides relief to the farmers. Public Bus service - Direct private buses from malerkotla, Rara Sahib, Ahmedgarh Mandi, Payal. The population is approximately 4426 people living in 813 households. Ramgarh Sardaran Ramgarh Sardaran is a village in Punjab state of India. It is situated 18 km from its tehsil (sub-district headquarter) Payal and approx. 40" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Common cuckoo The common cuckoo (\"Cuculus canorus\") is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, \"Cuculiformes\", which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals. This species is a widespread summer migrant to Europe and Asia, and winters in Africa. It is a brood parasite, which means it lays eggs in the nests of other bird species, particularly of dunnocks, meadow pipits, and reed warblers. Although its eggs are larger than those of its hosts, the eggs in each type of host nest resemble the host's eggs. The adult too is a mimic, in its case of the sparrowhawk; since that species is a predator, the mimicry gives the female time to lay her eggs without being seen to do so. The species' binomial name is derived from the Latin \"cuculus\" (the cuckoo) and \"canorus\" (melodious; from \"canere\", meaning to sing). The cuckoo family gets its common name and genus name by onomatopoeia for the call of the male common cuckoo. The English word \"cuckoo\" comes from the Old French \"cucu\" and it first appears about 1240 in the poem \"Sumer Is Icumen In\" - \"Summer has come in / Loudly sing, Cuckoo!\" in modern English. The scientific name is from Latin. \"Cuculus\" is \"cuckoo\" and \"canorus\", \"melodious \". There are four subspecies worldwide: Although the common cuckoo's global population appears to be declining, it is classified of being of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is estimated that the species numbers between 25 million and 100 million individuals worldwide, with around 12.6 million to 25.8 million of those birds breeding in Europe. The maximum recorded lifespan of a common cuckoo in the United Kingdom is 6 years, 11 months and 2 days. The common cuckoo is long from bill to tail (with a tail of and a wingspan of . The legs are short. It is greyish with a slender body and long tail and can be mistaken for a falcon in flight, where the wingbeats are regular. During the breeding season, common cuckoos often settle on an open perch with drooped wings and raised tail. There is a rufous colour morph, which occurs occasionally in adult females but more often in juveniles. All adult males are slate-grey; the grey throat extends well down the bird's breast with a sharp demarcation to the barred underparts. The iris, orbital ring, the base of the bill and feet are yellow. Grey adult females have a pinkish-buff or buff background to the barring and neck sides, and sometimes small rufous spots on the median and greater coverts and the outer webs of the secondary feathers. Rufous morph adult females have reddish-brown upperparts with dark grey or black bars. The black upperpart bars are narrower than the rufous bars, as opposed to rufous juvenile birds, where the black bars are broader. Common cuckoos in their first autumn have variable plumage. Some have strongly-barred chestnut-brown upperparts, while others are plain grey. Rufous-brown birds have heavily barred upperparts with some feathers edged with creamy-white. All have whitish edges to the upper wing-coverts and primaries. The secondaries and greater coverts have chestnut bars or spots. In spring, birds hatched in the previous year may retain some barred secondaries and wing-coverts. The most obvious identification features of juvenile common cuckoos are the white nape patch and white feather fringes. Common cuckoos moult twice a year: a partial moult in summer and a complete moult in winter. Males weigh around and females . The common cuckoo looks very similar to the Oriental cuckoo, which is slightly shorter-winged on average. A study using stuffed bird models found that small birds are less likely to approach common cuckoos that have barred underparts similar to the Eurasian sparrowhawk, a predatory bird. Eurasian reed warblers were found more aggressive to cuckoos that looked less hawk-like, meaning that the resemblance to the hawk helps the cuckoo to access the nests of potential hosts. Other small birds, great tits and blue tits, showed alarm and avoided attending feeders on seeing either (mounted) sparrowhawks or cuckoos; this implies that the cuckoo's hawklike appearance functions as protective mimicry, whether to reduce attacks by hawks or to make brood parasitism easier. Hosts attack cuckoos more when they see neighbors mobbing cuckoos. The existence of the two plumage morphs in females may be due to frequency-dependent selection if this learning applies only to the morph that hosts see neighbors mob. In an experiment with dummy cuckoos of each morph and a sparrowhawk, reed warblers were more likely to attack both cuckoo morphs than the sparrowhawk, and even more likely to mob a certain cuckoo morph when they saw neighbors mobbing that morph, decreasing the reproductive success of that morph and selecting for the less common morph. The male's song, \"goo-ko\", is usually given from an open perch. During the breeding season the male typically gives this vocalisation with intervals of 1–1.5 seconds, in groups of 10–20 with a rest of a few seconds between groups. The female has a loud bubbling call. The song starts as a descending minor third early in the year in April, and the interval gets wider, through a major third to a fourth as the season progresses, and in June the cuckoo \"forgets its tune\" and may make other calls such as ascending intervals. Also the cuckoo seems to have a form of absolute pitch as it tends to sing in the key of C. The wings are drooped when calling intensely and when in the vicinity of a potential female, the male often wags its tail from side to side or the body may pivot from side to side. Essentially a bird of open land, the common cuckoo is a widespread summer migrant to Europe and Asia, and winters in Africa. Birds arrive in Europe in April and leave in September. The common cuckoo has also occurred as a vagrant in countries including Barbados, the United States, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Indonesia, Palau, Seychelles, Taiwan and China. The common cuckoo's diet consists of insects, with hairy caterpillars, which are distasteful to many birds, being a specialty of preference. It also occasionally eats eggs and chicks. The common cuckoo is an obligate brood parasite; it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. At the appropriate moment, the hen cuckoo flies down to the host's nest, pushes one egg out of the nest, lays an egg and flies off. The whole process takes about 10 seconds. A female may visit up to 50 nests during a breeding season. Common cuckoos first breed at the age of two years. More than 100 host species have been recorded: meadow pipit, dunnock and Eurasian reed warbler are the most common hosts in northern Europe; garden warbler, meadow pipit, pied wagtail and European robin in central Europe; brambling and common redstart in Finland; and great reed warbler in Hungary. Female common cuckoos are divided into gentes – groups of females favouring a particular host species' nest and laying eggs that match those of that species in color and pattern. Evidence from mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that each gene may have multiple independent origins due to parasitism of specific hosts by different ancestors. One hypothesis for the inheritance of egg appearance mimicry is that this trait is inherited from the female only, suggesting that it is carried on the sex-determining W chromosome (females are WZ, males ZZ). A genetic analysis of gentes supports this proposal by finding significant differentiation in mitochondrial DNA, but not in microsatellite DNA. A second proposal for the inheritance of this trait is that the genes controlling egg characteristics are carried on autosomes rather than just the W chromosome. Another genetic analysis of sympatric gentes supports this second proposal by finding significant genetic differentiation in both microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Considering the tendency for common cuckoo males to mate with multiple females and produce offspring raised by more than one host", "the inheritance of egg appearance mimicry is that this trait is inherited from the female only, suggesting that it is carried on the sex-determining W chromosome (females are WZ, males ZZ). A genetic analysis of gentes supports this proposal by finding significant differentiation in mitochondrial DNA, but not in microsatellite DNA. A second proposal for the inheritance of this trait is that the genes controlling egg characteristics are carried on autosomes rather than just the W chromosome. Another genetic analysis of sympatric gentes supports this second proposal by finding significant genetic differentiation in both microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Considering the tendency for common cuckoo males to mate with multiple females and produce offspring raised by more than one host species, it appears as though males do not contribute to the maintenance of common cuckoo gentes. However, it was found that only nine percent of offspring were raised outside of their father's presumed host species. Therefore, both males and females may contribute to the maintenance of common cuckoo egg mimicry polymorphism. It is notable that most non-parasitic cuckoo species lay white eggs, like most non-passerines other than ground-nesters. As the common cuckoo evolves to lay eggs that better imitate the host's eggs, the host species adapts and is more able to distinguish the cuckoo egg. A study of 248 common cuckoo and host eggs demonstrated that female cuckoos that parasitised common redstart nests laid eggs that matched better than those that targeted dunnocks. Spectroscopy was used to model how the host species saw the cuckoo eggs. Cuckoos that target dunnock nests lay white, brown-speckled eggs, in contrast to the dunnock's own blue eggs. The theory suggests that common redstarts have been parasitised by common cuckoos for longer, and so have evolved to be better than the dunnocks at noticing the cuckoo eggs. Studies were made of 90 great reed warbler nests in central Hungary. There was an \"\"unusually high\"\" frequency of common cuckoo parasitism, with 64% of the nests parasitised. Of the nests targeted by cuckoos, 64% contained one cuckoo egg, 23% had two, 10% had three and 3% had four common cuckoo eggs. In total, 58% of the common cuckoo eggs were laid in nests that were multiply parasitised. When laying eggs in nests already parasitised, the female cuckoos removed one egg at random, showing no discrimination between the great reed warbler eggs and those of other cuckoos. It was found that nests close to cuckoo perches were most vulnerable: multiple parasitised nests were closest to the vantage points, and unparasitised nests were farthest away. Nearly all the nests \"\"in close vicinity\"\" to the vantage points were parasitised. More visible nests were more likely to be selected by the common cuckoos. Female cuckoos use their vantage points to watch for potential hosts and find it easier to locate the more visible nests while they are egg-laying. The great reed warblers' responses to the common cuckoo eggs varied: 66% accepted the egg(s); 12% ejected them; 20% abandoned the nests entirely; 2% buried the eggs. 28% of the cuckoo eggs were described as \"\"almost perfect\"\" in their mimesis of the host eggs, and the warblers rejected \"\"poorly mimetic\"\" cuckoo eggs more often. The degree of mimicry made it difficult for both the great reed warblers and the observers to tell the eggs apart. The egg measures and weighs , of which 7% is shell. Research has shown that the female common cuckoo is able to keep its egg inside its body for an extra 24 hours before laying it in a host's nest. This means the cuckoo chick can hatch before the host's chicks do, and it can eject the unhatched eggs from the nest. Scientists incubated common cuckoo eggs for 24 hours at the bird's body temperature of , and examined the embryos, which were found \"much more advanced\" than those of other species studied. The idea of 'internal incubation' was first put forward in 1802 and 18th and 19th Century egg collectors had reported finding that cuckoo embryos were more advanced than those of the host species. The naked, altricial chick hatches after 11–13 days. It methodically evicts all host progeny from host nests. It is a much larger bird than its hosts, and needs to monopolize the food supplied by the parents. The chick will roll the other eggs out of the nest by pushing them with its back over the edge. If the host's eggs hatch before the cuckoo's, the cuckoo chick will push the other chicks out of the nest in a similar way. At 14 days old, the common cuckoo chick is about three times the size of an adult Eurasian reed warbler. The necessity of eviction behavior is unclear. One hypothesis is that competing with host chicks leads to decreased cuckoo chick weight, which is selective pressure for eviction behavior. An analysis of the amount of food provided to common cuckoo chicks by host parents in the presence and absence of host siblings showed that when competing against host siblings, cuckoo chicks did not receive enough food, showing an inability to compete. Selection pressure for eviction behavior may come from cuckoo chicks lacking the correct visual begging signals, hosts distributing food to all nestlings equally, or host recognition of the parasite. Another hypothesis is that decreased cuckoo chick weight is not selective pressure for eviction behavior. An analysis of resources provided to cuckoo chick in the presence and absence of host siblings also showed that the weights of cuckoos raised with host chicks were much smaller upon fledging than cuckoos raised alone, but within 12 days cuckoos raised with siblings grew faster than cuckoos raised alone and made up for developmental differences, showing a flexibility that would not necessarily select for eviction behavior. Species whose broods are parasitised by the common cuckoo have evolved to discriminate against cuckoo eggs but not chicks. Experiments have shown that common cuckoo chicks persuade their host parents to feed them by making a rapid begging call that sounds \"\"remarkably like a whole brood of host chicks.\"\" The researchers suggested that \"\"the cuckoo needs vocal trickery to stimulate adequate care to compensate for the fact that it presents a visual stimulus of just one gape.\"\" However, a cuckoo chick needs the amount of food of a whole brood of host nestlings, and it struggles to elicit that much from the host parents with only the vocal stimulus. This may reflect a tradeoff—the cuckoo chick benefits from eviction by receiving all the food provided, but faces a cost in being the only one influencing feeding rate. For this reason, cuckoo chicks exploit host parental care by remaining with the host parent longer than host chicks do, both before and after fledging. Common cuckoo chicks fledge about 17–21 days after hatching, compared to 12–13 days for Eurasian reed warblers. If the hen cuckoo is out-of-phase with a clutch of Eurasian reed warbler eggs, she will eat them all so that the hosts are forced to start another brood. The common cuckoo's behaviour was firstly observed and described by Aristotle and the combination of behaviour and anatomical adaptation by Edward Jenner, who was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788 for this work rather than for his development of the smallpox vaccine. It was first documented on film in 1922 by Edgar Chance and Oliver G Pike, in their film 'The Cuckoo's Secret'. A study in Japan found that young common cuckoos probably acquire species-specific feather lice from body-to-body contact with other cuckoos between the time of leaving the nest and returning to the breeding area in spring. A total of 21 nestlings were examined shortly before they left their hosts' nests and none carried feather lice. However, young birds returning to Japan for the first time were found just as likely as older individuals to be lousy. The occurrence of common cuckoo in Europe is a good surrogate", "and anatomical adaptation by Edward Jenner, who was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1788 for this work rather than for his development of the smallpox vaccine. It was first documented on film in 1922 by Edgar Chance and Oliver G Pike, in their film 'The Cuckoo's Secret'. A study in Japan found that young common cuckoos probably acquire species-specific feather lice from body-to-body contact with other cuckoos between the time of leaving the nest and returning to the breeding area in spring. A total of 21 nestlings were examined shortly before they left their hosts' nests and none carried feather lice. However, young birds returning to Japan for the first time were found just as likely as older individuals to be lousy. The occurrence of common cuckoo in Europe is a good surrogate for biodiversity facets including taxonomic diversity and functional diversity in bird communities, and better than the traditional use of top predators as bioindicators. The reason for this is the strong correlation between the cuckoo's host species richness and overall bird species richness, due to co-evolutionary relationships. This may be useful for citizen science. Aristotle was aware of the old tale that cuckoos turned into hawks in winter. The tale was an explanation for their absence outside the summer season, later accepted by Pliny the Elder in his \"Natural History\". Aristotle rejected the claim, observing in his \"History of Animals\" that cuckoos do not have the predators' talons or hooked bills. These Classical era accounts were known to the Early Modern English naturalist, William Turner. The 13th century medieval English round, \"Sumer Is Icumen In\", celebrates the cuckoo as a sign of spring, the beginning of summer, in the first stanza, and in the chorus: <poem> Svmer is icumen in Lhude sing cuccu Groweþ sed and bloweþ med and springþ þe wde nu Sing cuccu </poem> <poem> Summer has arrived, Sing loudly, cuckoo! The seed is growing And the meadow is blooming, And the wood is coming into leaf now, Sing, cuckoo! </poem> In England, William Shakespeare alludes to the common cuckoo's association with spring, and with cuckoldry, in the courtly springtime song in his play \"Love's Labours Lost\": In Europe, hearing the call of the common cuckoo is regarded as the first harbinger of spring. Many local legends and traditions are based on this. In Scotland, Gowk Stones (cuckoo stones) sometimes associated with the arrival of the first cuckoo of spring. \"Gowk\" is an old name for the common cuckoo in northern England, derived from the harsh repeated \"\"gowk\"\" call the bird makes when excited. The well-known cuckoo clock features a mechanical bird and is fitted with bellows and pipes that imitate the call of the common cuckoo. Cuckoos feature in traditional rhymes, such as '\"In April the cuckoo comes, In May she'll stay, In June she changes her tune, In July she prepares to fly, Come August, go she must,\"' quoted Peggy. 'But you haven't said it all,' put in Bobby. '\"And if the cuckoo stays till September, It's as much as the oldest man can remember.\"' Two English folk songs feature cuckoos. One usually called \"The Cuckoo\" starts: The cuckoo is a fine bird and she sings as she flies,<br> She brings us good tidings, she tells us no lies.<br> She sucks little birds' eggs to make her voice clear,<br> And never sings cuckoo till the summer draws near<br> The second, \"The Cuckoo's Nest\" is a song about a courtship, with the eponymous (and of course, non-existent) nest serving as a metaphor: Me darling, says she, I can do no such thing<br> For me mother often told me it was committing sin<br> Me maidenhead to lose and me sex to be abused<br> So have no more to do with me cuckoo's nest<br> One of the tales of the Wise Men of Gotham tells how they built a hedge round a tree in order to trap a cuckoo so that it would always be summer. Common cuckoo The common cuckoo (\"Cuculus canorus\") is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, \"Cuculiformes\", which includes the roadrunners, the anis and the coucals. This species is a widespread summer migrant to Europe and Asia, and winters in Africa. It is a brood parasite, which means it" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Jozua Naudé (pastor) Jozua Francois Naudé was a South African pastor, school founder and co-founder of the Afrikaner Broederbond. Naudé was born on 20 March 1873 in Middelburg Cape Province South Africa. His parents were Jozua Francois Naudé and Louisa van den Berg. He married Adriana Johanna Zondagh van Huyssteen. They had 8 children.He died on 28 August 1948 in Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa. He studied education at Stellenbosch University. After the Anglo Boer War he completed his studies in Theology at Stellenbosch University. He was a pastor at Aliwal North, Roodepoort, Piet Retiefand Graaf-Reinet. While pastor he was member of the Council of Churches. He was involved in the Transvaal Synod. He was Secretary of the Transvaal Synod. He was responsible for the founding of the high school called Graaff-Reinet Volkskool. He was the founder of the first Afrikaans primary school in Transvaal on 23 July 1918. The school was called Roodepoort-Noord Skool. On 22 September 1956 the name was changed to Jozua Naudé Primary school. On 5 June 1918, Naudé and three others namely: Henning Johannes Klopper , Daniel Hendrik Celliers du Plessis, (born 12 Mar 1898) and Hendrik Willem van der Merwe, (born 1891) founded an organization named the Afrikaner Broederbond. (translated it means \"Afrikaner Brotherhood\") These men were concerned about the poverty of white Afrikaners. Jozua Naudé (pastor) Jozua Francois Naudé was a South African pastor, school founder and co-founder of the Afrikaner Broederbond. Naudé was born on 20 March 1873 in Middelburg Cape Province South Africa. His parents were Jozua Francois Naudé and Louisa van den Berg. He married Adriana Johanna Zondagh van Huyssteen. They had 8 children.He died on 28 August 1948 in Johannesburg, Transvaal, South Africa. He studied education at Stellenbosch University. After the Anglo Boer War he completed his studies in Theology" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ecomobile The Ecomobile is a cabin motorcycle of by Peraves AG, made in Winterthur Switzerland since 1984. Arnold Wagner of Switzerland received a patent in 1983 for a support device for a single-track vehicle, a requirement for cabin motorcycles, for which he also received a patent in 1984. The first vehicles were manufactured in 1984 under the name \"Oemil\" (OEkoMobIL) or \"Peraves Oemil\" with a BMW R 100 engine through S/N 5003, and a BMW K 100 offered after that. Since Peraves wanted to avoid confusion with the eco-movement, the \"OEkoMobIL\" in \"Ecomobile\" was renamed \"ECO\" (internal name W18 K5). By 2005, 91 ECOs powered by BMW K-type engines had been manufactured. In 2006, the MonoTracer was released, using BMW K 1200 RS engines; individual specimens with turbocharging and up to 190 hp are said to have reached a top speed of 315 km/h. 58 MonoTracers were built, of which 12 were made with electric drive, called MonoTracer-MTE-150. In 2010, the two prototypes of the MonoTracers MTE (also called X-Tracer) won the $ 2.5 million X-Prize with far the best efficiency of > 200 mpg-e equivalent consumption 1.1 liters of gas per 100 km. From 2009, vehicle production had been partly outsourced to the joint venture Bohema Mobil and Peraves CZ in Brno-Medlanky (Czech Republic). In October 2014, Peraves AG filed for bankruptcy and was dissolved. The technology will continue to be offered (as of 2016) from the Czech Republic. For trademark reasons, the vehicle was renamed MonoTracer Monoracer. At the end of 2016, the production of the gasoline-powered model was to be discontinued and, from 2017, only a battery-electric variant would be offered. 3.65 m long, 1.52 m high, and 1.25 m wide MonoTracer with a curb weight of 485 kg sitting driver and passenger secured by three-point belts in a row. Streamlined optimized vehicle body consists of aramid fiber reinforced plastic with laminated steel tube or cast aluminum reinforcement parts. In the rear of the vehicle is a luggage area. The aerodynamic drag coefficient is low due to the streamlined structure (cda value of 0.19) and the small face area (≈ 1 m²). With the engine of the BMW K 1200 RS (85 kW), a top speed of over 240 km / h is achieved. The fuel consumption is given at constant 90 km / h with 3.6 liters and at 120 km / h with 4.4 liters per 100 km. In order to make the concept of the closed cab possible, hinged support wheels are mounted on both sides. These are lowered or raised by a switch on the handlebars. To prevent false actuation, such as stalling or under-speeding, or inadvertent deployment at high speeds, a computer system blocks such actuation errors as a function of speed and lateral acceleration. The driver will be alerted by green lights indicating possible lifting or lowering. If the supports, which require about 0.5 seconds to extend, are not extended at walking speed, a warning tone will sound. If the driver does not respond with lowering, the vehicle tilts on its side while stationary. The retracted support wheels catch the fall softly and the vehicle takes no damage. In fast corners, with an inclination of 52 to 55 degrees, it is possible to bring the retracted, inner-curve support wheels on the ground and to negotiate the curve on three wheels. The drive is purchased from BMW. It comes from the four-cylinder motorcycle series BMW K 100 (Ecomobile) and BMW K 1200 RS (MonoTracer) and makes between 90 and 130 hp. The five-speed motorcycle transmission has been modified to give the driver four forward gears and one reverse gear. MTE electric vehicles are powered by Brusa or AC Propulsion MTE engines. The Ecomobile / MonoTracer is licensed treated by governments as a motorcycle. Driving the ECO or the MonoTracers requires a Class A driver's license. Driving such a cabin motorcycle requires some training. In particular, the driver must be aware that he is later perceived by other road users due to the small silhouette. Ecomobile The Ecomobile is a cabin motorcycle of by Peraves AG, made in Winterthur Switzerland since 1984. Arnold Wagner of Switzerland received a patent in 1983 for a" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Kemrock Kemrock Industries and Exports Limited (Kemrock) is an Indian public company specializing in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Established in 1981, the company is based in Vadodara, Gujarat. Kemrock manufactures fibre-reinforced plastic and glass-reinforced plastic composite products for the domestic and export markets. It focuses on industrial segments, such as aerospace, renewable energy, railways, chemical processing, waste management, etc. Kemrock commissioned India's first carbon fiber production facility in 2010, under a technology transfer from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research and National Aerospace Laboratories. Initial capacity at its plant in Vadodara is for 400 tonnes of carbon fiber each year.It is one of the prime producer of FRP & GRP items. Kemrock has been taken over by Reliance Industries Ltd. Kemrock Kemrock Industries and Exports Limited (Kemrock) is an Indian public company specializing in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Established in 1981, the company is based in Vadodara, Gujarat. Kemrock manufactures fibre-reinforced plastic and glass-reinforced plastic composite products for the domestic and export markets. It focuses on industrial segments, such as aerospace, renewable energy, railways, chemical processing, waste management, etc. Kemrock commissioned India's first carbon fiber production facility in 2010, under a technology transfer from the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Filming in England was at Duxford, Debden, North Weald and Hawkinge, all operational stations in 1940–one surviving First World War \"Belfast\" hangar at Duxford was blown up and demolished for the Eagle Day sequence. Some filming also took place at Bovingdon, a former wartime bomber airfield. The title-sequence scene, showing a review of German bombers on the ground by Fieldmarshal Milch, was filmed at Tablada Airfield in Spain (now San Pablo Airport). Stunt coordinator Wilson Connie Edwards retained a Mark IX Spitfire, six Buchons, and a P-51 Mustang in lieu of payment, which were stored in Texas until sold to collectors in 2014. \n Prime Minister Edward Heath retrieved Walton's manuscript from United Artists in 1972, presenting it to the composer at Walton's 70th birthday party held at 10 Downing Street. Tapes of the Walton score were believed lost forever until being rediscovered in 1990 from the sound mixer's garage. Since then the score has been restored and released on compact disc. The option to watch the film with the complete Walton score was included on the Region 2 Special Edition DVD of the film, which was released in June 2004 and the Region A Blu-ray released on June 3, 2008. \n The next German daytime raid is met by a massive response; watching his formations build up in 11 Group's operations room, Wing Commander Willoughby (Robert Flemyng) wryly states \"this should give them something to think about.\" RAF fighters arranged into large groups, attack en masse, overwhelming the German raids. Luftwaffe losses are now critical and Göring is incensed, ordering his fighters remain with the bombers, an order the pilots hate. Losses continue to mount on both sides. \n The other need was for models in aerial sequences, and art director and model maker John Siddall was asked by the producer to create and head a team specifically for this because of his contacts in the modelling community. A test flight was arranged at Lasham Airfield in the UK and a model was flown down the runway close behind a large American estate car with a cameraman in the rear. This test proved successful, leading to many radio-controlled models being constructed in the band rehearsal room at Pinewood Studios. Over a period of two years, a total of 82 Spitfires, Hurricanes, Messerschmitts and He 111s were built. Radio-controlled Heinkel He 111 models were flown to depict bombers being destroyed over the English Channel. When reviewing the footage of the first crash, the producers noticed a trailing-wire antenna; this was explained by an added cutaway in which the control wires of a Heinkel are seen shot loose. \n Both the village of Denton and its pub, The Jackdaw Inn, appear in the film. The airfield appears in the film looking just as it did during World War II. \n The film includes a sequence which relates the events of 15 August 1940, in which the Luftwaffe attempted to overwhelm fighter defences by simultaneous attacks on northern and southern England, the Luftwaffe reasoning that \"even a Spitfire can't be in two places at once.\" North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel He 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, and RAF Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers Ju. 88s. Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent, 16 bombers and seven fighters were lost. As a result of these casualties, Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign. \n Subtitled German-speaking actors were utilised, a departure from other English language British films in the postwar period, where Germans were often played by Anglophone actors. \n Former participants of the battle served as technical advisors including Douglas Bader, James Lacey, Robert Stanford Tuck, Adolf Galland and Dowding himself. \n Göring's train in the film is Spanish rather than French (the RENFE markings are just visible on its tender), and the steam locomotive shown did not come into service on Spanish National Railways (RENFE) until 1951. \n A North American B-25 Mitchell N6578D, flown by pilots John \"Jeff\" Hawke and Duane Egli, was the primary filming platform for the aerial sequences. It was fitted with camera positions in what were formerly the aircraft's nose, tail and waist gun positions. An additional camera, on an articulating arm, was mounted in the aircraft's bomb bay and allowed 360-degree shots from below the aircraft. The top gun turret was replaced with a clear dome for the aerial director, who would co-ordinate the other aircraft by radio. \n Two Heinkels and the 17 flyable Messerschmitts (including one dual-controlled HA-1112-M4L two-seater, used for conversion training and as a camera ship), were flown to England to complete the shoot. In the scene where the Polish training squadron breaks off to attack, (\"Repeat, please\"), the three most distant Hurricanes were Buchons marked as Hurricanes, as there were not enough flyable Hurricanes. In addition to the combat aircraft, two Spanish-built Junkers Ju 52 transports were used. \n The turning point occurs when a squadron of German bombers becomes lost in bad weather at night and drops bombs on London. In retaliation, the RAF attacks Berlin. Though the damage is negligible, an enraged Adolf Hitler publicly orders London to be razed. Hermann Göring (Hein Riess) arrives in France to personally command the attack, confident that the end of the battle nears. Their first attack skirts the RAF, who are still defending their airfields to the south, and they bomb unopposed. Night time attacks follow and London burns. \n Dinky Toys produced a pair of diecast model aircraft based on the film. A Spitfire Mk II (Dinky Toys 719) in 1/65 scale and Junkers Ju 87B Stuka (Dinky Toys 721) in 1/72 scale were released in special boxes with Battle of Britain logo on the box and photographs from the film included. \n The Robert Shaw character \"Squadron Leader Skipper\" is based loosely on Squadron Leader Sailor Malan, a South African fighter ace and No. 74 Squadron RAF commander during the Battle of Britain. The scene in the operation room in which the British listen to their fighters' wireless transmissions is for dramatic reasons only. In reality, the operations room received information by telephone from the sector airfields. The scenes at the end, where the RAF pilots are seen suddenly idle and left awaiting the return of the Luftwaffe raids, are more licence; the fighting fizzled out through late September, although daylight raids continued for some weeks after the 15 September engagement. 31 October 1940 is regarded as the official end on the British side. \n The use of actual aircraft in flying sequences has led to a number of subsequent productions utilising stock footage derived from Battle of Britain including the following, albeit incomplete list of productions:\n The character Major Falke is based on Adolf Galland, a famous ace during the Second World War, who did ask the Reichmarshall Göring for \"an outfit of Spitfires for my squadron\". Galland, however explained in his autobiography that his request was only a way to upset Göring, because he was \"unbelievably vexed at the lack of understanding and stubbornness with the command (i.e. Göring) who gave us orders we could not execute.\" Galland did feel that the Spitfire was more manoeuvrable than the Bf 109, which he felt made it more suitable as a defensive fighter, but he also states that \"fundamentally I preferred the ME-109.\" Galland was upset about the director's decision not to use the real names. While making the film, Galland was joined by his friend Robert Stanford Tuck. \n The formative strategy war-game Empire was notably inspired by the RAF Fighter Command scenes in Battle of Britain in which staff move counters representing friendly and enemy aircraft and ships over the large map of Britain, from which tactical decisions are made by the air commanders.", "The formative strategy war-game Empire was notably inspired by the RAF Fighter Command scenes in Battle of Britain in which staff move counters representing friendly and enemy aircraft and ships over the large map of Britain, from which tactical decisions are made by the air commanders. \n In the United Kingdom, filming of the aerial battle scenes over London and the home counties had generated considerable pre-release publicity. The film's premiere was held at Leicester Square in London and was attended by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. Pre-release publicity included the film's quad posters on prominent billboard locations and features in The Sunday Times Magazine and local press. However, the film was released at a time when anti-war feeling stirred by the Vietnam War was running high, together with cynicism among post-war generations about the heroism of those who participated in the Battle of Britain. It was generally dismissed by critics. \n The confrontation between Dowding and Keith Park, on one side, and Trafford Leigh-Mallory on the other is fictitious, though there were undoubted tensions between the two sides. The film does not mention that, following the Battle of Britain, Dowding and Park were replaced by Sholto Douglas and Leigh-Mallory, despite Dowding and Park having demonstrated that Leigh-Mallory's \"Big Wing\" strategy was unworkable. \n After worldwide distribution, the film grossed just under $13,000,000 according to Guy Hamilton in an interview on the 2-disc DVD edition, but as this was near to the huge cost of production, the film failed to make a profit (although VHS, DVD and Blu Ray sales finally moved it into profit). The film lost ten million dollars worldwide. \n The wait finally ends when Luftwaffe pilots receive orders to move to the front, where troops are preparing for a sea-borne invasion. The campaign begins with the Luftwaffe launching an early morning assault on \"Eagle Day\". The plan is to destroy the RAF on the ground before they have time to launch their Spitfire and Hurricane fighters. \n While discussing the day's events, Park and Dowding examine the German switch to London. Given a respite, Park notes that he will be able to repair his airfields and bring his squadrons back to full strength. Dowding adds that 12 Group units north of London are now all within range, while enemy fighters are at the extreme edge of their own range. He concludes that \"turning on London could be the German's biggest blunder.\" \n The village of Chilham in Kent became the base of operations for the radio controllers in the film. Denton, another Kent village, and its pub, \"The Jackdaw Inn\", features in the film as the location where Christopher Plummer and his on-screen wife argue about her relocating closer to his posting. \"The Jackdaw Inn\" has a room devoted to an extensive collection of RAF Second World War memorabilia. \n Numerous scenes were shot in the preserved operations rooms, illustrating the operation of the Dowding system that controlled the fighter squadrons. Much of this footage takes place in 11 Group's operations room, today preserved as the Battle of Britain Bunker. Other scenes take place in Fighter Command's central \"filter room\" as well as recreations of the squadron ops rooms. One scene shows the hit on Biggin Hill's ops room, and another shows its relocation to a local bakery, although this is a recreation of another squadron's backup room in a local butcher's shop. \n During filming, Galland, who was acting as a German technical advisor, took exception to a scene where Kesselring is shown giving the Nazi salute, rather than the standard military salute. Journalist Leonard Mosley witnessed Galland spoiling the shooting and having to be escorted off the set. Galland subsequently threatened to withdraw from the production, warning \"dire consequences for the film if the scene stayed in.\" However, when the finished scene was screened before Galland and his lawyer, he was persuaded to accept the scene after all. \n * The scene of a damaged Heinkel bomber trailing smoke and losing altitude was used in the film Adolf Hitler:My Part in his Downfall (1972). \n * Much aerial footage was cut into the American film Midway (1976), with Spitfires and Hurricanes masquerading as Brewster F2A Buffaloes and Grumman F4F Wildcats. \n * Short clips from the main \"Battle in the air\" sequence were used in the Baa Baa Black Sheep television series (1976–1978). \n * A fragment of the soundtrack of one of the dogfights is used on the album The Wall (1979) by Pink Floyd, immediately before the start of the track \"Vera\". \n * Footage of Bf-109s exploding and crashing into the English Channel was inserted into the opening \"Skeet Surfing\" music video in the parody film Top Secret! (1984). \n * \"Newsreel\" footage shown in the cinema in the film Hope and Glory (1987) was air combat footage from Battle of Britain. \n * Aerial sequences from the film depicted the Battle of Midway in the television mini-series War and Remembrance (1988) \n * Some footage and out-takes were used for the 1988 ITV mini-series Piece of Cake, an aerial drama about a fictional Second World War RAF fighter squadron in 1940. \n * Some of the Stuka footage was re-used in the BBC drama series No Bananas (1996). \n * Footage from the film was incorporated in the Czech film Dark Blue World (2001). \n * Out-takes of dogfights and a parachute sequence were used in a History Channel documentary The Extraordinary Mr Spitfire about the life of wartime test pilot Alex Henshaw (2007). \n * The BBC drama First Light (2010) makes significant use of footage from the film.", "The film required a large number of period aircraft. In September 1965 producers Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz contacted former RAF Bomber Command Group Captain T.G.' Hamish' Mahaddie to find the aircraft and arrange their use. Eventually 100 aircraft were employed, called the \"35th largest air force in the world\". With Mahaddie's help, the producers located 109 Spitfires in the UK, of which 27 were available although only 12 could be made flyable. Mahaddie negotiated use of six Hawker Hurricanes, of which three were flying. The film helped preserve these aircraft, including a rare Spitfire Mk II which had been a gate guardian at RAF Colerne. \n The film is generally faithful to events and, although merging some characters, it sticks to the orthodox view–that the Germans threw away strategic advantage by switching bombing from RAF airfields to London in revenge for RAF raids on Berlin. Some later scholarship has cast doubt on one or another aspect of the orthodox view, arguing either:(a) that the switch to bombing London was made not for reasons of revenge but because the Germans thought they had already defeated RAF Fighter Command, or (b) that accelerated British aircraft production meant that the prospect of a German victory was never likely (this view seems doubtful, however, in part because the key issue was the number of available pilots). \n Ron Goodwin's score opens with the \"Luftwaffe March\", later retitled \"Aces High\", in the style of a traditional German military march in 6/8 time. The march places heavy emphasis on the \"oom-pah\" sound of tubas and lower-pitched horns on the first and second beats and has the glockenspiel double the horns in the melody. Because of the great length of this sequence, which shows a Luftwaffe general's inspection of a Heinkel squadron in occupied France, the \"Aces High\" has three separate bridges between choruses of the main theme, one of which recurs several times in a gently sentimental variation. Despite its origin in a representation of a tyrannical threat to democracy, the march has become a popular British march tune, like the Dambusters March; an adaptation was first played by a British military band in 1974 by the Corps of Drums of the Royal Pioneer Corps and is now frequently played at military parades and by marching bands in Northern Ireland. American radio personality and convicted Watergate conspirator G. Gordon Liddy has used the march as bumper music on his syndicated radio programme. \n The film endeavoured to be an accurate account of the Battle of Britain, when in the summer and autumn of 1940 the British RAF inflicted a strategic defeat on the Luftwaffe and so ensured the cancellation of Operation Sea Lion–Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain. The film is notable for its spectacular flying sequences, in contrast with the unsatisfactory model work seen in Angels One Five (1952) and on a far grander scale than had been seen on film before; these made the film's production very expensive. \n During the Battle of France in June 1940, RAF pilots evacuate a small airfield in advance of the German Blitzkrieg. The pilots, along with British and French military, leave just as German aircraft arrive and execute a heavy strafing attack. RAF Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding (Laurence Olivier), realising that an imminent invasion of Great Britain will require every available aircraft and airman to counter it, stops additional aircraft being deployed to France so that they are available to defend Britain. In the next dramatic scene, French civilians watch in grim despair as a convoy of German troops marches into France and takes control. \n Another early scene was the Dunkirk recreation which was shot at the beachfront in Huelva, Spain. To reflect the cloudless skies of summer of 1940, many upward-facing shots were filmed over Spain, while downward-facing shots were almost all below the clouds, over southern England, where farmland is distinctive. However 1940 camouflage made it difficult to see the aircraft against the ground and sky, so a cloud background was used where possible. Only one Spitfire was relocated to Spain to stand in for the RAF defenders. After filming began, the English weather proved too unreliable and filming was moved to Hal Far and Luqa Airfields in Malta to complete the aerial sequences. \n To recreate airfield scenes in the film, with the limited number of period aircraft available for the film, large scale models were used. The first requirement was for set decoration replicas. Production of full-size wood and fibreglass Hurricanes, Spitfires and Bf 109s commenced in a sort of production line set up at Pinewood Studios. A number of the replicas were fitted with motorcycle engines to enable them to taxi. Although most of these replicas were destroyed during filming, a small number were made available to museums in the UK. \n The next day the RAF anxiously await a raid that never comes. Likewise the Luftwaffe is disheartened by heavy losses and also await orders that never come to resume raiding. Two German anti-aircraft gunners, who had earlier observed a French port teeming with Kriegsmarine vessels and landing barges, now observe a deserted harbour basin. Göring leaves the front, accusing his commanders of betrayal. Dowding looks out over the gardens and up to the sky where the words of Winston Churchill appear onscreen:\"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.\" \n The climactic air battle of 15 September 1940 arrives, with Winston Churchill in attendance at 11 Group's operations room. In the underground bunker, British ground control personnel order every squadron into the air to meet the massive attack. Intense combat in the sky over London follows, with both sides taking heavy losses. The outcome is so confused that Dowding refuses to comment on the events. \n Battle of Britain currently scores 63% on Rotten Tomatoes. \n * Laurence Olivier as Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF, Fighter Command. \n * Trevor Howard as Air Vice-Marshal Sir Keith Park, Air Officer commanding No. 11 Group RAF. \n * Patrick Wymark as Air Vice-Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Air Officer commanding No. 12 Group RAF. \n * Christopher Plummer as Canadian fighter pilot Squadron Leader Colin Harvey. \n * Susannah York as Section Officer Maggie Harvey, Colin's wife. \n * Michael Caine as Squadron Leader Canfield \n * Ralph Richardson as Sir David Kelly, British Ambassador to Switzerland. \n * Robert Shaw as Squadron Leader Skipper \n * Ian McShane as Sergeant Pilot Andy Moore \n * Kenneth More as Group Captain Barker, Station Commander at RAF Duxford. \n * Edward Fox as Pilot Officer Archie. \n * Nigel Patrick as Group Captain Hope. \n * Michael Redgrave as Air Vice-Marshal Douglas Evill \n * Harry Andrews as Harold Balfour, Under-Secretary of State for Air \n * Barry Foster as Squadron Leader Edwards \n * Robert Flemyng as Wing Commander Willoughby \n * Tom Chatto as Willoughby's Assistant Controller \n * Bill Foxley as Squadron Leader Evans \n * Michael Bates as Warrant Officer Warwick \n * Isla Blair as Mrs. Andy, Sergeant Pilot Andy's wife \n * John Baskcomb as Farmer \n * David Griffin as Sergeant Pilot Chris \n * Jack Gwillim as Senior Air Staff Officer \n * André Maranne as French NCO \n * Myles Hoyle as Peter \n * Anthony Nicholls as Minister \n * Duncan Lamont as Flight Sergeant Arthur \n * Nicholas Pennell as Simon \n * Sarah Lawson as Skipper's wife \n * Andrzej Scibor as Ox \n * Mark Malicz as Pasco \n * Jean Wladon as Jean Jacques", "Battle of Britain \n--- \nAmerican release poster \nDirected by \| Guy Hamilton \nProduced by \| Harry Saltzman Benjamin Fisz \nWritten by \| James Kennaway Wilfred Greatorex \nStarring \| Laurence Olivier Hein Riess Trevor Howard Robert Shaw Christopher Plummer Michael Caine Edward Fox Susannah York Ian McShane Kenneth More Ralph Richardson Patrick Wymark Michael Redgrave Curt Jürgens Nigel Patrick \nMusic by \| Ron Goodwin William Walton \nCinematography \| Freddie Young \nEdited by \| Bert Bates \nDistributed by \| United Artists \nRelease date \|", "* 15 September 1969 (1969-09-15) \n * * * * \n \nRunning time \| 133 minutes \nCountry \| United Kingdom \nLanguage \| English \nBudget \| $14 million \nBox office \| $13 million \n Luftwaffe commanders are stunned when the Führer informs them that the British are not their \"natural enemy\" and delays their attack while attempting a diplomatic settlement. In neutral Switzerland, the German ambassador, Baron von Richter (Curd Jürgens) officially proposes new peace terms to his British counterpart, Sir David Kelly (Ralph Richardson), stating that continuing to fight the \"masters\" of Europe is hopeless. Kelly's brave retort, \"Don't threaten or dictate to us until you're marching up Whitehall ... and even then we won't listen\", is followed by a private comment to his wife that von Richter is probably correct. In England, commanders celebrate their good fortune, using the delay to build up their strength and continually train their pilots and ground controllers. \n The Edward Fox character \"Pilot Officer Archie\", is based on Flight Sergeant Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF. On 15 September 1940, now known as \"Battle of Britain Day\", Homes used his Hawker Hurricane to destroy a Dornier Do-17 bomber over London by ramming but at the loss of his own aircraft (and almost his own life) in one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain. Holmes, making a head-on attack, found his guns inoperative. He flew his plane into the top-side of the German bomber, cutting off the rear tail section with his wing and causing the bomber to dive out of control and crash. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, bailed out, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack, while the injured Holmes bailed out of his plane and survived. As the RAF did not practice ramming as an air combat tactic, this was considered an impromptu manoeuvre, and an act of selfless courage. Holmes was feted by the press as a war hero who saved Buckingham Palace. This event became one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain and elicited a congratulatory note to the RAF from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who had witnessed the event. This event is depicted-with considerable artistic licence-in the film. \n During the actual aerial conflict, all RAF Spitfires were Spitfire Mk I and Mark II variants. However, only one Mk Ia and one Mk IIa (the latter with a Battle of Britain combat record) could be made airworthy, so the producers had to use seven other different marks, all of them built later in the war. To achieve commonality, the production made some modifications to \"standardise\" the Spitfires, including adding elliptical wingtips, period canopies and other changes. To classic aircraft fans, they became known as \"Mark Haddies\" (a play on Grp. Capt. Mahaddie's name). A pair of two-seat trainer Spitfires were camera platforms to achieve realistic aerial footage inside the battle scenes. A rare Hawker Hurricane XII had been restored by Canadian Bob Diemert, who flew the aircraft in the film. Eight non-flying Spitfires and two Hurricanes were set dressing, with one Hurricane able to taxi. \n The quote from the 20 August 1940 speech was changed when the movie was released on DVD in 2003. Onscreen, instead of the quote about \"The Few,\" this Churchill quote appears:\"This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.\" The 2004 Special Edition, however, reverts to the quotation about The Few:\"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.\" \n Location filming in London was carried out mainly in the St Katharine Docks area where older houses were being demolished for housing estates. Partly demolished buildings represented bombed houses and disused buildings were set on fire. St Katharine Docks was one of the few areas of London's East End to survive The Blitz. Many extras were survivors of the Blitz. Aldwych tube station, used as a wartime air-raid shelter, was also used as a filming location. Almost all the period equipment from the London Fire Brigade Museum was used in the film. The night scenes of wartime Berlin were filmed in Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country. The scenes at RAF Fighter Command were filmed at RAF Bentley Priory, the headquarters of Fighter Command. Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding's original office, with the original furniture, was used. \n Battle of Britain was the number 1 film in the United Kingdom for a total of 14 weeks beginning 26 September 1969 (4 weeks), 7 November 1969 (7 weeks), 6 February 1970 (2 weeks) and finally 27 February 1970 (1 week). \n Both a hardcover and paperback book on the making of the movie were published in 1969. \n Eagle Day proves highly successful, with attacks on British radar installations by Stuka dive bombers. Two radar stations are put out of action and a number of British airfields are damaged or destroyed but British losses are relatively light. A grueling battle of attrition ensues, with the RAF airfields under repeated attack while inflicting heavy, but non-critical, damage on the attacking forces. \n The Battle of Britain has a large all-star international cast. The film was notable for its attempt to accurately portray the role of the Germans, with participants in the Battle including Group Captain Tom Gleave, Wing Commander Robert Stanford Tuck, Squadron Leader Bolesław Drobiński and Luftwaffe General Adolf Galland involved as consultants. During the War, Drobiński had heavily damaged Galland's plane and forced him into a crash-landing. \n At the deserted beaches of Dunkirk, the BBC reports British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's declaration that \"what General Weygand called the' Battle of France' is over, the Battle of Britain is about to begin\". Luftwaffe Inspector-General Field Marshal Milch arrives to inspect a large German airfield in captured France. Hundreds of Heinkel bomber aircraft are stationed under Luftwaffe General Kesselring's command. \n One omission is at the end of the film, when casualties are listed. The film does not mention losses by the Corpo Aereo Italiano, an Italian expeditionary force that took part, nor is its participation mentioned during the film. One anomalous entry in the list of pilots who served with the RAF is a pilot described by the credits as Israeli although the state of Israel was only created in 1948. This referred to George Goodman, an ace born in Haifa while Palestine was under British military administration, who was killed in action in 1941. \n There was no attempt to recreate tracer rounds. \n As recounted in Mervyn Cooke's A History of Film Music (2008), the film has two musical scores. The first was written by Sir William Walton, then in his late 60s, and conducted by Malcolm Arnold, who also assisted Walton with the orchestration-notably the music accompanying the Blitz sequences, and some sections of \"Battle in the Air\", which may have involved some compositional \"patches\" by Arnold. Aside from the undoubted originality and impact of \"The Battle in the Air\" sequence, and an opening march (conducted at the sessions by Walton) which was described by a journalist present at its recording as \"a grand patriotic tune to out-type and out-glory any that Sir William has yet written, whether for films or coronations\", much of Walton's score involves parodies of the horncall from Wagner's Siegfried.", "However, Arnold and David Picker-the brothers in charge of United Artists-insisted on having the music tracks sent to them in New York; their verdict on hearing the music, unaccompanied by the film, was that it was unsuitable and that a composer known to them should be hired to write a replacement score. The music department at United Artists furthermore objected that the score was too short to fill an LP recording which was intended to be marketed with the film. As a result, John Barry-who had scored several James Bond films-was approached, but he declined. The job was finally accepted by Ron Goodwin, who also served as conductor. Producer S. Benjamin Fisz and actor Sir Laurence Olivier protested against this decision, and Olivier threatened to take his name from the credits. In the end, one segment of the Walton score, \"Battle in the Air\", which depicted the climactic air battles of 15 September 1940, was retained in the final cut, as well as a few bars of his March rather clumsily edited into the final scene before the credits roll. The Walton score for the battle sequence was played with no sound effects of aircraft engines or gunfire, giving the segment a transcendent, lyrical quality. \n Permission was granted to the producers to use the Royal Air Force Museum's Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bomber (one of only two that survive intact). The 1943 aircraft was repainted and slightly modified to resemble a 1940 model Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was ultimately too costly for the filmmakers. Instead, two Percival Proctor training aircraft were converted into half-scale Stukas, with a cranked wing, as \"Proctukas\" though, in the film, they were not used on-screen. Instead, to duplicate the steep dive of Ju 87 attacks, large models were flown by radio control. \n Meanwhile, to supplement Commonwealth forces, the RAF has been forming units of foreign pilots who have escaped German-occupied countries; the main difficulty is their lack of English-language skills. While on a training flight, a Free Polish squadron accidentally runs into an unescorted flight of German bombers. Ignoring the commands of their British training officer, they peel off one by one and shoot down several of the bombers with unorthodox aggressive tactics. Park rewards them by elevating them to operational status, leading Dowding to do the same for the Canadian and Czech squadrons as well. \n N6578D was painted garishly for line-up references and to make it easier for pilots to determine which way it was manoeuvring. When the brightly coloured aircraft arrived at Tablada airbase in Spain in early afternoon of 18 March 1968, the comment from Derek Cracknell, the assistant director, was \"It's a bloody great psychedelic monster!\" The aircraft was henceforth dubbed the Psychedelic Monster. \n * Curt Jürgens as Maximilian Baron von Richter \n * Hein Riess as Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe \n * Karl-Otto Alberty as Gen. Jeschonnek (Luftwaffe chief of staff) \n * Manfred Reddemann as Major Falke \n * Paul Neuhaus as Major Föhn \n * Dietrich Frauboes as Field Marshal Ehrard Milch (Inspector General, Luftwaffe) \n * Wilfried von Aacken as Gen. Osterkamp \n * Peter Hager as Field Marshal Albert Kesselring \n * Wolf Harnisch as General Johannes Fink \n * Alexander Allerson as Major Brandt \n * Helmut Kircher as Boehm \n * Malte Petzel as Colonel Beppo Schmid (Luftwaffe Intelligence) \n * Alf Jungermann as Lieutenant Froedl, Brandt's navigator \n * Reinhard Horras as Bruno \n * Rolf Stiefel as Adolf Hitler", "Michael Caine was cast in a spoken cameo role in the film Dunkirk (2017), based on the Dunkirk evacuation, as a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot, as a nod to his role of RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in Battle of Britain. \n Adding to the RAF's problems is a battle between the commanding officers of 11 Group, Keith Park (Trevor Howard), and 12 Group, Trafford Leigh-Mallory (Patrick Wymark). 12 Group is tasked with protecting 11 Group's airfields while 11 Group meets the enemy, but in raid after raid 12 Group aircraft are nowhere to be seen. Called to meet Dowding, Leigh-Mallory explains that the \"Big Wing\" tactic takes time for form up, while Park complains that the tactic simply is not working. Dowding ends the debate noting a critical shortage of pilots, wearily remarking, \"We're fighting for survival, and losing.\" \n Reporting on the film's premiere, The Times commented:\"Handsomely shot, soberly put together, it is weighed down somewhat by a platitudinous score from Ron Goodwin. The only sequence of the rejected Walton score, the Battle in the Air, turned down allegedly because it was not long enough to fill an LP, is not perhaps vintage Walton, but at least lifts the film with moments of sharp excitement.\" \n Battle of Britain is a 1969 British Second World War film directed by Guy Hamilton, and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz. The film documented the events of the Battle of Britain. The film drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle, including Sir Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park. It also starred Michael Caine, Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders. The script by James Kennaway and Wilfred Greatorex was based on the book The Narrow Margin by Derek Wood and Derek Dempster. \n For the German aircraft, the producers obtained 32 CASA 2.111 twin-engined bombers, a Spanish-built version of the German Heinkel He 111H-16. They also located 27 Hispano Aviación HA-1112 M1L' Buchon' single-engined fighters, a Spanish version of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Buchons were altered to look more like correct Bf 109Es, adding mock machine guns and cannon, and redundant tailplane struts, and removing the rounded wingtips. The Spanish aircraft were powered by British Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, and thus almost all the aircraft used, British and German alike, were Merlin-powered. After the film, one HA-1112 was donated to the German Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, and converted to a Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2 variant, depicting the insignias of German ace Gustav Rödel." ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "The Fudge Family in Paris The Fudge Family in Paris is an 1818 epistolary verse novel by Thomas Moore. It was intended to be a comedic critique of the post-war settlement of Europe following the Congress of Vienna and the large number of British and Irish families who flocked to France for tourism. It was inspired in part by a brief trip that Moore had made to Paris. It depicts the visit to Paris of the fictional Fudge family in the wake of the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the restoration of the Bourbon regime. The story is told through the letters of four characters: the father Phil Fudge, his children Bob and Biddy and the family tutor Phelim Connor. Phil is in the city researching a book which he intends to be propaganda on behalf of his patron Lord Castlereagh, the foreign secretary. His son is a dandy mainly interested in the city's restaurants while his dizzy daughter is seeking romance. She falls in love with a young man who she believes to be the King of Prussia in disguise, but is in fact a draper. It was published on 20 April 1818 by Longmans. The work proved popular and sparked a number of imitations by other writers depicting the Fudge Family's antics in other cities including Edinburgh, Washington and Dublin. Castlereagh, who was the target of much of the humour, read the work and did not much mind it but objected to the letters of the pro-Bonaparte tutor Connor which he thought were \"in very bad taste\". Moore's publisher proposed that he should write a sequel \"The Fudge Family in London\" but he rejected their offer. Following his travels in Italy he began writing \"The Fudge Family in Italy\" but was disappointed with his efforts and abandoned the project. In 1835 he finally wrote a sequel \"The Fudge Family in England\". The Fudge Family in Paris The Fudge Family in Paris is an 1818 epistolary verse novel by Thomas Moore. It was intended to be a comedic critique of the post-war settlement of Europe following the Congress of Vienna and the large number of British and Irish families who flocked to France for tourism. It was inspired in part by a brief trip that Moore had made to Paris. It depicts the visit to Paris of the fictional Fudge family in the wake of the end of" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter
{ "retrieved": [ "Ridgeway, Iowa Ridgeway is a city in Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 315 at the 2010 census. Ridgeway is located at (43.297884, -91.989187). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 315 people, 138 households, and 77 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 147 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 99.7% White and 0.3% from two or more races. There were 138 households of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.2% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age in the city was 32.4 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.8% male and 49.2% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 293 people, 124 households, and 80 families residing in the city. The population density was 276.0 people per square mile (106.7/km²). There were 137 housing units at an average density of 129.1 per square mile (49.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.66% White and 0.34% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37% of the population. There were 124 households out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91. In the city, the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $42,500. Males had a median income of $25,750 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,206. About 2.6% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 11.8% of those sixty five or over. Ridgeway, Iowa Ridgeway is a city in Winneshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 315 at the 2010 census. Ridgeway is located at (43.297884, -91.989187). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 315 people, 138 households, and 77 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 147 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the" ] }	RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

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